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An LG Electronics Company

DTV & PSIP


AKA - What You Really Need to Understand about
Digital Television

Rich Chernock
CTO, MPEG Plumber
IEEE Industry Day, 2009
Outline of Presentation

DTV Overview
 MPEG2 Basics
 PSIP
 IP
 Mobile
 Summary

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Environment
The Old Days: Television involves wiggling voltages in the right way at the
right times so the receiver can recreate the pictures

The New Paradigm: Television involves transmitting database information and


parameters to allow the pictures to be calculated.

Observations:

A TV is not expected to behave like a computer

Going black is NOT an option


RiGjBk Screen
Viewers should not need training to watch DTV
of Death
Going digital offers new revenue opportunities
to broadcasters

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System Block Diagram

MPEG-2 MPEG-2
TS TS Video
Decode
HD or SD

CHANNEL

De-mux
MPEG-2
Video & MPEG-2
Encoder/ Trans- Audio
Audio mitter
Receiver
Decode
Multiplexer
PSIP data
PSI data Data
Parse
8-VSB 8-VSB
or or
QAM QAM

Transmitter Receiver

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DTV = VIDEO + AUDIO + DATA + Metdata

MPEG-2 Transport Streams carrying multiplexed:


• Service Information (ATSC PSIP + MPEG-2 PSI)
• Audio, video and data elementary streams

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The Digital Pipe

101010110110010001010101...

 MPEG-2 Transport Stream


184 Byte Payload 184 Byte Payload 184 Byte Payload

4-Byte Packet Header

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MPEG-2 Transport Stream

Video-1 Video-2 Audio

70 115 233 70 115

70 115 70 115 70
SI
8185 115 70 233 115

70 115 70 115 70

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PID Program Association
0 Table (PAT)
TSID = 4100
1 CAT
PMT PID =1025
2 TSDT program_number = 2000

Program Map Table


(PMT) (section)
program_number = 2000

MPEG-2 Video PID = 501


Audio PID (English) = 601
Transport 1025
Audio PID (French) = 602
Stream program
number 501 Video
2000
601 Audio (English)
602 Audio (French)

SI Base PID
8187 STT, MGT, VCT, RRT
EIT-n, ETT-n, other
... tables referenced
by MGT
PSIP Tables: The Big Picture
Hour 0-3 Hour 3-6 Hour 6-9 Hour 9-12
MGT PID A PID B PID C PID D

Table Ref 1 EIT-0 EIT-1 EIT-2 EIT-3

RRT Event 1 Event 5 Event 7 Event 8


Table Ref 2
Event 2 Event 6 Event 8 Event 9
Table Ref 3
VCT Event 3 Event 7 Event 10
Table Ref 4
Event 4 Event 11
VC 1
Table Ref 5
VC 2 EIT-0 EIT-1 EIT-2 EIT-3
Table Ref 6
Event 1 Event 3 Event 5 Event 9
Table Re 7
Event 2 Event 4 Event 6 Event 10
DCCT
Event 5 Event 7 Event 11
PID Z
DCCSCT Event 8
ETT

PID V PID W PID X PID Y

ETT
ETT
ETT ETT
ETT ETT
ETT ETT
ETT ETT
ETT

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End Result - Television

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Outline of Presentation

DTV Overview
MPEG2 Basics
 PSIP
 IP
 Mobile
 Summary

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PID

0
1
2

150
MPEG-2 151
152
Transport
Stream
260
261
262
263

8187
7680
7690
MPEG-2 Transport Stream

 Made up of 188-byte transport packets, each with 4


byte header & 184 byte payload
 Conveys multiple interleaved elementary streams --
audio, video, data, PSI, ...
 Elementary stream to which each packet belongs is
identified by packet id (PID) in packet header.

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ATSC Bitstream Structure

Video
PSIP Tables PSIP Generator PAT
Audio
PMT
Data
Data channel Data Server Null
PSIP

Data- Data Server


enhanced Multi-
Audio Encoder plexer
Audio/Video
channel Video Encoder

Audio/Video Audio Encoder


channel
Video Encoder

MPEG-2 Transport Stream

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Transport Stream Decoding

MPEG-2 Transport Stream

Demulti- Audio Decoder


plexer
Video Decoder

 PSIP tables give mapping from virtual


channel number to the correct PIDS.
 MPEG-2 PAT and PMT tables also give
mapping, but in less useful form.

