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ABSTRACT:
When we think about
warehouses of today’s industries,
the first thought that pops is “THE
DARKNESS”. This paper deals
with the automatic switching ON
and OFF of lights in warehouses
using micro processors and
sensors. The circuit consists of
two optical sensors, counters,
phototransistors and relay
switches. One optical sensor is
installed at the entry door and
another optical sensor is installed
at the exit door of the ware house.
The receiver sections of the
sensors are connected to the photo
transistors that produce voltage on
incident light. When a person
enters the warehouse, the rays
from the optical sensor-1(at the
entry door) are cut and hence the
voltage produced by the photo
transistor-1 is lowered. On this
lowered voltage, the counter-1
increases its count by ONE.
Similar connections are made with
the sensor-2 (at the exit door). The
rays from it are cut when a person
leaves the warehouse.
SI.N CONTENTS
O
The counter-2 that is connected to
the sensor-2 will count the number
of persons leaving the warehouse.
A comparator is connected across
both the counters. When the
difference between the two
counters is NOT ZERO, a signal
is sent from the comparator to
drive the relay switch in order to
switch ON the lights. The switch
is ON as long as the difference
between the two counters is NOT
ZERO i.e. as long as there is some
person inside the warehouse. Thus
the light is switched ON and OFF
without manual switching ON.
Moreover the energy can be saved
because the lights are switched
ON only when a person enters the
warehouse and are switched OFF
as soon as everyone leaves the
warehouse. An external circuit for
manual operation can be provided
in case of emergencies.
PAGE NO
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1. CHAPTER 1: 3
INTRODUCTION

2. CHAPTER 2: 3
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3. CHAPTER 3: 4
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

4. CHAPTER 4: 4
COMPONENTS USED

4.1:OPTICAL SENSORS 4

4.2: COUNTERS 4

4.3:COMPARATORS 5

4.4:RELAY SWITCHES 6

5. CHAPTER 5: 6
APPLICATIONS

6. ADVANTAGES 7

7. CONCLUSION 7

8. REFERENCE 7

INTRODUCTION:

Save energy by automatically
switching the lights ON and OFF.
The lights of the warehouse are
switched ON when a person enters
the warehouse and are switched
OFF when there are no persons
inside the warehouse. The above
circuit consists of the following
components:
 Opto isolator
 Photo transistors
 Microprocessors as
counters
 Comparator
 Relay switches.
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
Let us discuss one by one:
Firstly the optical sensors can be
classified as;
 The transmitting section,
 The receiving section.
TRANSMITTING SECTION:
The transmitting section consists
of an opto isolator. The
transmitting section is an optical
source that produces any form of
optical light.
RECEIVING SECTION: The
receiving section is an optical
sensing device like a photo

transistor. It consists of a Here when the difference is zero,
photodiode.
COUNTERS: There are two
counters used; one counter is to
count the number of persons
entering the warehouse and
another counter to count the
number of persons leaving the
warehouse.
COMPARATOR: The output
from the counters is fed to the
comparator. The comparator
compares the output of both the
counters and the output signal
from the comparator is fed to the
relay switch.
RELAY: The relay switch is
either switched OFF or switched
ON depending upon the output of
the comparator. The relay in turn
switches ON or switches OFF the
lights.
WORKING OF THE
CIRCUIT:
The optical transmitter transmits
light and this light is sensed by the
sensor which is nothing but a
phototransistor. The
phototransistor senses the light
and produces voltage depending
upon the intensity of the incident
light. Whenever the light is cut(by
a person entering the warehouse) a
pulse is produced. The counter
counts the pulses produced. There
are two counters near the exit and
entry doors. The outputs of the
two counters are fed to a
comparator. The comparator
compares the two inputs and
produces a corresponding output.
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there is no signal sent to the relay
and hence lights remain OFF. The
vice versa happens when the
difference is NOT A ZERO.
Hence the lights are switched ON.
COMPONENTS USED:
Let us discuss about the
components used in detail.
Opto-isolator (transmitter &
receiver):
A common implementation is a
LED and a phototransistor,
positioned so that light from the
LED will impinge on the photo
detector. When an electrical signal
is applied to the input of the opto
-isolator, its LED lights and
illuminates the photo detector,
producing a corresponding
electrical signal in the output
circuit
With a photodiode as the detector,
the output current is proportional
to the intensity of incident light
supplied by the emitter. The diode
can be used in a photovoltaic
mode or a photoconductive mode.
In photovoltaic mode, the diode
acts as a current source in parallel
with a forward-biased diode. The
output current and voltage are
dependent on the load impedance
and light intensity. In
photoconductive mode, the diode
is connected to a supply voltage,
and the magnitude of the current
conducted is directly proportional
to the intensity of light. The
optical path may be air or a
dielectric waveguide.
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In digital logic and computing, a

