Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 10

0DODULD (SLGHPLRORJL GDQ 'LDJQRVLV

/XNPDQ +DNLP

0DODULD (SLGHPLRORJ\ DQG 'LDJQRVWLF


$EVWUDFW 0DODULD LV DQ LQIHFWLRXV GLVHDVH FDXVHG E\ 3ODVPRGLXP VSS DUH QDWXUDOO\ WUDQV
PLWWHG E\ WKH PRVTXLWR $QRSKHOHV VSS 0DODULD WUDQVPLVVLRQ RFFXUV EHFDXVH RI LQWHUDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WKH DJHQW WKH GHILQLWLYH KRVW DQG LQWHUPHGLDWH KRVWV KXPDQV 7KHUHIRUH WKH WUDQV
PLVVLRQ RI PDODULD LV LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH SUHVHQFH DQG IOXFWXDWLRQV LQ YHFWRU SRSXODWLRQV L H
WUDQVPLWWLQJ PRVTXLWR $QRSKHOHV VSS
0DODULD GLDJQRVLV FRQVLVWV RI FOLQLFDO GLDJQRVLV DQG GLDJQRVLV EDVHG RQ ODERUDWRU\ H[DPLQD
WLRQ &OLQLFDO GLDJQRVLV RU FOLQLFDO PDODULD GLDJQRVLV ZDV SUHVXPSWLYH GLDJQRVLV RI PDODULD
EDVHG RQ FOLQLFDO H[DPLQDWLRQ RI SDWLHQWV ZLWK V\PSWRPV LQFOXGH IHYHU SHULRGLFDO KHDW
OHYHO RI FRQVFLRXVQHVV GL]]LQHVV HWF DV ZHOO DV VSHFLILF ORFDO W\SLFDO V\PSWRPV ([SHULHQFHV
RI PHGLFDO SHUVRQQHO ZKR SHUIRUP SUHFLVH GLDJQRVLV ZLOO GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKH GLDJ
QRVLV VR WKDW FOLQLFDO GLDJQRVLV FDQQRW EH WKH PDLQ UHIHUHQFH LQ WKH WUHDWPHQW RI PDODULD EH
FDXVH RI KLJK HUURU UDWHV

UHQWDQ WHUKDGDS SHQ\DNLW GDQ NHPDWLDQ


3(1'$+8/8$1 DNLEDW PDODULD GHQJDQ MXPODK QHJDUD
HQGHPLV PDODULD SDGD WDKXLQ VHED-
0DODULD DGDODK SHQ\DNLW \DQJ
Q\DN QHJDUD
GLVHEDENDQ ROHK SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP GDQ
GLWXODUNDQ ROHK Q\DPXN $QRSKHOHV 'L ,QGRQHVLD \DQJ PHUXSDNDQ QHJD
6HFDUD JOREDO SHQ\HEDUDQQ\D VDQJDW OXDV UD WURSLV PDODULD WHWDS PHQMDGL VDODK VDWX
\DLWX GL ZLOD\DK DQWDUD JDULV EXMXU ƒ GL SHQ\DNLW PHQXODU XWDPD NKXVXVQ\D GL
XWDUD GDQ ƒ GL VHODWDQ PHOLSXWL OHELK EHEHUDSD ZLOD\DK \DQJ GLQ\DWDNDQ PDVLK
GDUL QHJDUD EHULNOLP WURSLV GDQ VXE HQGHPLV WHUXWDPD GL OXDU 3XODX -DZD +DO
WURSLV 3HQGXGXN \DQJ EHULVLNR WHUNHQD LQL GLVHEDENDQ NDUHQD PDODULD PDVLK
PDODULD EHUMXPODK VFNLWDU PLOLDU DWDX PHUXSDNDQ SHQ\DNLW PHQXODU \DQJ GDSDW
GDUL SHQGXGXN GXQLD 6HWLDS WDKXQ PHQ\HEDENDQ NHPDWLDQ SDGD NHORPSRN
MXPODK NDVXV PDODULD EHUMXPODK - EHUULVLNR WLQJJL \DLWX ED\L EDOLWD GDQ LEX
MXWD GDQ PHQJDNLEDWNDQ VG MXWD KDPLO GDQ VHFDUD ODQJVXQJ GDSDW
NHPDWLDQ WHUXWDPD GL $IULND VXE 6DKDUD PHQXUXQNDQ SURGXNWLYLWDV NHUMD 3DGD
$VLD 6HODWDQ GDQ $VLD 7HQJJDUD VHUWD WDKXQ WHUGDSDW VHNLWDU MXWD NDVXV
$PHULND 7HQJDK :LOD\DK \DQJ NLQL VX PDODULD NOLQLV VHGDQJNDQ WDKXQ
GDK EHEDV PDODULD DGDODK (URSD $PHUL PHQMDGL MXWD NDVXV -XPODK SHQ
ND 8WDUD VHEDJLDQ EHVDU 7LPXU 7HQJDK GHULWD SRVLWLI PDODULD KDVLO SHPHULNVDDQ
VHEDJLDQ EHVDU .DULELD VHEDJLDQ $PHUL PLNURVNRS SRVLWLI WHUGDSDW NXPDQ PDODU
ND 6HODWDQ $XVWUDOLD GDQ &LQD LD WDKXQ VHNLWDU ULEX NDVXV
GDQ SDGD WDKXQ VHNLWDU ULEX ND
/DSRUDQ :+2 WDKXQ PH
VXV
Q\HEXWNDQ GL VHOXUXK GXQLD MXPODK NDVXV
EDUX PDODULD EHUNLVDU - MXWD RUDQJ
GHQJDQ NHPDWLDQ MXWD RUDQJ WDKXQ (3,'(0,2/2*, 0$/$5,$
VHEDJLDQ EHVDU DQDN-DQDN GL EDZDK OLPD
WDKXQ \DQJ PHUXSDNDQ NHORPSRN SDOLQJ 6HFDUD DODPLDK SHQXODUDQ PDODULD
WHUMDGL NDUHQD DGDQ\D LQWHUDNVL DQWDUD
/RND /LWEDQJ 3 % &LDPLV %DGDQ /LWEDQJNHV DJHQW SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP VSS KRVW GH
HPDLO OXNPDQ#OLWEDQJ GHSNHV JR LG
$VSLUDWRU 9RO 1R 7DKXQ -