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MPEG-2 Video Encoding (1)

 Video is sequence of frames.


 Each frame is encoded in one of three ways:
 I-picture: intra-picture encoding, similar to jpeg encoding
(exploiting spatial redundancy).
 P-picture: predictive encoding, using motion adjusted deltas
from a previous reference frame (exploiting temporal
redundancy).
 B-picture: bi-directional encoding, using motion adjusted
deltas from a previous and a future frame (exploiting temporal
redundancy).

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MPEG-2 Video Encoding (2)

Example 1. Panning Camera


I-picture B-picture I-picture

Example 2. Moving Object


I-picture B-picture I-picture

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MPEG-2 Video Encoding (3)

 Encoder emits sequence of encoded frames.


 Sizes of encoded frames vary.
 Encoded frames are packed into packetized
elementary stream (PES) packets.
 PES packets are packed into MPEG-2 transport packets.
(All packets for single video stream have same PID
value.)
 Overall compression ratio is 50:1 or more.

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AC-3 Audio Encoding
 ATSC uses AC-3 audio encoding, with up to 6 audio channels: left,
right, center, left surround, right surround, low frequency
enhancement.
 The full set is often called 5.1 audio.
 The sampling rate is always 48 kHz.
 The encoded bit rate may be up to 448 kbps.
 Audio frames, each 32 milliseconds in length, are encoded.
 Encoded frame size depends only on bitrate.
 Encoded frames are packed into packetized elementary
stream (PES) packets.
 PES packets are packed into MPEG-2 transport packets. (All
packets for single audio stream have same PID value.)

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MPEG-2 as a clocked multiplex

delivery is based on a constant delay model

decoder system clock is carried in the stream

decoder resource management is based on STC

decoder synchronization is based on STC

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Audio-Video Synchronization

 Audio, video are encoded independently, must be


synchronized during play.
 Program Clock Reference (PCR) values appear at
intervals in adaptation headers of video transport
packets to set time base.
 PES packet headers give Presentation Time Stamp
(PTS) values for each video frame and each audio
frame (relative to PCR).
 Bad PTS values result in lip sync problem.

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Audio and Video Buffers

 Receiver must buffer audio and video frame data until


presentation time.
 If data appears too late in the transport stream, buffer
underflow results.
 If data appears too early in the transport stream,
buffer overflow results.
 Either condition results in garbled play or incorrect
synchronization.

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Signaling vs Announcement
 Signaling
 Information about what is "on now"
 Used to assemble program elements into whole
 Provides linkages
 Ex: PMT and/or VCT used to link different components of television
program (I.e. video and audio)
 Used to define characteristics of current program
 Captioning, ratings, redistribution…
 Announcement
 Information about what will be available in the future
 Program Guide information (name, description schedule)
 Characteristics of future programs (captioning, ratings,
redistribution…)
 Typically does not provide linkages between program elements

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MPEG-2 Program Specific Information (PSI)

 Gives very basic tuning information:


 PAT (Program Association Table: one for entire transport
stream; identifies “programs” (virtual channels) in stream and
gives PIDs for PMTs.
 PMT (Program Map Table): one per “program”; identifies
elementary streams in “program” and gives their types (audio,
video, etc.) and PIDs.

 Supports tuning by physical channel number and


MPEG-2 program number.

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Graphical View of PAT/PMT

(PID 0x0000)

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PID Program Association
0 Table (PAT)
TSID = 4100
1 CAT
PMT PID =1025
2 TSDT program_number = 2000

Program Map Table


(PMT) (section)
program_number = 2000

MPEG-2 Video PID = 501


Audio PID (English) = 601
Transport 1025
Audio PID (French) = 602
Stream program
number 501 Video
2000
601 Audio (English)
602 Audio (French)

SI Base PID
8187 STT, MGT, VCT, RRT
EIT-n, ETT-n, other
... tables referenced
by MGT
Outline of Presentation

DTV Overview
MPEG2 Basics
PSIP
 IP
 Mobile
 Summary

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PSIP Background

 Program and System Information Protocol


 Metadata inserted into broadcast stream
 Enables:
 Tuning to virtual channels
 Displaying channel name (on channel changes)
 Interactive electronic program guides (EPGs)
 Automatic language selection for audio track
 Caption decoding
 “V-Chip” function (parental content blocking)
 Accurate receiver time-of-day clock setting
 Redistribution Control

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PSIP from the User’s Viewpoint

 “Where am I?”
 Channel number, channel name
 “Where am I going?”
 Channels organized by major/minor groups
 Enables EPG in the receiver/STB
 What’s on now?
 What programs do I want to plan to watch?

