Ufology often seems to come down to a choice between extraterrestrial visitors and some as yet unknown natural phenomenon but, as DR DAVID CLARKE reveals, a now largely forgotten counter-theory was of infiltration by demons from the fiery pits of Hades. Illustration by MICK BROWNFIELD. aegtee “You'd better pray tothe Lord when gou see thse fying saucers mag be the coming of the judgement day...” Charles Green & Gy Cohen, “When YouSee Those Flying Saucers" Oct 1947, ince the 1950s, the dominant, and certainly the ‘most popular, hypothesis in ufological and public discourse has been that flying saucers and their occupants represent highly intelligent visitations from outer space. From an early stage with a few exceptions the majority of ufologists appear to have believed the nature and intentions of the “visitors” were benevolent —either to keep an eye on our progress towards, joining the “intergalactic federation’ or towarn us thar our nuclear experiments were “upsetting the balance of the Universe”, But even proponents of the Extra- ‘Terrestrial Hypothesis (or ETH) have had to contemplate the effect that open ‘contact with an ET race might have ‘upon human societies, particularly in its spiritual implications. Much speculation hhas been published on the impact such an event would have upon religion, especially fundamentalism. Oddly ‘enough, theologians -who would appear tobe the most obvious experts to offer advice on spiritual matters have had litte to say on the subject. There is for instance, no rigid Christian dogma on life beyond Earth or on the nature and origin of UFOs, ‘This reluctance to commit has infuriated some Christian groups, particularly those who promote extreme interpretations of the UFO phenomenon. Ou the one hand there isa group of evangelicals - mainly Americans, such as Dr Billy Graham - who have said the UFO occupants, Roo aay FLYING SAUCERS rd ray be angels sent by God to watch over us. The best- Jenova exponent ofthisideais the Presbyterian minister Rev Barry Dovrning, author af Flying Saucers an the Bible. Downing appears tobe open minded about aliens as part of God's creation and to look tothe scriptures for evidence of early ET contacts Acthe opposite end of the spectrum are some members of the Chaistian Orthodox Church? who find it impossible ‘to accept that there is anv goodness in the elusive and contradictory nature of UFO behaviour. The most extreme ‘expression of this view is that there can be no ETs because life on other planets is not mentioned in the Bible. tsa point of view that leads its proponents toa further conclusion: if thereare no aiensin the Bible and the UFO occupants aren't angels, then {UFOs can only be demonic in origin. What the opposing sidesin the “UFOs are angelsidemons” debate have in commonis their acceptance ofthe notion that if we can have good ‘UFO occupants then we can also have evil ones (and Satan is,after all, according to Christian tradition, a fallen angel) They also share the concepts of the Antichrist and the imminence of the Second Coming of Jesus predicted inthe Book of Revelation Billy Graham, for instance, has been quoted as saying that the angelic UFO occupantshave been sent to help us “fight he demons in the prelude tothe Second Coming of Christ”, Furthermore, a 2002 Time/CNN poll found that 58 per cent of those quizzed accepted the literal truth of the ‘End Times’ predicted inthe Book of Revelation, ® And the pol found that many believe that the final battle with theAntichrist will rake place in their own lifetime While some ufologists have attempted to make outa case for hostile aliens in the tradition of HG Wells, none of these. scenarios are as interesting as the ones conjured up in the fundamentalist literature on UFOs, founded as they are upon traditions which date back to mediaeval demonology. Ti you vere only to read the ‘serious’ UFO literature you might be forgiven for believing such a theory in which demonic or evil forces are controlling the UFOs ~ belongs, like David Icke's famous reptilians, solely to the natic fringe”, just one ‘more crazy idea in a gamut of crackpot notions, However, this, ‘would be far from the truth - demonology has played a very influential, and largely overlooked, role in the development of ufology both in the United States and Britain, Probably the best-known books promoting the demonic theory of UFOs are John Weldon & Zola Levit’s UFOs: What on Earth is Happening? and Dr Clifford Wilson’s UFOs & Their Mission Impossible, both published in the 1970s These ‘ree writers represent a very vocal faction of Christian fundamentalists who have written on the subject. Weldon & Levitt pull no punches in setting out their stall: UFOs are manifestations of demonic activity, and the increasing number of UFOs in our skies is the result of demons gathering for the coming of the Antichrist. From, this point of view, evidence idemtifying the UFO ‘occupants as fallen angels is plentiful in the Bible, if you know where to look and how to interpret obscure passages appropriately. More recently, writers in the same ‘tradition have pointed to the wave of alien abduction claims as proof