6RXUFH 5ROO %DFN 0DODULD :+2

*DPEDU 3HWD GLVWULEXVL SHQGHULWD PDODULD JOREDO

ILQLWLYH Q\DPXN $QRSKHOHV VSS GDQ KRVW SODVHQWD GDUL LEX KDPLO NH ED\L \DQJ
LQWHUPHGLDWH PDQXVLD .DUHQD LWX SHQX GLNDQGXQJQ\D
ODUDQ PDODULD GLSHQJDUXKL ROHK
NHEHUDGDDQ GDQ IOXNWXDVL SRSXODVL YHNWRU .HMDGLDQ OXDU ELDVD ./% GLWDQGDL
SHQXODU \DLWX Q\DPXN $QRSKHOHV VSS GHQJDQ SHQLQJNDWDQ NDVXV \DQJ GLVHEDE
\DQJ VDODK VDWXQ\D GLSHQJDUXKL ROHK LQ NDQ DGDQ\D SHQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL YHNWRU
WHQVLWDV FXUDK KXMDQ VHUWD VXPEHU SDUDVLW VHKLQJJD WUDQVPLVL PDODULD PHQLQJNDW
3ODVPRGLXP VSS DWDX SHQGHULWD GL GDP MXPODK NHVDNLWDQ PDODULD MXJD PH-
VDPSLQJ DGDQ\D KRVW \DQJ UHQWDQ 6XP QLQJNDW 6HEHOXP SHQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL
EHU SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP VSS DGDODK KRVW YHNWRU VHODOX GLGDKXOXL SHUXEDKDQ OLQJ
\DQJ PHQMDGL SHQGHULWD SRVLWLI PDODULD NXQJDQ \DQJ EHUNDLWDQ GHQJDQ WHPSDW
7DSL GL GDHUDK HQGHPLV PDODULD WLQJJL SHULQGXNDQ SRWHQVLDO VHSHUWL OXDV SHU-
VHULQJNDOL JHMDOD NOLQLV SDGD SHQGHULWD DLUDQ IORUD VHUWD NDUDNWHULVWLN OLQJNXQJDQ
WLGDN PXQFXO WLGDN DGD JHMDOD NOLQLV \DQJ PHQJDNLEDWNDQ PHQLQJNDWQ\D
PHVNLSXQ SDUDVLW WHUXV KLGXS GL GDODP NHSDGDWDQ ODUYD 8QWXN PHQFHJDK
WXEXKQ\D ,QL GLVHEDENDQ DGDQ\D SHUX ./% PDODULD PDND SHQLQJNDWDQ
EDKDQ WLQJNDW UHVLVWHQVL PDQXVLD WHUKDGDS YHNWRU SHUOX GLNHWDKXL PHODOXL
SDUDVLW PDODULD VHEDJDL DNLEDW WLQJJLQ\D SHQJDPDWDQ \DQJ WHUXV PHQHUXV
IUHNXHQVL NRQWDN GHQJDQ SDUDVLW EDKNDQ VXUYHLODQV
GL EHEHUDSD QHJDUD WHUMDGLQ\D NHNHEDODQ .HWLND SDUDVLW GDODP EHQWXN
DGD \DQJ GLWXUXQNDQ PHODOXL PXWDVL JH VSRUR]RLW PDVXN NH GDODP WXEXK
QHWLN .HDGDDQ LQL DNDQ PHQJDNLEDWNDQ PDQXVLD PHODOXL JLJLWDQ Q\DPXN
SHQGHULWD FDUULHU SHPEDZD SHQ\DNLW $QRSKHOHV VSS NXUDQJ OHELK GDODP
DWDX SHQGHULWD PDODULD WDQSD JHMDOD NOLQLV ZDNWX PHQLW DNDQ VDPSDL NH
DV\PSWRPDWLF VHWLDS VDDW ELVD PHQXODU GDODP VHO KDWL 6HODQMXWQ\D DNDQ
NDQ SDUDVLW NHSDGD RUDQJ ODLQ VHKLQJJD PHODNXNDQ VLNOXV GDODP VHO KDWL
NDVXV EDUX EDKNDQ NHMDGLDQ OXDU ELDVD GHQJDQ EHUXEDK GDUL VSRUR]RLW
./% PDODULD ELVD WHUMDGL SDGD ZDNWX PHQMDGL VFKL]RQ KDWL PXGD
\DQJ WLGDN WHUGXJD 6HODLQ SHQXODUDQ NHPXGLDQ WXD GDQ PDWDQJ 6HODQ
VHFDUD DODPLDK PDODULD MXJD ELVD GLWXODU MXWQ\D VFKL]RQ KDWL \DQJ PDWDQJ
NDQ PHODOXL WUDQVIXVL GDUDK DWDX WUDQV
0DODULD /XNPDQ +DNLP