 “How can I get where I want to go?”


 Direct entry of channel number
 Navigation on the EPG grid

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Virtual Channel Concept

 Breaks the link between RF channel number and user’s


notion of channel number
 Analog broadcast  “channel number” was the same as the
RF carrier designation
 Digital broadcast  “channel number” is defined by Virtual
Channel Table (VCT)
 One digital TS can include multiple channels of
programming
 8-VSB carrier freq. may shift during transitions

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ATSC PSIP Tables
 Master Guide Table (MGT)
 Directory of all PSIP tables (signaling)
 System Time Table (STT)
 What time is it? (signaling)
 Virtual Channel Table (VCT)
 List of the virtual channels in the transport (signaling)
 Rating Region Table (RRT)
 Ratings definitions for the region (signaling)
 Event Information Table (EIT)
 Event scheduling (announcement - used for EPG)
 Extended Text Table (ETT)
 Event descriptions (announcement – used for EPG)
 Directed Channel Change Table (DCCT)
 DCC Selection Code Table (DCCSDT)
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Main PSIP Tables

System
Time Required for Terrestrial Broadcast
Table (STT) (first four timeslots)
3-hour 3-hour
time slot time slot
Master
Guide
Table (MGT)
Event Event
Information Information
Table (EIT)
... Table (EIT)
Virtual
Channel
Table (VCT)
Extended Extended
Text ... Text
Table (ETT) Table (ETT)
PSIP Descriptors

 Descriptors are tag-length-data structures


 Descriptor tag must be a registered value
 Some ATSC-defined descriptors include:

 Content Advisory  Caption Service


 Redistribution Control  Audio Stream (AC-3)
 ATSC Private Info  Extended Channel Name
 Service Location  ATSC Conditional Access
 Component Name

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PSIP Tables: The Big Picture
Hour 0-3 Hour 3-6 Hour 6-9 Hour 9-12
MGT PID A PID B PID C PID D

Table Ref 1 EIT-0 EIT-1 EIT-2 EIT-3

RRT Event 1 Event 5 Event 7 Event 8


Table Ref 2
Event 2 Event 6 Event 8 Event 9
Table Ref 3
VCT Event 3 Event 7 Event 10
Table Ref 4
Event 4 Event 11
VC 1
Table Ref 5
VC 2 EIT-0 EIT-1 EIT-2 EIT-3
Table Ref 6
Event 1 Event 3 Event 5 Event 9
Table Re 7
Event 2 Event 4 Event 6 Event 10
DCCT
Event 5 Event 7 Event 11
PID Z
DCCSCT Event 8
ETT

PID V PID W PID X PID Y

ETT
ETT
ETT ETT
ETT ETT
ETT ETT
ETT ETT
ETT

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EIT VCT

ETT

STT
VCT EIT

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Outline of Presentation

DTV Overview
MPEG2 Basics
PSIP
IP
 Mobile
 Summary

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What about IP??

 IP based connectivity spreading widely through Cable


and Telco (IPTV) infrastructures
 Inexpensive
 Very high bandwidth capability
 1Gb/s  10Gb/s  40Gb/s
 Not especially well suited for carrying video
 Low cost rules!
 Little use so far in broadcast plants
 BUT
 Low cost & availability may change this picture
 IP based technologies spreading into broadcast TV
 NRT
 Mobile/Handheld

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IP carriage of MPEG packets

An IP packet

Up to 7
MPEG
packets
IP data section
IP Packet
Header

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A/V carriage over RTP
 Emerging broadcast technologies use RTP transport instead of
MPEG-2 transport
 ATSC M/H
 Real Time Protocol
 Unidirectional
 RTP/UDP/IP
 Video and Audio streams carried over RTP
 RTCP (Real Time Control Protocol) used to provide time base
information
 RFC 3550
 Replicates necessary functionality of MPEG-2 Transport
 IP address/port replicates PID functionality
 For “Broadcast Quality” a timing/buffer model is necessary