counter is a device which stores
(and sometimes displays) the
number of times a particular event
or process has occurred, often in
relationship to a clock signal. In
practice, there are two types of
counters:

 Up counters, which
increase in value
 Down counters, which
decrease in value
The receiving section consists of a
Here a synchronous up counter is
photo transistor as shown in the
used. The counter is as shown in
figure. The photo transistor in turn the figure;
consists of a photodiode. It can be
operated in any one of the mode
either photoconductive or photo
voltaic mode in the following
manner. A photodiode is a PN
junction or PIN structure. When a
photon of sufficient energy strikes
the diode, it excites an electron,
thereby creating a free electron
and a (positively charged electron)
hole. If the absorption occurs in
the junction's depletion region, or
one diffusion length away from it,
these carriers are swept from the The mechanism can be understood
junction by the built-in field of the from the following figure:
depletion region. Thus holes move
toward the anode, and electrons
toward the cathode, and a
photocurrent is produced.

Whenever the light is cut by a

person entering the warehouse, a
pulse is produced. This pulse is
counted by the counters.

COUNTERS:
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The figure shown below is the

comparator (OP AMP).

RELAYS:
COMPARATOR:
The output of the comparator is
There are two inputs from the connected to the relay switch. As
counters. These two inputs are long as the output of the
compared by the comparator. An comparator is zero, the relay
operational amplifier (op-amp)
switch is OFF .when the
has a well balanced difference
input and a very high gain. The comparator has some output (the
parallels in the characteristics difference is not zero), the relay
allow the op-amps to serve as switches are driven ON so that the
comparators in some functions. lights are switched ON.A latching
relay can be used here.
A standard op-amp operating in
open loop configuration (without
negative feedback) can be used as
a comparator. When the non-
inverting input (V+) is at a higher
voltage than the inverting input
(V-), the high gain of the op-amp
causes it to output the most
positive voltage it can. When the
non-inverting input (V+) drops
below the inverting input (V-), the
op-amp outputs the most negative
voltage it can. Since the output
voltage is limited by the supply
voltage, for an op-amp that uses a
balanced, split supply, (powered
by ± VS) this action can be A latching relay has two relaxed
written: states (bistable). These are also
called "impulse", "keep", or "stay"
Vout = Ao (V1 − V2) relays. When the current is
switched off, the relay remains in
its last state. This is achieved with

a solenoid operating a ratchet and
cam mechanism, or by having two
opposing coils with an over-center
spring or permanent magnet to
hold the armature and contacts in
position while the coil is relaxed,
or with a remanent core. In the
ratchet and cam example, the first
pulse to the coil turns the relay on
and the second pulse turns it off.
In the two coil example, a pulse to
one coil turns the relay on and a
pulse to the opposite coil turns the
relay off. This type of relay has
the advantage that it consumes
power only for an instant, while it
is being switched, and it retains its
last setting across a power outage.
A remanent core latching relay
requires a current pulse of
opposite polarity to make it
change state.
MICRO PROCESSORS USED:
MB111 (opto couplers):
COMPARATORS:
APPLICATIONS:
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 The above circuit can be
used in warehouses for
automatic switching ON
and OFF of lights.
 It can also be used in lifts
for the same purpose.
 It can also be used in
houses for the same
purpose.
ADVANTAGES:
 The connections can be
automatic.
 It is power saving as the
lights are switched ON
only when the persons
enter and are switched
OFF as soon as he leaves
the room.
 The number of persons
entering the warehouse can
be trapped.
CONCLUSION:
Today’s world is a highly power
consuming world. Though we
cannot produce enough power to
meet the requirements, we can still
save power. This system saves
power as it prevents unnecessary
glowing of lights in the absence of
power. It can also be modified so
as to track people for security
purposes.
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REFERENCE:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo
diode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count
er#Mechanical_counters

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp
arator