DNDQ PHOHSDVNDQ PHUR]RLW XQWXN .HPXGLDQ GLNHWDKXL ROHK 5RVV SD


PDVXN NH GDODP VLVWHP VLUNXODVL GD WDKXQ EDKZD PDODULD
GLWXODUNDQ ROHK Q\DPXN \DQJ EDQ
.RPSRQHQ HSLGHPLRORJL PD \DN WHUGDSDW GL UDZD -UDZD
ODULD WHUGLUL GDUL DJHQW PDODULD
DGDODK SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP VSS 6HFDUD NHVHOXUXKDQ 3ODVPRGLXP
KRVW PDODULD DGD GXD MHQLV \DLWX WHUGLUL GDUL VXE JHQHUD 'DUL
PDQXVLD VHEDJDL KRVW LQWHUPHGLDWH NHGXD EHODV VXE JHQHUD WHUVHEXW
DWDX VHPHQWDUD NDUHQD WLGDN WHU KDQ\D WLJD VXE JHQHUD \DQJ PHQ
MDGL SHPELDNDQ VHNVXDO GDQ Q\D MDGL SDUDVLW SDGD PDPDOLD WHUPDVXN
PXN VHEDJDL KRVW GHILQLWLYH DWDX PDQXVLD \DLWX VXE JHQHUD 3ODVPRGL
WHWDS NDUHQD WHUMDGL SHPELDNDQ XP VXE JHQHUD /DYHULQLD GDQ VXE
VHNVXDO GDQ OLQJNXQJDQ \DLWX JHQHUD 9LQFNHULD /LPD VXE JHQHUD
\DQJ EHUSHQJDUXK WHUKDGDS NH PHQMDGL SDUDVLW SDGD UHSWLOLD GDQ HPSDW
KLGXSDQ PDQXVLD GDQ Q\DPXN VXE JHQHUD ODJL KLGXS SDGD EXUXQJ
YHNWRU PDODULD $YHV
$JHQW DWDX SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP \DQJ PHQMDGL SDUDVLW
SDGD PDQXVLD \DLWX VXE JHQHUD 3ODVPR
3DUDVLW DGDODK VXDWX LVWLODK GLXP WHUGLUL GDUL VSHVLHV 3 YLYD[ 3
\DQJ GLEHULNDQ NHSDGD PDKOXN RYDOH GDQ 3 PDODULDH 6XE JHQHUD
KLGXS EDLN WXPEXKDQ DWDX EL /DYHULQLD WHUGLUL GDUL VSHVLHV 3 IDOFLSD
QDWDQJ \DQJ PHQXPSDQJ SDGD UXP 6HGDQJNDQ GDUL VXE JHQHUD
PDKOXN KLGXS ODLQ LQGXN VHPDQJ 9LQFNHULD WHUGLUL GDUL VSHVLHV 3
GDQ GDODP NHKLGXSDQQ\D PHUX UHLFKHQRZL 3 VFKZHW]L GDQ 3
JLNDQ LQGXN VHPDQJQ\D WHUVHEXW UKRGDLQL WLGDN PHQMDGL SDUDVLW SDGD
8QWXN KLGXS GDQ EHUNHPEDQJ ELDN PDQXVLD WDSL SDGD PDPDOLD ODLQ
SDUDVLW LQL PHQJDPELO PDNDQDQ
GDUL GDODP WXEXK LQGXN VH 'L ,QGRQHVLD VSHVLHV 3ODVPRGLXP
PDQJQ\D VHKLQJJD LQGXN VH \DQJ KLGXS SDGD PDQXVLD \DQJ GRPLQDQ
PDQJQ\D PHQJDODPL JDQJJXDQ DGDODK 3 IDOFLSDUXP GDQ 3 YLYD[
EDKNDQ ELVD PHQLPEXONDQ NH 6HGDQJNDQ 3 RYDOH GDQ 3 PDODULDH
PDWLDQ ELDVDQ\D GLWHPXNDQ GL ZLOD\DK ,QGRQHVLD
EDJLDQ 7LPXU
3DUDVLW PDODULD DGDODK 3ODVPR
GLXP VSS \DLWX ELQDWDQJ EHUVHO VD 6HEDJDLPDQD PDNKOXN KLGXS
WX SURWR]RD \DQJ WHUPDVXN JHQXV ODLQQ\D 3ODVPRGLXP VSS MXJD
3ODVPRGLD IDPLOL 3ODVPRGLLGDH PHODNXNDQ SURVHV NHKLGXSDQ \DQJ PHOL
GDUL RUGR &RFFLGLLGDH SXWL PHWDEROLVPD SHUWXNDUDQ ]DW SHU
WXPEXKDQ SHUJHUDN- NDQ EHUNHPEDQJ
'DODP WXEXK PDQXVLD XQWXN ELDN GDQ PHPSXQ\DL UHDNVL WHUKDGDS
NHODQJVXQJDQ KLGXSQ\D 3ODVPRGLXP UDQJVDQJDQ 'DODP EHUNHPEDQJ ELDN
PHPDNDQ VHO GDUDK PHUDK 6'0 3ODVPRGLXP VSS 0HPSXQ\DL GXD FDUD
WHPSDW LD KLGXS VHKLQJJD LQGXN \DLWX
VHPDQJQ\D SHQGHULWD PHQJDODPL
DQHPLD GDQ JDQJJXDQ ODLQQ\D D 3HPELDNDQ VHNVXDO
3HPELDNDQ LQL WHUMDGL GL GDODP WXEXK
3ODVPRGLXP VHEDJDL SDUDVLW PD Q\DPXN PHODOXL SURVHV VSRURJRQL %LOD
ODULD EDUX GLWHPXNDQ SDGD DEDG NH PLNURJDPHWRVLW VHO MDQWDQ GDQ
NHWLND /DYHUDQ PHOLKDW PDNURJDPHWRVLW VHO EHWLQD WHUKLVDS
EHQWXN SLVDQJ GDODP GDUDK ROHK YHNWRU EHUVDPD GDUDK SHQGHULWD
VHRUDQJ SHQGHULWD PDODULD
$VSLUDWRU 9RO 1R 7DKXQ -

PDND SURVHV SHUNDZLQDQ DQWDUD NHGXD ODP SURVHV SHPEHQWXNDQ VHO


VHO NHODPLQ LWX DNDQ WHUMDGL 'DUL SURVHV NHODPLQ
LQL DNDQ WHUEHQWXN ]LJRW \DQJ NHPXGL
DQ DNDQ EHUXEDK PHQMDGL RRNLQHW GDQ .DUHQD GDODP VHWLDS VWDGLXP
VHODQMXWQ\D PHQMDGL RRNLVWD 7HUDNKLU WHUMDGL SURVHV PDND PRUIRORJL
RRNLVWD SHFDK GDQ PHPEHQWXN VSR SDUDVLW MXJD PHQJDODPL SHUXEDKDQ
UR]RLW \DQJ WLQJJDO GDODP NHOHQMDU 'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ PDND GDODP VWD
OXGDK YHNWRU 3HUXEDKDQ GDUL PLNUR GLXP LWX VHQGLUL WHUGDSDW WLQJNDWDQ
JDPHWRVLW GDQ PDNURJDPHWRVLW XPXU \DLWX WURSR]RLW PXGD WURSR]RLW
VDPSDL PHQMDGL VSRUR]RLW GL GDODP VHWHQJDK GHZDVD WURSR]RLW GHZDVD
NHOHQMDU OXGDK YHNWRU GLVHEXW PDVD WX VL]RQ PXGD VFKL]RQ WXD VFKL]RQ PD
QDV HNVWULQVLN DWDX VLNOXV VSRURJR WDQJ JDPHWRVLW PXGD JDPHWRVLW WXD
QL GDQ JDPHWRVLW PDWDQJ
-XPODK VSRURNLVWD SDGD VHWLDS RRNL -XPODK PHUR]RLW GDQ VFKL]RQ
VWD GDQ ODPDQ\D VLNOXV VSRURJRQL \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ ROHK VDWX VHO VSRUR
SDGD PDVLQJ-PDVLQJ VSHVLHV 3ODVPR ]RLW WLGDN DVDPD SDGD PDVLQJ-
GLXP DGDODK EHUEHGD -XPODK VSRUR PDVLQJ VSHVLHV 3ODVPRGLXP -XPODK
]RLW 3 YLYD[ GDODP RRNLVWD DGDODK PHUR]RLW 3 IDOFLSDUXP GL GDODP VDWX
- EXWLU GDQ VLNOXV VSRURJRQL VHO VL]RQ GHZDVD VHEDQ\DN GDQ ODPD
VHODPD - KDUL VSRUR]RLW 3 IDOFL VLNOXVQ\D MDP DUWLQ\D UHSURGXNVL WLQJ
SDUXP DGDODK - EXWLU GDQ VL JL GDQ FHSDW VHKLQJJD NHSDGDWDQ WURSR
NOXV VSRURJRQL VHODPD KDUL 3 ]RLW SDGD GDUDK VDQJDW WLQJJL -XPODK
PDODULDH DGDODK - EXWLU GDQ VL PHUR]RLW 3 YLYD[ GDQ 3 RYDOH
NOXV VSRURJRQL VHODPD - KDUL VHEDQ\DN GDQ ODPD VLNOXVQ\D MDP
E 3HPELDNDQ DVHNVXDO DUWLQ\D UHSURGXNVL UHQGDK GDQ OHELK ODP
3HPELDNDQ DVHNVXDO WHUMDGL GL EDW VHKLQJJD NHSDGDWDQ WURSR]RLW SDGD
GDODP WXEXK PDQXVLD PHODOXL GDUDK VHULQJ UHQGDK 6HGDQJNDQ MXPODK
SURVHV VFKL]RJRQL \DQJ WHUMDGL PH PHUR]RLW 3 PDODULDH VHEDQ\DN GDQ
ODOXL SURVHV SHPEHODKDQ VHO ODPD VLNOXVQ\D MDP DUWLQ\D UHSURGXNVL
VHFDUD JDQGD ,QWL WURSR]RLW GHZDVD OHELK UHQGDK GDQ OHELK ODPEDW ,QL PXQJ
PHPEHODK PHQMDGL GDQ NLQ \DQJ PHQMDGL SHQ\HEDE MDUDQJQ\D
VHWHUXVQ\D VDPSDL EDWDV WHUWHQWX VSHVLHV LQL GLWHPXNDQ
WHUJDQWXQJ SDGD VSHVLHV 3ODVPRGL
XPQ\D %LOD SHPEHODKDQ LQWL WHODK .DUHQD SHUEHGDDQ SURVHV SHUNHP
VHOHVDL VLWRSODVPD VHO LQGXN EDQJDQ PDND PDVD WXQDV DWDX SUH SDWHQ
GLEDJL-EDJL NHSDGD VHWLDS LQWL DWDX PDVD LQNXEDVL 3ODVPRGLXP GL GD
GDQ WHUMDGLODK VHO EDUX \DQJ GLVH ODP WXEXK PDQXVLD LQWULQVLN PDVLQJ-
EXW PHUR]RLW PDVLQJ VSHVLHV ODPDQ\D EHUEHGD 3 IDO
FLSDUXP VHODPD - KDUL 3 YLYD[
'HQJDQ DGDQ\D SURVHV -SURVHV VHODPD - KDUL GDQ 3 PDODULDH
SHUWXPEXKDQ GDQ SHPELDNDQ DVHN KDUL
VXDO GL GDODP VHO GDUDK PHUDK
PDQXVLD PDND GLNHQDO DGD WLJD 9HNWRU PDODULD
WLQJNDWDQ VWDGLXP 3ODVPRGLXP \DL $GDODK VHUDQJJD DWDX Q\DPXN \DQJ
WX VWDGLXP WURSR]RLW 3ODVPRGLXP WHUPDVXN $QRSKHOHV VSS \DQJ PHQXODU
DGD GDODP SURVHV SHUWXPEXKDQ NDQ PDODULD LOPX \DQJ PHPSHODMDULQ\D
VWDGLXP VFKL]RQ 3ODVPRGLXP DGD DGDODK HQWRPRORJL PDODULD
GDODP SURVHV SHPELDNDQ VWD
GLXP JDPHWRVLW 3ODVPRGLXP DGD GD 7LGDN VHPXD VSHVLHV $QRSKHOHV
PHQMDGL YHNWRU SHQ\DNLW PDODULD NDUHQD
0DODULD /XNPDQ +DNLP

