SINGAPORE STANDARD CP48 : 1989 (UDC 628.1.033) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Water Services Copyright Reserved Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research 1 Science Park Drive, Singapore 0511 Cable: SISIR SINGAPORE Telex: RS 28499 SISIR ISBN 9971-67-367-3CP 48 : 1989 CONTENTS Page Foreword - - 2 Gg oo G a ae 6 SECTION ONE: GENERAL 4.1, Scope - : ae : - ee 7 1.2 Definitions see : ee 7 18 Preliminaies - 9 - 9 - = = - a 8 4.4 Working drawings = = = 5 cs 7 9 4.5. Standards of materials and fitings = - = : : 9 SECTION TWO: DISTRIBUTION 21 Pipework = - = Se 7 - 10 22 Choice of materials for piping sO : cS “ 23 Mains - si : So a= 6 12 2.4 Services : ee 6 46 ca 13 25 Hot water supply systems = oS a : 15 2.6 Mode of water supply - 5 : : : 18 2.7 Distribution in tall buildings - - : : - 19 SECTION THREE: STORAGE, 3.1 General- 7 so ee 19 3.2 Storage capacity = - 5 6 oa 2 at 3.3 Extemal storage : oe oe 24 3.4 Internal storage- = = 5 9 6 22 SECTION FOUR: FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES 4.4 Rates of flow - : = 6 - : 22 4.2. Fittings - - : 7 2 5 : : 23 43 Appliances - = + - = 7 - : 26" SECTION FIVE: WORK ON SITE ; - : - : - 28 Joints between dissimilar materials. - : - - 30 5.3. Jointing pipes to cisterns = : : oa 30 5.4 Mainlaying =~ : : : - at 55 Sevicepipess - - : a : a 3tCP .48 : 1989 This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Building and Construction industry Practice Commitee was endorsed by the Standards Council on 28 March 1989. ‘The Building and Construction Industry Practice Committee appointed by the Standards Councit consists of the following members: Name Organization Chairman : Mr Chow Kok Foong ‘Standards Council Deputy Chairman : Mr Lam Siew Wah Construction Industry Development Board Secretary : Mr Stephen Chua Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research Members : Mr Chee Keng Yam Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore Mr Alex Chew Khek Han Singapore Manufacturers’ Association Mr Chia Kok Leong ‘Singapore institute of Architects Mr Denis Crisp ‘Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers Mr Lai Chong Meng Singapore Contractors Association Limited Dr Gary Ong Khim Chye _National University of Singapore ‘Assoc Prot Phang Kok Wai Nanyang Technological Institute Mr Phang Pock Tong Housing and Development Board Mr Song Wee Ngee Institution of Engineers, Singapore Mr Benedict Tan Public Works Department Mr Harry K C Wong Department of Industrial Safety ‘The Technical Committee appointed by the Building and Construction Industry Practice Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard, consists of representatives from the following organizations: Name Organization 7 Chalrman : Mr Koh Boon Aik Public Utilities Board Secretary : Mr Andrew Goh Teck Woon Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research Members : Mr Chan Kok Way Singapore institute of Architects Mr Lee Chin Hee Public Works Department Mr Lee Song Lin Institution of Engineers, Singapore Mr Lee Torg Kwan Housing and Development Board ‘Mr Anthony Leong ‘Singapore Sanitary and Plumbing Association Mr Lim Phuay Chua Ministry of the Environment Mr Pek Beng Seng Urban Redevelopment Authority Mr Tan Heng Wee Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore Mr Tan Sing Ong Jurong Town Corporation Co-opted Members : Mr Loh Peng Sum Individual Capacity Mr Tan Yong Hoa Individual CapacityCP 48 : 1989 Page 66 Metes- - = = = S68 6 32 5.7 Firefighting sevices - = - = = et 34 58 Pipework insevices - 9-9 - - ee 34 59 Drawolftas - - - - = eo 34 5.10 Sterlization of installation = = =e 35 SECTION SIX: INSPECTION, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE G1 Generate ge cee ee ee 36 62 Mans - = = = = see 36 63 Services se : 36 64 Maintenance - 9 - - = = eee 37 SECTION SEVEN: WATER CONSERVATION 7A Generale = see 7 7.2 Water conservation measures - = =~ - oe 37 APPENDICES A. Piesiing = = 5s - 39 B. Sterilisation of installation = = = - 48 ©. List of standards on pipes andfittings - =~ - 50 TABLES 1. Maximum permissible lengths of hot water draw-off pipes = =~ 7 2. Recommended minimum storage of cold water for potable purposes - at 3. Recommended rates of fiow at various fittings or appliances - 22 4, Allowable flow rate and timing for self-closing delayed action taps - 23 5. Allowable flow rate for constant flow operators. - = - oe 23 6. Flowrate requirement - =~ = = - 25 7. Copper tube and type of fitings for use on services pipes ‘and distributing pipes- oe 29 8. Recommended metersizes - - = = - oe 33 9. End and radial thrusts for 1 bar (10° Nin) internal pressure - 35 10. Spacing of fixings forpping - 9 - - — - ee 35 44, Loadingunits - ee - 39 12, Equivalent pipe lengths (metre run of pipe) = = se 40 1. Loss of head through draw-off taps and equivalent pipe lengths- = atgaerne aeNo 10. 1". 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. 7 18, 19. 20. CHARTS: Loading units and design flow rates = = = Pipe sizing for copper and plastic pipes- = =~ Head loss through ballvalve orifices - - : Head loss through stopvalves - - Head loss through water meters : - FIGURES ‘Typical installation showing reliet valves on water heater Typical layout of a hot water supply system = Typical layout of water supply to building == = Mode of water supply to building with highest level of fitings 25 m above ‘mean sea level but not exceeding 37 m above mean sea tevel System for ralsing and distributing water in high rise buikings with single stage pumping- = Schematic arrangement of metering to high rise residential apartments ~~ System for raising and distributing water in high rise bulcings with multi-stage pumping - e Jointing of pipes : - oe - oe Mainlaying intrench = = = soe ‘Sub-meter fixed vertically ~ : - ‘Sub-meter fixed vertically and concealed in service duct ‘Sub-meter fixed horizontally - - ee ‘Sub-meter fixed horizontally and concealed in service duct Meter fixed horizontally (for landed properties) - = ‘Typical brick or concrete chamber for a big meter - Typical brick or concrete chamber fora big meter (with fire-fighting fine)= = 2 Installation of water saving devices for various taps Installation of water saving devices for shower taps and mixers. Earth removing platform - : . . ‘Typical set-up for sterilisation of service pipes - - cP 48 Page 43 44 45 47 54 56 87 59 60 R2RBRe 66 67 238 72CP 48 : 1989 SINGAPORE STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR WATER SERVICES: FOREWORD This Singapore Standard Code of Practice was prepared by the Technical Committee for Water Services under the authority of the Building and Construction Industry Practice Committee. ‘The requirements under this Code are supplemental to the Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations, 1977 and subsequent amendments. This Code is based on the 1981 edition of the Public Utilities Board Code of Practice on Water Services and is intended to provide authoritative guidance to Professional Engineers, Registered ‘Architects and Licensed Plumbers in the design, installation, fixing and testing of potable water supplies to all residential, commercial and industrial buildings/premises. It is adopted by the PUB to supersede the 1981 edition of the PUB Code. {In preparing the code, reference was also made to BS 6700 : 1987 “Specification for Design, Installation, Testing and Maienance of Services Supplying Water for Domestic Use Within Buildings and their Curtilages”. ‘Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above references. NOTE 1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodical review to keep abreast of technological changes and new technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue either of amendment slips or of revised editions. ‘Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.CP 48 : 1989 SECTION ONE : GENERAL 4.1 Scope. This Code deals with potable water supplies to all residential, commercial and industrial buildings/premises. ‘The scope of the Code extends from the Authority water supply to the point wher is drawn off for use, including storage. It does not cover all aspects of water supplies for 4.2. Definitions. For the purposes of this Code, the following definitions shall apply: Authority Ballvalve Capacity ‘Communication i Cylinder Distributing Pipe Feed Cistern Master Meter Meter Meter Position Potable Service Service Pipe ‘The Authority having jurisprudence over the subject in the Republic of Singapore Any float-operated valve for controling the inflow of water to a cistern. ‘The capacity of a cistern measured up to a level lower than the invert of the warning pipe at the point where it leaves the cistern by 25 mm or the internal diameter of the warning pipe, whichever is the greater. Connecting pipe from the Authority's mains to the meter position. A cylindrical closed vessel capable of containing wates under pressure ‘greater than atmospheric pressure. ‘Any pipe conveying water from a storage cistern or from a hot waler apparatus supplied from a feed cistem under pressure from that cistern. Any storage cistern used for supplying cold water to a hot water apparatus. ‘A meter registering water all or part of which is subsequently registered by one or more sub-meters. ‘Any appliance or device supplied by the Authority to measure, ascertain or regulate the amount of water taken or used from the Authority's supply. ‘The position where a meter or master meter (not a sub-meter) is installed. Suitable for drinking and culinary purposes. A system of pipes and fittings in any individual premises ‘Any pipe or pat thereof which is downstream to the meter position and is meant for supplying water from a main to any premises and is subject to water pressure from that main, or would be so subject but for the closing of some stopvaive.CP 48 : 1989 Spill-over Level Stopvalve Storage Cistern ‘Sub-meter Tank Warning Pipe Water Fitting Water Line ‘Water Main ‘The level at which water in a sanitary appliance will first spill over if the rate of inflow exceeds the rate of outflow through the outlet and any overtow. ‘Any device (including a stopcock or stoptap) other than a draw-off tap, for stopping at will the flow of water in a pipe. Any cistern, other than a flushing cistem, having a free water surface under atmospheric pressure. ‘Any meter which registers all or part of any water which has already been metered by a master meter since leaving the water main. ‘A non-ylindrical closed vessel capable of containing water under Pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. ‘An overflow pipe 80 fixed that its outlet whether inside or outside a building is in a conspicuous position where the discharge of any water therefrom can be readily seen. Anything fitted or fixed in connection with the supply, measurement, control, distribution, utilization or disposal of water. Water fitting includes pipes (other than mains), taps, cocks, valves, ferrules, meters, cistems, batch, water-closets, soil pans and other similar apparatus used in connection with the supply and use of water. A line marked inside a cistern to indicate the highest water level at which the ballvalve should be adjusted to shut off. A pipe for the general conveyance of water as distinct from the ‘conveyance to individual premises. 4.3. Preliminaries (a)’ General. There should be close collaboration between the owners/developers, engineers/architects, the Authority and other interested parties. The primary information need vw Buildi Jed is: the estimated daily consumption and the maximum flow rate required in litres per second; the sufficiency and quality of the available supply: the quality desired, and the treatment necessary; the elevation at which the supply is required; the storage capacity required. lings should be designed to enable water services to be installed in accordance with the recommendations of this Code and the necessary consultations should take place at an early stage in the work.CP 48 : 1989 (b) Supplies from the Authority. When the water supply is to be obtained from the main of the Authority, The Public Utiities (Water Supply) Regulations, 1977 (including subsequent amendments) shall be strictly observed. There should be close collaboration between the consulting engineer and/or architect and the Authority from the earliest design stage. twillbe necessary to seek the Authority's approval of the details before proceeding with an installation, so avoiding the risk of condemnation after the work has been done. Drawings should be prepared as soon as possible in order that the installation may be co-ordinated with other services. Premises on high elevations will be required to take its whole supply through a storage cistern. Only the appropriate class of licensed water service workers as stated in the Public Ulilties (Water Supply) Regulations, 1977, may submit the schematic plans and working drawings showing the infernal water service tallation including hosereels and water supply pipes and fittings up to the cistern for fire-fighting installation, if any, to the Authority for approval before commencement of work. ‘The printed forms issued by the Authority for use by the water service worker and the building owner should be obtained. Proper completion and timely submission of these are advisable if delay in obtaining the supply of water is to be avoided. ‘The water supply shall be taken and paid for by meter. The application should state the estimated maximum demand in litres per second and the estimated daily consumption in cubic metres per day. ‘Communication pipes shall be laid by the Authority at the building owner's expense. The ‘connection to the Authority main will also be made by the Authority at the building ‘owner's expense. Any underground piping may have to be inspected by the Authority before being covered over. ‘Where the new services are so situated that it wll be necessary for the Authority 1 lay ew mains or extend existing main, full information about the proposed building scheme should be furnished as early as possible to the Authority. Site plans will be required showing the layout of roads, footpaths, buildings and boundaries. Normally the Authority will not lay mains until the finished line and level of road or footpath are indicated on the site 1.4 Working Drawings, The builder or water service worker should refer to working drawi the water services showing clearly on an appropriately large scale the position and full description of appliances, pipe-runs, valves and other fittings, methods of fixing, protection, and all other information which may affect the functioning of the system. 