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high − low + 1 /
k= $ 0 / & 1 2 3 .#& 4 5 .
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( ) , ) . -.#& & k= =2
3

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= ! > ?3 . @ A B C D $<

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04 32 20 25 1$ #J" K? L

04 20 32 25 1$

04 1$ 32 25 20 #B" K? L

04 1$ 25 32 20

04 1$ 20 32 25 @B K? L

04 1$ 20 25 32 #B L; K? L
 & $ ) " ' ) Q E MPO &$ = & ( D= 0MN
'V 1 ' ) $'E * 1+ + G & ? 'S'T 3" , U ? 1 ') E R
1 ' ' + G$ ? 'S'T W X

n
1 1 n( n + 1) n + 1
M$ = 6 " ) " A(n) = (i × ) = × = 1 6
i =1 n n 2 2

n
p p p
" ) " A( n) = (i × ) + n(1 − p ) = n(1 − ) + 1 6 + $:=
i =1 n 2 2
Y$ = 6

1 : = J=G " $ * ; #; -" B J=G ; -" J = G

0
Z$ = ) A A 9(G Z -" +(

$ = τ (n) ∈ θ ( n 2 / 7 )

[$ = 6 C " ? " B

n
. +4& 4 9 D$ ' ) ' " +,- & " 7 ) +,-
2
n
\$ = 0H @ X " U; ) X
2

n n
'T L H@ & X $' 4 9 # " L U; ) & X $' 4 9 #
2 2
1 6

n n n 3n
+ ( - 1) + ( - 1) = -2 # + & 4 9 D) E
2 2 2 2

2n
O$ = τ ( n) ≤ τ + θ (1) < % 8 E " 4 9 * ] θ (1)
3
 2n 2n
5; + 7 ? F) G 1 * : " . ; < - * ]τ "
3 3
1 -"

'_A ` a τ (n) R DG 1 6 T+ ^R QX ) <'T + G$

τ (n) , - @

T K - + G $ L " $' ' + G >+ G $ ? 'S'T0MM

1 ' ) $''E 0 ) 7 , "" - " +4- ). $ = 7 67 I4 "

n
τ (n) = 6τ ( )
θ (n 2 / 7 ) 3 t k = τ (3) k Z 3 % τ (3k ) = 6τ (3k −1 )
τ (1) = 0

tk = 6t k −1 '_A t k = 6 k −1 t k = c1 6 k τ (3k ) = c1 6 k τ (n) = c1 6log n = c1 6log 6

1 ') + c 9 " 7 " + B" ' " b 6 τ (1) = 0 b 6 7 ,

τ (n) = c1 6log 6 ∈θ (n 2 / 7 )

$''E [NN M $ 1 ) @ = ) '4 R U 0MY

0 ) X [NN U # =& .1 )

! 2""

; D$ #;

* ; 6

' ;< . -. ; * . -. * ;

' ;< ; . -. 6 . -. 6

;* 6
 ; *6

V !F 2 !D 49

V !F 9 !D 49

1 & , - R 7 =&

$
9 ; ) - ( D= 0""/ 6 " ( D= " "* 0MZ
1 ) * 6 L d" 6 6 )

$ Lnn
0""/ " " '49 $'% a 30 <n
n

) -" ?@ 9 U e9% > C J a * 2' 6 ( D= ?

Lnn
1 ) * 6 L d" 6 6 30 <n 1 2' )6 *
n

300 ln x 300 1
lim = lim x = lim 15 = 0
10 x 2
10 × 2 x x2

$
" :' W *,- 1 -" 7 (f4 *,-$ " *,- &B " 0M
+A" g + * *,- 1 6 - ' c" :' MNN , - *,-$" ' c
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6 ! i YN 9'A > ; * " 6 T i YN h & ? 1
j 6 6 '- @& > ) DG *,-$ ; [NN 7 = (f4 1 6
- W E% µ *,- - * µ *,-$ - * *,- @& *,-$ @&

$ 1µ 1× "#3 ""×$ "-$ $""× "#3 1×$" 5" 2×$" 0""

$×$" 1" 3×$" $"

5" 1" $" 0"" $" 1$"

$23 32203µ 32203× $"15""µ $"15""× "#3 $" $1"

"#3

2 $ $3$ 11µ 13"5""µ $" $1"

"$1 "15243µ "$1"""µ $" $1"