GLSHQJDUXKL ROHK ODPDQ\D EHUNHPEDQJ KDOXV VHSHUWL MDUXP 'DODP SHUWXP


SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP GDODP WXEXK Q\D EXKDQQ\D MHQWLN Q\DPXN PHQJDODPL
PXN LQNXEDVL HNVWULQVLN \DLWX SHULRGH SHOHSDVDQ NXOLW VHEDQ\DN HPSDW NDOL
PXODL Q\DPXN PHQJLVDS JDPHW SDGD PDND GLNHQDO 6WDGLXP , VDPSDL ,9
GDUDK PDQXVLD NHPXGLDQ EHUNHPEDQJ :DNWX \DQJ GLSHUOXNDQ XQWXN SHUWXP
PHQMDGL VSRUR]RLW \DQJ EHUNXPSXO GD EXKDQ MHQWLN DQWDUD - KDUL WHUJDQ
ODP NHOHQMDU OXGDK Q\DPXN XQWXN VLDSW WXQJ SDGD VXKX NHDGDDQ PDNDQDQ
GLWXODUNDQ NHSDGDODP WXEXK PDQXVLD VHUWD VSHVLHV
,QNXEDVL HNVWULQVLN LQL PHPEXWXKNDQ
ZDNWX OHELK GDUL PLQJJX WHUJDQWXQJ 'DUL MHQWLN DNDQ WXPEXK PHQMDGL
GDUL VSHVLHV 3ODVPRGLXP 6SHVLHV NHSRPSRQJ SXSD \DQJ PHUXSDNDQ
$QRSKHOHV \DQJ PHQMDGL YHNWRU PDODU VWDGLXP LVWLUDKDW GDQ WLGDN PDNDQ
LD DGDODK DSDELOD DQJJRWD SRSXODVL EHUX 3DGD WLQJNDWDQ LQL DNDQ GLEHQWXN DODW-
PXU FXNXS SDQMDQJ NRQWDN GHQJDQ DODW WXEXK Q\DPXN GHZDVD VHUWD DODW
PDQXVLD FXNXS WLQJJL GDQ PHUXSDNDQ NHODPLQ 7LQJNDWDQ NHSRPSRQJ LQL
MHQLV \DQJ GRPLQDQ GL ORNDVL \DQJ EHU PHPDNDQ ZDNWX VDPSDL GXD KDUL
VDQJNXWDQ 6HWHODK LWX Q\DPXN DNDQ PHQMDGL GH
ZDVD XQWXN KLGXS GL GDUDW GDQ XGDUD
'L ,QGRQHVLD GLMXPSDL OHELK GDUL
VSHVLHV $QRSKHOHV VSS GDQ \DQJ WHODK E %LRQRPLN Q\DPXN $QRSKHOHV
GLNHWDKXL PHQMDGL YHNWRU DGDODK %LRQRPLN Q\DPXN PHOLSXWL
VHEDQ\DN VSHVLHV <DQJ SDOLQJ GLNHQDO SHQJHUWLDQ WHQWDQJ SHULODNX
DGDODK $Q VXQGDLFXV $Q EDUELURV SHUNHPEDQJELDNDQ XPXU SRSX
WULV $Q PDFXODWXV GDQ $Q DFRQL ODVL SHQ\HEDUDQ IOXNWXDVL
WXV PXVLPDQ VHUWD IDNWRU -IDNWRU
D 6LNOXV KLGXS Q\DPXN OLQJNXQJDQ \DQJ
PHPSHQJDUXKLQ\D VHSHUWL OLQJ
'DODP KLGXSQ\D Q\DPXN PHQJDODPL NXQJDQ ILVLN PXVLP NHOHPED
GXD WLQJNDWDQ NHKLGXSDQ \DLWX WLQJ EDQ DQJLQ PDWDKDUL DUXV DLU
NDWDQ GDODP DLU GDQ WLQJNDWDQ GL OXDU /LQJNXQJDQ NLPLDZL NDGDU
DLU \DLWX GL GDUDW GDQ XGDUD JDUDP S+ GDQ OLQJNXQJDQ EL
RORJLN WXPEXKDQ EDNDX JDQJ
7LQJNDWDQ GDODP DLU GLPXODL GDUL WHOXU JDQJ YHJHWDVL GL VHNLWDU WHPSDW
\DQJ XPXUQ\D VDWX DWDX GXD KDUL \DQJ SHULQGXNDQ GDQ PXVXK DODPL
NHPXGLDQ PHQHWDV MDGL MHQWLN -HQWLN
\DQJ EDUX NHOXDU GDUL WHOXU VDQJDW