1.5 Standards Of Materials And Fittings. All materials and fitings used in the construction of any of the works described in this Code should comply with the latest edition of any applicable ‘Singapore Standards/Brtish Standards. Details of the relevant standards are given in Appendix C. ‘Where no Singapore Standard/Britsh Standard exists, materials should be of the best quality and workmanship and should be open to inspection and subject to approval by the Authority.CP 48 : 1989 SECTION TWO : DISTRIBUTION 2.1 Pipework @) (b) (c) @) (e) () (9) (hy {tis of the utmost importance that a wholesome water supply provided for drinking and culinary purposes should not be liable 1o contamination from any less satistactory water. ‘There should, therefore, be no inter-connection or cross-connection whatsoever between a pipe or fiting for conveying or containing wholesome water and a pipe or fitting for containing industrial water, impure water, water liable to contamination or of uncertain quality, or which water has been used for any purpose. The provision of reflux or non-retum valves or closed and sealed stopvalves is not a permissible substitute for ‘complete absence of connection. ‘The design of the pipework should be such that there is no possibilty of backflow towards the source of supply from any cistern or appliance, whether by back-siphonage or otherwise. Valves cannot be relied on to prevent such backflow. However, suitable 'ypes of backflow preventors are alowed for use provided the instalation compli with BS 6700, BS 6280, BS 6261 and BS 6282. ‘Where a supply of wholesome water is required as an alternative or standby to a supply of less satisfactory water or is required to be mixed with the latter, it should be delivered only into a ister, and by @ pipe oF fitting discharging into the air at a height above the ‘top edge of the cistem equal to twice its nominal bore, and in no case less than 150 mm. Al pipework should be so designed, laid or fixed, and maintained as to be and to remain completely watertight, thereby avoiding waste of water, damage to property and the risk of contamination of the water conveyed. No piping should be laid in or through any refuse chute or sewer or drain or any manhole Connected therewith, nor in ground contaminated by sewage. Farmyards, pigs sties and the proximity of cesspools should be avoided ‘A water pipe shall not be used as an earth electrode for earthing of an electrical installation. The Authority does not accept any responsibilty for providing any earthing facilities for electricity customer. Plastics pipes are non-conductors of electricity and non-conducting joints are often used on metal pipes. Even where the service pipe is of conducting material the path to earth for leaking electric currents may be interrupted by repairs and alterations outside the premises, with consequent danger by shock to the workmen and to persons on the premises. Electric water heaters or pumps shall be electrically earthed. No pipe made of any material susceptible to permeation by any gas or other substance which could cause contamination of the water in the pipe shall be laid, installed or allowed to remain in a position where such permeation could reasonably be expected ‘0 occur, ‘The data for determining the bore of a pipe are the maximum rate of discharge required, the length of the pipe, the head available for loss by friction in that length, and the roughness of the intemal surface of the piping. Formulae, diagrams and tables of calculated figures are available for use in designing. Allowance should be made for the head which is lost by friction in bends and fittings, and for reduction in discharging ‘capacity due to internal encrustation of the pipe in the course of time. 1022 @ o (k) 0 CP 4g : 1989, In designing and planning the layout of the pipework, due attention should be given to the maximum rate of discharge required, economy in labour and materials, accessibility, protection against damage and corrosion, and avoidance of airlocks, noise transmission ‘and unsightly arrangement. To reduce frictional losses, the piping should be as smooth as possible internally. lethods of jointing should be such as to avoid internal roughness and projections at the ints whether of the jointing materials or otherwise. ‘Changes in diameter and in direction should preferably be gradual rather than abrupt to avoid undue loss of head. No bend or curve in piping should be made so as materially to diminish or alter the cross-section. Underground piping should be laid at such depth that it is unlikely to be damaged by traffic loads and vibrations. Where piping has to be laid in any ground liable to subsidence then special consideration should be given to the type of piping to be used and the type of joint to be adopted in order to minimize risk of damage due to settlement. Where piping has to be laid across recently disturbed ground, continuous longitudinal support should be provided and not merely supporting piers at intervals. Choice Of Materials For Piping (a) (o) © (@ In choosing the material of the piping and fitings, account should be taken of the character of the water to be conveyed and of the nature of any ground in which the piping is to be laid. The material should be resistant to possible corrosion, both i and outside, or should be suitably protected against corrosion, and should not impart any taste oF toxicity on the water conveyed. The Authority prohibits the use of unlined cast iron, unlined galvanised iron, bare mild steel and lead pipes to convey potable water. in addition, all brass water fittings except exposed draw-off fittings shall be dezincification resistant. ‘Copper pipes. Copper pipes to BS 2871 : Part 1 “Copper tubes for water, gas and sanitation” are recommended for use in both hot and cold water supply provided that ‘copper pipe laid in the ground shall comply with: i) BS 2871 : Part 1, Table Y; i) compression joints are used, they shall be of type B in the BS 864 : Part 2 “Capillary and Compression Tube Filings for Copper Tubes”. Iron and steel pipes. All iron and steel pipes are to be 3d internally. Cast-iron, ductile iron and steel pipes are supplied with cement mortar ining applied by centrifugal process or other lining such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene and. polyurethane approved by the Authority, Steel piping shall be protected extemally by bituminous felt wrapping or by surrounding with concrete when buried underground or painting when exposed. Castiron and ductile iron pipes shall be supplied with bituminous coating extemally. The relevant standards for cast-iron and ductile iron pipes are: }) BS 4622 "Grey Iron Pipes and Fittings"; ii) BS 4772 “Ductile Iron Pipes and Fittings”. 1"CP 48 : 1989 (e) 0 (9) (hn) Plastic plpes. The mast commonly used materials are unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, polybutylene or polyethylene. Most of the materials aré not suitable for use with hot water. Pipes and fittings of UPVC and polyethylene may be subject to corrosive attacks from certain hydrocarbon compounds. Where there is, or is likely to be spillage of these substances, (1. petrol filing stations, oil fuel depot, vehicle repair garages, oll refineries and certain chemical plants), the use of these materials shall be prohibited unless the pipe is enclosed in a suitable sealed watertight duct. As UPVC pipes do suffer some loss of properties when exposed to the combined effects of heat and ultra violet light, they should not be used in areas exposed to direct sunlight. UPVC pipes should not be used as pump delivery pipes. Laying of UPVC pipes and Polyethylene pipes should comply with appropriate Code. Stainless stee! pipes. Stainless steel pipes complying with BS 4127 are fabricated by the continuous welding of stainless steel strip. Sizes ranging from 8 mm Yo 42 mm diameter are finding wide application for domestic plumbing for both cold and hot water supply. Among the advantages of this pipe are its high resistance to corrosion, resistance to accidental damage due to its high strength, and ease of installation. ‘Where metallic piping has to be laid through abnormally corrosive ground, such as certain clays, or ashes, the piping should be given special protection. Cathodic protection by the attachment to the pipes of blocks of magnetism or other suitable metal to act as sacrificial anodes, or by feeding in a current of electricity, is also available in such cases, but tequires expert design and execution. Metallic piping should not be fixed in contact with magnesium oxychloride flooring ‘composition, which is injurious to most metals and alloys, or in contact with Keene’s ‘cement and certain other quick-setting materials having acid constituents. Corrosion may result from galvanic action where there is contact of dissimilar metals in the presence of some waters, such as copper in contact with iron or steel or with zinc galvanized coating. Where such corrosion is known to occur, the use of dissimilar Metals should be avoided, or they should be kept apart by the use of fittings made of electrically non-conducting materials, 23° Mains it (b) © Mains should be divided into sections by the provision of sluice-valves (or of stopvalves if the main is of 65 mm bore or less), 0 that the water may be shut off for repairs. Air-valves should be provided at summits, and washouts at low points between summits unless adequate provision is made for the discharge of air and water by the presence of service connections and fire hydrants. Large orifice air-valves will discharge displaced ait when mains are being charged with wate When air is fiable to collect at summits under ordinary conditions of flow, small orifice air-valves, which discharge air under pressure, may be required. “Double-acting” yalves having both large and small orifices should be provided where necessary. Air- valve chambers should be adequately drained to avoid the possibilty of contamination, w@) e) i) (@) (h) o CP 48 : 1989 Washouts should discharge into drain or natural watercourse. The discharge should at all times be well above the highest possible water level in the drain or watercourse. In some cases it may be necessary for the washout to discharge into a watertight pump which has to be emptied while in use by portable pumping equipment. Mains need not be laid at unvarying gradients but may follow the general contour of the ‘ground. They should, however, as far as possible, fall continuously towards the washouts and rise continuously towards the air-valves. They should not rise above the hydraulic gradient; that is to say, there should always be a positive pressure, greater than atmospheric, at every point under working conditions. Provision in the form of anchor block should be made at every bend, branch and dead-end in a main to resist the hydraulic thrust. Mains should be laid with cover, measured from the top of the pipe to the surface of the ground, of not less than 0.5 metre. Mains which are laid under roadways should have a cover of not less than one metre. ‘Where mains are laid in streets approval must be obtained from the relevant authorities. ‘The other Departments and Statutory Bodies should also be consulted on the existence of buried services and their requirements. ‘Where a service pipe is to be connected to the end of a main it should not be tapped- in at right angles in the usual way; the main should be tapered down at the end to the same bore as the service pipe, which should be jointed on in the-line of the main. Several service pipes at the end of a “cul-de-sac” road can be accommodated by the laying in this way of a smal-bore pipe from which the individual service pipes are branched off. This procedure avoids a dead-end to the main in which deposits could acournmulate to cause dirty water, but nevertheless a fire hydrant or ground hydrant for Use as a washout may be advisable near the end of the m: Mains should be capable of a rate of flow sufficient to satisty the combined maximum, demand of all the services to be supplied. All the maximum demands of the separate services may not occur simultaneously, and the actual combined maximsm demand may be a proportion of the sum of the separate maximum demands, which will be determined by the number and character of the services. 