Explorer les Livres électroniques
Catégories
Explorer les Livres audio
Catégories
Explorer les Magazines
Catégories
Explorer les Documents
Catégories
1/ Mise en situation
2/ Définition
2Q DSSHOOH PRWHXU WKHUPLTXH XQH PDFKLQH TXL UHoRLW GH O¶pQHUJLH VRXV IRUPH GH FKDOHXU HW TXL OD
UHVWLWXHVRXVIRUPHGHWUDYDLOPpFDQLTXH
/DWUDQVIRUPDWLRQHQFKDOHXUVHSURGXLVDQWjO¶LQWpULHXUPrPHGXPRWHXUQRXV DSSHOOHURQVFHOXLFL
moteur thermique à combustion interne
3/ Analyse fonctionnelle
4/ Principe de fonctionnement
/HPRWHXUWUDQVIRUPHO¶pQHUJLHFKLPLTXHFRQWHQXHGDQVOHFDUEXUDQWHQpQHUJLHPpFDQLTXH
3RXU OLEpUHU O¶pQHUJLH FKLPLTXH SRWHQWLHOOH GX FDUEXUDQW LO HVW QpFHVVDLUH G¶HIIHFWXHU XQH
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQFKLPLTXHDSSHOpHFRPEXVWLRQ
3DUODFRPEXVWLRQOHFDUEXUDQWHVWWUDQVIRUPpHQpQHUJLHFDORULILTXHRXWKHUPLTXH
&HWWH pQHUJLH WKHUPLTXH HVW HQILQ WUDQVIRUPpH HQ WUDYDLO PpFDQLTXH &HOXLFL pWDQW HQVXLWH DSSOLTXp
DX[URXHVPRWULFHVSDUO¶LQWHUPpGLDLUHGHODWUDQVPLVVLRQ
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
5/ Analyse technologique
5HPSOLVVDJHG
KXLOH
&XODVVH
-RLQWGHFXODVVH
%ORFPRWHXU
&\OLQGUH
9RODQWPRWHXU
&DUWHULQIpULHXU
YLOHEUHTXLQ
3RXOLHGHYLOHEUHTXLQ
%LHOOH
3LVWRQ
6RXSDSH
$UEUHjFDPHV
&RXYUHFXODVVH
5.1/ L'enceinte thermique :
(OOHVHFRPSRVHGHODFXODVVHHWGHVHVFKDPEUHVGHFRPEXVWLRQGXMRLQWGHFXODVVHHWGHVF\OLQGUHV
GXEORFPRWHXU
D/DFXODVVH
/DFXODVVHHQDOOLDJHOpJHUHVWUDSSRUWpHVXUODSDUWLHVX
SpULHXUHGXEORFF\OLQGUHHWSHUPHW
• /
pWDQFKpLWpGHO
HQFHLQWHWKHUPLTXHjO
DLGHGXMRLQW
GHFXODVVHHWGHVYLVGHVHUUDJH
• /
DGPLVVLRQG
DLURXGHPpODQJHDLUFDUEXUDQWHW
O
pYDFXDWLRQGHVJD]EUOpV
• /HUHIURLGLVVHPHQWGHVFKDPEUHVGHFRPEXVWLRQ
• 'HVXSSRUWHUOHVRUJDQHVGHGLVWULEXWLRQG
LQMHFWLRQ
G
DOOXPDJHRXGHSUpFKDXIIDJH
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
E/HMRLQWGHFXODVVH
&
HVWXQMRLQWPXOWLIHXLOOHVD\DQWXQVHQVGHPRQWDJH
UHSqUHVRXGpWURPSHXUVHWTXLGRLWrWUHUHPSODFpjFKDTXH
GpSRVHGHODFXODVVH,OSHXWrWUHGLVSRQLEOHHQSOXVLHXUV
pSDLVVHXUVGDQVOHFDVG
XQPRQWDJHDSUqVUHFWLILFDWLRQGHODFXODVVH
,OSHUPHW
• '
DVVXUHUO
pWDQFKpLWpHQWUHODFXODVVHHWOHEORFPRWHXU
F/HEORFPRWHXURXEORFF\OLQGUH
,OVHFRPSRVHGHVSLVWRQVGHVELHOOHVGXYLOHEUHTXLQHWGXYRODQWPRWHXU
D/
HQVHPEOHSLVWRQELHOOH
6HJPHQWDWLRQ
-RQFG
DUUrW
3LVWRQ
$[HGHSLVWRQ
9LVG