*DPEDU 6LNOXV KLGXS Q\DPXN


$VSLUDWRU 9RO 1R 7DKXQ -

'DODP NHKLGXSDQQ\D DGD WLJD ODK $Q DFRQLWXV GL VDPSLQJ LWX


PDFDP WHPSDW GDQ MHQLV SHU MXJD ELDVD GLWHPXNDQ $Q EDU
LODNX \DQJ GLSHUOXNDQ Q\DPXN ELURVWULV $Q YDJXV $Q NRFKL GOO
\DLWX WHPSDW GDQ SHULODNX 'L VDPSLQJ GL VDZDK $Q DFR
EHUNHPEDQJ ELDN WHPSDW GDQ QLWXV MXJD ELVD EHUNHPEDQJ EL
SHULODNX PHQFDUL GDUDK VHUWD DN GL DOLUDQ VXQJDL LULJDVL
WHPSDW GDQ SHULODNX LVWLUDKDW \DQJ EHUDVDO GDUL PDWD DLU
\DQJ VLVLQ\D GLWXPEXKL
F (NRORJL 1\DPXN $QRSKHOHV UXPSXW .HSDGDWDQ Q\DPXN
0DVLQJ-PDVLQJ VSHVLHV $QRSKHOHV WHUWLQJJL ELDVDQ\D WHUMDGL SD
PHPSXQ\DL HNRORJL DWDX OLQJ GD VDDW WDQDPDQ SDGL PXODL
NXQJDQ \DQJ EHUEHGD -EHGD PX EHUXVLD KDUL VDPSDL SDQHQ
ODL GDUL GDHUDK SDQWDL VDZDK WLED SDGD VDDW GDXQQ\D WHODK
GDQ KXWDQ ULPEXQ

x 3DQWDL x 'DHUDK SHJXQXQJDQ

'DHUDK SDQWDL GHQJDQ NDUDN .DUDNWHULVWLN GDHUDK VHSHUWL


WHULVWLN DLUQ\D SD\DX NHOHP LQL DGDODK DLUQ\D MHUQLK GDQ
EDEDQ WLQJJL VHUWD VLQDU PD WDZDU NHOHPEDEDQ WLQJJL
WDKDUL ODQJVXQJ ELDVDQ\D GLV 3HUDLUDQ \DQJ GLMDGLNDQ WHP
HQDQJL ROHK VSHVLHV $Q VXQ SDW SHULQGXNDQ DGDODK WHSL
GDLFXV GDQ $Q VXESLFWXV 'L GDQDX \DQJ WHUOLQGXQJ PDWD
VDPSLQJ LWX DGD SXOD VSHVLHV DLU \DQJ WHUOLQGXQJ VHUWD NR
ODLQ \DQJ GLWHPXNDQ VHSHUWL EDNDQ \DQJ DGD GL GDVDU
$Q EDUELURVWULV $Q YDJXV VXQJDL SDGD PXVLP NHPDUDX
$Q NRFKL GOO 7DSL \DQJ GRPL 3RSXODVL $QRSKHOHV \DQJ GRPL
QDQ GDQ ELDVDQ\D PHQMDGL QDQ GL GDHUDK LQL DGDODK
YHNWRU GL GDHUDK LQL DGDODK $Q PDFXODWXV 'L VDPSLQJ LWX
$Q VXQGDLFXV .HSDGDWDQ MXJD ELVD GLWHPXNDQ $Q SKLOL
WHUWLQJJL ELDVDQ\D WHUMDGL SD SLQHQVLV $Q UDPVD\L $Q DQQX
GD PXVLP NHPDUDX ODULV $Q EDUELURVWULV GOO
x 6DZDK .HSDGDWDQ Q\DPXN WHUWLQJJL
ELDVDQ\D WHUMDGL SDGD PXVLP
.DUDNWHULVWLN GDHUDK VHSHUWL NHPDUDX NHWLND DLU GDQDX GDQ
LQL DGDODK DLUQ\D WDZDU GDQ PDWD DLU YROXPHQ\D EHUNX
WHUVHGLD VHSDQMDQJ WDKXQ VL UDQJ GDQ GHELWQ\D PHQJHFLO
QDU PDWDKDUL WLGDN ODQJVXQJ -XJD GDVDU VXQJDL SHJXQXQ
PHQJHQDL DLU NHOHPEDEDQ JDQ ELDVDQ\D PHQ\XVXW GDQ
WLQJJL GDQ VXKX VWDELO WHUFLSWD EHEHUDSD NREDNDQ GL
GDVDUQ\D
6DZDK \DQJ GLMDGLNDQ WHPSDW
SHULQGXNDQ ELDVDQ\D VDZDK x +XWDQ
EHUWLQJNDW \DQJ GL SHJXQXQ
JDQ DLUQ\D EHUVXPEHU GDUL .DUDNWHULVWLN GDHUDK LQL DGD
PDWD DLU \DQJ DGD VHSDQMDQJ ODK OHPEDE GDQ VXKX UHQGDK
WDKXQ $LU \DQJ GLMDGLNDQ WHPSDW
SHULQGXNDQ ELDVDQ\D EHUDVDO
'L GDHUDK VHSHUWL LQL VSHVLHV GDUL DLU KXMDQ \DQJ WHUJHQDQJ
$QRSKHOHV \DQJ GRPLQDQ DGD SDGD OXEDQJ GL WDQDK EHNDV
0DODULD /XNPDQ +DNLP