24 Services (a) 4b) ‘The maximum rate of demand for water in the premises should be estimated in litres Per second based on the number, nature and use of the fittings provided (see ‘Appendix A). If no storage or only small storage for water is provided in the premises, the service pipe should be capable of discharging at the rate of maximum demand; with large storage, some temporary draw-down of the water level in the storage cistern would be permissible at the time of maximum demand, and for economy the service pipe could be made of proportionately smaller discharging capacity. Service pipes large than Necessary to furnish the required supply should not be installed, except where it is, desirable to make provision for future extensions. Underground service pipes should be of not less than 15 mm bore. The pressure of water in a service pipe will depend upon the head of water in the main, oF upon the elevation of the intake works, of upon pumping plant if any, and the appropriate class or grade of piping of suitable strength should be chosen. The head in the main may be variable, and the maximum possible head should be allowed for. 13CP 48 : 1989 (©) @ e) (9) (hy wo a w&) 1] ‘The elevation of the cistem will determine the static pressure of water in the distributing pipes, and the appropriate class or grade of pipe ot suitable strength should be chosen in accordance therewith. Every service pipe, distributing pipe and pipe titing shall comply with the standards stated in Appendix C. Piping outside buildings should be laid undesground, and the depth of cover measured {rom the top of the pipe to the finished surface of the ground should be not less than 500 mm to prevent damage to the pipe. Outside piping should only be aliowed above ground in exceptional circumstances, and then it should be painted externally to prevent corrosion and to give a good appearance. As far as practicable, the underground service pipe should be laid at right angles to the ‘main and in approximately straight lines to facilitate location for repairs. A stopvalve should be provided in the service pipe in an accessible position inside the property as near as practicable to the point of entry of the pipe next to the meter so that the supply may be readily shut off in case of trouble and for repairs. ‘Where a building is divided into flats or other separately ocoupied parts which are supplied from a common service pipe, there should be a stopvalve to control the supply to each flat, fixed after the meter So as to be under the control of the occupiers. Another stopvalve should be fixed before the meter to facilitate installation and removal of meter by the Authority. The service pipe should be so arranged that it does not pass through any such part of the building on its way to give a supply elsewhere. ‘Where water is supplied to flats or other separately occupied parts of a building through a common distributing pipe from a storage cistem, the distributing pipe should be arranged and stopvalves fixed before and after the sub-rmeter positions, as described in the previous paragraph. ‘Where the service pipe is of less than 65 mm bore, all the stopvalves referred ta above should be of the screwdown type complying with SS 75 *Draw-off taps and stopvalves for water services”. ‘A service pipe should not be connected into any distributing pipe: such connection might permit the backtiow in certain circumstances of water from a cistem into the service pipe ‘with consequent danger of contamination. it might also result in pipes and fitings being subjected to a pressure higher than that for which they were designed, and in flooding from ovesflowing cistems. A service pipe should not be connected directly into the pump delivery pipe or suction, pipe of any pump, Services should be designed and installed so as to avoid aitlocks and so that the piping and fittings can be drained of water to facittate repairs. Flush out points should be provided at the end of dropper pipes from storage cistems to facilitate maintenance and leaning. There should be draining taps or draw-off taps (not underground) at the low points from which the piping should rise continuously to draw-off taps, ballvalves (float- ‘operated valves), cisterns or vents at the high points. In a building which is divided into flats or other separately occupied parts, it should be possible to drain off the water in any such part without interfering with the supply to any other par. 425 (m) (n) (0) (P) (@) wo (s) w CP 48 : 1989 Setvices should be designed and installed so as to reduce the production and transmission of noise as much as postible. Attention should be given to the siting of appliances which produce noise. High velocity of water in piping and fitings should be avoided. Piping should be contined as far as possible to rooms where appliances are ‘fixed; it should be adequately supported and have easy bends and, where quietude is panicularly desired, brackets and clips should be insulated from the piping by suitable ads. Noise may be reduced by the use of thick walled piping and the choice of pipe material. Cold water piping should be so located as not to be lable to heating by 100 close proximity to hot water piping cylinders. Piping should be so located that it is not unduly exposed to accidental damage, and fixed 50 as to avoid accumulations of dirt and facilitate cleaning All pipework should be planned so that piping is readily accessible for inspection, teplacement and repair. It piping is laid in ducts or chases, sufficient servicing space should be provided to facilitate repairs and should be so constructed as to prevent the entry of vermin. Covers to ducts and chases, pipe casings or floorboards covering piping should be so fixed as to be readily removable. In the case of apartments, pipes serving individual units should not run through the premises of other apartment units. ‘Where it is necessary for a pipe to pass through a wall or floor a sleeve should be fixed therein for reception of the pipe and to allow freedom for expansion and contraction and ‘other movement. Piping should be adequately supported al frequent intervats. (See Table 9, PVC clips should not be used (or fixing external pipes. Fixings should be of non-corrodible or corrosion-resistant material). In large bulidings a suttficient number of stopvalves should be fixed on branch pipes, ‘and {0 control groups of ballvaives (float-operated valve) and draw-off taps, so as to minimize interruption of the supply during repairs. All such stopvalves should be fited in accessible positions. In buildings where it is desirable to have some means of identitying the use of the various pipes, conduits, ducts and cables, the pipes, etc., should be marked in accordance with BS 1740 “Identification of pipelines”. Hot Water Supply Systems fa (b) The Authority allows direct connection of electric or gas instantaneous water heaters to the service pipes for cold water supply provided these heaters have been approved by the Authority, : Where the storage capacity of the water heater is less than 70 litres the water heater ‘can be connected to the service pipe or distributing pipe for cold water supply provided the following conditions are complied with: }) an efficient device is provided which will prevent the siphonage of water back through the inlet as shown in Figures 4 and 2. 15CP 48 : 1989 © () (e) ®) (9) il)’ a pressure relief valve is provided so that the water heater is not subjected to ‘pressures higher than its designed pressure. The discharge from the pressure relief valve should be piped to the nearest drain or floor trap. the storage water heater must be incorporated with a thermostat and thermal cut-out. The storage water heater must comply with the relevant standard. Where the storage capacities of the water heaters exceed 70 litres no direct connections from the service pipes to the heaters are allowed: j) If the water heater is an open vessel the water should discharge into the water heater with an air gap of 15 mm above the top edge of the water heater. No ballvalve (float-operated valve) should be used to control the flow of water to the water heater. ij I the water heater is an enclosed hot water cylinder a cold water feed cistem shouid be provided. The cold water feed cistem should be at least equal in Capacity to the hot water cylinder, thus enabling the whole of the hot water to be drawn off even if the inflow of cold water to the feed cistem fails. If the feed is from a storage cistern which also supplies cold water draw-off taps then the storage capacity should be double the capacity of the hot water cylinder. The connection of the feed pipe to the hot water cylinder from the cold water feed cistern should, be at least 50 mm higher than the connection for the cold water draw-off pipe. This, is to ensure that the cold water draw-off does not fail before the hot with ‘consequent risk of scalding. The storage heater should comply with conditions in (b) above. ‘The cold water feed pipe should connect into the hot water cylinder near ts bottom. It should be not less than 25 mm bore, and should not deliver water anywhere but to the hot water cylinder. ‘The hot water distriouting pipe should leave the top of the hot water cylinder and should not be less than 25 mm bore it there are hot water taps in the same storey as that in which the feed cistem is situated; in other cases the pipe may be of not less than 20 mm bore. ‘The bore of hot water branch distributing pipes should be calculated to give the required rate of discharge at each draw-olf tap, but in no case should be less than the following: ~ 15 mm to wash basing, = 20 mm to baths and 20 mm to sinks. ‘The hot water distributing system should be designed so that hot water appears quickly at the draw-off taps when opened, to avoid the running to waste of an undue amount ‘f water which has cooled while standing in the pipes. With this end in view, a secondary Circulation system, with flow and retum pipes from and to the hot water cylinder should be used where justified. Whether such a system is used or not, the length of pipe to a hot water draw-off tap, measured along the pipe from the tap back to the hot water cylinder or to the secondary circulation pipe, as the case may be, should be nat greater than the lengths shown in Table 1. 16thy @ ) ” (m). CP 48 : 1989 Table 1. Maximum Permissible Lengths Of Hot Water Draw-off Pipes Largest intemal Diameter ot Pipe | Length in Metres |) Not exceeding 20 mm 25 ii) Exceeding 20 mm but not exceeding 25 mm 5 Exceeding 25 mm 6 ‘The return pipe of a secondary circulation system should be connected into the hot water cylinder, but not below a point one-quarter of the height of the cylinder from its top. This is to ensure that, should the cold water supply fail, would be impossible by means of any one of the draw-off taps to draw the level of the water down below the said point in the cylinder. The connection for the secondary return pipe to a cyinder should also be not lower than that of the primary flow pipe as shown in Figure 2. No tap or other means of drawing water (other than a draining tap with a removable key) should be connected to any part of a hot water system below the top of its hot water storage vessel in such a way that the level of the water in the vessel can be lowered more than one-half of its depth if it is a cistern, or more than one-fourth of its depth if itis a cylinder, except that: |) whore a hot water system comprises more than ene hot water cylinder at different levels the above requirement applies only to the lowest cylinder, ji) _ the requirement does not apply to an open vessel in which water is directly heated, or to a hot water storage vessel forming part of a hot water system in which the water is heated only under the thermostatic control. To avoid waste of water and of time when repairs are required a stopvalve should be fitted on the cold water feed pipe. This should be at the outlet from the feed cistern, and, it the hot water cylinder is fixed in a lower storey, it may be convenient to have an additional stopvaive near the inlet o the hot water cylinder. These stopvalves should be of the fullway type so as not to impede the flow of the water. For efficiency of operation and the conservation of heat, the hot water cylinder and the piping of the primary and of any secondary circuit should be lagged with insulating material. The insulating material shall be non-combustible. ‘No mixing valve, pipe or other water fiting in which hot water and cold water are mixed shall be so connected as to mix either: ') water supplied from a hot water heater connected directly to a service pipe with cold water not supplied directly from a service pipe; or ji) water supplied from a hot water heater not connected directly to a service pipe, with cold water supplied from a service pipe. Every pipe used for conveying hot water shail be of copper, stainless steel or some other corrosion-resisting material approved by the Authority. 7CP 48 : 1989 (n) Every hot water vessel shall be constructed of mild steel with vitreous lining, copper or some other material approved by the Authority. Corrosion may result from galvanic action where there is contact of dissimilar metals in the presence of hot water. Where such corrosion is known to occur, the use of dissimilar metals should be avoided, or they should be kept apart by the use of fitings made of electrically non-conducting materials. (©) More extensive information on hot water supply systems may be obtained in the following Standards issued by the British Standards Institution: }) BS 6700 — Specitication for design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages ll) BS 5546 - Code of practice for the installation of gas hot water supplies for domestic purposes (and family gases) 2.6 Mode Of Water Supply. The Authority should be consulted on the provision of water supply to the development at planning stage. ‘The mode of water supply adopted by the Authority are generally as follows: Height of Fittings Methods of Supply (a) Level of highest fitting less than 25 metres above mean sea level (©) Level of highest fing above 25 metres but below 37 metres ‘above mean sea level (©) Level of the highest fitting above ‘37 mettes above the mean sea level Direct (See Figure 3} Indirect supply through high level storage cistern (See Figure 4) Indirect supply through low level cistern with pumping to high level cisterns (See Figures 5, 6 and 7) For mode (a), the fittings are at levels within reach of mains pressure. Although the supply can be taken directly from the Authority's mains, storage cistern may be required if supply cannot be affected or interrupted. For mode (b), the high level cistern should be of 24-hour storage capacity. For mode (c), which is to be adopted for water supply to premises and tall buildings beyond the reach of direct mains pressure, the water from the Authority's mains will ow through a meter! master meter to a low level cistern with ballvalve control, From the low level cistern, pumps (with. duplicate in case of breakdown) will deliver the water to high level cisterns of 24-hour storage capacity* to cater for breakdown end emergencies. The high level storage cisterns are to be provided with compartments and the pipework so arranged to enable maintenance and cleaning to be carried out without Interruption of water supply. The low level cistern shall be located such that the inlet o the low level cistern is below 37 m above mean sea level. As a guide, the minimum capacity of the low level cistern shall be of 8-hour storage capacity. Clearance must be oblained {rom the Authority during planning stage as the Authority may impose addifional requirements as it may determine. * Table 2 gives the minimum storage capacities related to various types of use but these are to be rogarded as a guide only. The storage cistons and pumps shall bo adequatoly sized to moet the daily dBmands of the premises concomed. 