DVVHPEODJH
%LHOOH
&RXVVLQHWV
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
/HSLVWRQ /DVHJPHQWDWLRQ
,OHVWIDEULTXpHQDOOLDJHG
DOXPLQLXPHW /HVVHJPHQWVGRLYHQW
GRLW • $VVXUHUO
pWDQFKpLWpGHODFKDPEUHjFRPEXVWLRQ
• 7UDQVPHWWUHjODELHOOHODIRUFHGXHj • (PSrFKHUO
KXLOHGHUHPRQWHUYHUVODFKDPEUH
ODFRPEXVWLRQSDUO
LQWHUPpGLDLUHGH • *XLGHUOHSLVWRQHQWUDQVODWLRQ
VRQD[H • )DFLOLWHUO
pFKDQJHFDORULILTXHHQWUHOHSLVWRQHWOD
• 5pVLVWHUDX[IURWWHPHQWVHWjXQH FKHPLVH
WHPSpUDWXUHpOHYpHaF
5pDOLVHODSUHPLqUHpWDQFKpLWpHWUpVLVWHDX[WHPSpUDWX
6HJPHQWFRXSGHIHX
UHVHWSUHVVLRQpOHYpHV
6HJPHQWG
pWDQFKpLWp $VVXUHO
pWDQFKpLWpHQWUHODFKDPEUHHWOHEDVPRWHXU
eYLWHOHVUHPRQWpHVG
KXLOHHQODLVVDQWXQILOPG
KXLOHSRXU
6HJPHQWUDFOHXU
ODOXEULILFDWLRQ
/DELHOOH
(OOHGRLW
• 7UDQVPHWWUHODIRUFHGXSLVWRQDXYLOHEUH
TXLQ
• 5pVLVWHUDX[HIIRUWVHWDX[WHPSpUDWXUHV
pOHYpHV
3LHGGHELHOOH
&RUSVGHELHOOH
7rWHGHELHOOH
&RXVVLQHWV
&KDSHDXGHELHOOH
E/HYLOHEUHTXLQ
,OHVWPRQWpDYHFGHVFRXVVLQHWVVXUOHVSDOLHUV
GXEORFPRWHXUHWSHUPHW
• /DWUDQVIRUPDWLRQGXPRXYHPHQWUHFWLOLJQH
DOWHUQDWLIGXSLVWRQHQPRXYHPHQWURWDWLI
FRQWLQX
• 'HWUDQVPHWWUHjO
HQVHPEOHELHOOHSLVWRQOHV
IRUFHVG
LQHUWLHGXYRODQWPRWHXUSRXUYDLQFUH
OHVWHPSVPRUWV
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
F/HYRODQWPRWHXU
,OHVWIDEULTXpHQDFLHUWUDLWpHWSRVVqGHXQHFRXURQQH
GHQWpHVHUYDQWDXGpPDUUDJHXQHURXHSKRQLTXHRX
FLEOHSRXUOHGpFOHQFKHPHQWGHFHUWDLQVFDSWHXUVHW
XQHIDFHG
DSSXLVHUYDQWGHVXSSRUWDXV\VWqPHG
HP
EUD\DJH,OSHUPHW
• 'HWUDQVPHWWUHDXYLOHEUHTXLQO
LQHUWLHQpFHVVDLUH
SHUPHWWDQWODURWDWLRQGXPRWHXUSHQGDQWOHVWHPSV
PRUWVGXF\FOH
• /
HQWUDvQHPHQWGXPRWHXUSHQGDQWODSKDVHGpPDU
UDJH
• /DWUDQVPLVVLRQGXFRXSOHPRWHXUDXV\VWqPHGH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ
&RXURQQHGHQWpH )L[DWLRQVXUYLOHEUHTXLQ
5RXHSKRQLTXH )DFHG
DSSXL
6.1/ Terminologie
30% 3RLQWPRUW%DVSRVLWLRQGXSLVWRQSRXUOD
TXHOOHOHYROXPHGHODFKDPEUHGHFRPEXV
WLRQHVWPD[LPDO
&\OLQGUpH (OOHHVWREWHQXHSDUOHYROXPHEDOD\pSDUOH
SLVWRQHQWUHOH30+HWOH30%
2QGLVWLQJXHUDODF\OLQGUpHXQLWDLUHXQVHXO
F\OLQGUHHWODF\OLQGUpHWRWDOHWRXVOHVF\
OLQGUHV
5DSSRUWYROXPpWUL &
HVWOHUDSSRUWHQWUHOHYROXPHGHODFKDP
TXHρRXWDX[GH EUHGHFRPEXVWLRQORUVTXHOHSLVWRQHVWDX
FRPSUHVVLRQ 30%HWOHYROXPHORUVTXHOHSLVWRQHVWDX
30+
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
6.2/ Calcul
