Abnormality/Abnormal Disorder- any Depersonalization- feeling of being outside of

disorder that has a free-floating cause and usually
defined through:
i. Statistical Definition- after taking a certain test, the
score is taken and is plotted against a bell curve.
When it hits the middle area, you are normal.
ii. Social Norm Deviance- society is used as a basis for
normal/ not normal behaviour.
iii. Subjective Discomfort- the emotional distress
experienced in a certain activity.
iv. Maladaptivity- the behaviour prevents one from
executing his/her daily routine.
Types:
1. Anxiety Disorders- disorders involving intense
irrational fear/uneasiness in four types:
i. Phobias- persistent fear of a specific stimulus (eg.
Agoraphobia- fear of open places, social phobia=stage
fright)
ii. Panic disorders- sudden onset of much panic
that leads to palpitations, ‘feeling of outside of self’
iii. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder- constant fear
of sth. leads to repeating behaviour.
iv. Generalized Anxiety Disorder- anxiety
experienced without a real cause.
Causes:
Freud et al.- signal to repress sth.
Behaviorists- learned anxiety
1
Cognitive- irrational thinking
Biological- inherited, nervous problems
Sociocultural- context-dependent
self/watching self from a distance = distortion of
surroundings  anxiety, depression.
Causes:
Freud et al.- habituation of repressing sth.
Cognitive and behavioural- it is a willful forgetting
4. Mood Disorders- disorders where emotions are
disrupted/disturbed.
Types (according to gravity):
1. Mild: has a cause
• Dysthymia ‘bad spirit’- a long lasting depression,
usu. >2 years.
• Cyclothymia ‘circumambulating spirit’- from sad
to happy, v.v.
2. Severe: has no obvious physical cause
• Major Depression- a sudden depression w/o an
external cause and/or being sad for a long time
>6mos.
• Bipolar Disorder- severe mood swings from one
extreme to another.
Causes:
Freud et al.- repressed anger
Behavioralists- related to learned helplessness
Socio-cognitive- negative thinking
Biological- dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

2. Somatoform Disorders- bodily problems without

a real physical cause
Psychosomatic Disorders- psychological stress that
causes physical problems
i. Hypochondrosis- getting over-concerned about
with being ill  symptoms
ii. Somatization Disorder- the patient complains
about a symptom too much without a real physical
cause.
iii. Conversion Disorder- the patient experiences a
symptom without a real physical cause.
Why do these happen?
Freud et al.- traumatic events associated with that
symptom
Behaviorists- it is a way of getting PR and NR
Cognitive- false belief, magnification

3. Dissociative Disorders- disorders that involve a

“breaking away” from consciousness
Dissociative amnesia- usually involves memory loss
and usually caused by trauma, abuse or events (more
common among relatives and women)
Dissociative fugue- adapting a new identity in every
new location, lodging a gap from self and may lead to
confusion
MPD (Multiple Personality Disorder)- different
personalities, one person.

1 In four types: Magnification (making sth. small look

big), All-or-Nothing thinking (false dilemma),
Over[Hasty]generalization, Minimization (not looking at
the positive side at all)