Alternative fuels, also kn own as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any

materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels.
Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels, coal, propane, and natural gas, and nuclear
materials such as uranium.

Some well known alternative fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol (methanol,

ethanol, butanol), chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells),
[GreenNH3] non fossil, hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-fossil natural gas,
vegetable oil, and other biomass sources.

An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on a fuel other than "traditional"
petroleum fuels(petrol or diesel); and also refers to any technology of powering an
engine that does not involve solely petroleum (e.g. electric car, hybrid electric
vehicles, solar powered).

The rapid depletion of petroleum fuels and their ever increasing costs have led to
an intense search for alternative fuels.LPG is one of most used alternative fuels
nowadays LPG .It consists of hydrocarbon of such volatility that they exist as
gases under atmospheric conditions, but can be readily liquefied .It is mainly a
mixture of butane and propane. The percentage of the two depends upon the
season, as a higher percentage of propane is kept in winter and the same for butane
in summer. It is considered to be eco-friendly as it reduces the emission of carbon
dioxide by more than 40 percent. LPG is potentially hazardous. LPG vapour is
denser than air. LPG's boiling point ranges from -42 °C to 0 °C depending on its
mixture percentage of Butane & Propane.

MANUFACTURING AND STORAGE OF LPG.

• LPG is synthesised by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas

• Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are primarily propane,
mixes that are primarily butane, and - most common - mixes including both
propane C3H8 and butane C4H10, depending on the season — in winter more
propane, in summer more butane
• LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can
be easily substituted
• the first commercial products appeared in 1912
• A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily
 • LPG will evaporate at normal temperatures and pressures and is supplied in
pressurised steel cylinders
• They are typically filled to between 80% and 85% of their capacity to allow
for thermal expansion of the contained liquid
• Pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure
• Large amounts of LPG can be stored in bulk cylinders and can be buried
underground, if required

LPG conversion

• steel LPG storage tank is installed, usually in the boot but it can go under the
floor in vehicles with enough clearance (e.g.; four wheel drives). The tank
will be fitted with an automatic fill limiter (AFL) which ensures you cannot
fill your tank past the safe fill limit of 80%. This is necessary as LPG
requires room to expand with temperature changes.
• A converter/regulator is added. This converts the liquid gas into a gaseous
vapour, as well as regulating the process.
• A special air/fuel mixer is installed to ensure the correct amounts of LPG
and air are mixed together during combustion. More advanced systems may
incorporate LPG injection rather than a simple mixer. Such systems provide
more precise control of the gas flow but are more complex and expensive to
fit.
• A fuel lock is fitted that lets fuel flow when the engine is running but shuts
off the fuel supply as soon as the engine stops.
• If the vehicle is post-1986 it must be fitted with an LPG Fuel Control
Processor.

LPG AS MOTORING FUEL

Liquefied petroleum gas is used as motoring fuel due to its high

energy output .It has a calorific value of 46.MJ/Kg .It also burns clean than petrol.
The advantage of using LPG as a motor fuel is the potential for cost saving it
can be up to 60% cheaper than petrol, litre for litre. Automobiles with this fuel
enjoy extended life of engine and its components. IT is a quieter and smoother fuel
that produces no noise and vibration while in motion. Because of its high octane
content it also has a superior anti-knocking power.It is an economical fuel as
compared to petrol and diesel. Some automobile have duel fuel system,in which
two fuels can be used,petrol and lpg are used
ADVANTAGES OF LPG

• LPG has high energy output

• Lower fuel consumption
• Cleaner fuel leading to lower maintenance cost and clean environment
• East and flexibility of control and regulation
• Combustion with no carbon deposits as the air/gas ratio is the lowest
• Increased productivity on account of higher throughput and reduced rate of
rejections
• Low running cost due to reduced manpower requirement
• Safe fuel with narrow flammability range
• Free of lead

DISADVANTAGES OF LPG

It reduces volumetric efficiency due to its higher heat of vapourization .One gallon
of LPG contains less energy than a gallon of gasoline .Handling has to done under
pressure of about 18bar.Its characteristic odour is faint , so leakage cannot be
easily detected.Respone to blending is very poor . is the initial cost of converting
the engine is high . To store LPG, you require very sturdy tanks and cylinders.LPG
is known to have low energy density. Since LPG is highly inflammable, it is
potentially very hazardous. It also damages valves of the vehicles. Transporting
LPG is also not very easy.

APPLICATIONS OF LPG

• LPG being a premium gaseous fuel makes it ideal for usage in the Cement
manufacturing process.
• Metal industry
• LPG is the ideal fuel for production of food by Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry
• Aerosol Industry
• Automotive LPG is a clean fuel with high octane aptly suited for vehicles
both in terms of emissions and cost of the fuel
• Textile industry

CONCLUSION

THE ECO-FRIENDLY NATURE ,THE HIGH POWER OUTPUT , HIGH

CALORIFICVALUE,LOWER FUEL CONSUMPTION MAKES IT A GOOD ALTERNATIVE
FUEL.
 SEMINAR ON
ALTERNATIVE FUEL –
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM
GAS

KENZ
ZACHARIAS
S6 ME
ROLL NO 36