18cP 48 : 1989 2.7. Distributlon In Tall Bulldings. In tall buildings, ftings should not be subject to pressures greater than 35 m head. This can be achieved by the provision of intermediate cisterns and pumps or by use of pressure reducing valves. Water requirements {or {ire fighting purposes should not be stored in potable water storage cisterns, unless arrangements are made in the design, to be approved by the Authority that the combined storage will not cause stagnation andlor contamination to the water stored. SECTION THREE : STORAGE 34 General (a) Provision should be made for storage of water for the following reasons: i) To provide against interruptions of the supply (Table 2). To reduce the maximum rate of demand on the mains. ii) To limit the pressure on the distributing pipes and fitings connected thereto. (b) Storage cisterns shall be constructed of non-corrodible or corrosion-resistant material. The material shall not impart a taste of odour to the water, and where necessary, the storage cisterns shall be coated externally with a good quality weather-resisting paint. Lead lined cisterns shail not be used. (©) Storage cisterns shail be fited with tight fitting covers. All the gaps on the cover and between the cover and the cistern shall be properly sealed with an approved sealant. Overflow pipes and vent holes shall be soreened with mosquito-proof netting of diameter not exceeding 4 sm, The inspection manhole of the storage cistem must be fitted with a tight fiting cover. ‘Access to the cistem shall be provided by means of af least a 750 mm wide metal step ladder with handrails. Metal cat ladders may be provided if the elevated height does not ‘exceed 3.5 m. (@) Every cistern shall be provided with means to control the water level. (e) Every storage cistem shall be provided with an efficient overflow pipe to guard against the over-topping of the cistern due to failure of the level control device. The overtiow pipe shall have an internal diameter not less than that of the inlet pipe and in no case less than the inlet pipe or 20 mim. The overflow pipe should have as great a fall as practicable, and preferably not less than 1 in 10. (0 the capacity of the storage cistern does not exceed 4500 litres the overflow pipe shall be arranged as a’ waming pipe; that is, so that its outlet is in a conspicuous position, either inside or outside the building, where the discharge of water therefrom may be readily seen. There shall be no other overtiow pipe. (g) | If the capacity of a storage cistern exceeds 4500 litres, it shall have a warning pipe as above, or alternatively, it shall have an overflow pipe not arranged as a warring pipe and, in addition, a warning pipe of not less than 25 mm diameter, or some other device, which effectively indicates when the water reaches a level not less than 50 mm below the invert of the overflow pipe. 19(hy 0 o w ® (m) No part of any waning pipe or overflow pipe shall be of flexible hose and no flexible hose shall be connected to any warning pipe or overflow pipe. In every storage cistern the water line shall be set below the overflowing level of the warning pipe, or of the overfiow pipe ifthere is no waming pipe, at a distance of not less ‘than 25 mm or of not less than the internal diameter of the pipe, whichever is the greater. Storage cisterns shall be provided with a stopvaive at every outlet other than an overtiow pipe, so that there shall be no necessity to emply the vessel to enable repairs to be carried out to the distributing pipes, etc. Such stopvalves should preferably be fulway valves 50 as not to impede the flow of water, It the storage required is more than 4500 litres it should be arranged in a series of cisterns so interconnected that each cistern can be isolated for cleaning and inspection without interfering with the supply of water. This can conveniently be done by the use of & header pipe of adequate size into which each cistern is connected and from which the distributing pipes branch off, each branch into and out of the header pipe being Provided with a stopvalve. Each cistem shall have és own level control device and overtiow pipe, and a draining valve to facilitate cleaning out. In large storage cisterns, the outlet shall be at the end opposite to the inlet, to avoid stagnation of the water, and if two or more cistems are coupled together in series without header pipes, the inlet and outlet shall be at opposite ends of the series. Storage sisters should not be placed where there is a risk of their being flooded, nor in any position where the water contained therein would be I any source. If these requirements can be met, and a cistern is partly or wholly sunk in the ground, unless it be a concrete designed and constructed in accordance with the relevant recommendations in the BS 5337 : “Code of Practice for the Structural Use of beneath it to facilitate maintenance and the detection of leakage. Any cistem partly or wholly sunk in the ground shall have its inlet pipe discharging into the air not less than 150 mm above its top edge or, alternatively, it shall be a closed vessel with tightly fitting access cover bolted or sorewed in position and any air inlet and overflow pipes suitably screened. Except for interconnected cisterns arranged to store water at the same level, every pipe supplying water to a cistern shall be fitted with a float-operated valve or some other equally effective device to control the inflow of water and maintain it at the required level. The inlet controi device shall be suitable for the particular application, bearing in mind the supply pressure, When a tloat-operated valve is used it shall either: ji) comply with BS 1212 Parts 2 and 3 and be used with a float complying with BS 1968 or BS 2456 of the correct size corresponding to the length of the lever arm and the water supply pressure; or il) where any other lloat-operated valve or other level control device is used, it shall comply with the performance requirements of BS 1212 where applicable to the circumstances of its use and shall be clearly marked with the water pressure and other characteristics for which itis intended to be used. 20CP 48 : 1989 Every float-operated valve shalt be securely fixed to the cistern it supplies and where necessary braced to prevent the thrust af the float causing the valve to move and so affect the water level at which it shuts off. The design of the lever arm shall be such that it suits the operational requirements as stated in Section 3.1 (e), (9, (g} and (h). 3.2 Storage Capacity Singapore Standard CP 48 : 1989 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR WATER SERVICES AMENDMENT NO. 4 May 1992 1. Page 21, Table 2 Replace the tabie as follows: ‘Table 2. Recommended Minimum Storage Of Cold Water For Potable Purposes Type ot Building Storage in Lies per Head Dwelling houses and fats 150° Hostels 90 Hotels 135 Offices without canteens 35 Offices with canteen 45 Schools * Based on an average consumption of 20 month tor private rosidential house or an apartment with 4 to § persons. ee 45 nent a OFLU ‘be provided flush with the bottom of the cistern at its lowest point. The floor of the cistern should be laid to a slight fall to the wash-out pipe for cleaning purposes. aGP 48 : 19% 3.4 imemai storage (@) Storage cisterns should be fixed in such positions as will enable the interiors to be readily inspected and cleaned, and where they will not be exposed to high temperature. ‘Adequate spacing all round and above the cisterns of at least 0.6 m should be provided for maintenance and inspection purposes. (b) Cisters should be supported on bearers in such a way that water condensing on the sides of the cisterns can be drained off. A drained safety tray may bé provided under the cistern to catch leakage or condensed water and obviate damage to property below. ‘The weight of the oistern and its contents should be calculated and taken into account in the design of bearers and supports. (c) _Intarge buildings, the storage cisterns should preferably be installed in a special cistem room which should be provided with means for proper ventilation, (@) Where a cistern is fixed in the roof space, sufficient provision shout be made by a trapdoor or otherwise, sufficiently large for access to the cistern and to enable it to be inspected, cleaned and repaired or replaced. (@) _Infeed cisterns for a heating apparatus, provision should be made for the expansion of the water by fixing a low water line in the cistern. Where a ballvalve is used, this Fequirement will necessitate the use of a drop level arm. (f) The storage cistern may supply cold water to a hot water supply apparatus as well as to the cold water distributing pipe. (@) Storage cisterns should not be located below sewer pipes. SECTION FOUR : FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES 4.1 Rates Of Flow. The actual rate of flow of water available at fittings and appliances will depend upon the head of water available and the design of the water service. Table 3 below sets out the recommended rates of flow at fitings and appliances for which the design should provide. in designing, it is necessary to make some assumption as to the number of fitings which may be ccalted upon to discharge water simultaneously. Table 3. Recommended Rates 01 Flow At Various Fittings Or Appliances Rate of Flow Fitting or Appliance (cold water or hot water) Litres per Second WE flushing cistem 0.12 “WC flush valve 1.50 «Wash basin tap 0.13 Bath tap, 20 mm 0.30 Bath tap, 25 mm 0.60 Shower 0.20 #Sink tap 0.20 * Discharge per actives shall not excoed 8 litres for WC and 4.5 fires por stl fo urna 1# The Authosi’s approval must be soughe if larger flow rate is required. Water conservation measures mus be adopted 2 stipulated in Section Soven.CP 48 : 1989 4.2. Fittings (a) (b) © Ballvalves (float-operated valves). Ballvalves installed in storage cistems should be fitted in such a position as to discharge at a level higher than the overflowing level by rot less than the diameter of the overflow pipe unless there is an effective means of preventing the siphonage of water back through the valve. Draw-off taps. Draw-olt taps supplied from cisterns should have their washer-plates. secured so as to lit with the spindle singe a ‘ease washer-plate might impede the flow of the water where the pressure is low. The level of the point of discharge of water from a draw-off tap or other fiting on any pipe supplying a bath, wash basin, sink or similar appliance should be not less ‘than 15 mm above the spillover level of the appliance, unless the method of supply of hot and cold water is such that no back-siphonage can be set up. The hot tap and cold tap should be distinguished by colour identification rather than by lettering; the hot tap should be clearly marked in RED and when hot and cold taps are provided together the hot water tap should normally be on the left-hand side. Where frequent filing of buckets is required, taps should be provided for the purpose, together with suitable drainage in such positions that when the buckets are being filled they can be stood at or neat floor level. Self-closing draw-off taps should be non-concussive in action. Selt-closing delayed action taps. The allowable flow rates and timing for self-closing delayed action taps are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Allowable Flow Rate And Timing For Self-closing Delayed Action Taps @ ‘Area of Usage ‘Specification i) Basin tap Flow rate not more than 0.13 Lis and timing not more than 3s ii) Shower tap Flow rate not more than 0.2 Us and timing not more than 15 Constant flow regulators. The allowable flow rates for constant flow regulators are shown in Table 5 below. Table 5. Allowable Flow Rate For Constant Flow Regulators [Area of Usage ‘Specification Basin tap Fiow rate not more than 0.13 Us fi) Sink/ktchen tap | Flow rate not more than 0.2 Lis and wash area Shower Flow rate not more than 0.2 Lis iv) Other areas Flow rate not more than 0.2 Lis NOTE. Constant fow regulator are not required where wator pressure at tho fiting is loss than 1 bar. As @ que, these regulators need to be installed only where the static proseure atthe fiting exceeds 1.8 bar.CP 48 : 1989 (e) 1) ‘Spring loaded nozzle. To be used in conjunction with rubber hoses. Flush valve. A valve that operates to supply a predetermined quantity of water to a sanitary appliance for flushing purposes and which functions by direct or indirect mode ‘of water supply. The flush valve shall be able to operate without sticking, whistling or causing water hammer. The flush valves shall be installed under the following conditions: }) Only water closets and urinals may be fitted with flush valves. il) Flush valves for water closets shall incorporate approved check valves that comply with BS 5154 and approved vacuum breakers that comply with American Society of Sanitary Engineering Standard No. 1001. Alternatively, flush valves for water closets shall derive water from a separate storage tank which is not connected in any way with all other fitings supplying basins, sinks, heaters, etc. in the building. iil) Every flush valve shall be controlled by an approved stopvalve to SS 75 unless it is provided with an integral shut-off device. iv) All lush valves must be so adjusted as to give a flush of not less than 2.5 litres and not more than 4.5 litres of water per stall or bow! urinal cr not less than € litres and not more than 9 litres of water for water closets. ¥) Vacuum breaker of the fiush valve shall be installed at least 1 m above the floor level for oriental water closet and at least 300 mm above the rim of other types of water closet. vi) The water supply pipes shall be sized to give a minimum dynamic pressure 91 1.0 bar (or higher depending on the make of flush valve and type of sanitary Appliance) at the inlet end of the flush valve. vii) Flush valves shall not be directly connected to the service pipes at a height exceeding 112 m reduced level (R.L.). The Professional Engineer/Architecl! Licensed Plumber shall also check and ensure there is sufficient head and flow rate for etfective operation of the flush valves. The minimut internal diameter of the flush pipe for water closet shall be 25 mm. ix) Factor of usage. In designing the water supply piping, the number of flush valves expected to be discharging simultaneously may be obtained from Table 6. The flow rate shall be at least 1.5 Us for each flush valve. The volume of discharge/ {lush shall comply wit item (iv) of the ‘installation’ guidelines. The table does not take into consideration special and unusual conditions of usage of flush valves. 