NDNL ELQDWDQJ .DUHQD LWX -XPODK RRNLVWD SDGD GLQGLQJ OXDU


NHSDGDWDQ WHUWLQJJL GDL GDHUDK ODPEXQJ Q\DPXN YHNWRU EHUNLVDU
LQL ELDVDQ\D WHUMDGL SDGD DQWDUD EHEHUDSD EXDK VDPSDL EH
PXVLP KXMDQ 6SHVLHV $QRSKH EHUDSD UDWXV EXDK 2RNLVWD PDNLQ
OHV \DQJ GRPLQDQ GL GDHUDK ODPD PDNLQ EHVDU VHKLQJJD PHUX
KXWDQ DGDODK $Q EDODEDFHQVLV SDNDQ EXODWDQ -EXODWDQ VHPL WUDQV
SDUDQ EHUXNXUDQ - — GDQ
3HUNHPEDQJDQ SDUDVLW SDODP PHQJDQGXQJ EXWLU -EXWLU SLJPHQ
WXEXK Q\DPXN GDQ PDQXVLD %LOD RRNLVWD PDNLQ PHPEHVDU GDQ
3HQGHULWD PDODULD \DQJ GLJLJLW LQWLQ\D PHPEHODK -EHODK SLJPHQ
ROHK Q\DPXN YHNWRU GL VDPSLQJ WDN WDPSDN ODJL ,QWL \DQJ VXGDK
GDUDKQ\D \DQJ WHUKLVDS NH GDODP PHPEHODK NHPXGLDQ GLNHOLOLQJL
WXEXK YHNWRU MXJD WHUEDZD 3ODVPR ROHK SURWRSODVPD GDQ PHUXSDNDQ
GLXP GDUL EHUEDJDL VWDGLXP DVHN EHQWXN-EHQWXN PHPDQMDQJ \DQJ
VXDO \DQJ DGD GDODP VHO GDUDK \DL XMXQJQ\D UXQFLQJ GHQJDQ LQWL GL
WX VWDGLXP WURSR]RLW VWDGLXP VL]RQ WHQJDKQ\D %HQWXN LQL GLVHEXW VSR
GDQ VWDGLXP JDPHWRVLW 6WDGLXP UR]RLW GHQJDQ XNXUDQ SDQMDQJ -
WURSR]RLW GDQ VFKL]RQ EHUVDPD GDUDK — 2RNLVWD NHPXGLDQ SHFDK GDQ
GLFHUQD ROHK YHNWRU NHPXGLDQ PD ULEXDQ VSRUR]RLW NHOXDU GDQ EHUJHUDN
WL VHGDQJNDQ VWDGLXP JDPHWRVLW WHU GDODP URQJJD EDGDQ Q\DPXN
XV KLGXS GDQ PDVXN NH GDODP ODP YHNWRU XQWXN PHQFDSDL NHOHQMDU
EXQJ Q\DPXN YHNWRU 'L GDODP OLXU OXGDK
ODPEXQJ LQWL PLNURJDPHWRVLW PHP 1\DPXN \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ
EHODK PHQMDGL VDPSDL EXDK VSRUR]RLW GDODP NHOHQMDU OXGDKQ\D
\DQJ PDVLQJ-PDVLQJ PHPLOLNL EHQ NDODX PHQJJLJLW PDQXVLD GL
WXN SDQMDQJ VHSHUWL EHQDQJ IODJHO VDPSLQJ PHQJHOXDUNDQ DLU OX
GHQJDQ XNXUDQ - — PHQRQMRO GDKQ\D VSRUR]RLW-Q\D MXJD LNXW WHUED
NHOXDU GDUL VHO LQGXN EHUJHUDN - ZD PDVXN NH GDODP WXEXK PDQXVLD
JHUDN VHEHQWDU GDQ NHPXGLDQ
PHOHSDVNDQ GLUL 3URVHV LQL 'DODP WXEXK PDQXVLD VSRUR]RLW
HNVIODJHODVL KDQ\D EHUODQJVXQJ EH PHQJDODPL SHUNHPEDQJDQ VHEDJDL
EHUDSD PHQLW SDGD VXKX \DQJ RSWL EHULNXW
PDO )ODJHO DWDX PLNURJDPHWRVLW
NHPXGLDQ PHQJDODPL SURVHV SHPD D 6FKL]RJRQL
WDQJDQ PDWXUDVL NHPXGLDQ PHQFDUL 6SRUR]RLW 3ODVPRGLXP GDODP ZDNWX
PDNURJDPHWRVLW XQWXN PHODNXNDQ - MDP VXGDK PDVXN NH GDODP
SHUNDZLQDQ +DVLO SHUNDZLQDQ LWX MDULQJDQ KDWL 6SRUR]RLW GDUL 3 YL
GLVHEXW ]LJRW YD[ GDQ 3 RYDOH VHEDJLDQ EHUXEDK
3DGD PXODQ\D ]LJRW KDQ\D PHQMDGL K\SQRVRLW VHEDJLDQ ODJL
PHUXSDNDQ EHQWXN EXODW \DQJ WLGDN EHUXEDK PHQMDGL VFKL]RQ KDWL 6H
EHUJHUDN-JHUDN WHWDSL GDODP ZDN GDQJNDQ VSRUR]RLW 3 IDOFLIDUXP
WX - MDP EHUXEDK PHQMDGL EHQ GDQ 3 PDODULDH VHPXDQ\D EHUXEDK
WXN SDQMDQJ VHSHUWL FDFLQJ \DQJ PHQMDGL VFKL]RQ KDWL +\SQRVRLW 3
GDSDW EHUJHUDN GHQJDQ XNXUDQ - YLYD[ GDQ 3 RYDOH VHZDNWX-ZDNWX
— \DQJ GLVHEXW RRNLQHW 2RNLQHW ELVD EHUXEDK PHQMDGL VFKL]RQ KDWL
NHPXGLDQ PHQHPEXV GLQGLQJ ODP .DUHQD LWX XQWXN 3 YLYD[ GDQ 3
EXQJ PHODOXL VHO HSLWHO NH SHU RYDOH GLNHQDO DGDQ\D UHNXUHQVL \DLWX
PXNDDQ OXDU ODPEXQJ GDQ PHQMDGL NDPEXK GDODP MDQJND ZDNWX SDQMDQJ
EHQWXN EXODW \DQJ GLVHEXW RRNLVWD
$VSLUDWRU 9RO 1R 7DKXQ -

*DPEDU 6LNOXV KLGXLS 3ODVPRGLXP GDODP WXEXK PDQXVLD

6FKL]RQ KDWL PHQJDQGXQJ ULEXDQ VLNOXV VFKL]RJRQL HULWURVLW EHUXODQJ


PHUR]RLW \DQJ DNDQ SHFDK GDQ NHOXDU NHPEDOL
GDUL MDULQJDQ KDWL XQWXN NHPXGLDQ PDV
LQJ-PDVLQJ PHUR]RLW LQL PHQJLQYDVL )DVH PDVXNQ\D PHUR]RLW NH GDODP
VHO GDUDK PHUDK 6'0 VHO GDUDK PHUDK VDPSDL WHUEHQWXNQ\D
PHUR]RLW XQWXN PHQJLQYDVL VHO GDUDK
)DVH PDVXNQ\D VSRUR]RLW NH GDODP PHUDK EDUX GLVHEXW IDVH VFKL]RJRQL
MDULQJDQ KDWL VDPSDL NHOXDU ODJL GDODP HULWURVLW /DPDQ\D IDVH HULWURVLW
EHQWXN PHUR]RLW GLVHEXW IDVH VFKL GDQ MXPODK PHUR]RLW GDODP VFKL]RQ
]RJRQL MDULQJDQ KDWL DWDX IDVH SUD KDWL EHUEHGD-EHGD XQWXN VHWLDS VSHVLHV
HULWURVLW /DPDQ\D IDVH SUD HULWUR 3ODVPRGLXP
VLW GDQ EHVDUQ\D VFKL]RQ KDWL VHUWD
MXPODK PHUR]RLW SDGD VDWX VFKL]RQ
',$*126,6 0$/$5,$
KDWL EHUEHGD-EHGD XQWXN WLDS VSHVLHV
3ODVPRGLXP 'LDJQRVH PDODULD GLSHUOXNDQ GDODP
SHQJREDWDQ SHQGHULWD PDODULD NDUHQD LWX
E 6FKL]RJRQL HULWURVLW
NHPDPSXDQ WHNQLV GDODP GLDJQRVH PD
0HUR]RLW \DQJ WHODK PDVXN NH GDODP ODULD \DQJ WHSDW VDQJDW SHQWLQJ XQWXN
VHO GDUDK PHUDK NHPXGLDQ EHUXEDK PHQHQWXNDQ ODQJNDK VHODQMXWQ\D GDODP
PHQMDGL EHQWXN WURSR]RLW \DLWX SHQJREDWDQ SHQGHULWD PDODULD SHQGHULWD
WURSR]RLW PXGD WURSR]RLW ODQMXW ODLQ 'LDJQRVLV \DQJ EHQDU GDQ FHSDW
GDQ WURSR]RLW WXD 7URSR]RLW LQL VHODLQ ELVD GHQJDQ FHSDW PHQJREDWL SHQ
VHODQMXWQ\D PHPEHQWXN VFKL]RQ GHULWD MXJD DNDQ ELVD PHQJXUDQJL EDKNDQ
GDUDK \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ PHUR]RLW PHQJKHQWLNDQ SHQXODUDQ ODQMXW NHSDGD
\DLWX EHQWXN VFKL]RQ PXGD VFKL]RQ RUDQJ ODLQ
WXD GDQ VFKL]RQ PDWDQJ 6FKL]RQ
'LDJQRVLV PDODULD VHFDUD XPXP
PDWDQJ PHQJDODPL VSRUXODVL \DLWX
WHUGLUL GDUL GLDJQRVLV EHUGDVDUNDQ JHMDOD
PHOHSDVNDQ PHUR]RLW XQWXN NHPXGL
NOLQLV V\PSWRP VHUWD GLDJQRVLV EHU
DQ PHQJLQYDVL VHO GDUDK PHUDK EDUX
GDVDUNDQ SHPHULNVDDQ VHFDUD ODERUDWRUL
XP
0DODULD /XNPDQ +DNLP