that Satan's hordes have been let loose on the world. They are out to steal our souls and deceive us into a false religion, especially by promoting such ideasas ancient astronauts and evolution rather than Creation, BA ron on.eaith escaas THE COMING INVAS crane) LEFT: The ‘fallen Ange’ Satan plummets from Heaven. stration by Gustave oré for Milton's Parade Lost. ASPACE-AGE DEMONOLOGY wanted to discover how far these extreme views were reflected in British ufology. Initially, thought there was little evidence; then T scratched beneath the surface and found a ‘mountain of literature and even a society dedicated to promoting the demonic theory. The former editor of Britain's Fluing Saucer Review, Gordon Creighton, was until his recent death the best-known demonologist in the UK. But ‘what is not so well known is that, as recently as 1996, a group of ‘concerned ufologists’ which included Creighton and the founding President of BUFORA, Graham Knewstub, privately circulated a report warning of the demonic origins of UFOs, ‘The UFO Concern Report was copied to several hundred ufologists, MPs and peers of the realm and was endorsed by none other ‘than Lord Hill-Norton, a former British Chief of Defence Stat Hill-Norton, who died in 2003, shortly after Creighton, is usually quoted by UFO proponents as someone who, given his military contacts, should have known what hhe was talking about. So its interesting to find Hill-Norton writing, in the memorandum which launched the report, that UFOs were “essentially a religious matter” rather than military threat from outer space, and that furthermore: “There is certainly a degree of psychical involvementin almost every case. Quite often, however, such experiences are definitely antithetical to orthodox Christian belief” ‘The UFO Concern Report was a “restricted edition” aimed at alerting “tap people” to the dangers posed by UFOs and ‘abductions. While Hill-Norton’s memo was published in FSR, itgot very little publicity in the mainstream UFO press. Some of the big names who initially supportedit later distanced themselves because they didn’t agree with the emphasis placed by the report's author, sub-deacon Paul Inglesby, on the spiritual dangers posed by UFOs Inglesby was, before conversion to the Orthodox faith, an Anglican priest by the name of Rev Eric Inglesby. Iris largely through his and Gordon Creighton’s influence that the demonic explanation of UFOs has been kept alive in Britain Born in 1915, Inglesby is probably Britain's Tongest serving UFO theorist, with contacts at the highest level both in the church and in the British establishment. Much of what has been written on this subject in the UK emanates from his persistent and meticulous writings, even though most ufologists I've questioned have never heard of him. Inglesby is also unique in that his interest began a whole decade before the flying saucer era, In 1938, while serving with the Royal Navy under Lore Mountbatten, he contracted a tropical disease and was left dangerously ill for three months, During this time he underwent a “devastating spiritual experience”, during which he saw visions of a future atomic war and demonic forces controlling space ships and nuclear weapons, While trapped in this timeless limbo, “...not only did I witness future events, in a ‘mental telepathic sort of way, but throughout the whole of this timea battle was raging for possession of my soul”.Fortunately, Inglesby’s prayers were answered and he was saved from the clutches of the demonic forces. Following, his baptism of fire, he naturally remained on the lookout for ‘evidence of evil influences. When the first reports of flying saucers appeared in British newspapers in 1947, Inglesby felthis visions were about to become reality. He found the extraterrestrial hypothesis, prevalent in the media and ufology, an unsatisfactory explanation for the phenomenon. Gradually, hhe-came to believe the contaets and messages passed on by the UFO occupants were, at least partly, demonic in origin. Conversion to Christianity followed and in 1964 he was ordained asa priest in the Church of England. His conversion to the Orthodox Church came in 1980 following a meeting with FrSeraphim Rose at a monastery in California, Fr Rose had ‘written a treatise on UFOs as demonie signs which proved to be highly infiuential on Inglesby’s developing theories. The monk advised him to take refuge in orthodox doctrine so that he would have spiritual protection in the campaign against flying saucery tat was to occupy much of his ite Like other fundamentalists, nglesby saw the decline of traditional religion and the arrival ofNew Ageand UFO- based religious cults such as the Moonies as a sign that the End Times were imminent Of course, this wasn’t a new idea, or one exclusive to Christians. As forteans are well aware, belief in the approaching apocalypse isa massively important theme throughout, the history of ufology. tis particularly associated with UFO cults whose leaders have predicted world cataclysms:in ‘messages supposedly passed on by the space people. Fundamentalists, however, interpret these messages as being demonically