James Lee

Davis
AP World History/4th Period
13 March 2011

Chapter 27 Reading Notes

1. Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

* Japan began to reforms to become more Western in attempts to become more modern.
* Russia and Japan both went through a “Westernization.”
2. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance
* Russia's reform period began in 1861 with the emancipation of the serfs. Russian leaders tried
to combine change with continued tsarist autocracy. (617)
* Holy Alliance – Monarchies of Russia, Prussia, and Austria combine together in an alliance
for defense. (Religious idea)
* Decembrist Uprising – Western-oriented revolt of army officers in 1825.
* Crimean War – Western forces vs. Russian forces in the Black sea (backyard of Russia).
Russia lost this war, described as a “reluctant war.”
* Emancipation of the serfs – A very generous liberation of serfs, more generous than the
liberation of slaves in the Americas.
*Zemstvoes – Political councils (created by the tsar). Had a political voice in regulating roads,
schools, and other regional policies.
* Trans-Siberian Railroad – Created in the 1870's, connects European Russia with the Pacific.
Completed by the end of the 1880's.
* Count Sergei Witte – Minister of Finance of Russia. Led the economic modernization of
Russia. 1892 – 1903. Enacted high tariffs to protect new Russian industry, improved its banking
system, and encouraged Western inventors to build factories with advancing technology.
3. Protest and Revolution in Russia
* Change and also the limits of change destabilized Russian society. Marxist leaders helped
focus unrest. (622)
* Intelligentsia – A radical group, Russian term for articulate intellectuals. Started to become
increasingly active. Exploited the slow development of Russia's political activity.
* Anarchists – Russian radicals who looked to abolish all government.
* Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov – Also known as Lenin. Was a Marxist leader, brother was hanged
after trial. Introduced important Marxist theories after his arrest by the political police. Came
from a bureaucratic family.
* Bolsheviks – A group of Russian Marxists that were animated by Lenin's new approach. They
were called the “majority,” but in reality, they were the minority.
* Russo-Japanese War – War between Russia and Japan because of Japan's fear that Russia
would soon expand all the way into Korea and have influence there. The end result was Russia's
loss and Japan's victory. Broke out in 1904.
* Duma – Russian national parliament, tsar was pressured into creating it, he was unable to
repress civil uprisings started by urban crowds.
* Stolypin Reforms – Peasants gained more freedom from redemption payments and villiage
controls.
* Kulaks – A minority of aggressive entrepreneurs. Began to buy additional land.
4. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
* Western pressure forced Japan to consider reforms beginning in the 1850's. Japan was able to
combine existing strengths and traditions with significant reform. (625)
* Dutch Studies – A minority group referred to by the Japanese.
* Terakoya – Commoner schools that taught reading, writing, and rudiments of Confucianism.
* Matthew Perry – American Commodore that sailed to Japan with a squadron to force Japan
into trading with America.
* Japanese imperialism was ending. As trading began, shogunates disappeared as the emperor,
who used to just be a figurehead, gained power again over the samurai.
* Samurai revolted several times, but all revolts were put down with federal military.
* Most samurai went into businesses once they were no longer needed.
* Zaibatsu – 1890's – Huge industrial combines.
* Sino-Japanese War – Japan's victory over China for influence in Korea. Japan's first step for
expansion. Proof of Japan's superiority over other Asian powers at the time.
* Many Japanese conservatives greatly opposed Western reforms.
* Japan introduced a universal education system.
- Provided primary schools for everyone, basic education. These schools stressed science
and the importance of technical subjects along with political loyalty to the nation and
emperor.
* Some Japanese urged for a strong navy for fear of an impending attack by Western powers.
* New Meiji government abolished feudalism and went about replacing daiymos in 1871.