'LJDQRVLV PDODULD NOLQLV DWDX FOLQL NDGDQJNDOD KDVLO SHPHULNVDDQ PLNURV


FDO SUHVXPSWLYH GLDJQRVLV DGDODK NRSLV WLGDN GDSDW GLSHUFD\D SHQXK VH
GLDJQRVH PDODULD EHUGDVDUNDQ SDGD EDJDL GDVDU SHQHJDNDQ GLDJQRVLV WHUXWDPD
SHPHULNVDDQ SHQGHULWD VHFDUD NOLQLV SDGD SDGD SHQGHULWD \DQJ WHODK GLEHUL SHQ
XPXPQ\D WHUGLUL GDUL SHPHULNVDDQ JHMDOD JREDWDQ DWDX SURILODNVLV NDUHQD REDW DQWL
GHPDP EHUNDOD SDQDV WLQJNDW PDODULD VHFDUD SDUVLDO GDSDW PHQ\HEDE
NHVDGDUDQ SXVLQJ GOO JHMDMD NKDV PDODULD NDQ EHUNXUDQJQ\D MXPODK SDUDVLW VHKLQJ
\DQJ VHULQJ NDOL WLGDN VDPD DQWDUD VDWX JD EHUDGD GL EDZDK DPEDQJ SHPHULNVDDQ
GDHUDK GHQJDQ GDHUDK ODLQQ\D 3HQJDOD PLNURVNRS ,QL PHQJDNLEDWNDQ SDGD
PDQ WHQDJD PHGLV \DQJ PHODNXNDQ GLDJ SHZDUQDDQ VHGLDDQ GDUDK KDQ\D
QRVH VDQJDW PHQHQWXNDQ WHSDW DWDX WLG GLWHPXNDQ VHGLNLW SDUDVLW \DQJ PHQJJDP
DNQ\D GLDJQRVH VHKLQJJD GLDJQRVH NOLQLV EDUNDQ SDUDVLWHPLD \DQJ UHQGDK SDGDKDO
WLGDN ELVD GLMDGLNDQ DFXDQ XWDPD GDODP SDVHQ VHGDQJ PHQGHULWD PDODULD EHUDW
SHQJREDWDQ PDODULD VHEDE WLQJNDW NHVDOD -XPODK SDUDVLW \DQJ VHGLNLW SDGD VHGLDDQ
KDQQ\D FXNXS WLQJJL KDSXV GDUDK MXJD ELVD GLWHPXL SDGD IDVH
DZDO DWDX UHODS
'LDJQRVH EHUGDVDUNDQ SHPHULNVDDQ
ODERUDWRULXP DZDOQ\D KDQ\D EHUGDVDUNDQ 3HPHULNVDDQ SDUDVLW PDODULD EHU
SHPHULNVDDQ VHGLDDQ GDUDK WHSL \DQJ WH GDVDUNDQ PLNURVNRSLV SDGD XPXPQ\D
ODK GLZDUQDL GDQ GLSHULNVD GLEDZDK GLODNXNDQ SDGD SHQGHULWD GHQJDQ JHMDOD
PLNURVNRS 7XMXDQQ\D XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL NOLQLV XPXP PDODULD \DLWX SDQDV GDQ
NHEHUDGDDQ SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP VSS GHPDP EHUNDOD 'LODNXNDQ SDGD VSHFL
PHQHQWXNDQ VSHVLHVQ\D VHUWD PHQJKLWXQJ PHQ GDUDK \DQJ GLDPELO GDUL GDUDK WHSL
NHSDGDWDQQ\D 7DSL GHQJDQ EHUNHP ELDVDQ\D GDUL XMXQJ MDUL WDQJDQ DWDX MHP
EDQJQ\D LOPX SHQJHWDKXDQ GDQ WHNQRORJL SRO NDNL 6SHVLPHQ GDUDK GLEXDW SUHSDUDW
SHPHULNVDDQ ODERUDWRULXP EXNDQ KDQ\D SDGD VOLGH JODVV GDQ GLEXDW EHQWXN
EHUGDVDUNDQ SHPHULNVDDQ PLNURVNRSLV OLQJNDUDQ GHQJDQ GLDPHWHU FP VHWHODK
WDSL OHELK MDXK ODJL GLODNXNDQ GHQJDQ NHULQJ VHODQMXWQ\D GLZDUQDL GHQJDQ
SHPHULNVDDQ NHEHUDGDDQ DQWLERGL DQWL *LHPVD GHQJDQ SHZDUQDDQ FHSDW DWDX
SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP VSS \DQJ EHUGDVDU ODPEDW 6HWHODK GLFXFL GHQJDQ DLU \DQJ
NDQ GHWHNVL HQ]\PH-OLQNHG LPPXQR PHQJDOLU VHODQMXWQ\D GLSHULNVD GL EDZDK
VRUEHQW DVVD\V (/,6$ PHODOXL SHPHULN PLNURVNRS GHQJDQ SHPEHVDUDQ [
VDDQ SRO\PHUDVH FKDLQ UHDFWLRQ 3&5 NDOL 'LDQMXUNDQ XQWXN PHPEXDW VHGLDDQ
MXJD SHPHULNVDDQ NHEHUDGDDQ '1$ GDUDK WLSLV XQWXN PHOLKDW PRUIRORJL SDUD
SDUDVLWQ\D %DKNDQ VHNDUDQJ LQL VXGDK VLW GDODP PHQHQWXNDQ VSHVLHVQ\D
ELVD GLODNXNDQ SHPHULNVDDQ VHFDUD FHSDW GDQ WHEDO XQWXN PHQHQWXNDQ
PHQJJXQDNDQ UDSLG GLDJQRVWLF WHVW NHSDGDWDQQ\D 3HPHULNVDDQ GLO
5'7 XQWXN PHQGHWHNVL NHEHUDGDDQ DQ DNXNDQ SDOLQJ VHGLNLW VDPSDL
WLERGL DQWL SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGLXP VSS ODSDQJDQ SDQGDQJ GHQJDQ
\DQJ ELVD GLODNXNDQ VHFDUD FHSDW GL PLQ\DN HPHUVL DWDX DQLVRO VHEHOXP
ODSDQJDQ 'DUL EHEHUDSD MHQLV SHPHULN PHQ\LPSXONDQ QHJDWLYH VHUWD GLO
VDDQ ODERUDWRULXP \DQJ GLDQJJDS SDOLQJ DNXNDQ SHPHULNVDDQ XODQJ MDP
EDLN VHKLQJJD GLMDGLNDQ VHEDJDL JRDO NHPXGLDQ
VWDQGDUG SHPHULNVDDQ ODERUDWRULXP PD
ODULD DGDODK SHPHULNVDDQ VHFDUD PLNURV
'$)7$5 3867$.$
NRSLV NDUHQD SHPHULNVDDQ EHU
GDVDUNDQ PLNURVNRSLV PHPSXQ\DL NHOHEL $QRQLP :+2 ([SHUW &RPPLWWH RQ
KDQ \DLWX ELVD PHQHQWXNDQ GHQJDQ WHSDW 0DODULD 7ZHQWLHWK 5HSRUW :RUOG +HDOWK
VSHVLHV VHUWD VWDGLXP SDUDVLW 3ODVPRGL 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 7HKQLFDO 5HSRUW 6HULHV
XP VSS WHUPDVXN NHSDGDWDQQ\D 7DSL *HQHYD *HQHYD :+2
$VSLUDWRU 9RO 1R 7DKXQ -