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Simple principles
of RTP delivery

RTP Packetizes audio and video frames into UDP over


IP frames
 RTP headers have timestamps and Stream ID unique to their
streams. Note timestamps have a random offset from wall
clock (NTP) time
 RTP flag indicates the end of an audio or video frame

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RTP Transport
Synchronization
NTP Clock True NTP Clock True
System Time

PTS Video PTS Video PTS Video PTS Video


Timebase Timebase Timebase Timebase
(Normalized) (Normalized) (Normalized) (Normalized)

Video Frame Video Frame Video Frame Video Frame


NTP Timeline

Audio Frame Audio Frame Audio Frame

PTS Audio PTS Audio PTS Audio


Timebase Timebase Timebase
(Normalized) (Normalized) (Normalized)
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Outline of Presentation

DTV Overview
MPEG2 Basics
PSIP
IP
Mobile
 Summary

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The Future of Broadcasting

 Going forward, the broadcasting industry must


leverage
 Local
 Content
 Brand
 Sales contacts
 Un-tethered nature
 It’s wireless (before wireless was cool)!

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Leveraging Wireless

Target devices that move!

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ATSC Programming Options

Han
dhe ime
ld al-t
Re
Mo
bile

480I 480P 720P 1080P/I

Increased Number of Services Increased Transmitted Resolution

-t ime Fixe
- real d
n
No

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ATSC-M/H

 ATSC has developed a standard for delivery of real-


time and non-real-time television content and data to
mobile and handheld devices (ATSC-M/H).
 ATSC-M/H services will be carried in DTV broadcast channels.
 ATSC-M/H will be backwards compatible.
 The presence of these services will
not preclude or prevent operation
of current ATSC services in the same
RF channel or have any adverse
impact on legacy receiving equipment.

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ATSC-M/H Details

 The ATSC-M/H standard specifies:


 Physical layer (modulation and FEC).
 Transport, signaling, and announcement (including EPG)
optimized for mobile and handheld services.
 Other parameters as necessary for carriage of video, audio,
and data essence and metadata.
 The ATSC-M/H standard references other standards to
maximize interoperability, including those from other
standards developing organizations.

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ATSC M/H Architecture

V id e o S u b s ys te m

V id e o
V id e o S o u rce C o d in g
a n d C o m p re ss io n

A u d io S u b s ys te m

A udio
A u d io S o u rce C o d in g S e rv ice
a n d C o m p re ss io n M u l tip l e x

A n c il la ry D a t a R F /T ra n sm i ss io n
M PEG 2
T ra n s p o rt Sy ste m
C o n tro l D a ta
A T S C L e g a cy S yst e m
M /H
F ra m in g Ch anne l
C oding

V id e o S u b s ys te m

V id e o IP
V id e o S o u rce C o d in g T ra n s p o rt
S e rv ice M o d u la t io n
a n d C o m p re ss io n
M u l tip le x
RT P
A nd
A u d io S u b s ys te m
A udio IP
A u d io S o u rce C o d in g E n ca p su l a tio n
a n d C o m p re ss io n

A n c il la ry D a t a

C o n tro l D a ta

M /H S tru c tu re D a ta T P C /F IC
A T S C M o b ile / H a n d h e ld S yste m

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ATSC-M/H Layer Stack

Video Codec &


Parameters

Service Guide
Audio Codec &
Parameters
S4-3 Presentation Layer
Captioning

Graphic Elements

Application CAS DRM

Streaming Delivery File Delivery


S4-2 Management Layer
Signaling Announcement

Transport

Legacy Transport

S4-1 Physical Layer Forward Error Correction

RF System

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Outline of Presentation

DTV Overview
MPEG2 Basics
PSIP
IP
Mobile
Summary

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Summary

 Digital Television is on the move, providing new


opportunities – and new challenges.
 PSIP is one of the keys to unlocking the opportunities
for increased viewership – and is mandated by FCC.
 Broadcast stream monitoring is increasingly important,
to ensure FCC compliance and viewer satisfaction.
 New products and product architectures are appearing
to help meet the challenges and take advantage of the
opportunities in all these areas.
 IP based technologies are becoming part of the
broadcast toolkit
 Mobile capabilities offer new opportunities

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Thanks

Rich Chernock

rchernock@trivenidigital.com

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