24CP 48 : 1989 Table 6. Flow Rate Requirement (as number of flush in simultaneous use) Group A Group B Total No. of Flush Valves ‘Offices, Hotels | Schools and Other Premises on Line and Hospitals ‘whete Rest Periods Create Extraordinary Demands 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 to 6 2 a 7 1 3 4 12 to 15 4 5 16 to 35 5 6 36 to 45 5 7 46 to 50 5 8 51 to 70 5 9 71 to 100 6 9 101 to 200 10 4 Example: Determination of flow rate for a supply pipe serving 8 flush valves. - For premises under Group A, the table gives the number of flush valves in simultaneous use as 3. Theretore, flow rate in supply pipe = 3x 1.5 Us 45 Us — For premises under Group B, the table gives the umber of flush valves in simultaneous use as 4. Therefore, flow rate in supply pipe = 4x15 Us = 60Us x) Inthe design of flush valve system based on Table 6, the Professional Engineer/ Architect/Licensed Plumber should take into consideration the flow rate through the meter as given in Section 5.6, Table 8. The recommended meter size will be based on the monthly water consumption. xi) For auto sensing/electronic sensor flush valves, the Licensed Electrical Worker is. responsible for ensuring that the installation of the sensor/electronic sensor unit complies with Singapore Standard CP § “Wiring of Electrical Equipment of Buildings” and other relevant regulations or codes of practice. 9) Whirl, spa and hydropool. These pools are usually made of acrylic fibreglass- reinforced materials. t is a self-contained unit which enables mixtures of water/air to circulate in the pool by way of whirlpool inlets and suction fittings to creale a hydromassage effect. The installation of whirl, spa and hydropool should comply to the swimming pool licensing requirements as laid down in the Environmental Health Code of Practice. All metallic fixtures and pipings are to be effectively bonded and earthed.CP 48 : 1989 4.3. Appliances (a) General. Pipes connected with appliances should be readily accessible for repairs, especially when the appliances are cased in. In large buildings itis desirable that a stopvalve should be fitted on every branch pipe supplying an appliance or range of appliances to enable the water to be shut off for repairs without interfering with the supply to other appliances. All precautions necessary to prevent backflow from appliances into water pipes, whether by siphonage or otherwise, shouid be observed. (b) Appliances with submersible inlets. Baths, wash basins, sinks and similar appliances Which do not have the 15 mm air gap between spijover level and the level of discharge of the taps, and appliances with submersible inlets, such as bedpan washers as used in hospitals, laboratory sinks and bidets, should be supplied with hot water and cold water by a method which involves no danger of contamination by backflow or back- siphohage. The cold water should be supplied from a storage cistern and the hot water from & cylinder having a vent open to the atmosphere, by pipes which connect respectively to cistern and cylinder at a level not lower than 25 mm above the spillover level of the appliance and which do not convey water to any draw-off point (other than, a draining tap) at a level lower than the said spillover level. Itfollows from these requirements that a bidet in a bathroom may be supplied, if desired, from the pipes supplying the bath and washbasin (i these have proper airgaps) but then raw-off points on lower floors should be supplied from other pipes separately ‘connected to the cistern and cylinder. A shower or spray fitting incorporating a hand- ‘operated flexible pipe fitted over a bath, wash-basin or sink (which can be placed below the spillover level of the appliance) need not comply with these requirements ifthe fiting incorporates an effective means of preventing back siphonage, (0) Flushing cisterns. All water closets and urinals should be supplied with water from proper flushing cistems or from other not less:efficient and suitable waste-preventing apparatus, The standard flush for a water closet is 9 litres, whether from a high-level or a low-level flushing cistern, and shall be capable of giving dat flushing of two different volumés of 9 litre or 4.5 litre as required. The standard flush for a urinal is 4.5 litres per stall Every flushing cistem should be provided with an overflow pipe arranged as a warning }Bipe; that is, So thal its outlet is in a conspicuous position either inside or outside the building, where the discharge of water may be readily seen. The waming pipe may be arranged if necessary o discharge into the pan of a water-closet or into a urinal, but only it the water is discharge into the air not less than 150 mm above the top edge of the pan or urinal *“SWihere possible, tushing cisterns should be supplied under low pressure from a storage cistern to minimize the noise of refiling. Bends in flush pipes should be easy and as few as possible. (@) Bollers and other water heaters. Boilers, water heaters and hot water supply apparatus should be supplied with water either from a feed cistern, or from a draw-off tap or stopvalve discharging into the air not less than 15 mm above the top edge of the apparatus; provided that water may be supplied under pressure from a service pipe to 26(e) ( (9) (ny CP 48 : 1989 an electric or gas water heater which is of the instantaneous type or which is capable of holding not more than 15 litres, or, if fitted with a broken feed device, not more than 70 litres, it: 1) the working pressure to which the heater is subjected is no higher than that for which it is designed, ii) any such gas healer is so constructed that no leakage between the gas and water spaces can ocour, the water space is completely enclosed and its contents have no cantact with the atmosphere except through the outlet pipe or vent pipe, iv) _ the water is discharged from the apparatus into the air not less than 15 mm above the spillover level ct the appliance supplied thereform. ‘Awater heater connected to a service pipe should not have any connection on its outlet side with any pipe or fiting containing water supplied otherwise than through the heater or directly from the service pipe. Solar heater. The water supply for the solar heating system shall be derived from a feed cistern or the mains pressure solar water heater may be installed by direct connection to the service pipe provided that a combined pressure and temperature relief valve ‘complying to BS 6283 (or other equivalent standard) is fitted and a controlling stopcock ‘complying to Singapore Standard 75 (BS 1010), non-retura valve and anti vacuum reliet valve complying to BS 6282 (or other equivalent standard) are also fitted to the cold water supply side of the heater. Drinking fountains. Drinking fountains should have an inclined and hooded jet to prevent contamination. Drinking bowls and troughs. Drinking bowis and troughs of the muzzle-operated or gravity type for animals and poultry should be supplied from a storage cistern which does not supply water for domestic purposes. Field drinking troughs may be supplied ‘fom a service pipe through a ballvalve (float-operated valve), i the latter is protected from damage, contamination and unauthorised interference and if the points of harge is not less than 25 mm above the spillover level of the trough. Field drinking ‘troughs not required for continuous use may be supplied through a draw-off tap or stopvaive (preferably of the self-closing type) similarly installed and protected. Balancing tank for swimming pool fitration plant. The balancing tank shall be supplied with make-up water from supply main through an inlet pipe and ballvaive (loat- operated valve). An efficient overflow pipe shall be provided. The top of the overflow pipe must not be tess than 50 mm below the invert level of the supply inlet pipe. Water from the overtiow pipe shall be discharged in a manner so as to prevent back flowing of foul water into the balancing tank. In addition, an effective overflow waming device must be provided. This may be a visual and/or audio alarm system ifthe overflow pipe cannot double effectively as a warning pipe. The supply inlet balivalve (tloat-operated valve) shall be adjusted to shut at the water level whereby the volume of water in the balancing tank is sufficient for back washing of one biggest compartment of flr tank.CP 4g : 1989 SECTION FIVE: WORK ON SITE 5.1 Jointing Of Pipes (a) (o) © @ (e) 0 (9) Flexible joints in which preformed joint rings of rubber or other material are compressed between the spigot and the socket are being increasingly used. This type of joint is, available in several forms, each with its own jointing technique. For plain-ended pipes there are also flexible joints in which joint rings on the pipe ends are compressed inside an enclosing sleeve (see Figure 8). Welded joint sor steel pipes. Steel piping may be jointed by welding, except where the piping has a lining which would be damaged by heat (see Figure 8). Screwed joint for steel pipes. Screwed steel piping is jointed with screwed socket joints, using itings or wrought-iron steel or malleable cast-iron. A jointing compound or tape, which may be one of the many proprietary makes, is used acoording o the makers’ instructions together where necessary with a few strands of fine hemp, but compounds containing red-lead shall not be used because of the danger of contamination of the water. Care should be taken to remove any burr from the ends of pipes and to prevent the entry of excess jointing material. Any threads exposed after jointing should be painted or, in the case of underground piping, thickly coated with bituminous or other suitable composition, to prevert corrosion. Screwed steel piping may also be jointed with screwed flanges of steel or cast-iron (see Figure 8). Flanged joints. Cast-iron pipes are also jointed by means of flanges cast on or screwed on the steel pipes with flanged welded on. Flanged joints should be made with jointing rings of best quality, smooth, hard, compressed fibre board (not less than 1.5 mmthick), and of such width as to fit inside the circle of bolts. The rings should be smeared thinly with graphite paste. Altematively, the jointing rings may be of rubber-insertion or may be corrugated rings of non-corrosive alloy together with a suitable jointing paste. The ruts should be carefully tightened, in opposite pairs, until the jointing ring is sulficiently compressed between the flanges to ensure watertightness of the joint under the desired water pressure (see Figure 8). Stainless steel pipe joint. Light gauge stainless stee! piping laid above ground. can be connected by Type A or B compression joint specified in BS 864 : Part 2 (see Figure 8). Compression joint should not be concealed in concrete or cement plaster. ‘Where stainless steel pipes are buried in the ground, welded joint or compression Type B joint speciied in BS 864 : Part 2 should be used. ‘Screwed copper pipe joint. Screwed copper piping should be jointed with screwed Copper-alloy fittings. The screw threads of the pipe should be clean cut, and the joint ‘made by screwing the fting on after frst treating the threads with caw linseed oil or other Suitable jointing compounds. Alternatively, the screw threads of the pipe and the fitting may be tinned, and the joint heated to the melting point of the solder when being screwed up (see Figure 8). ‘Compression joint or capillary joint for copper pipes. Copper piping with plain ends should be jointed with compression joints (manipulative or non-manipulative) or with capillary joints, in each case using copper or copper-alloy fittings or by welding. Compression joints for use with fully annealed copper piping should be manipulative joints, i.e. joints in which the pipe ends are belled or swagged (see Figure 8). A compression joint should not be concealed in concrete or cement plaster. 28CP 48 : 1988 In the case of the capillary joint, the pipe end and the interior of the socket of the fitting should be cleaned with steel woot, faxed with a non-corrosive flux, and fitted together and the joint then heated to above the melting point of the solder, which is either provided in the fitings or is touched in with a solder stick, and which then flows by Fy to fill the joint space. If the pipe is fully annealed copper, the pipe ends should be made truly round before jointing. itis important that the correct size of fing should ‘be used fo suit the outside diameter of the pipe (see Figure 8). British Standard 864 Capillary and Compression Tube Fittings of Copper and Copper Alloy, Part 2 specifies the requirements for capiltary and compression fittings for copper tubes. Three types of fittings are specified as follows: ') Compression fittings type A. In which the joint is made by the compression of a loose ring or sleeve, on the outside wall of the tube. it) Compression fitings type B. in which the joint is made by the compression of a manipulated portion of the tube near to or at the end of the tube against the face of the body of the fing or against a loose ring or sleeve within the fiting Capillary fittings. The joint being made by the flow of solder by capillary action between the outside of the tube and the inside of the socket fitting. Where compression fittings are used below ground they shalt be type B. Capillary fitings ‘may also be used below ground. Al fittings on pipes below ground shall be resistant or immune to dezincitication. The use of various fittings is summarised in Table 7. Table 7. Copper Tube And Type Of Fittings For Use On Service Plpes And Distributing Pipes Table Use Fittings BS 864 : Part 2 BS 2871: x ‘Above ground | Capillary or Part 1 "Copper only Compression Type A & B tubes for ‘ water, gas ‘Above ground Capillary or and sanitation’ Compression Type A & B Y Below ground Capillary or Compression Type B o Welded copper pipe joint. Copper piping may be autogenous welded or bronze welded. The piping may be jointed directly or by the use of weldable copper or copper- alloy fitings, An oxyacetylene blowpipe is used with afiller rod of copper or suitable zinc- free alloy and a suitable flux. Copper piping may also be directly jointed by the use of 29CP 48 : 1989 52 o zino-tree selt-tluxing silver brazing alloys, the pipe ends being formed with special tools ‘and brazed together using an oxy-acetylene blowpipe and a filler rod of the alloy. Brazing to brass fitings requires the use of a flux. Welding and brazing should be done ‘yy skiled craftsmen only (see Figure 8). PVC pipe joint. Small diameter PVC pipes are jointed by using special jointing solvents provided by the pipe maker. Joints may be of the spigot and socket type, having the socket formed integral with the pipe