D/HUDSSRUWYROXPpWULTXH V +v
ρ=
v
$YHF
ρUDSSRUWYROXPpWULTXHVDQVXQLWp
9F\OLQGUpHXQLWDLUHHQFP
Y YROXPH GH OD FKDPEUH GH FRPEXVWLRQ SLVWRQ DX
30+HQFP
0RWHXUVHVVHQFH GHj
0RWHXUVGLHVHO GHj
E/DF\OLQGUpH
5DSSHOGXYROXPHG
XQF\OLQGUH $YHF
9 YROXPH
π .D ² π SL
V = π . R ². h = .h 5 UD\RQGXF\OLQGUH
4 ' GLDPqWUHGXF\OLQGUH
K KDXWHXUGXF\OLQGUH
(QUHPSODoDQWOHGLDPqWUHSDUO
DOpVDJHHWODKDXWHXUSDUODFRXUVHRQREWLHQW
$YHF
π .A² &X F\OLQGUpHXQLWDLUH
Cu = .C
4 π SL
$ DOpVDJH
& FRXUVH
3RXUFDOFXOHUODF\OLQGUpHWRWDOHRQPXOWLSOLHODF\OLQGUpHXQLWDLUHSDUOHQRPEUHGHF\OLQGUHGXPRWHXU
$YHF
π .A² &W F\OLQGUpHWRWDOH
Ct = .C . N π SL
4
$ DOpVDJH
& FRXUVH
1 QRPEUHGHF\OLQGUH
1RWDO
XQLWpGHODF\OLQGUpHGpSHQGUDGHO
XQLWpGHO
DOpVDJHHWGHODFRXUVH
PP PP PP
FP FP FP
GP GP GPOLWUH
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
7/ Le cycle à 4 temps
7.1/ Déroulement du cycle
),1 /HF\FOHHVWWHUPLQpOHSLVWRQDSDUFRXUXFRXUVHVGRQWXQHVHXOHHVWPRWHXUHWGRQW
WURLVVRQWUpVLVWDQWHVOHPDQHWRQTXDQWjOXLDSDUFRXUXIRLV VRLWWRXUV
YLOHEUHTXLQ
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
(WXGH GXGLDJUDPPHGXF\FOHWKpRULTXH
1RXVDYRQVYXSUpFpGHPPHQW
TXHFKDTXHFRXUVHGXSLVWRQ
PRGLILDLWODSUHVVLRQGDQVOH
F\OLQGUH
/HGLDJUDPPHWKpRULTXHQRXV
SHUPHWSRXUFKDTXHWHPSVGH
VXLYUHO¶pYROXWLRQGHVSUHVVLRQV
GDQVOHF\OLQGUHSRXUOHVTXDWUHV
FRXUVHVGXSLVWRQ
6XUOHJUDSKLTXHQRXVSODFHURQV
(QDEVFLVVHKRUL]RQWDOHPHQWOHV
GpSODFHPHQWVGXSLVWRQ
GpWHUPLQDQWOHVYROXPHV
(QRUGRQQpHYHUWLFDOHPHQWOHV
SUHVVLRQVUpJQDQWGDQVOH
F\OLQGUH
'HVFULSWLIGXGLDJUDPPHGXF\FOHWKpRULTXH
'H$j%$'0,66,21
/HSLVWRQGHVFHQGGX30+DX30%/DVRXSDSHG
DGPLVVLRQHVWRXYHUWH/HYROXPHDXJPHQWH
GDQVO
HQFHLQWHWKHUPLTXHHWODSUHVVLRQHVWpJDOHjODSUHVVLRQDWPRVSKpULTXH
'H%j&&2035(66,21
/HSLVWRQUHPRQWHGX30%DX30+/HVVRXSDSHVVRQWIHUPpHV/HYROXPHGDQVO
HQFHLQWHWKHUPL
TXHGLPLQXHHWODSUHVVLRQHWODWHPSpUDWXUHDXJPHQWHQW
'H&j'$//80$*((7&20%867,21
/D FRPEXVWLRQ HVW GpFOHQFKpH DX SRLQW & SDU OH V\VWqPH G
DOOXPDJH /D WHPSpUDWXUH HW GRQF OD
SUHVVLRQDXJPHQWHQWIRUWHPHQWWUqVUDSLGHPHQW
'H'j('(7(17(
6RXVO
DFWLRQGHODIRUWHSUHVVLRQGXHjODFRPEXVWLRQOHVJD]VHGpWHQGHQWYLROHPPHQWHWUHSRXV
VHQWOHSLVWRQTXLUHGHVFHQGGX30+DX30%C'EST LE TEMPS MOTEUR
'H(j$(&+$33(0(17
/
RXYHUWXUH GH OD VRXSDSH G
pFKDSSHPHQW IDLW FKXWHU OD SUHVVLRQ UpVLGXHOOH GDQV O
HQFHLQWH WKHUPL
