By Timur Abimanyu, SH.

MH

The Washington Post

Politics of Oil and Gas Industry Perspective of the Sharia

Journal-ekonomi.org - Policy restrictions on fuel subsidies is another form of subsidy

removal policy. The goal in order to create the liberalization of oil and gas sector of
Indonesia. Liberalization means to deliver oil and gas sector and downstream oil and gas
upstream sector of the state to the market mechanism. Thus, liberalization can be understood
as privatization or privatization of oil and gas sector of Indonesia. For neo-liberal regime,
subsidies are "enemy state". Because the subsidy should be abolished for state services to
investors in oil and gas sector to be optimal. Only strong public resistance as victims of
government policy makes the removal of subsidies should use strategies that are more
"soft". Removal of subsidies and liberalization policies of oil and gas sector confirmed the
country who have no empathy for people whose lives are increasingly squeezed. The state
also did not seem able to "mengidera" that oil and gas sector is a sector that is very strategic.

Public-Owned Oil and Gas Industry

In HR at-Tirmidhi, ibn Hammal Abyadh penah asked Prophet Muhammad to manage the
salt mines. Prophet Muhammad as head of state and government gave the mine to Abyadh.
Then there is someone that tells the Prophet Muhammad that are given to Abyad ibn
Hammal is like flowing water (the amount is limited). Knowing this, the Prophet
Muhammad also said, "Then, pull back the goods from the mine." Based on the HR at-
Tirmidhi, the mining of oil and natural gas-that in an infinite number of individual size-
mastery by private and foreign investors is haraam . For the upstream oil and gas sector
include the general property (milkiyyah ammah). While oil and gas downstream sector, the
presence of oil refinery facilities (refinery) for fuel processing and distribution infrastructure
is a public facility that also became public property. Rasulullah SAW said, "The Muslims
allied (have the same rights) in three things: water, waste, and fire" (Abu Dawud).
Taqiyuddin an-Nabhani describes three objects are seen in the hadith of 'illat him that the
three required by the community as a public facility. Characteristic of public facilities are
not available if the resulting dispute to get it (the Islamic Economic System: 2005). Thus the
overall oil and gas industry including public property. The role of the state of oil and gas
industry but also not as an owner and operator. States are to find and exploit oil and gas
fields. Countries also have to build oil refineries and fuel distribution infrastructure. This
obligation should not be left to the investor. Management of oil and gas industry is a form of
state ri'ayah against Muslims as the words of the Prophet Muhammad, "An imam (caliph) is
the custodian and regulator affairs (the people), and he'll be held accountable to the people"
(Bukhari and Muslim).

Strategic Oil & Gas Industry

Oil and Gas is a very strategic industry. Because oil is still the world's major energy source.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in the Key World Energy Statistics
2010, more than half the level of world energy consumption in 2008 came from oil and gas
with a share of 68.7% (see chart alongside). As for oil or fuel consumption reached 48.7%.
This position is not much changed compared to 1973, where the share of global
consumption of oil and gas as an energy-final to reach 74.6%. The United States is the
largest oil consumer but also producer of the world's number three with a capacity of 9
million barrels per day. In 2010 U.S. oil consumption reached 19.1 million barrels per day
or 22% of global consumption per day require 86.7 million barrels (U.S. Energy Information
Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook February 2011). The level of U.S. oil
consumption is to beat the amount of consumption of China, Japan, India, and Russia, which
reached 18.3 million barrels per day. While U.S. per capita consumption levels of more than
10 liters per day. Compare with Indonesia's per capita consumption is only 0.77 liters per
day where the people are always "haunted" the removal of subsidies and rising fuel prices.
The persistently high oil and gas role as a major source of world energy is very strategic
place oil and gas industry in terms of national security. Without an adequate gas supply and
availability of infrastructure, a state can be unstable in terms of economy, industry, public
services, transportation, military, food, and social. Because of that ideological countries who
understand the strategic location of oil and gas industry seeks to secure oil and gas sector,
the U.S. is no exception. U.S. seeks control of world oil and gas fields by putting the
economic imperialism in the various countries that have oil and gas reserves. If there are
countries that hinder U.S. interests, senjatalah who will "talk" as the U.S. invasion in
Afghanistan and Iraq. Including the separation of South Sudan through the recent
referendum is part of a U.S. strategy to dominate the natural resources and oil and gas
reserves. Very strategic oil and gas industry to U.S. national security is apparent from the
case of the U.S. government's refusal to offer the Chinese state-owned CNOOC acquisition
of Unocal which is nothing but private enterprise alone. A U.S. politician Byron Dorgan
said, "Unocal in the U.S. and has produced 1.75 billion barrels of oil. Very stupid if it
becomes foreign-owned companies "(Republika, 07/18/2005), this case is a lesson, that the
U.S. impose economic liberalization throughout the world turns without shame" lick his
own spittle. " This is evidence that liberalization is part of the political strategy of U.S.
imperialism.