or, alternatively, separate sleeves may be used. Joints for sizes of 75 mm bore upwards are of the spigot and socket type made with jointing solvents; flanged joints are also available. Flexible joints may be used in Conjunction with plain ended pipes (see Figure 8). Joints Between Dissimilar Materials (a (b) ©) Copper piping of small diameter should be jointed to cast-iron, spun-iron or steel piping by the use of copper-alloy unions or union ferrules. For screwed copper piping of larger diameter than 40 mm a flange joint should be used; the copper pipe should have a ‘copper-alioy flange screwed, brazed or welded on, and this should be jointed to the iron or steel flange by copper-alloy bolts and nuts. For joints between small diameter steel piping and cast-iron piping, copper-alloy unions or union ferrules should be used, and for large diameters the joint should be made by flanged connecting pieces. Small diameter plastics pipes may be jointed to metal piping by means of union adaptors. For PVC pipes of 75 mm bore and upwards, flexible joints or flange Joints may be used. dointing Pipes To Cisterns (a) (b) () (e) Care should be taken that holes in the correct positions are made for the connection of pipes to cisterns. Great care should also be taken to remove from the inside of the cistern all metallic debris such as filing, borings and blanks, which might lead to corrosion. Steel pipe to steet or glass fibre cisterns. The end of the pipe should be threaded, assed through a hole in the cistem, and secured by backnuts and washers both inside and outside. The pipe end should be flush with the face of the inside backnut to obviate corrosion of the pipe threads. x Copper or plastics pipe to steel, copper or glass fibre cisterns. A connector of ‘copper alloy should be used having a shoulder to bear on the outside of the cistem and secured by a backnut inside, Washers should be used both inside and outside the cistern, Conerete cisterns. Connections to concrete cisterns should be made with short threaded or flanged connectors having a puddle flange either cast or welded on. It is important that such connections are properly aligned both in the horizontal and vertical planes when being cast in the concrete. Plasties cisterns. Connections to plastics cisterns should be made in Subslavse (b) 6 (c) above, except that the washers should be of rubber or plastics and that the joint should not be overtightened. Jointing pastes should not be used. 30CP 48 : 1989 5.4 Mainlaying 55 (a (b) @ (@ (e) U} ‘The bottoms of the trench excavations should be carefully prepared so that the barrels the pipes when laid are well bedded down for their whole length of a firm surface and are true to line and gradient. The width of the excavation should be sufficient to allow the pipes to be propery laid and jointed, joint holes being made when necessary. In the refiling of the trenches, the pipes should be surrounded with fine selected material, well rammed $0 as to resist subsequent movement of the pif should be in contact with the pipes, and when the excavation is should be cut deep enough to permit the pipes to be bedded on a layet of fine selected material or especially where there is a steep gradient on a layer of concrete (see Figure 8). Before laying, each pipe and fiting should be thoroughly cleansed internally and the ends temporarily plugged. After laying and jointing, the leading end should remain ‘temporarily plugged to prevent ingress of water, soil, etc. Precautions should be taken {0 prevent flotation of the plugged pipes should the trench become flooded. ‘Any coating, sheathing, or wrapping of the pipes should be examined for damage and ‘sepaired where necessary, and should also be made continuous over joints. Where there is a gradient, pipelaying should preferably proceed in an ‘uphill direction, to facilitate joint making. Except in the case of small pipes under low pressure, thrust-blocks of concrete should be formed at all bends, branches and dead-ends to transmit the hydraulic thrust on to Undisturbed ground and to spread it over a sufficient area. Where the hydraulic thrust 's in an upward direction, anchor-blocks of sufficient weight should be formed to which the pipes should be secured with steel straps (see Table 9) ‘Surface boxes should be provided to give access to operating valves and hydrants, and should be supported on concrete or brickwork which must not be allowed to rest on the Pipes and transmit traffic loads to them, allowance being made tor settlement. Vertical ‘uard pipes can be provided to enclose the spindles of sluice valves. Service Pipes (a) (b) Service pipes of less than 50 mm bore are usually connected to mains by means of Tight-angled screw-down ferrules of nonferrous metal. 25 mm and 20 mm ferrules should not be used in mains of less than 100 mm bore. The main is drilled and tapped and the ferrule screwed in; this may be done by a tapping-under-pressure machine which obviates any interference with the use of the main Service pipes may be connected to mains of PVC, or thin-walled steel by means of a ferule screwed into a saddle or iron or steel, copper-alloy or plastics secured to the main by bolts or wedges. Ferrous metals should be suitably protected. A special tool is required for tapping PVG to prevent the formation of swarf. at56 (d) (e) 0 (9) If the service pipe is of steel, it should be connected to the ferrule by a bend to permit, change in relative position of main and service pipe without liabilty to fracture. The ferule should be so set in the main that the service pipe leads of in ine with the main before curving round right-handed into its proper course, as it allows for any settlement of the pipe, which will then tend to tighten rather than loosen the ferrule in the main. Service pipes of 50 mm bore and upwards should be connected to special branch pipes inserted into the line of the main. Special branch pipes should also be used for service pipes of less than 50 mm bore where the bore of the main is not much greater than that of the service pipe. Precautions against contarrination of the main should be taken when making @ connection and where any risk exists, the main should be subsequently sterilized. ‘A surface box, mounted on a guard, should be fixed over the underground stopvalve to give access for operating the latter. The limited space provided by this arrangement will ‘hot permit the repacking of the stopvalve gland or other repairs to be carried out without excavation, which is necessary to give adequate space and to obviate the danger of contamination of the interior of the stopvalve by any local filth. The guard may be supported on bricks, and should not rest on the. service pipe. Every_underground pipe entering a building should do so at a level not less than 500 mm below the outside ground surface provided that by reason of some ‘obstruction itis not practicable to do so in which case the pipe shall be at the greatest depth that is reasonably practicable. At the point of entry the pipe should be ‘accommodated in a sleeve which should have previously been solidly built in, and the space between the pipe and sleeve should be filed with bituminous or other sukable material for a minimum length of 150 mm at both ends to prevent the passage of water, {gas oF vermin. Meters. (a) (b) © ® All potable water supplies are metered and the meters are provided, maintained and ‘owned by the Authority. Different categories of meters are installed and are classified according to thei functions: meter, sub-meter, master-meter and compound meter. ‘The Authority determines the position of the meter to be installed at any premises. The meter position should be easily accessible for meter installation, meter reading and maintenance work, and should be unobstructive. A big meter should be housed in a suitable chamber. The recommended meter sizes are shown in Table 8. ‘An isolating stopvalve shall be installed adjacent to the meter and shall comply with BS 1010 or BS 5433 or BS 5163 if 50 mm nominal size and above. 92CP 48 : 1989 Table 8. Recommended Meter Sizes Flow (mh) Recommended Flow (rm) for Loss of Max. Monthly irg Head Consumption us) Maximum Normal m Instantaneous | Steady | 3m | 10m 418 (Piston) 3 15 15 3 130 25 (Piston 7 35 38 7 700 Inferential) 40 (Piston! 20 10 10 20 3000 Inferential) 50 30 6 18 30 5000 (nterential) 65 Cy 40 40 60 10000 (inferential) 100 150 60 eo | 150 20000 (Inferential 100 (Compound) 150 60 eo | 150 20000 160 300 150 160 | 300 45000 (Inferential) 150 (Compound) 300 150 150 | 200 46000 meters: Figures 10 & 11 Figures 12 & 13, Figure 14 Figures 15 & 16 Figures 10 to 16 show what is considered good practice in the placement and housing of For 15 mm sub-meters fixed in a vertical position in a multi-storey building, either (i) free or (i) housed in a duct. For 15 mm sub-meters fixed in a horizontal position in a multi-storey building either (i) free or (ii) housed in a duct. For 15 mm meter in landed properties. For big meters of sizes 65 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm fitted above ground and outside the building, they should be housed in suitable brick or concrete chambers with drainage outlets.CP 48 : 1989 5.7. Firefighting Services (@) (b) (c) @ e) Al the fire-fighting services should comply with the Public Utlties (Water Supply) Regulations, 1977 and should be in aocordance with Singapore Fire Service requirements. For the installation of a fire-fighting system, a separate line of adequate size should be laid from the meter position to supply the fire-fighting system only. ‘To prevent contamination, approved check,valves should be provided. All piping used for fire-fighting services should be painted in red and the drain-cock should be opened regularly to prevent stagnation. In view of fluctuation in pressure in the water mains, itis required to provide a storage cistern of sufficient capacity with pumping facilites to ensure a more reliable source of water supply for fire-fighting purposes. However, hosereel's system may be allowed to be connected directly to the Authority's main. 5.8 Pipework In Services a) (b) ©) @ (e) 0 (9) (nh) Care should be taken to ensure that all piping and fittings are clean internally, and free from particles of sand, soil, metal filings and chips, etc, which besides causing ‘obstructions might lead to failure by corrosion or damage to fittings. The spacing of fixings for internal piping should be in accordance with Table 10. Copper piping should be secured by copper, copper-alloy or suitable plastics clips direct to woodwork, or by brackets of similar material buil-in to walls or screwed to plugs. Plastic clips are not to be installed with piping exposed to direct sunlight. Stee! piping should be secured in a manner similar to that used for copper piping, except that the clips or brackets should be of copper. PVC piping should be secured in a manner similar to that used for copper piping the clips being of metal or plastics. Alteration in length due to temperature changes may be up to twenty times that of metal pipes and allowances should be made for this. Ducts or chases in walls for piping should be provided during the building of the walls. Hf, with the permission of the architect, they are cut in existing walls, they should be finished sufficiently smooth and large enough for fixing the piping. ‘When piping laid in timber and construction has to cross through the joists, it should cross as near the supports as possible. Joists should not be cut or bored except with the permission of, and as directed by, the architect for the building. Piping laid through notches or holes should not be subjected to external pressure, and should be free to expand and contract without noise due to friction. 5.9. Draw-off Taps. Draw-off taps not fixed directly into an appliance should be screwed into a suitable pipe fitting so as to provide for ready removal for repair or replacement. The fitting, or the pipe immediately adjacent thereto, should be firmly secured to a suitable support so as to prevent strain on the pipe ard its joints when the tap is operated. 34CP 48 : 1989 5.10 Sterllisation Of Installation (a) (b) (©) ‘Ail mains and services to be used for water for domestic purposes should be thoroughly and efficiently sterilised before being taken into use, and after being opened up tor repairs. ‘The sterilisation of mains should be undertaken by Licensed Plumbers. Service pipes should i possible be sterilised together wih the mains, ‘The recommended procedures for cleaning and sterlising the storage cistem and mains are outlined in Appendix B. The Architect/Professional Engineer is to submit a copy of the results of water samples to the Authority, certifying its suitability for drinking before putting the cistern in use. Table 9. End And Radial Thrusts For 1 Bar (10° N/m?) Internal Pressure Nominal | Blank ends | 90° bends | 45° bends | 22° bends | 11° bends internal} and junctions | newtons newions. newtons newtons diameter ewtons mm 50 374 529 84 148 nm 75 716 1013 548 277 142 100 1168 1652 897 458 232 125 1761 2490 1348 690 348 150 2471 3497 1890 961 484 175 3290 4652 2516 1284 645 200 4232 5987 3239 1652 832 225 5271 7452 4032 2058 1032 250 4426 9090 4916 2510 1258 300 9374 13258 7174 3658 1839 350 12523 a7T0 9587 4884 2458 Table 10, Spacing Of Fixings For Piping Size of ‘Spacing for ‘Type of Piping Pipe in Horizontal mn Runs in rm Runs in m Rigid plastic pipes <32 1.0 15 40- 80 1.25 20 100-150 15 3.0 Copper (light gauge) <32 15 2 Stainless steel 40-80 25 3.0 100-150 3.0 35 PE or PVC lined stee! pipe <32 20 25 Copper (heavy gauge) 40-180 + 30 35 100 - 150 40 45 Cast or ductile iron 75-100 25 25 150 35 35INSPECTION, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE 6.1 General. Alt pipes, fittings and appliances, shall be of a type and brand approved by the Authority. 6.2 Mains 63 (a) (b) (o) i (e) ) @) (hy ‘All pipes and fittings should be inspected to comply with the requirements of the specification. Any defective items shall be rejected and forthwith removed from the site. After laying, jointing and anchoring, the main should be slowly and carefully charged with water, $0 that all air is expelled, and then tested under pressure. ‘A long main should be tested in sections as the work of laying proceeds, and it is an advantage to leave the joints exposed for inspection during the testing. ‘The open end of the main may be temporarily closed for testing under moderate pressure by fitting a blank flange. The end of the main should be secured by struts or otherwise, to resist the end thrust of the water pressure in the main, If the section of main tested terminates with a sluice valve, the wedge of the valve ‘should not be used to retain the water; instead the valve should be fitted temporally with a blank flange, and the wetlge stiould be placed in the open position while testing. End support should be given as in the preceding Subciause (d). ‘The test pressure should be applied by means of manually-operated test pump or, in the case af long main or mains of large diameter, by a power-driven test pump which should be taken to ensure that the required pressure is not exceeded. Pressure gauges should preferably be recalibrated before the test. ‘The test pressure should be 125 m head of the maximum working pressure plus 50% whichever is the greater. ‘The test pressure should be maintained by the pump for about one hour and if there is any leakage it should be measured by the quantity of water pumped into the main in that time. A general leakage of 2 litres per cm of pipe diameter per km of pipe per 100 m head per 24 hours may be considered reasonably, but any visible individual leak should be repaired. Services (a) b) © @) co) When the service is complete, it should be slowly and carefully charged with water, allowing all air to escape and avoiding all shock or water hammer. The service should then be inspected under working conditions of pressure and flow. ‘When all draw-off taps are closed, the service should be absolutely watertight. Each tap should be opened and checked for satisfactory rate of flow. All piping, fittings and appliances should be checked over for satisfactory support, and protection from damage and corrosion. Because of the possibility of damage in transit, cistems, tanks and cylinders should be inspected and retested for watertightness at the site.&4 Maintenance (a) (b) (©) (d) 4a) ® @) (h) 0 ‘Samples of water from various outlets should be examined periodically by a water analyst. A chemical examination is useful to show whether corrosion of the pipes and fittings is taking place. Bacterial pollution originating within the installation will be Indicated by a bacteriological examination. Cisterns should be regularly inspected, not less frequently than once a year, and should be cleaned internally. Record drawings showing pipe tayout and valve positions should be kept up to date and inspection undertaken to ensure that any subsequent work has not introduced cross- connections or any other undesirable feature. ‘Any attachment including a hose pipe fixed to a tap or outlet should never be placed in such a position that back-siphonage can take piace through the attachment. All valves (including safety valves) should be periodically operated to ensure free movement ot the working parts. All taps and balivalves (Nloat-operated valves) should be inspected for waterightness. Where necessary, gland packings should be made good, washers replaced and ballvalves {fioat-operated valves) and the mechanism of spring-operated taps adjusted. All overflow and waming pipes should be examined and kept free from obstructions. ‘Overtlow warning alarm systems should be tested periodically. A record should be kept of meter readings which should be taken at regular intervals, (not greater than weekly) so that waste or misuse of water may be detected. ‘The removal of internal incrustation from mains by scraping or by chemical means is specialist work; the necessary flushing out should not be done directly into any watercourse without the consent of the appropriate drainage Authority. SECTION SEVEN: WATER CONSERVATION 7-4 General. It is important that every customer must help to conserve water and curb water wastage. Water conservation measures must be adopted in domestic and non-domestic premises. 7.2. Water Conservation Measures. Its mandatory to adopt water conservation measures.at the. folowing areas: (a) Toiletswashrooms in all non-domestic premises (including the common amenities of ‘condominium |) Instalk self-closing delayed action taps at all wash basins, ii) install self-closing delayed action shower taps at all shower points. ii) Install constant flow regulators at all wash basin mixer, shower mixers and bib taps (see Figures 17 and 18). 37cP 48 : 1989 (b) (c) @) ) ® (9) NOTE. Kitchens/stalls/cooking areas in all non-domestic premises |) Install constant flow regulators at all sink taps (see Figure 17). Canteens (excluding cooking areas) }) Install self-closing delayed action taps at all wash basins and wash troughs. Laboratories ’) Install constant flow regulators at all wash basins and sink taps except for safety reasons. Vehicle washing areas } Construct earth removal platforms and water recovery systems for washing of vehicles at construction sites (see Figure 13). i) Construct water recovery systems at vehicle washing point for other premises where washing of vehicles are required. Condominium/Residential apartment units/Hotel rooms/Massage rooms/Hospital wards |) Install constant flow regulators at all wash basins, wash basin mixers, showers, shower mixers, bib taps and sink taps. Other areas i) Set up water recycling system to reuse water for cooling purposes. ji) Construct a rain water collecting system, wherever possible, to collect rain water for non-potable usages, such as gardening, washing etc. iil) Set up water pre-treatment plant for boiler usage to reduce boiler blowdown. fv) Set _up water recovery system for boilers, wherever possible, to recover ‘condensate as make-up water. ‘Allowable tow rate end timing for sol-cesing delayed action taps and constant flow regulators required fr each usage is given in 42 (6) and (9), 1) Constant flow regulators are not required where water pressure at tho iting is loss than 1 bar. As a guide, these regulators need to be installed only wire the static water pressure atthe fiting axcoods 1.5 bar. 38CP 48 : 1989 APPENDIX A PIPE SIZING This Appendix is not intended as a complete treatment of what is a specialized subject, but a8 a practical guide with simple examples. A ASSESSMENT OF PROBABLE DEMAND In most buildings it rarely happens that all the appliances installed are ever in use together at the same time. For economic reasons itis usual, therefore, for a scheme 10 provide for a peak usage less than the possible maximum. In order to assess the probable demand in litres per second of a group of appliances, a system of ‘loading units’ has been devised. A loading unit is a factor which takes into account both the flow rate at the appliance and its probable usage. By muttipiying the number of each type of appliance by its appropriate loading unit given in Table 11 below and adding the results together, a figure for he total loading units is obtained, which if applied to Chart 1, enables the recommended design flow rate to be read off. Table 11. Loading Units Premises Loading Units Dwellings WC flushing cistern 2 Wash basin 1%, Bath 10 Sink 3-5 Offices WC flushing cis 2 Wash basin Vw, ‘Wash basin (use in rapid succession) 3 Schools and Industrial buildings “~ WC flushing cistern 2 Wash basin (use in rapid succession) 3 : ‘Shower (with nozzle) 3 Example: To determine the design flow rate for a cold water distributing pipe feeding 10 WC's, 20 wash basins and 10 baths in a block of flats: 10 WC's x2 = 20 20wash basins =x 1%, = 30 10 baths x 10 = 100 150 loading units ‘The tow rate for 150 loading units read from Chart 1 is 1.7 Us. 39CP 48 : 1989 A.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF PIPE RUN The diameter of pipe necessary to give a required flow rate will depend on the head available, the type of pipe used and the effective length of pipe run. To the loss of head in the actual length of pipe should be added that caused by pipe fittings such as elbows, tees, etc. For convenience, the latter is usually expressed as the loss is an equivalent length of pipe, as set out in Table 12. By the effective length is meant the actual length plus the equivalent length representing the ‘tings, Table 12. Equivalent Pipe Lengths (Metre Run Of Pipe) Nomina’ | CoppevuPvVe Stop | Check Diameter Valve Valve Elbow Tee mm m m m m 15 05 0.6 4.0 25 20 08 4.0 70 43 25 1.0 15 10.0 5.6 32 14 2.0 13.0 6o 40 47 25 160 79 50 23 35 22.0 WS 65 3.0 45 - - 75 34 5B 34.0 100 45 80 5 = A3_ DETERMINATION OF PIPE DIAMETER To determine the diameter of a pipe for any given layout, first calculate the permissible loss of head per metre run of effective Iength, In the example quoted above, assume that the head available is 3 metres, the pipe is of copper, the actual length of pipe is 15 metres and that there are six elbows in the pipe run. Proceeding by trial and error, assume a pipe diameter of 40 mm The effective length of the pipe would be: 15 + (6x 1.7) = 15 + 10.2 = 25.2 metre ‘The permissible loss of head per metre run of effective length of the pipe is therefore: Head 3 engi 7 25a 7 012 Mper metre un Reading from the graph in Chart 2, a 40 mm diameter copper pipe with a permissible head loss of 0.12 m run will convey about 2.5 Lis and as the required rate of flow is 1.7 Lis, this size of pipe would be satistactory.CP 48 : 1989 AA LOSS OF HEAD AT POINT OF DELIVERY In calculating the diameter of the pipe to supply an individual appliance or fiting, itis essential that allowance be made for the lo8s of head through the draw-off tap or delivery valve. A table of such losses through taps, together with their equivalent pipe lengths, is given in Table 13. Table 13. Loss Of Head Through Draw-off Taps And Equivalent Pipe Lengths Fittng Flow Rate Loss Equivalent Pipe Length (SS 75/BS 1010)" Tap Fully of ‘Open’ Heads Copper/UPVC Us m m 15 mm bib tap or pillar tap 02 08 37 20 mm bib or pillar tap 03 08 118 25 mm bib or pillar tap 06 15 22.0 *SS 75/85 1010 ‘Draw-olf taps and swpvaves for wator services ‘Head lasses for statod flow rates are fpleal only and may vary with taps of diferent manufacture. The loss of head through a ballvalve can be very high and itis usually more corwenient to deduct such loss, also the loss due to a stopvaive, from the available head. The loss of head. through ballvaive seats of various sizes is given by the graph in Chart 3 and the loss of head through stopvaives is given by the graph in Chart 4. Loss of head through full-way gate and plug valves can be ignored. AS EXAMPLE To determine the diameter of a copper cold water supply pipe to deliver 1.5 Us through a ballvalve having a 16 mm diameter seat, given that the pressure at the main is 42 metres head, the ballvalve is 16 m above the main and the total run of pipe from the main to the ballvalve is 28 m with 4 elbows and 1 stopvalve. Proceeding again by trial and error, assume a 25 mm diameter pipe. Then the effective length would be: 28+ (4x1) =2644=32m By reference to Chart 3 of the loss of head through the ballvalve at a flow rate ot 1.8 Us would be 3 m, and (see Chart 4) the loss of head through a 25 mm stopvalve would be 27m. Then the available head would be: 42 - (16 +3 42.7) = 42-21.7 = 203 m a| CP 48 : 1989 Permissible loss of head per metre run of effective length of pipe would be: 203 == = 0.63 m per run a2 * O88 m Pe By reference to Chart 2, a 25 mm diameter copper tube under these conditions would deliver about 2.3 Lis which satisfies the requirements. If the calculation is repeated for a 20 mm diameter pipe it willbe found that the diameter will be insufficient. Therefore the pipe should be nat less than 25 mm diameter. A6 LOSS OF HEAD THROUGH METERS If there is a meter in the pipeline, it will be necessary to allow for the loss of head through the meter at the design rate of flow. The amount of such loss is given in Chart 5. A7 STORAGE CISTERN SUPPLIED SYSTEM The available head should be measured from the outlet of the cistern. Each pipe length between pipe junctions should be sized on a trial and error basis, The residual head at the end of each pipe length should be calculated taking into account head losses in pipework, fitings, valves, meters, etc. Itis to be noted in particular that the loss of head thraugh stopvalves and check valves is relatively large and therefore, suitable valves should be selected for use in the system. If a residual head Is arrived at that is negative or less than the head absorbed by the outlet or tap, or if an impractical pipe size Is indicated, the diameter of the preceding pipes should be adjusted and the procedure repeated.39) Design Flow Rate In Litres Per Second Chart 1. Loading units and dé ign flow rates cP 48 : 1989, Loading UnitsCP 48 : 1989 unk eNO/V 18g SNOW U| PEBH S807 ore 9 to $00" z09' 400" $000. __2000" 4000" \s0" Flow Rate In Litres Per Second ov os guna oF 0008 Toor 60g ‘002 or 08 eo z t ny eNeW\ 48d ANEW / OWEN a’NSSald 10 $507 Chart 2. Pipe sizing for copper and plastic pipesCP 48: 1989 10 1851212 Stand balvaee Ferlarge sas 08 mance iformation as ot a a 10 Flow Rate In Litres Per Second 02 5 16 immer Sealer roar East. a Loss Of Head In Metres Chart 3. Head loss through ballvaive orifices 45,CP 48 : 1989 Flow Rate In Litres Per Second 10 10 70 2 a 45 6 8 10 2s 456 Loss Of Head In Metres Chart 4, Head loss through stopvalves 46CP 48 : 1989 wieere s + ® Suojou seve YBnosMn $s0] PeEH “s HeYD (puccas 484 Saar) mol osetos + T ez bears sy f Head Loss (Metres) a7CP 48 : 1989 APPENDIX B STERILISATION OF INSTALLATION B.1_ CLEANING AND STERILISATION OF STORAGE CISTERNS Bad @ (b) (©) @ (e) oO Baz (a) (b) © (d) (e) 0} Cleaning Procedure The cleaning shall be undertaken by a Licensed Plumber. Open all manhole covers, to admit light, ventilation and for access. Workers shall wash their hands and feet with disinfectant before entering the tank. Equipment and tools used should not have sharp edges that may damage the inside ot the tank. The equipment and tools used shall be exclusively used for the cleaning of water tanks only and should be disinfected before every use. Clean the extemal of the tank cover. To prevent sludge from entering the discharge pipes, all outlets of discharge pipes shall be covered. The water in the tank shall be drained through the wash out pipe to a level of 150 to 200 mm from the bottom of the tank. The sludge should be placed in containers for disposal at the dumping ground. ‘The water tank shall be thoroughly washed and flushed out until itis free from any solids or other foreign matters which may affect the quality of water supply to customers. ‘Sterilisation Procedure ‘The sterilisation shalt be undertaken by a Licensed Plumber. ‘After the tank is cleaned, water is then fed in. Stetilising chemical containing chlorine is then gradually added while the tank is being filed to ensure thorough mixing. Safety procedures for the handling of such chemical must be observed. To sterilise the tank, add sufficient chemical to give the water a dose of 50 mgfltre of free chlorine (i.e. 50 ppm of free chlorine). if ordinary ‘bleaching powder’ (35% chlorine ‘concentration) is used, the proportion shalll be 150 g of powder per 1000 litres of water. Sodium hypochlorite solution may be used with equivalent concentration. ‘While water in the tank is being sterilised, all the distributing and discharge pipes must be closed tight and no water should be allowed to flow into these pipes as the water under sterilisation may not be safe for human consumption, Alter the tank is filled to the overflow level with sterilised water, the water is kept in the tank for at least 24 hours. The water in the tank is then drained off completely and the tank refilled with potable water. Water sample shall then be taken from at east 450 mm below the surtace of the water using a sampling can and sent to the authorised laboratory for bacteriological and chemical analysis. ‘The tank and the water can only be put into use after satisfactory test reports are obtained from the authorised laboratory. If the test reports are unsatisfactory, the sterlisation will have to be carried out again.