inspired. Before the End Times can arrive, Satan ‘must implement his evil plan for world domination. In order fort to succeed, large numbers of people ~ particularly those in high places - will be brainwashed or possessed by evil spirits in order to prepare them for the final battle on the side of the Antichrist. Thisidea of a creeping take-over alarmed those who believed UFOs were demonic in origin, Not for them the War ofthe Worlds invasion of aliens with machines and death rays. They feared a more deadly takeover of human souls and the horrifying idea of crossbreeding between demons and human beings to create hybrid creatures. The famous Antonio Villas Boas UFO abduction case from Brazil provided the demonologists withthe evidence they ‘were looking for when it was published in FSR. This amazing story ofa sexual liaison with a female alien, ‘which took place on board a UFO in 1957, did not ‘emerge in the UFO literature until 1965. Ever since, the sexual theme has continued to turn up in abduction narratives, so much so that Inglesby was able to state, ina letter to PSR published in 1993, that: “All the evidence points to quite a simple solution [to the ‘UFO abduction mystery], namely that wicked spiritual powers for some time have [...] been stealing human sperm ‘and ova [..] however, these genetic ingredients most probably are NOT crossed with their own genetic stuf (if any)... but are being used... to create pseudo human beings] probably thousands, iffnot millions, of these creatures somehow, somewhere, now exist. Inevitably they must be soulless, and thus can be easly possessed and completely controlled by evil spirits {the aliens’) Their ultimate purpose can only be the takeover of planet Earth by invasion, Trojan-horse fashion.” ONE WOMAN SAID THAT FLYING SAUCERS WERE A SIGN OF THE WORLD'S END DEMONIC IDEAS IN THE NEW UFOLOGY Ac the opening of the UFO era in 1947, the ETH was just one of a number of competing theories for the origin of flying saucers. When the very first Gallup poll was carried out in the US, the ETH did not even figure in the results. But when asked “What do you think the saucers are?” one woman responded by “citing Biblical text... and] said it was asign of the world’s end”. ® However, even at this, stage, more ancient devil traditions from folklore were becoming entwined with the UFO narratives. Probably the most obvious examples the Men in Black, or MIB, a piece of ufological folklore which began with the story of Albert K Bender, founder of the US- based International Flying Saucer Bureau. Bender learned the ultimate source of the saucers in 1953 and decided to reveal what he knew. What happened next islegend: three sinister men dressed in black suits paid hima visit, having intercepted his letter. The ‘MIB visit affected him so profoundly that he discontinued all further involvement with ufology and shut dow his saucer club. Bender had an obsessive interest in the occult and black magic as well as fying saucers, so perhapsit is hardly surprising that he was visited by the devil. His experience, though, had far-reaching ‘consequences in that it tended to alert some of the more religious members of flying saucer clubs to the spiritual ‘dangers of involvement in lying saucery. As a result, schism ‘occurred, with some saucer groups actively avoiding any associations with the occult such as were rife among the contactee movement. But the spiritual connotations of flying saucers would not go away. Ly the late 1960s, many mainstream nfologists ‘were growing disenchanted with the subject. The Tong-predicted landings on the White House lawn. bad failed to materialise and the truth about UFOs seemed as elusive as ever. In some cases, uufologists turned away from the ETH and looked instead to occult and supernatural explanations. Journalist and author John Keel and, toa lesser extent, the French computer scientist Jacques Vallee, were leaders of the so-called ‘new ufology’.Keel’s theory of ultraterrestrials* supernatural entities which coexist with mankind ina parallel universe - proved ‘immensely popular among LEFT Gordon Creighton, Tongtime editor of Flying Saucer Review. ran 35uncon2006 ABOVE: Aredtop scar story fom the 1970s, BOTTOM: Pui Ingesb,frmery Rev Eiclglesby, who warned of the spiritual dangers of UFOs and wrote UFOs andthe Christian 1978. ufologists who were looking for an alternative to the ETH. Keel claimed he could contact the UFO entities via messages relayed by contactees and even via the telephone (ina similar fashion to spitit mediums) These encounters led him to conclude that the intentions of the UFO occupants were sinister. ln his Operation Trojan Horse, he wrote: “The UFOnauts are the liars, not the contactees. And they are lying deliberately as part ofthe bewildering smokescreen which they have established to cover their real origin, purpose and motivation.” Although Keel avoided religious conclusions and claimed tobe an atheist, his ultraterrestrials were, in effect, identical to the angels and demons of old. Flying Saucer Review was one of the main conduits for these Keelianloccult views, whose influence reached every UFO group and society in Britain. When Gordon Creighton took aver editorship, the demonic theories were promoted with renewed energy. By 1976,he could write in a review of one of Vallee’ books that: “Demons... are here already in immense strength.” They were busily selecting those people whose genetic stock was needed for crossbreeding, Even worse, the demonic entities were programming these slaves to commit violence and controlling puppets in Government todo their evil bidding ‘These were peculiar views, even for a UFO publication, Creighton was following Inglesby in forging a demonological interpretation of ufology.a package that contained some disturbing ingredients such as extreme right wing politics and raging paranoia, During his long editorship, these bizarre views found a homein the very mouthpiece of ‘serious’ ufology. For atime, anyone who was anyone in the subject read FSR. And, as aresult, number of very well known names ‘were dravin into this web ~including some of those {rom Britain's largest UFO organisation, BUEORA.. ‘Three former chairmen of BUFORA, including the founding President, Graham Knewstub, along with Capt Ivar Mackay and Roger Stanway, ‘became convinced that UFOs were of demonic origin. Both Knewstab and Stanway were originally ‘elievers in nuts-and-bolts spacecraft, Dut their views changed when their involvement in ufology ‘came into direct conflict with their religious beliefs. TnNovermber 1976, Stanway stunned his friends and colleagues by resigning 36 rms as chairman and severing all, contact with the subject. In his resignation letter of November 1976, he explained that he and his wife had been “born again” 2 part of a massive Christian revival that was sweeping through the world, He added that: “Furthermore, Inow believe that the UFO phenomenon has Satanic origins” You coutd dismiss Stanway as an isolated cexaample of someone who ‘was pre-inclined to religious fundamentalism but chat ‘wouldn't necessarily be true, and he isn’can isolated example. Pethaps the most bizarre story of all concerns the BUFORA investigator for South Wales, Randall Jones Pugh, who died in 2003. Pugh ~a retired veterinary surgeon - was a God- fearing man who investigated the West Wales UFO flap of 1977 that became known as the “Welsh Triangle”. Initially, he was another believer in ET visitors but gradually his views changed. During his investigations, Pugh looked into 4 range of weird happenings centred upon a remote part of the Pembrokeshire coast: lightsand objects hovering in the sky, mysterious silversuited figures peering into farmhouse swindows, cowering animals, a herd of cattle teleported from ‘one part of a farm to another, and poltergeists plaguing a amily of UFO witnesses, ’By 1980, he had concluded that the ‘UFO occupants were evil supernatural entities, and came to believe ufologists were placing themselves in both physical and spiritual danger. Soon afterwards, like Roger Stanway before him, Pugh left uflogy and burned his collection of ‘books and slides. These actions followed a series of personal experiences that, he claimed, “were too frightening to talk about” ike Pugh, the Rev Anthony Millican’s interest in evil aliens cane from personal experience. One night in April 1968, he was out for stroll with his wife near his vicarage on the outskirts of Bristol. Suddenly, the couple saw a glowing, dome shaped object hovering close to the ground just a few hundred feet away. It was transparent and appeared to rotate silently on its axis; both felt “uncanny and chilling” sensations, Millican said: I don’t think the thing saw was mechanical atall. [got the distinct impression that it was alive." He felt the UFO was evil, and made a report of i to the Bishop of Bristol and to the police, who searched the area but diew a blank, ® CHRISTIANS vs THE SPACE PEOPLE In May 1977,a group of priests and former ufologists came together as a result of an advert placed in the The Church Times. In the advert, Brie Inglesby had invited all those who were concerned by the growing public interest in UFOs and aliens to joina new Christian UFO Research Association. Although membership of CHRUFORA never rose above 40, the society had associates from all denominations of the Christian faith. It included ufologists such as Knewstub, Stanway and Pugh and clergy such as, Inglesby, Millican and several bishops. ‘The association pledged to fight against what it saw asthe rising tide of oceultismQueen Elizabeth I ‘and to do everything in its power to warn others about the evil influence of flying saucery, which was “fraught with danger for ‘the unwary and riddled with heresy and false belief” CHRUFORA saw the imminent release of the Steven Spielberg film Clase Encounters of the Third Kind as the most ‘ebvious focus for their campaign launch. Inglesby described the massive popularity ofthe film as “slow poison, more deadly ‘even than The Exorcist”. The use by Spielberg of the Devil's ‘Tower monument in Viyoming as the focal point ofthe film’s final close encounter was clear evidence to CHRUFORA of the ‘movie's demonic inspiration. Members also identified a number of other evil elements in the plot. For