Politics of Oil and Gas Industries

In the Islamic perspective, oil and gas industry politics put the state as regulator as well as
perpetrators. State oil and gas industry is the manager while the race is the holder of his
property. When politics is run, the oil and gas resources and processing industry under state
control. This is quite different from the Indonesian government is implementing the
liberalization of oil and gas sector. As the fourth most populous nation into the world with
only 0.3% of world oil reserves, the government of Indonesia put the control of oil and gas
resources into the hands of investors. As a result, to increase national oil production level of
government depends heavily on foreign corporations as the Contract (PSC). To target an
average oil production of 970 thousand barrels per day in 2011, state-owned Pertamina EP
only holds approximately 13.61% or about 132 thousand barrels per day. The rest are
foreign contractors and the private sector where the U.S. corporation Chevron is targeted to
contribute by 38.14% or 370 thousand barrels per day (detikFinance, 23/12/2010).
Consequences control by foreign oil and gas resources in addition to the cost of procurement
of goods became expensive fuel production is also not in the national interest. Though
Indonesia deficit in the oil sector. In 2009, Indonesian crude oil production reached 826
thousand barrels per day while oil consumption amounted to 1.187 million barrels per day.
Indonesia exported an average of 250.4 thousand barrels per day while importing 324.9
thousand barrels per day (OPEC, Annual Statistics Bulletin 2009).
In the downstream oil and gas sector, the Indonesian government is also entrusted the
market mechanism to set prices and distribute them to the community. The purpose of
government in limiting subsidies is to include foreign investors. It is difficult for foreign
investors enter the business when the gas stations of fuel-filling stations selling fuel,
Pertamina still below international market prices. With restrictions on subsidies, foreign
investors are ready to invade the oil market of Indonesia. In Indonesia, the Dutch oil
company Shell has been expanding since the SBY government raised fuel prices on a large
scale in 2005. Shell now owns 45 gas stations had the plan to build 500 gas stations during
2007-2012. Besides Shell, Petronas also has to build 18 gas stations in Indonesia. While
Total is targeting this year to build seven gas stations from 8 stations already owned (Cash,
07.02.2011). The problems of oil and gas sector in Indonesia has become profanity when oil
refining capacity (refinery), Indonesia is no longer sufficient. For 2009, Indonesia's oil
refining capacity is only 1.050 million barrels per day. This capacity is still under
Singapore's oil refining capacity reached 1.344 million barrels per day. Though Singapore
has no oil resources and its population is only 4.7 million inhabitants. More ironic again for
the Indonesian government fuel pricing based on the international fuel prices in Singapore,
namely the Mid Oil Platt's Singapore or MOPS (Refer to the Presidential Regulation
Number 55 Year 2005 on Sale Price Ecerean Domestic Fuel Article 1 paragraph 4 and 5). If
the state is willing to take political Islamic oil and gas industry, although the national oil
reserves sebesesar no oil reserves of other Islamic countries in the Middle East, the
government more easily control the oil and gas industry to the national interest. Investments
in oil and gas is expensive, but governments do not get stuck Capitalist economic
understanding that the poor third world nations capital. This understanding leads only weak
countries like Indonesia for any debt or to invite foreign investors to develop oil and gas
industry.

Precisely in the bowels of the earth behind Indonesia's saved tremendous wealth who
became the target of colonizing nations. Applying the same oil and gas sector liberalization
is a waste of potential revenues from public property and creating a widening inequality gap.
In 2009, the world's five major oil corporations, namely BP, ExxonMobil, Total, Shell, and
Chevron has a gross revenue of U.S. $ 1.19 trillion, equivalent to 2% of Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of the world, or 220.21% of Indonesia's GDP. The net gain of five
corporations reached U.S. $ 68.018 billion. Total net profit is equivalent to 79.62% of state
revenue realizable value APBN-P 2009 (Data source: OPEC, World Bank, and the Ministry
of Finance). Politics of oil and gas industry also must be under the industrial policy aimed at
making the state as the industrialized nations. The only way to become industrialized
countries is to create an industry that became the basis of the entire industry. This industry is
an industry that produces industrial equipment and machinery (Abdurrahman al-Maliki,
Political Economy of Islam).

Related to oil and gas industry, industrial policy to encourage state has the ability to produce
equipment, machinery, and technology required for oil and gas exploration, lifting, and the
refinery. This autonomy would make the cost of investment becomes more efficient.
Technology development and subsequent oil and gas industry will generate derivatives
industry. For example, asphalt, wax, plastics, fertilizers, ceramics, lubricants, and so forth.
Politics of oil and gas industry should also follow the foreign policy of an Islamic state. U.S.
with its allies against Islam and make the occupation of Islamic lands. The state is harbi
fi'lan infidels. Oil and gas industry can be used as a weapon against colonial countries.
Moreover, most of the world's oil reserves exist in Islamic countries such as the Middle East
that holds the oil defosit for 56.24% of 1337.2 billion barrels of oil reserves (OPEC, Annual
Statistics Bulletin 2009). Through the oil embargo, the U.S. economy can be paralyzed
quickly especially with the elimination of the dollar as a means of payment transactions oil.
From this description it is clear where the strategic oil and gas industry and how the politics
of this strategic industry is run to make a strong and independent Islamic country. Must not
endanger the country's people as a program of liberalization by the neoliberal regime that in
fact part of a strategy of Western imperialism. Rasulullah SAW said, "There should be no
danger (dlarar) and (mutual) harm" (Reported by Ahmad and Ibn Majah). To achieve this
goal, then the only way is to free Indonesia from the clutches of colonialism and implement
Islamic sharia as a solution to our country in the frame of the Khilafah. This system will not
only make Indonesia strong but is also integrated with the whole Islamic country so that our
oil reserves would be even greater. [JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ideological], By Hidayatulah

Muttaqi.

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