+DULMDQWR 3 1 (SLGHPLRORJL 3DWR 5RGXOIR + 'RQDWR 0 ' 0RUD 5


JHQHVLV 0DQLIHVWDVL .OLQLV GDQ 3H *RQ]DOH] / &RQWUHUDV & ( &RP
QDQJDQDQ -DNDUWD (*& SDULVRQ RI WKH GLDJQRVLV RI PDODULD E\ PL
:+2 :RUOG 0DODULD 5HSRUW FURVFRS\ LPPXQRFKURPDWRJUDSK\ DQG
*HQHYD 5%0 :+2 81,&() 3&5 LQ HQGHPLF DUHDV RI 9HQH]XHOD %UD
]LOLDQ -RXUQDO RI 0HGLFDO DQG %LRORJLFDO
$QRQLP 6LVWHP 6XUYHLODQV 'DODP
5HVHDUFK 9RO SS -
3URJUDP 3HQDQJJXODQJDQ 0DODULD 'L ,Q
GRQHVLD -DNDUWD 'HSNHV 5, $QRQLP 7KH UROH RI ODERUDWRU\ GL
DJQRVLV WR VXSSRUW PDODULD GLVHDVH PDQ
%DWHV $ 7KH 1DWXUDO +LVWRU\ RI
DJHPHQW 5HSRUW 2I $ :KR 7HFKQLFDO
0RVTXLWRHV DQG 3ODVPRGLXP 3DUDVLWHV
&RQVXOWDWLRQ *HQHYD :RUOG +HDOWK 2U
1HZ <RUN *ORXFHVWHU 0DVV 3HWHU
JDQL]DWLRQ
6PLWK
*UDFLD / 6 %UXFNQHU ' $ 'LDJ
5XVVHO 3 ) 3UDFWLFDO 0DODULRORJ\
QRVWLN 3DUDVLWRORJL .HGRNWHUDQ -DNDUWD
/RQGRQ 2[IRUG 8QLYHUFLW\ 3UHVV
(*&
$QRQLP (SLGHPLRORJL 0DODULD
$QRQL P 0RGXO 3DUDVLWROR
0DWHUL /DWLKDQ 0DQDJHPHQ 3 -0DODULD
JL 0DODULD 0RGXO 3HODWLKDQ 0D
8QWXN .DVXEVL 9HNWRU .DEXSDWHQ -DNDU
QDM HPHQ 0DODULD EDJL .DVXEVL
WD 6XEGLW 0DODULD 'HSNHV 5,
9HNWRU GDQ 3HWXJDV 6/39 -DNDU
&KZDWW / - % (VVHQWLDO PDODULROR WD 'HSDUWHPHQ .HVHKDWDQ 5 ,
J\ /RQGRQ :LOOLDP +HLQHPDQQ 0HGLFDO
&DVWHOOL ) &DU RVL * 'L
%RRNV /WG
DJQRVLV RI PDODULD LQI HFWLRQ %UH
-RKQVWRQ 6 3 3LHQLD]HN 1 - ;D\D VFLD ,QVWLWXWH RI ,QI HFWLRXV DQG
YRQJ 0 9 6OHPHQGD 6 % :LONLQV 7URSLFDO 'LVHDVHV 8QLYHUVLW \ RI
3 3 6LOYD $ - G 3&5 DV D &RQ %UHVFLD ,WDO \
ILUPDWRU\ 7HFKQLTXH IRU /DERUDWRU\ 'LDJ
QRVLV RI 0DODULD -RXUQDO RI &OLQLFDO 0L
FURELRORJ\ 9RO 1R SS -
/DRERRQFKDL $ .DZDPRWR ) 7KD
QRRVLQJKD 1 .RMLPD 6 0LOOHU 6
.DLQ . & 3&5-EDVHG (/,6$ WHFK
QLTXH IRU PDODULD GLDJQRVLV RI VSHFLPHQV
IURP 7KDLODQG 7URSLFDO 0HGLFLQH DQG
,QWHUQDWLRQDO +HDOWK 9RO QR SS -

$QRQLP *XLGHOLQHV IRU WKH WUHDW


PHQW RI PDODULD *HQHYD :RUOG +HDOWK
2UJDQL]DWLRQ
.\DED\LQ]H '- $VLLPZH &
1DNDQMDNR ' 1DEDNRR]D - &RXQLKDQ
+ 7LEHQGHUDQD - . 8VH RI 5'7V
WR LPSURYH PDODULD GLDJQRVLV DQG IHYHU
FDVH PDQDJHPHQW DW SULPDU\ KHDOWK FDUH
IDFLOLWLHV LQ 8JDQGD 0DODULD -RXUQDO 9RO

0LVKUD 6 . 6RKQ . &RPSDULVRQ


EHWZHHQ FRQYHQWLRQDO 0LFURVFRS\ DQG
3RO\PHUDVH &KDLQ 5HDFWLRQ 3&5 LQ PD
ODULD GLDJQRVLV .DWKPDQGX 1HSDO 'H
SDUWPHQW RI %LRFKHPLVWU\ ,QWLWXWH RI
0HGLLFQH ,20 0DKDUDMJLQM

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi