CHAPTER 28

HEAT TRANSFER

1. t1 = 90°C, t2 = 10°C 10 cm
–3
l = 1 cm = 1 × 10 m
2 –2 2
A = 10 cm × 10 cm = 0.1 × 0.1 m = 1 × 10 m
K = 0.80 w/m-°C
Q KA (1   2 ) 8  10 1  1 10 2  80
= = = 64 J/s = 64 × 60 3840 J.
t l 1  10  2 10 1 cm
2
2. t = 1 cm = 0.01 m, A = 0.8 m
1 = 300, 2 = 80
K = 0.025,
Q KA(1   2 ) 0.025  0.8  (30030 )
= = = 440 watt.
t l 0.01
2
3. K = 0.04 J/m-5°C, A = 1.6 m
t1 = 97°F = 36.1°C t2 = 47°F = 8.33°C
l = 0.5 cm = 0.005 m
Q KA (1   2 ) 4  10 2  1.6  27.78
= = = 356 J/s
t l 5  10  3
2 –4 2
4. A = 25 cm = 25 × 10 m
–3
l = 1 mm = 10 m
K = 50 w/m-°C
Q
= Rate of conversion of water into steam
t
100  10 3  2.26  10 6 10 1  2.26  10 6 4
= = = 0.376 × 10
1 min 60
Q KA (1   2 ) 4 50  25  10 4  (  100 )
=  0.376 ×10 =
t l 10  3
10 3  0.376  10 4 10 5  0.376
= 4
= = 30.1 ≈ 30
50  25  10 50  25
5. K = 46 w/m-s°C
l=1m
2 –6 2
A = 0.04 cm = 4 × 10 m
5
Lfussion ice = 3.36 × 10 j/Kg
0°C
Q 46  4  10 6  100 –8 –5
100°C
= = 5.4 × 10 kg ≈ 5.4 × 10 g.
t 1
6. A = 2400 cm2 = 2400 × 10–4 m2
–3
ℓ = 2 mm = 2 × 10 m
K = 0.06 w/m-°C
1 = 20°C
2 = 0°C
Q KA(1   2 ) 0.06  2400  10 4  20 –1
= = 3
= 24 × 6 × 10 × 10 = 24 × 6 = 144 J/sec
t  2  10
m Q 144 144  3600
Rate in which ice melts = = = Kg/h = Kg/s = 1.52 kg/s.
t t L 3.4  10 5 3.4  10 5
–3
7. ℓ = 1 mm = 10 m m = 10 kg
2 –2 2
A = 200 cm = 2 × 10 m
6
Lvap = 2.27 × 10 J/kg
K = 0.80 J/m-s-°C

28.1
 Heat Transfer
6
dQ = 2.27 × 10 × 10,
dQ 2.27  10 7 2
= = 2.27 × 10 J/s
dt 10 5
Again we know
dQ 0.80  2  10 2  ( 42  T )
=
dt 1 10  3
8  2  10 3 ( 42  T ) 2
So, 3
= 2.27 × 10
10
 16 × 42 – 16T = 227  T = 27.8 ≈ 28°C
8. K = 45 w/m-°C
–2 Q2 = 20°
ℓ = 60 cm = 60 × 10 m Q1 = 40°
2 –4 2
A = 0.2 cm = 0.2 × 10 m
Rate of heat flow,
KA (1   2 ) 45  0.2  10 4  20 –3
= = = 30 × 10 0.03 w
 60  10  2
2
9. A = 10 cm , h = 10 cm
Q KA(1   2 ) 200  10 3  30
= = = 6000
t  1  10  3
Since heat goes out from both surfaces. Hence net heat coming out.
Q Q 
= = 6000 × 2 = 12000, = MS
t t t
–3 –1 
 6000 × 2 = 10 × 10 × 1000 × 4200 ×
t
 72000
 = = 28.57
t 420
So, in 1 Sec. 28.57°C is dropped
1
Hence for drop of 1°C sec. = 0.035 sec. is required
28.57
–2
10. ℓ = 20 cm = 20× 10 m
2 –4 2
A = 0.2 cm = 0.2 × 10 m
1 = 80°C, 2 = 20°C, K = 385
Q KA(1   2 ) 385  0.2  10 4 (80  20) –4 –3
(a) = = = 385 × 6 × 10 ×10 = 2310 × 10 = 2.31
t  20  10  2
(b) Let the temp of the 11 cm point be 
 Q
=
l tKA 20°C 80°C
 2.31
 = 11 cm
l 385  0.2  10  4
  20 2.31
 2
=
11  10 385  0.2  10  4
2.31  10 4
  – 20 =  11 10  2 = 33
385  0.2
  = 33 + 20 = 53
11. Let the point to be touched be ‘B’
No heat will flow when, the temp at that point is also 25°C
100 cm
i.e. QAB = QBC
C B A
KA(100  25) KA(25  0)
So, = x 100–x
100  x x
 75 x = 2500 – 25 x  100 x = 2500  x = 25 cm from the end with 0°C

28.2
 Heat Transfer
3
12. V = 216 cm
2 2
a = 6 cm, Surface area = 6 a = 6 × 36 m
Q
t = 0.1 cm = 100 W,
t
Q KA(1   2 )
=
t 
K  6  36  10 4  5
 100 =
0.1 10  2
100
K= = 0.9259 W/m°C ≈ 0.92 W/m°C
6  36  5  10 1
13. Given 1 = 1°C, 2 = 0°C
–3
K = 0.50 w/m-°C, d = 2 mm = 2 × 10 m
–2 2
A = 5 × 10 m , v = 10 cm/s = 0.1 m/s
Power = Force × Velocity = Mg × v
dQ KA(1   2 )
Again Power = = M
dt d
KA(1   2 )
So, Mgv =
d
KA(1   2 ) 5  10 1  5  2 1
M= = = 12.5 kg.
dvg 2  10  3  10 1  10
3
14. K = 1.7 W/m-°C ƒw = 1000 Kg/m
5 –2 –0°C
Lice = 3.36 × 10 J/kg T = 10 cm = 10 × 10 m
Q KA(1   2 )  KA (1   2 ) KA(1   2 ) 10 cm
(a) =  = =
t  t Q mL
0°C
KA (1   2 ) 1.7  [0  ( 10)]
= =
At ƒ w L 10  10  2  1000  3.36  10 5
17
 10  7 = 5.059 × 10 ≈ 5 × 10 m/sec
–7 –7
=
3.36
(b) let us assume that x length of ice has become formed to form a small strip of ice of length dx, dt time
is required.
dQ KA ( ) dmL KA ( ) Adx ƒL KA ( )
=  =  =
dt x dt x dt x
dx ƒL K (  ) xdxƒL
 =  dt = x
dt x K (  )
l
t ƒ L t ƒ L  x 2  ƒ L l 2 dx
 0
dt =
K( ) 0 
xdx t=   =
K( )  2 
o
K 2
Putting values

t=

1000  3.36  10 5  10  10 2
=
2
3.36
 10 6 sec. =
3.36  10 6
hrs = 27.45 hrs ≈ 27.5 hrs.
1.7  10  2 2  17 2  17  3600
15. let ‘B’ be the maximum level upto which ice is formed. Hence the heat conducted at that point from both
the levels is the same.
Let AB = x A –10°C
Q Q K ice  A  10 K water  A  4
i.e. ice = water  = x
t t x (1  x ) 1 cm

1.7  10 5  10 1  4 17 2 1–x
 =  =
x 1 x x 1 x C 4°C
17
 17 – 17 x = 2x  19 x = 17  x = = 0.894 ≈ 89 cm
19
28.3
 Heat Transfer
16. KAB = 50 j/m-s-°c A = 40°C
KBC = 200 j/m-s-°c B = 80°C
KAC = 400 j/m-s-°c C = 80°C
–2
Length = 20 cm = 20 × 10 m
2 –4 2
A = 1 cm = 1 × 10 m
Q AB K  A ( B   A ) 50  1 10 4  40
(a) = AB = = 1 W.
t l 20  10  2
Q AC K  A(C   A ) 400  1 10 4  40 –2
(b) = AC = = 800 × 10 = 8
t l 20  10  2
QBC K  A ( B   C ) 200  1 10 4  0
(c) = BC = =0
t l 20  10  2
KA(1   2 )
17. We know Q =
d
KA (1   2 ) KA (1   2 )
Q1 = , Q2 =
d1 d2
KA (1  1 )
Q1 2r 2 r r
= r = = [d1 = r, d2 = 2r]
Q2 KA (1  1 ) r 
2r
18. The rate of heat flow per sec.
dQ A d
= = KA
dt dt
The rate of heat flow per sec.
dQB d
= = KA B
dt dt
This part of heat is absorbed by the red.
Q ms d
= where = Rate of net temp. variation
t dt dt
msd d d d  d d 
 = KA A  KA B  ms = KA  A  B 
dt dt dt dt  dt dt 
d –4
 0 .4  = 200 × 1 × 10 (5 – 2.5) °C/cm
dt
d -4
 0 .4  = 200 × 10 × 2.5
dt
d 200  2.5  10 4 –2
 = °C/m = 1250 × 10 = 12.5 °C/m
dt 0.4  10  2
19. Given
Krubber = 0.15 J/m-s-°C T2 - T1 = 90°C
We know for radial conduction in a Cylinder
120°C
Q 2Kl(T2  T1 )
=
t ln(R 2 / R1 )
2  3.14  15  10 2  50  10 1  90
= = 232.5 ≈ 233 j/s. 50 cm
ln(1.2 / 1)
dQ
20. = Rate of flow of heat
dt
Let us consider a strip at a distance r from the center of thickness dr.
dQ K  2rd  d
= [d = Temperature diff across the thickness dr]
dt dr

28.4
 Heat Transfer

K  2rd  d  d 
C=
dr c  dr  dr
 
r
dr
 C = K2d d r1
r
Integrating
r2 2 r2
dr
   Clog r r2 = K2d (2 – 1)
r
C = K2d d
r 1
r1 1

r 
 C(log r2 – log r1) = K2d (2 – 1)  C log  2  = K2d (2 – 1)
 r1 
K 2d( 2  1 )
C=
log(r2 / r1 )
21. T1 > T2
2 2
A = (R2 – R1 )
2 2
KA (T2  T1 ) KA (R 2  R1 )(T2  T1 )
So, Q = =
l l T2
R2 R1
Considering a concentric cylindrical shell of radius ‘r’ and thickness
‘dr’. The radial heat flow through the shell
T1
dQ d
H= = – KA [(-)ve because as r – increases  l
dt dt
decreases]
d
A = 2rl H = –2rl K
dt
R2 T2
dr 2LK
or 
R1
r
= 
H  d
T1

Integrating and simplifying we get

dQ 2KL(T2  T1 ) 2KL( T2  T1 )
H= = = 
dt Loge(R 2 / R1 ) ln(R 2 / R1 )
22. Here the thermal conductivities are in series,
K 1A(1  2 ) K 2 A(1   2 )

l1 l2 KA (1   2 )
 =
K 1A(1   2 ) K 2 A(1   2 ) l1  l2
 L1
l1 l2
K1 K 2 L2

l l2 K
 1 =
K1 K 2 l1  l 2

l1 l2
K 1K 2 K (K 1K 2 )(l1  l2 )
 = K=
K 1l 2  K 2l1 l1  l2 K 1l2  K 2l1
23. KCu = 390 w/m-°C KSt = 46 w/m-°C
Now, Since they are in series connection,
So, the heat passed through the crossections in the same.
0°C Cu Steel 100°C
So, Q1 = Q2
K  A  (  0) K  A  (100  ) °C
Or Cu = St
l l
 390( – 0) = 46 × 100 – 46  436  = 4600
4600
= = 10.55 ≈ 10.6°C
436
28.5
 Heat Transfer
24. As the Aluminum rod and Copper rod joined are in parallel
Q Q Q 40°C
=     
t 80°C Cu
 1  Al  t  Cu
t Al 80°C

KA(1   2 ) K A(1   2 ) K 2 A(1   2 )

 = 1 
l l l
 K = K1 + K2 = (390 + 200) = 590
Q KA (1   2 ) 590  1 10 4  (60  20) –4
= = = 590 × 10 × 40 = 2.36 Watt
t l 1
25. KAl = 200 w/m-°C KCu = 400 w/m-°C
2 –5 2
A = 0.2 cm = 2 × 10 m
–1
l = 20 cm = 2 × 10 m
Heat drawn per second
K Al  A(80  40) K Cu  A(80  40) 2  10 5  40
= QAl + QCu =  = [200  400] = 2.4 J
l l 2  10 1
Heat drawn per min = 2.4 × 60 = 144 J
26. (Q/t)AB = (Q/t)BE bent + (Q/t)BE
KA (1   2 ) KA (1   2 )
(Q/t)BE bent = (Q/t)BE =
70 60
(Q / t )BE bent 60 6
= = D C
(Q / t )BE 70 7
0°C A
E B 100°C
(Q/t)BE bent + (Q/t)BE = 130 F
20 cm 60 cm 20 cm
 (Q/t)BE bent + (Q/t)BE 7/6 = 130
7  130  6
   1 (Q/t)BE bent = 130  (Q/t)BE bent = = 60
6  13
Q 780  A  100
27. bent =
t 70
60 cm
Q 390  A  100
str = 5 cm 5 cm
t 60
(Q / t ) bent 780  A  100 60 12 20 cm 20 cm
=  =
(Q / t ) str 70 390  A  100 7
Q KA(1   2 ) 1 2  1( 40  32)
28. (a) = = = 8000 J/sec.
t  2  10  3 1 mm
 
(b) Resistance of glass = 
ak g ak g
g a g

Resistance of air =
ak a
  
Net resistance =  
ak g ak g ak a

  2 1    2k a  k g 
=  = 

a  kg ka   a  K gk a 

1 10 3  2  0.025  1 
=  
2  0.025 
1 10 3  1.05
=
0.05
Q   2 8  0.05
= 1 = = 380.9 ≈ 381 W
t R 1 10  3  1.05

28.6
 Heat Transfer
29. Now; Q/t remains same in both cases
K  A  (100  70) K  A  (70  0) 70°C
In Case  : A = B 100°C
  A 0°C
B
 30 KA = 70 KB
K  A  (100  ) K  A  (   0)
In Case  : B = A
 
°C
 100KB – KB  = KA  100°C
B 0°C
70 A
 100KB – KB  = KB 
30
7 300
 100 =    = = 30°C
3 10
30. 1 – 2 = 100
Q   2
= 1 0°C Al Cu Al 100°C
t R
    2 1    4  1  1
R = R1 + R2 +R3 =   =    =   =
aK Al aK Cu aK Al a  200 400  a  400  a 80
Q 100 a
=  40 = 80 × 100 ×
t  / a 1 / 80 
a 1
 =
 200
For (b)
l l l
 
R CuR Al R CuR Al AK Al AK Cu AK Al
R = R1 + R2 = R1 + = RAl + =
R Cu  R Al R Cu  R Al l l
 R2
A Cu A Al
R1 Cu R 100°C
l l l l  1 1  l 4
=   =   =  Al Al
AK Al A K Al  K Cu A  200 200  400  A 600
Q   2 100 100  600 A 100  600 1
= 1 = = =  = 75
t R l / A 4 / 600 4 l 4 200
Al
For (c)
1 1 1 1 0°C Cu 100°C
1 1 1
=   =  
R R1 R 2 R 3 l l l Al
aK Al aK Cu aK Al
T3 T2
a a a
= (K Al  K Cu  K Al ) = 2  200  400  = 800  F E
l l l
QB QC
l 1
R=  B
a 800 C D
Q   2 100  800  a QA
 = 1 =
t R l
A
100  800 T1
= = 400 W
200
31. Let the temp. at B be T
T2
QA Q Q KA(T1  T ) KA(T  T3 ) KA(T  T2 ) T3
= B  C  =  F E
t t t l l  (l / 2) l  (l / 2)
QB QC
T1  T T  T3 T  T2
 =   3T1 – 3T = 4T – 2(T2 + T3)
l 3l / 2 3l / 2 C D
3T1  2(T2  T3 ) QA
 – 7T = – 3T1 – 2(T2 + T3) T=
7 T1 A

28.7
 Heat Transfer
32. The temp at the both ends of bar F is same
Rate of Heat flow to right = Rate of heat flow through left
 (Q/t)A + (Q/t)C = (Q/t)B + (Q/t)D
K (T  T )A K C (T1  T )A K (T  T2 )A K D (T  T2 )A
 A 1  = B 
l l l l
 2K0(T1 – T) = 2 × 2K0(T – T2)
 T1 – T = 2T – 2T2
T  2T2
T= 1
3

33. Tan  =
r2  r1
=
y  r1 
L x
 xr2 – xr1 = yL – r1L
Differentiating wr to ‘x’
dx d
Ldy Q
 r2 – r 1 = 0
dx (r2 – r1) r2
dy r r dyL y
 = 2 1  dx = …(1)
dx L r2  r1  r1

Q Ky 2 d dx x 

2
Now =  = ky d
T dx T
Ldy 2
 = Ky d from(1) L
r2r1
QLdy
 d
(r2  r1 )Ky 2
Integrating both side
2 r2
QL dy
 
1
d =
r2  r1 k 
r1
y
r
QL   1 2
 (2 – 1) =  
r2  r1 K  y  r 1

QL 1 1
 (2 – 1) =   
r2  r1 K  r1 r2 
QL r  r 
 (2 – 1) =   2 1
r2  r1 K  r1  r2 
Kr1r2 ( 2  1 )
Q= 
L
d 60
34. = = 0.1°C/sec
dt 10  60
dQ KA
= 1  2 
dt d
KA  0.1 KA  0.2 KA  60
=   ....... 
d d d
KA KA 600
= (0.1  0.2  ........  60) =   (2  0.1  599  0.1)
d d 2
[ a + 2a +……….+ na = n/2{2a + (n – 1)a}]
200  1 10 4 200  10 2  300  60.1
=  300  (0.2  59.9) =
20  10  2 20
= 3 × 10 × 60.1 = 1803 w ≈ 1800 w

28.8
 Heat Transfer
35. a = r1 = 5 cm = 0.05 m
b = r2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
1 = T1 = 50°C 2 = T2 = 10°C 20
Now, considering a small strip of thickness ‘dr’ at a distance ‘r’. cm 5 cm
2
A = 4 r
2 d
H = – 4 r K [(–)ve because with increase of r,  decreases]
dr
b dr 4K 2
=
a r2
=
H 1
d On integration,

dQ 4ab(1   2 ) dr
H= = K
dt (b  a)
Putting the values we get
K  4  3.14  5  20  40  10 3 a
= 100 b
15  10  2 r

15
K= = 2.985 ≈ 3 w/m-°C
4  3.14  4  10 1
Q KA (T1  T2 ) KA (T1  T2 )
36. = Rise in Temp. in T2 
t L Lms
KA (T1  T2 ) KA(T1  T2 )
Fall in Temp in T1 = Final Temp. T1  T1 
Lms Lms
KA (T1  T2 )
Final Temp. T2 = T2 
Lms
T KA(T1  T2 ) KA (T1  T2 )
Final = T1   T2 
dt Lms Lms
( T1  T2 )
2KA(T1  T2 ) dT 2KA(T1  T2 ) dt 2KA
= T1  T2  
Lms
=
dt
= 
Lms


( T1  T2 )
(T1  T2 )
=
Lms
dt

(T1  T2 ) / 2 2KAt 2KAt 2KAt Lms

 Ln =  ln (1/2) =  ln2 =  t = ln2
(T1  T2 ) Lms Lms Lms 2KA
Q KA(T1  T2 ) KA (T1  T2 )
37. = Rise in Temp. in T2 
t L Lm1s1
KA (T1  T2 ) KA(T1  T2 )
Fall in Temp in T1  Final Temp. T1 = T1 
Lm 2 s 2 Lm1s1
KA (T1  T2 )
Final Temp. T2 = T2 
Lm1s1
T KA(T1  T2 ) KA (T1  T2 )  KA(T1  T2 ) KA (T1  T2 ) 
= T1   T2  = T1  T2     
dt Lm1s1 Lm 2 s 2  Lm1s1 Lm 2 s 2 
dT KA T1  T2   1 1  dT KA  m 2 s 2  m1s1 
 =      =   dt
dt L  m1s1 m 2 s 2  T1  T2  L  m1s1m 2 s 2 

KA  m2 s 2  m1s1 
 lnt =   t  C
L  m1s1m2 s 2 
At time t = 0, T = T0, T = T0  C = lnT0
KA  m1s1  m2s2 
  t
T KA  m 2 s 2  m1s1  T L  m1s1m2s2 
 ln =   t  = e
T0 L  m1s1m 2 s 2  T0
KA  m1s1  m2s2  KA  m1s1  m2s2 
  t   t
L  m1s1m2s2  L  m1s1m2s2  
 T = T0 e = T2  T1  e

28.9
 Heat Transfer

Q KA(Ts  T0 ) nCP dT KA(Ts  T0 )

38. =  =
t x dt x
n(5 / 2)RdT KA(Ts  T0 ) dT 2LA ℓ
 =  = (TS  T0 )
dt x dt 5nRx
dT 2KAdt 2KAdt
 =   ln(TS  T0 )TT0 =  x
(TS  T0 ) 5nRx 5nRx
2KAt
TS  T 2KAdt 
 ln =   TS – T = (TS  T0 )e 5nRx
TS  T0 5nRx
2KAt 2KAt
 
 T = TS  ( TS  T0 )e 5nRx = TS  (TS  T0 )e 5nRx


2KAt  
2KAt 
 T = T – T0 = (TS  T0 )  (TS  T0 )e 5nRx = (TS  T0 )  1  e 5nRx 
 
 
Pa AL  
2KAt 
P AL
 = (TS  T0 )  1  e 5nRx  [padv = nRdt PaAl = nRdt dT = a ]
nR   nR
 
nR  
2KAt 
L= (TS  T0 )  1  e 5nRx  
Pa A  
 
2 –8 2 4
39. A = 1.6 m , T = 37°C = 310 K,  = 6.0 × 10 w/m -K
Energy radiated per second
4 –8 4 –4
= AT = 1.6 × 6 × 10 × (310) = 8865801 × 10 = 886.58 ≈ 887 J
2 –4 2
40. A = 12 cm = 12 × 10 m T = 20°C = 293 K
–8 2 4
e = 0.8  = 6 × 10 w/m -k
Q 4 –4 –8 4 12 –13
= Ae T = 12 × 10 0.8 × 6 × 10 (293) = 4.245 × 10 × 10 = 0.4245 ≈ 0.42
t
41. E  Energy radiated per unit area per unit time
Rate of heat flow  Energy radiated
(a) Per time = E × A
eT 4  A 4r 2 1
So, EAl = 4
= 2
= 1:4
eT  A 4(2r ) 4
(b) Emissivity of both are same
m1S1dT1
= =1
m 2S 2 dT2
dT1 m S s 4r 3  S 2 1   900
 = 2 2 = 1 13 = =1:2:9
dT2 m1S1 s 2 4r2  S1 3 . 4  8  390
Q 4
42. = Ae T
t
4  4 100
T = T =
teA 0.8  2  3.14  4  10  5  1  6  10  8
 T = 1697.0 ≈ 1700 K
2 –4 2
43. (a) A = 20 cm = 20× 10 m , T = 57°C = 330 K
4 –4 –8 4 4
E = A T = 20 × 10 × 6 × 10 × (330) × 10 = 1.42 J
E 4 4 2 –4 2
(b) = Ae(T1 – T2 ), A = 20 cm = 20 × 10 m
t
–8
 = 6 × 10 T1 = 473 K, T2 = 330 K
–4 –8 4 4
= 20 × 10 × 6 × 10 × 1[(473) – (330) ]
10 10
= 20 × 6 × [5.005 × 10 – 1.185 × 10 ]
–2
= 20 × 6 × 3.82 × 10 = 4.58 w from the ball.

28.10
 Heat Transfer
–3
44. r = 1 cm = 1 × 10 m
–2 2 –4 2
A = 4(10 ) = 4 × 10 m
–8
E = 0.3,  = 6 × 10
E 4 4
= Ae(T1 – T2 )
t
–8 –4 4 4
= 0.3 × 6 × 10 × 4 × 10 × [(100) – (300) ]
–12 12
= 0.3 × 6 × 4 × 10 × [1 – 0.0081] × 10
–4
= 0.3 × 6 × 4 × 3.14 × 9919 × 10
–5
= 4 × 18 × 3.14 × 9919 × 10 = 22.4 ≈ 22 W
45. Since the Cube can be assumed as black body
e=ℓ
–8 2 4
 = 6 × 10 w/m -k
–4 2
A = 6 × 25 × 10 m
m = 1 kg
s = 400 J/kg-°K
T1 = 227°C = 500 K
T2 = 27°C = 300 K
d 4 4
 ms = eA(T1 – T2 )
dt


d
=
 4
eA T1  T2
4

dt ms
1 6  10 8  6  25  10 4  [(500 ) 4  (300) 4 ]
=
1 400
36  25  544
 10  4 = 1224 × 10 = 0.1224°C/s ≈ 0.12°C/s.
–4
= 
400
4 4
46. Q = eA(T2 – T1 )
For any body, 210 = eA[(500)4 – (300)4]
For black body, 700 = 1 × A[(500)4 – (300)4]
210 e
Dividing =  e = 0.3
700 1
2 2
47. AA = 20 cm , AB = 80 cm
(mS)A = 42 J/°C, (mS)B = 82 J/°C, B

TA = 100°C, TB = 20°C A
KB is low thus it is a poor conducter and KA is high.
Thus A will absorb no heat and conduct all
E  d 
 mS A   =
4 4 4 4
  = AA [(373) – (293) ] AA [(373) – (293) ]
t
 A  dt  A
 d 
   =

A a (373 ) 4  (293 ) 4=
 
6  10 8 (373 ) 4  (293 ) 4
= 0.03 °C/S
 dt  A (mS ) A 42
 d 
Similarly   = 0.043 °C/S
 dt B
Q 4 4
48. = eAe(T2 – T1 )
t
Q –8 4 4 –8 8 8
 = 1 × 6 × 10 [(300) – (290) ] = 6 × 10 (81 × 10 – 70.7 × 10 ) = 6 × 10.3
At
Q KA (1   2 )
=
t l
Q K(1   2 ) K  17 K  17 6  10.3  0.5
 = = = 6 × 10.3 = K= = 1.8
tA l 0 .5 0 .5 17
28.11
 Heat Transfer
–8 2 4
49.  = 6 × 10 w/m -k 300 K
L = 20 cm = 0.2 m, K=?
KA(1   2 ) 4 4
E= = A(T1 – T2 )
d 750 K
800 K
s(T1  T2 )  d 6  10 8  (750 4  300 4 )  2  10 1 20 cm
K= =
1  2 50
 K = 73.993 ≈ 74.
50. v = 100 cc
 = 5°C
t = 5 min
For water
mS  KA
= 
dt l
100  10 3  1000  4200 KA
 =
5 l
For Kerosene
ms KA
=
at l
100  10 3  800  2100 KA
 =
t l
100  10 3  800  2100 100  10 3  1000  4200
 =
t 5
5  800  2100
T= = 2 min
1000  4200
51. 50°C 45°C 40°C
Let the surrounding temperature be ‘T’°C
50  45
Avg. t = = 47.5
2
Avg. temp. diff. from surrounding
T = 47.5 – T
50  45
Rate of fall of temp = = 1 °C/mm
5
From Newton’s Law
1°C/mm = bA × t
1 1
 bA = = …(1)
t 47.5  T
In second case,
40  45
Avg, temp = = 42.5
2
Avg. temp. diff. from surrounding
t = 42.5 – t
45  40 5
Rate of fall of temp = = °C/mm
8 8
From Newton’s Law
5
= bAt
B
5 1
 =  ( 42.5  T )
8 ( 47.5  T )
By C & D [Componendo & Dividendo method]
We find, T = 34.1°C
28.12
 Heat Transfer
52. Let the water eq. of calorimeter = m
(m  50  10 3 )  4200  5
= Rate of heat flow
10
(m  100  10 3 )  4200  5
= Rate of flow
18
(m  50  10 3 )  4200  5 (m  100  10 3 )  4200  5
 =
10 18
–3 –3
 (m + 50 × 10 )18 = 10m + 1000 × 10
–3 –3
 18m + 18 × 50 × 10 = 10m + 1000 × 10
–3
 8m = 100 × 10 kg
–3
 m = 12.5 × 10 kg = 12.5 g
53. In steady state condition as no heat is absorbed, the rate of loss of heat by
conduction is equal to that of the supplied.
i.e. H = P 30°C
m = 1Kg, Power of Heater = 20 W, Room Temp. = 20°C
d
(a) H = = P = 20 watt T
dt
(b) by Newton’s law of cooling 20°C
t
d
= K( – 0)
dt
–20 = K(50 – 20)  K = 2/3
d 2 20
Again, = K( – 0) =  (30  20) = w
dt 3 3
 dQ   dQ  20  dQ  10
(c)   = 0,   =   =
 dt  20  dt  30 3  dt  avg 3
T = 5 min = 300 
10
Heat liberated =  300 = 1000 J
3
Net Heat absorbed = Heat supplied – Heat Radiated = 6000 – 1000 = 5000 J
Now, m = 5000
5000 5000 –1 –1
S= = = 500 J Kg °C
m 1  10
54. Given:
Heat capacity = m × s = 80 J/°C
 d 
  = 2 °C/s
 dt  increase
 d 
  = 0.2 °C/s
 dt  decrease
 d 
(a) Power of heater = mS  = 80 × 2 = 160 W
 dt  increa sin g
 d 
(b) Power radiated = mS  = 80 × 0.2 = 16 W
 dt  decrea sin g
 d 
(c) Now mS  = K(T – T0)
 dt  decrea sin g
16
 16 = K(30 – 20) K= = 1.6
10
d
Now, = K(T – T0) = 1.6 × (30 – 25) = 1.6 × 5 = 8 W
dt
(d) P.t = H  8 × t

28.13
 Heat Transfer

d
55. = – K(T – T0)
dt
Temp. at t = 0 is 1
(a) Max. Heat that the body can loose = Qm = ms(1 – 0)
( as, t = 1 – 0)
(b) if the body loses 90% of the max heat the decrease in its temp. will be
Q m  9 (  0 )  9
= 1
10ms 10
If it takes time t1, for this process, the temp. at t1
9 101  91  90   9 0
= 1  (1  0 ) = = 1 1
10 10 10
d
Now, = – K( – 1)
dt
Let  = 1 at t = 0; &  be temp. at time t
 t
d
 
  o 
  K dt 
0

  0
or, ln = – Kt
1  0
–kt
or,  – 0 = (1 – 0) e …(2)
Putting value in the Eq (1) and Eq (2)
1  90 –kt
 0 (1 – 0) e
10
ln 10
 t1 =
k




28.14