TXH (% /H SLVWRQ UHPRQWH GX 30% DX 30+ HW FKDVVH OHV JD] EUOpV $X 30+ OD VRXSDSH
G
pFKDSSHPHQWVHIHUPHHWODVRXSDSHG
DGPLVVLRQV
RXYUHOHF\FOHUHFRPPHQFH
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
AOA
$YDQFHRXYHUWXUHDGPLVVLRQ
/
$2$SHUPHWGHEpQpILFLHUGHO
LQHUWLHGHV
JD]DVSLUpVGDQVOHF\OLQGUHYRLVLQSRXU
DPpOLRUpOHUHPSOLVVDJH
RFA
5HWDUGIHUPHWXUHDGPLVVLRQ
/H5)$SHUPHWG
DPpOLRUHUOHUHPSOLVVDJH
HQSURILWDQWGHODYLWHVVHGHVJD]
AOE
$YDQFHRXYHUWXUHpFKDSSHPHQW
/
$2(SHUPHWG
pYLWHUOHVFRQWUHSUHVVLRQV
jODUHPRQWpHGXSLVWRQ
RFE
5HWDUGIHUPHWXUHpFKDSSHPHQW
/H5)(SHUPHWO
pYDFXDWLRQSDULQHUWLHGH
WRXVOHVJD]EUOpV
AA (AI pour moteur diesel)
$YDQFHDOOXPDJHDYDQFHLQMHFWLRQ
/
$$RX$,SHUPHWGHWHQLUFRPSWHGXGpODL
G
LQIODPPDWLRQRXG
LQMHFWLRQHWGHODFRP
EXVWLRQTXLQ
HVWSDVLQVWDQWDQpH
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
/DYLWHVVHDQJXODLUHHVWREWHQXHjSDUWLUGXUpJLPHGHURWDWLRQSDUODUHODWLRQVXLYDQWH
2.π .N $YHF
ω= ωYLWHVVHDQJXODLUHHQUDGLDQSDUVHFRQGHUDGV
60 1UpJLPHPRWHXUHQWRXUVSDUPLQXWHWUPQ
3XLVVDQFHHIIHFWLYH
$YHF
3SXLVVDQFHHIIHFWLYHHQZDWW:
P = C .ω &FRXSOHPRWHXUHQ1HZWRQPqWUH1P
ωYLWHVVHDQJXODLUHHQUDGLDQSDUVHFRQGHUDGV
1RUPHV I.S.O.QRUPHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVTXL
LPSRVHQWOH:DWWFRPPHXQLWpGHSXLVVDQFH
XQLYHUVHO
3XLVVDQFH S.A.E.6RFLHW\RI$XWRPRELOH
(QJLQHHUVV\VWqPHDPpULFDLQTXLFRQVLVWHj
UHOHYHUODSXLVVDQFHGXPRWHXUGpSRXUYXGH
VHVDFFHVVRLUHVHWFRQVRPPDWHXUVGH
SXLVVDQFHDOWHUQDWHXUSRPSHjHDX
YHQWLODWHXU
3XLVVDQFH D.I.N.'HXWVFKH,QGXVWULH
1RUPHQGLWHQRUPHHXURSpHQQHGDQVFHV
HVVDLVOHPRWHXUGRLWHQWUDLQHUWRXVFHV
DFFHVVRLUHVDXFXQUpJODJHHQFRXUVGH
PHVXUH
3XLVVDQFH fiscaleSXLVVDQFHDGPLQLVWUDWLYH
1RWDFKHYDOFK ZDWWV
LE MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE
,O\DGHX[YDULDQWHVGDQVFKDFXQGHFHVGHX[W\SHVGHPRWHXUTXLVRQWIRQFWLRQGXPRGHG
DOLPHQWDWLRQ
GXFRPEXVWLEOH
• 6L OH FRPEXVWLEOH HVW LQMHFWp GLUHFWHPHQW GDQV OD FKDPEUH j FRPEXVWLRQ OH PRWHXU HVW GLW j
injection directe
• 6LOHFRPEXVWLEOHHVWLQMHFWpGDQVXQHSUpFKDPEUHRXGDQVODWXEXOXUHG
DGPLVVLRQOHPRWHXUHVW
GLWjinjection indirecte
0RWHXUVHQOLJQH
([/DJXQD&OLR&&%0:VpULH
0RWHXUVHQ9
([9(VSDFH,99)0
0RWHXUVjSODW
([,PSUH]D
0RWHXUV95
([*ROI95HW953DVVDW
$XWUHVRUGUHVGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQW
− F\OLQGUHVHQOLJQH
− F\OLQGUHVHQ9