(9) CP 48 : 1989 In cases where the tank cannot be shutdown for more than 24 hours, the following sterilisation procedure may be used: 1) Observe procedure (a) to (e) but add sufficient chemicals to give the water a dose ‘of 500 mg/L of free chlorine. Then keep the water in the tank for at least 2 hours, before draining off completely. ji) Following the draining and refiling to overflow level, the tank and water can be put into use. {i Water sample shall be taken at the same time and sent to the authorised ‘aboratory for analyses and confirmation, ©.2 PROCEDURE FOR STERILISATION OF WATER SERVICE PIPES (a) (b) (ce) @ ) 0 (9) (hy @ Steriisation of water service pipe shall be undertaken by a Licensed Plumber. Before commencing the sterilisation of water service pipes, adequate signboards shall be displayed to indicate that the service pipes are undergoing sterilisation and that the water shall not be consumed. Flush and drain the pipelines. The chiorinating system is then connected to the water service pipe at the proposed ‘meter position (see Figure 20). The chlorinating system consists of a water tank in which the sterilising chemical containing chlorine; and water (from temporary supply) is mixed to give a concentration of 50 ppm of free chiorine. The chlorinated water is then pumped into the service pipes by using suitable chemical feed pumps for feeding chlorinated water. When all the service pipes have been filled, the chlorinated water is maintained in the. system for 24 hours. The chlorinated water is drained away and the pipeline is flushed and filled with water, Water samples are taken for bacteriological and chemical testing by authorised laboratories. The flushing and sampling are repeated over the next two days. Pipeline can be commissioned after two consecutive tests [mentioned in (h)] are satistactory; otherwise the sterilisation procedure must be repeated.CP 48 : 1989 Standards (a) Pipes BS 21 BS 61 BS 1211 BS 2035 BS 2871: PL1 BS 4127 BS 4622 BS 4772 ss17 ss 141 ss 142 APPENDIX C LUST OF STANDARDS ON PIPES AND FITTINGS Titles Pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are made on the thread (metric dimensions) ‘Threads for light gauge copper tubes and fittings Centritugally cast (spun) iron pressure pipes for water, gas and sewage Cast iron flanged pipes and flanged fittings Copper tubes for water, gas and sanitation Light gauge stainless steel! tubes Grey iron pipes and fittings Ductile iron pipes and fitings Steel tubes suitable for screwing to BS 21 pipe thread Unplasticised PVC pipe for cold water service and industrial uses Steel pipes, fittings and specials for water, gas and sewage (b) Pipe joints and pipe fittings BS 21 BS 61 BS 143 & 1256 BS 864: Pt2 BS 1740 BS 1965 BS 2035 8S 2779 BS 4368 BS 4504: Pis 1&2 BS 4622 BS 4772 BS 4346 & 88174 BS 6283 Pipe threads for tubes and fitings where pressure-tight joints are made on the thread ‘Threads for light gauge capper tubes and fitings Malleable cast-iron and cast copper allay threaded pipe fittings Capillary and compression fitings for copper tubes Wrought steel pipe fitings (screwed BS 21 R-series thread) Butt welding pipe fittings for pressure purposes Cast iron flanged pipes and flangéd fittings Pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are not made ‘on the thread (metric dimensions) Compression couplings for tubes Flanges and bolting for pipes, valves and fitings, metric series Grey iron pipes and fitings Ductile iron pipes and fittings Joints and fittings for use with unplasticized PVC pressure pipe Safety devices for use in hot water systems 50CP 48 : 1989 ‘Standards Titles ()_Cisterns, tanks and cylinders Bs 699 Copper direct cylinders for domestic purposes. BS 853 Calotifiers and storage vessels for central heating and hot water supply BS 1566 : Pis 1 & 2 Copper indirect cylinders for domestic purposes. BS 3198 Copper hot water storage combination units for domestic purposes Bs 4213 Cold water storage and feed end expansion cistem (polyolefin or olefin copolymer) and cistern lids ss68 WG flushing cistern (including dual fush cisterns and flush pipes) SS 245 Glass reinforced polyester sectional water tanks () Taps and valves BS 1010 Draw-off taps and stopvalves for water services (screw-down pattern) BS 1212: Pls 1 & 2. Ballvalve (float-operated valves excluding floats) BS 1415: Ptt Non-thermostatic, non-compensating mixing valves, Bs 1968 Float for ballvalve (copper) BS 2879 Draining taps (screw-down pattern) BS 5154 Copper alloy globe, globe stop and check, check and gate valves. BS 5163 Predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for water works purposes. Bs 5433 Underground stopvalves for water services Ss 69 Floats (plastic) for float-operated valves for cold water cistern S875 Draw-off taps and stopvalves for water services {e) Boilers and water heaters BS 843 Thermal-storage electric water heaters (constructional and water requirements) BS 855 Welded steel boilers for central heating and indirect hot water supply (rated ‘output 44 KW to 3MW) BS 6283 Safety devices for use in hot water systems IEC 335-2-21 : Pt2 Particular requirements for storage water heater 51i CP 48 : 1989 Standards () Miscellaneous BS 1494 BS 1710 BS 2494 BS 3457 BS 5292 BS 5546 BS 5834 BS 5918 BS 6280 BS 6281 : PIs 1,2 &3 BS 6282 : Pis 1 to4 BS 8007 Titles Fixing accessories for building purposes \entitication of pipelines and services Materials for elastomeric rubber joint rings for pipework and pipelines Materials for water tap and stopvalves seat washers Jointing materials and compound for installations using water, low-pressure steam or tst, 2nd and 3rd family gases Code of practice for installation of gas hot water supplies for domestic purposes (2nd family gases) ‘Surface boxes guards and underground chambers for gas and waterworks, purposes Code of practice for solar heating systems for domestic hot water Method of vacuum (backsiphonage) test for water using apparatus Devices without moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow Devices with moving parts for the prevention of contamination of water by backflow Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquidsCP 48 ; 1989 [| ey Tarem 04 OL wep 1 nea oor ainyesoduoy y ainssala YASH YSLWM BOVHOLS aUNSSAud SNIVN 2. ord “L eunBia ‘one jos wnnoea no 53CP 48 : 1989 wiersks Aiddns Joye yoy e yo ynoke| jeordky “% esnby, 1wBi0H ~ 1H 210 ung ‘uy Addn so10m 104 ona uimjer-uon sionne dey: nen joo jeder Omnsso1g fodid wines veg nen Fayed whines uy soubiy 0g 01 ots AddingCP 48 : 1989, } 4 Wash mi Weer | } im { | } ; | Bodtoom i | ving ter position Lot boundary . a . Communicaen pba Drain J ‘Stopcock pt ‘Authoriys main Figure 3. Typical layout of water supply to building 55 neCP 48 : 1989 Fa — (obs = dat ==") conspicuous position) 2 Stopcock Diario. | ‘Shower !Stopcock Service pe Srpcocig _ i ‘ i 2200 ; i FF beac ' [Emeioge woul cover ; a 7 Ty orn 002035 Osos FINES E Bao ORO J ‘Senvcoldistrbuting pipes, storage cistom ‘appliances and titings to bo installed = by leensed water service plumber and ‘maintained by consumer Communication wo O ‘Stopoock me pit Authority 1 Communication pipe to be }— laigand maintained by tho — Autor Figure 4. Mode of water supply to bullding with highest level of fittings 25 m ‘above mean sea level but not exceeding 37 m above mean sea level 56CP 48 : 1989 _— Level ewiteh Control to pumps Cistern overflow Warning pipe (To discharge at ‘aconspicuous Position) ‘Soparate dstibuting ipo to serve only the topmost floor Distributing pipe to lower floors afrangomont I / Distributing pipes to Pressure reducing 7 valve obviate lower ‘excessive pressure floors to fitings at lower floors ‘arrangement 1 Non-return valves AC Pump delivery pipe to Covered storage ‘supply roof storage stern at Overtiow cisterns. ‘ground level Booster pumps (indupicaty ‘Sonsplious postion) re Warming pi From Auboriye main Maing pe Motor ‘conspicuous postion) Figure 5. System for raising and distributing water in high rise bulldings with single stage pumping 87oP 4g: 1969 High level stom Level gwitah ‘Waring pve 1 Codec ata z { Geepiouve pestion stopcock subnets Tobe rsiahod > 3 poston fr cy manors) sting ot Bre Pump celery ine eee oll oe : \ : TOT ror sting 1 communion pipe ot Non von vaies | ; i \ 1 in i i ' ree ; : ? Towra Waring pre (fo 7 hers main Maserineter ‘Stam’ cchane aa anslevuel ' positon : 1 tosh nat cane pups sowie F-7 "linc lnsalators tobe mariainod” ——} bby owner (excopt sub-meters) Figure 6. Schematic arrangement of metering to high rise residential apartmentsCP 48: 1989 a [L,Watning pipe (To discharge at a Hy" conspicuous positon) Warning pipo (To discharge at a es ‘conspicuous postion) = Intermediate cistrn to limit pressure on lowest fitings Duplicate pumps Non-return valves Waming pipe (To [ ata} _egnspicuous postion) CT] Duplicate pumps Non-retum valves Figure 7. System for raising and distributing water in high rise buildings with mutti-stage pumping 59CP 48 : 1989 sedjd yo Gunujor “e esnbi4 f uoyssaidwog IVEY 2d 1901S tutor uotssexdwoo ‘ongeindueUl-UON adi Joas wor pomeing “° | — oxi ois, sp 21s wor tor pepo azuaia 1 Avedeg eqn iodo “4 sours puy e0n, ioedo °S — “anjuas puy SanL soudeD cy as jets sss — sanyo oa gn soon ee ra 009 ee stre8 we sxe satc0 221109 uojssexduog uorsseidwog’ wf Aseivdeg 4 ndwiog open o2inrg —Aot ‘0 did edid oa 7 lays ssoUreys. sara soddoo dd fais sours passa e6ne6 yy6r) — ‘o6ne6 1y6r] 40 aqny seddog awjor peburly ~P wir OAd “> WHT PEPIEM IF8IS edd ond] yous 12S al UeAOS eee ° wt — ee 20409 ond poorest |b alt sou pve 09 uo 0855] edd ona] ae es] ies {wor vo-ysnd 60CP 48 ; 1989 Ground level 500mm (minimum) Mainiaying at side-table or grass verge Road ievel -COMPACTED UNWASHED * + + SAND OR GRANITE: + * + DUST BACKFILLING: - * SULED DELL LT iSpowe I Mainlaying at road Figure 9, Mainlaying in trench 6CP 48 : 1989 ‘SIN oS eee pews ssywaypo ssojun wuT oqo — Ly Payeds suesuowp je 20} 22Ues9}0), ‘Ayeoruen pexy seyew-ang “ot einbi4 ‘ww 0s F001 i i em out sp1emo .06 20 Sp poi oq snus speoy opuids yoodders posodxe ityCP 48 : 1989 ce Distributing} i Pipe Cr 200 20.5 “Spacing to be provided by encod plumber | +100 + 50, Floor level ‘Sido Elovation noTes [Al dimensions are in mm Tolerance forall dmonsions spociiod to beim unless olherwiee etatod oo 8 v ZA 2 _| Brass etbow Locer (Comprossion ond te 172 Torale BSP) ss Figure 11. Sub-meter fixed vertically and concealed in service duct %8 - g a & wir GS = oon 1916) 20013 Ayewozoy pexy 21eur-gng “ZL eunBjy paras sssuyo ssjun WU 24 ot poqeds svjevousp fe) eave. SEN: 01S _eqund posv221 ky popioid oqo Bupeds, (ones 7e9 1 aa ewes 21) wpoodas art |S. oJ val sree | ¥ Thue wojseauies oF dA oewe3 27) ‘none sseig | 6 cari mddeajons sees uu Zep | 2 ‘Tepue vorsteidwoo) ‘nore ssa | 1 Tone wed yea out ‘sp1emat 06 40 .¢¢ pou 04 isn speed ojpuids sypoadors pesodxe ilyCP 48 : 1989 Yonp eo|aias uy po|eaoues pue AyeWUOZHOY Pexy Je1eUKGNS “EL eunBid peas ae 3a seq | 2 (is vosseNWs a gSa eeweN aN) ‘mone #8818 |b ea Tea pas sgusyfo ssojun WILLE aq ot paypeds svosueuip oe eleCP 48 : 1989 JequozHoy Pexy Jee" “PL ANDI (soruedoid popu rong a HBB arbor sequnid pesveoy ‘a pepincid eq 01 Bupeds SEN eps Poles osmuouto ssojun WINK 09 of Poypads svo!suoUip jf 20) eouelo}0L. spiemar 06 20 sp pay eq snus pret) eppurds sypcodos posodxe ilyJejeus 619 ® 40} 19quieyo 9y8:0U09 40 yOUIq LeOIAAL “SL ound wu uy ave suosuoW Hy CP 48 : 1989 | Wg 00 67 SEN nen ©6484 , E . eo — - ‘On did ueig, = rep sejou anoge s2n09 pOBUN UIUIOOE x WIDE a ae < a aac) OsscP 48 : 1989 Cc (oun) Bunysy- quiesse seajen 4o0u9 eJGnop punoiB,epun jo Bulpooy wenedd oF ISB0} Aijeoquyoer s} u y! perdope eq o1) pum) Jereus Biq e 40} sequieyo eje1oU00 40 yoLNq Jea1dky “BOL esnBiy ‘u Ure suO}sUOWP fy isa et wa ano uresg id Ie ‘SanpeA yO84D- oun ee LC Ko 2001 2 BI Ig om offetiog 8 Buipooy juonsud iS ‘beue soneh = nen odor! opran—/} o6uetd ees ca £ | ° 3 — sp109 109) ¥en y ( x BN i | j is see | Vx ES T DY ost did ureug. Bt sequeey> ‘880008 are} of B ‘One suoqoes uf 09 0 0109 ks fp stow onogeJore0 poButy wun9e x wAuOOE ¥ pve sOpUC iin 4ug'9 Bupocore ou vogses tooo UL (svoneos U) ord poseebous unin a(senoey eBeureip epircid oF 20} Aquos 3 peidope eg 01) 3 (ou) SunyBiy-21y tay) Jereus Bq # 405 Joquieyo siesoUed 10 HUG IeOIGAL “got eunGla 8 tau waz suesuOUR ny 6 = 5 aa TS ah ig wo wsig 6 weg (aa a sara seo: KOI Hel---3 60 od weg, TS ‘spueq 100) ¥9NG It MM hig A Le, ad HN ns eu one ae 1 , CERTIFIED To SINGAPORE STANDARD Besides being engaged in standardisation and certtication work, SISIR is involved in several other programmes and activities in support of its mission. These include quality Promotion; laboratory accreditation; inspection and testing services; training and consultancy: calibration; patent and other technical information services; and research and development work. For further information on SISIR services and activities, please write to: sisiR P.O. 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