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1 6 % " L
W!A1 !9 I : !; + . X !49 4 " , W!A1 K! D <

" + 0, . 0, ,

θ ( f (n)) = o( f (n)) ∩ Ω( f (n))

$ 0 0 $
$ 0 C " 0 $ 0E 0
C "
$ 0 0 $ 0 0 $ 0 0
$ $ C " $ F $ $ G

∉ ! ∉ V , W!A1 . X !49 : !; + ! E

$ $ $ 0
3 $" " C 2 " 2 3 $" ∈ H
$ 0
3 $" × I 333<4$I C "
$ 0
3 $" ∉ F

V , A1 $[$# YQ L9 )!2 Z . : !; + ! H

2 1 0 $ 2
2 1 3 $ 4E H ×- ×. EG . ∈ -
2 2 2 1 2
∈H 2 ∈ 2 1 ∈
2 1 0 2 2 1 0 $ 2
2 1 3 ∈ 2 1 3 $ ∈
2 1 0 $ 2 2 1 0 $ 2
2 1 3 $ ∈ 2 1 3 $ 4∈

: !; + ! " + W + \ 7 O

V , W!A1 I $[$# YQ L9 )!2 Z .

& & # #$ &

J ∈ ; & &# &#$ + " ; ∈

= ) :. ] ^ + _!? ` 9 R

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$"
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$ $ 2D$
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$" K
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,-

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3

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1 )" +'

- ⇔- 1 e9% +' $ # < < 9 +' 0Y

 # M < 9 +' 0Z

- - . .

L O- - O . O .

- - . .

o- - o . o .

w- - w . w .

! 1 W! D6 : 1 ) 1 1 Be JF ) ) 9 f! \ 7 ##

1! )!, ] ^ \ 7 ! I /! . 9 ` + ! aaa Q 9 f!

= JF D 6 \ W 9 : 1 & !, 1 1 0 )

? ∈ """A """ """""" "3 'm ) 9'A U

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1
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1000
') DG - 'm ) 9'A U

N!Lb $' U6 #'

g ( n)
lim =
n →∞ f ( n)

N 2 $#0 1
n
lim =0 g (n) ∈ o( f (n)) - ×
n →∞ 5n − 3n + 4
2
 2

n
log n n 1 n
lim = lim 2

→ lim = lim =∞ ∈- , -
n →∞ n log n n →∞ log n n →∞ 1 n→∞ 2 log n
2 × log n ×
n
∈

×- $

" , W!A1 )!, : + #[

1 6 5; g a ? - . 6 + += ?

/- ∈H ,- ∈ H G ,- ,- '
? 'S'T &
L ∈H ,- ∈ HI ,- ? 'S'T & m"
$ $
,- ∈ H ,- C " 0 ?l "
? 'S'T &
2n ∈ F 2, $ 2, C 5 5
/-0 ∈ H " 2 - ∈H #F ,-0 "2
,-0 "2
@' "
'

C 1 '
#
 120 > ?3 S!L1 ( ) #$ 0 .. ) (

" , W!A1 BF BF N! B V : !; + > ?3

S5
LowS1 S2 S3 S4 S6 S7 S8 S9 high
51 82 99 120 134
12 34 37 45 mid x = 120

mid = (9 + 1) / 2 = 5 x s [ mid ] 120 51 Return location (mid + 1, high)

La6 a7 a8 a9 h
mid + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6 high = 9 82 , 99 ,120 ,134 mid = (9 + 6) / 2 = 7
Low
mid

La8 a9 h
x s [ mid ] 120 99 mid + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8 h=9 120 ,134 mid = (9 + 8) / 2 = 8
Low
mid

x = s [ mid ] 120 = s [8] 120 = 120 Return mid

.. ) ( : !; + ! ) U W B Haa ( !F \ 7 #

) * !9 , C!(1 ! 0 !, !D 49 G F "g , #$ 0

= +!9 & I 1 . U W 2; ! I !

log 700000000 + 1 = 29 + 1 = 30 w( n) = log n + 1 ∈ θ (log n)

1 2 3 4
700000000 → 350000000 ,175000000 , 87500000 , 43750000 ,
5 6 7 8 9 10

21875000 ,10937500 , 5468750 , 2734375 ,1367187 , 683593 ,

11 12

341796 ,170898
85449, 42724, 21362, 10681, 5340, 2670, 1335, 667, 333, 166, 83, 41, 20, 10,
5, 2, 1.
: , X U #$ 0 4 I0 h7 ) ( : ,! \ 7 '

= AQL L2 ) . i j k5F ! #$ 0 " /! 7! J !6 S

Index location (index low, index high)

Index mid;

mid = (low + high) / 2 ;

If ( x = s [ mid ])

Return mid;

Else if ( x s [ mid ])

Return location (low, mid − 1)

Else

Return location (mid + 1, high)

#$ 0 .. ) ( ) !F 9 1! ]^ , W!A1 [

" + # 1 9 K! n V + N 3

w(n) = log n + 1

# + W w(n) 2? '& * 2 +4I # =&

n
w(n) = 1 + w( ) n 1
2

w(1) = 1
1 6 X 0$ ? @ .$ x C 4- ) & n L G$ :
U 1 6 6 U + L ) & 6 QX o + G$
#K 1 ' 4 9 D= U L @'

n
w(n) = w( ) +1
2
w(1) + 1
# ( '_A -

n
T (n) = aT ( ) + Cn K
? a=b k
b (
T (n) = θ n K log 2n )
T (1)

a = 1, b = 2 , c = 1, K = 0 a = bK 1= 2 w(n) = θ (n log 2n ) + 1 w(n) = log n2 + 1

Y 'V * " % 1) w(n) = log n2 + 1

Y* " /" 2) w(n) = log n2 + 1

L, m ! n9 mid = low 7 ` !9 I C !2& lM #$ 0 \ 7 <

)!, ! 1 : !; + ! o ! 1 I: J B?9 L, ! " , >i 9 ) (

V , W!A1 L9

If mid = low then

If x = s [ mid ] then return mid

Else return O;

" $ " 6 & mid = low C' "7 low = high 6 X U :'
O 9 > 6 - ? "7 mid 9 * =& > 6 - x ? 1 + G
1 ?

4 9 n =1, 2 =1 log12 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 Y w(n) = log 2n + 1 = θ (log n)

 E o @ " 1 KT W O(log n2 ) F) G `% `% C 4- X n
1+4' * 4: Q( I X " `% C 4-

W(n) + G $ A(n) e + G B(n) + G $ L 4 9 E

O(1) C 4-
O(log n2 ) O(log n2 )

" G U & % +4' 3 * '49 X n 7 6 +4' ) '4 = 0\

% +4' 3 * % 3" , X "G % +4' $ 1 ) C 4- X n3

'T k X ) * ; $ 1+ "4 o 9 L 7 ) ) '49

= 7 , p " ' ) D'( 1 -" +4' ) ? B (E 6
# '& * 2

Index location (index low, index high)

Index m1, index

If ( Low high)

Return O;

Else {

m = (low + high) / 3 , n = 2m

If ( x = s [ m ])

Return m;

Else if ( x = s [ n ])

If (x s [ m ])

Return location (low, m − 1) ;

Else if (x s [ m] & x s [ n ])

Return location (m + 1, n);

{

If (x s [ n ])

Return location (n + 1, high)

Return n;
 8 * : !; + / 1) JF . 0 D9 p. H

V , W!A1 L9 ! 1N 3 o!1. J B?9 M0 " + * n

Algorithm Maximum (low, high, max) [l...n] l = low n = high

If low = high then max = s [low] qq+ X U

Else if high = low + 1 then qq+ X "

If s [low] s [ high ] then

max = s [ high ]

Else max = s [low]

Else

low + high
mid =
2

Maximum (low, mid , l max)

Maximum (mid + 1, high, r max)

If l max r max then max = l max

Else max = r max

}
 #7 > 6 X & 4 9 E T(n) ?

n n
T( )+( ) + 2, n 2
2 2
T (n) = 1, n = 2
0, n = 1

#7 >0 n = 2 K . 6 2 n ')3 % ?

n
2T ( ) + 2, n 2
2
3n
T (n) = 1, n = 2 0 R DG . T ( n) = −2
2
0, n = 1

> ) 'T 4 9 e9% X n $ ? @ " $ :; ) ) = &# :

# ) T(n) + &4 9 E DA G

3n
−2 n
T ( n) = 2
3n 3
− n
2 2
" : !; + ) !+89 ) #$[ . #$# )!, 0 !j ) !+89 O

V , W!A1 BF BF N! B

#YPY

h = 8/ 2 = 4 m =8−4 = 4
i j k h m
u [l...h ] v [ h + 1, n ]
1 + + 1 1
h = 4/2 = 2 m = 4−2 = 2
2 2
h = 2 / 2 =1 m = 2 −1 = 1

S1 S2 S3 h S4 h +1S5 S6 S7 S8

123 34 189 56 150129240

m= 4

U 2 3 V h h+1
1 h h+1 4

123 34 189 56 150 12 9 240

123 34 189 56 150 12 9 240

123 34 189 56 150 12 9 240

S [K ] 34 123 56 189 12 150 9 240

34 56 123 189 9 12 150 240

9 12 34 56 123 150 189 240
 V 0+ A ! 1 M 7 M O 9) R

1 4& low " high 9 7 & *2 7 ? &D 9 /" P

9 W ) !F 9 1! ]^ A ! 0 Be ) a

I 7 . I ! LG > ?3 n / ! " /!L1 θ (n log n)

. > ?3 ` J3!F W! kq M 6 7 I n 2 ): 1 ,

" + 2 U n \ 7 1 9 " /! G F 7

n. 6 " 4 +=4A " : - 7 > 6 merge sort - * (n) ?

n
T (n) = 2T + θ ( n) #+6 * >0 6 θ ( n) "0+ 7 63 %2
2
1 + T (n) = θ (n log n) R $ DG )

Void merge sort (low, high)

If (low high)

{
 mid = (mid + low) / 2 ;

Merge sort (low, mid)

Merge sort (mid + 1, high)

Merge (low, mid, high)

V #$# . #$[ !j ) !+89 ) A ! j0

#0 n = 2 K . 2 n3 % P

Void merge sort (int n, key type S [ L...n ] )

Index i, j )

{
n
For (i = n; i ⇐ 1; i = )
2

{
m
For ( j = m; j ⇐ 1; j = )
2

{
n n
Const int h = , m =
2 2

Key type u [1..h] , v [1..m ]

If (n 1) {

Copy s [1] through s [ h ] to u [1] through u [ h ] ;

Copy s [ h + 1] through s [ n ] to v [1] through v [ m] ;

}
 }

& n m > Index j " ) '49 :; ) & h 1 > Index i

1 ) '49 :; )

) !+89 ) !F 9 1! ]^ r A ! !4 , W!A1 #

V + N !L #$[ . #$# )!, 0 !j

n n
w(n) = w( ) + w( ) + n −1
2 2

1 6 = " Y n* )

9 9
n=9 =4 =5 4+5 = 9
2 2

n n n n
+ =n w(n) = T (h) + T (m) + h + m − 1 T ( h) = T ( m) =
2 2 n 2 2

m
h

* T ( m) = v * T ( h) = u BV B i* w(h, m) = h + m − 1

n n
w(n) = (T +T ) + n −1
2 2
n3 . F! , 7 + W 0 D9 ! * n '

0 " 89 !j . A ! N 3 7 )!, , ) !+89 I U

V , W!A1 L9 ! 1 : !; + ! o!1. J B?9 M

Void merge sort (int n, S [1...n ])

Const int h = n 3 , m = 2m , P = n − (h + m) ;

Key type u [1...h] , v [1...m] , w [1... p ] ;

If n 1 {

Copy s [1] through s [ h ] to u [1] through u [ h ]

Copy s [ h + 1] through s [ m] to v [1] through v [ m]

Copy s [ m + 1] through s [ n ] to w [1] through w [ p ]

Merge sort (h,u);

Merge sort (m,v);

Merge sort (p,w);

Merge sort (h,m,p,u,v,w,s);

#Z n3 %

n
w [ n ] = T ( h) + T ( m) + T ( p ) + h + m + p − 1 w [ n ] = 3w( ) + n − 1 w [ n ] ∈ θ (n log n)
n
3
 V ! T(625) A ! P ) [

n
T (n) = 7T ( ) + 10n n 1
5

T (1) = 1

T (625) = 7T (125) + 10(625) = (7 × 5793) + 6250 = 46801

T (125) = 7T (25) + 10(125) = (7 × 649) + 1250 = 5793

T (25) = 7T (5) + 10(25) = (7 × 57) + 250 = 649

T (5) = 7T (1) + 10(5) = (7 ×1) + 50 = 57

JF . M 7! ! p Be 0 " s1 solve P, I, O S . <

" JF I) . . , r O

Procedure solve (P, I, O)

Begin

If size ( I ) = 1 then

Find solution O directly

Else

Partition I into 5 inputs I1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 , I 5 , where

Size ( I j ) : = size ( I ) / 3 for j = 1,...5 ;

For j: = 1 to 5 do

Solve ( P, I j , O j )

End;

Com bin O1 , O2 , O3 , O4 , O5 to get O for P with input I

 End

End;

D= >1 7 = " 6 ') " % Bi ( D= E g(n) ' ) 3 %

1 (

:' & > '4 P DG +L- ' ( J= E T(n) 2? E U 0Q

1 6 n> " " 7

0 +4' W c ' . j 6 g (n) ∈θ (n) ? +4'; 2? E $ DG 0r

# ' ) DG n = 27 o 9'A 2? E > g (n) = n 2 3 % 0/

# ' ' > 6 3 )n () DG 0

Q.

n
T (n) = 5T ( ) + g (n)
T (n) = aT ( F (n)) + g (n) 3 n 1
T (1) = 0

r.

θ (n K ) , a b K
n
T (n) = aT ( ) + cn K T (n) ∈ θ (n K .log n), a = b k 5 31
b
θ (n Log ), a
a
b
bK

/.

g (n) = n 2 , n = 27 g (n) = (27) 2 = 729

27
I1 = = 9 , I 2 = 9 , I3 = 9 , I 4 = 9 , I5 = 9 solve ( P, I1 , O1 ) , solve ( P, I 2 , O2 )
3
… ( P, I 5 , O5 )

I1 = I 2 … = I 5 = 3
I1 = I 2 = … I 5 = 1

n
T (n) = 5T ( ) 3K
n→ Z * n = 3 , 31 , … 3n 3 n 1 T (n) = 5T ( )
3
T (1) = 0

T (n) = 5T (3K −1 ) tK = T (3K ) tK = 5t K −1 = 5K −1 tK = c1 5K T (n) = c1 5log n = c1nlog5

T (n) = c1 52/5

1 1 a : , n ): 1 ) 1 1: , IJF . 0 D9 0 \ 7 E

A ! ) !4 " /! θ (n 2 ) 1! ` !9 8 9 . 0 D9 JF . / 0 D9 n 3 : 1

V JF T(n) ) !4 I / 1 T(n) ) W! )

#Z n3 %

n
T (n) = 10T ( ) 3K
3 n 1 T (n) = 10T ( ) + θ (n2 )
3
T (1) = 1

T (n) = 10T (3K −1 ) tK = T (3K ) tK = 10t K −1 = 10 K −1 tK = c110 K T (n) = c1n log10 = c1n1

T (n) = c1.n1 + θ (n n ) T ( n) ∈ θ ( n 2 )

B + J !/ ) 1!, t Be " ) 1!, )!, t Be ) JF . 0 D9 0 H

" /! N.!; ): 1 n.

DG E 2 s(n) C 1+ s ( n) = 2 n − 1 ) '& * 2 0Q
1+ L:4 E n " 0 L ) G.

1 ' s ( n) = 2 n − 1 W ) G E DA G & ' ) + c 0r

Void Hanoi (int n, char A, char B, char C)

{
If (n = = 1) print F (“Mov a disk from %C to %C \n”, A, C);

Else {

Hanoi (n − 1, A, C , B) ;

Print F (“Mov a disk from %C to %C \n”, A, C);

Hanoi (n − 1, B, A, C ) ;

}
s (n) = s( n −1) + s( n −1) + 1 n ≥1
s (1) = 1 n =1

# ) DG Interation 2? R $ * JGP

s (n) = 2 s (n − 1) + 1 = 2(2 s (n − 2) + 1) + 1 = 22 T (n − 2) + 2 + 1

s (n) = 23 T (n − 3) + 22 + 2 + 1 s (n) = 2n −1T (1) + 2n − 2 + 2n −3 + ... + 2 + 1

s (n) = 2n −1 + 2n − 2 + ... + 2 + 1 = 2n − 1 s (n) ∈ θ (2n )

# + "+ & X a + aq + aq 2 + ... + aq n−1 D G '

qn −1
a
q −1

, 1 1 & n ): 1 Be ) 1 1 IJF . 0 D9 0 % ! , O

V / : N 3 Ku 4 A ! ) P I 0 D9 n c ): 1

n
T (n) = aT ( ) + g (n) n 1
c

T (1) = d

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