example, those contacted by the aliens are subject to form of ‘mind control (demonic possession) that ives them an overwhelming desire to make their way to the ‘Devil's Tower. At the climax of the movie, the UFO entities are portrayed as benevolent and angelic, and ~as all well-informed demonologists know ~Satan’s demons are able to disguise themselves as‘angels of light’ to deceive world leaders. Rey Millican’s reaction to the opening of the film in his native Bristol was to set up a stall in the foyer of the Odeon Film Centre. By June 1978, aver 150,000 people had passed through; there were plenty of souls o save. During his campaign, he handed out 4,000 leaflets warning cinemagoers that UFOs were not ETs but “the devil's messengers”, ‘Millican’s display was in direct opposition to the message of the local UFO dub and the Aetherius Society - which had 20 stalls ofits own at cinemas up and down the country but his demonic message seems to have been the most newsworthy. ‘While Millican was saving souls in Bristol, Inglesby was more concerned about the spiritual welfare of the Royal Family. Her Majesty the Queen, he felt, was in grave spiritual danger it she allowed herself tobe seen to publicly endorse the film, In February 1978, he learned to his horror that both the Queen and Prince Philip had been persuaded to see it for the benefit of a charity. In desperation, he appealed to the Archbishop of, Canterbury and to Lord Mountbatten, urging them to intervene and warning that Her Majesty's presence might prove * disastrous” for the Royal Family: In the event, the Queen, along with Prince Philip and Lord ‘Mountbatten both of whom were long-standing flying saucer enthusiasts ~ attended the starspangled Royal Premiere on 14 March, apparently without any intervention by demonic forces. ‘Having failed in their campaign against Close Encounters, (CHRUFORA had more success in their bid to make their ‘mark on the House of Lords UFO Debate initiated by ufologist ith Earl Mountbatten - Paul Inglesby warned them against attending the premiere of Close Encounters The Third Kind 1976), ABOVE RIGHT: The Devi’s Tower, Wyoming, as seen in the Spielberg film. Lord Clancarty (Brinsley Le Poer'Trench), [twas through the intervention of Inglesby and CHRUFORA that the Archbishop of Canterbury asked Maurice Wood, the Bishop of Norwich, to speak in the debate, held in January 1979.In his contribution, he said he was anxious about the dangers posed by UFO cults and pseudo-eligions “obscuring basic Christian truth” and added: “Some Christian researchers suggest that those who ‘become deeply involved in the religious aspects of the UFO situation come under psychic domination which can cause serious distress to them in their personal lives.” ‘Through the 1980s, public interest in UFOs and the occult duvindled and Inglesby’s group felt it had achieved some success, at least insofar as the general consensus had moved against “an obsessive, unhealthy interest in UFOs now seen as, ‘occult phenomena”. BATTLEFIELD EARTH So why did the demonic theory of UFOs become such a popular explanation from the late 1960s and early 1970s on? And how many ufologists and, indeed, members ofthe public, give credence to thisidea today? I suspect there may be a link between belief in a ddemonic origin for UFOs and the wider “occu revival” recognised by the sociologist Marcello ruzzi (see FT208: 58-50) He categorised the revival into four main areas of popular fascination: Astrology; Satanism and Witchcraft; Parapsychology; and Eastern mysticism, “Fying saucers” appeared only in a fifth‘waste basket category containing ‘areas which he believed had “small scape and influence or are na STuncon2006 3B vos nan actual state of decline”. Few detailed studies have been carried out into the relationship between religious and UFO beliefs. Asa result, it is difficult to assess how many people subscribe to the angelic / demonic origin of UFOs. There have been few opinion polls in the UK, butif we look at the most recent US Gallup poll from 1996 we find that 48 per cent of respondents believe UFOs are real and not figments ofthe imagination, Proponents of the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis tend to interpret the result as ‘meaning that nearly half the population believe UFOs are ET visitors ~ butis this really the case? ‘Much depends on what ismeant by “real”. For many religious people, the Deril is very much a physical, living reality. Certainly, his evil influence is as real to them as are the Greysto those who believe in alien abductors. Indeed, it seemed that, inthe USA at least, belief inthe devil had easily overtaken the ETH in the run up to the Millennium. A succession of polls published by the Center for Policy Research found belief in the devil increased from 37 per cent in 1964 to 48 per cent in 1973.2 The latest Gallup poll, in 1995, found this had risen to 65 per cent ~ more than those who believe UFOs are “real”! ‘We can now appreciate why the demonic theory has retained its popularity for so long and why it appears to be the only answer that makes sense to many people. Quite simply, as Gareth Medway has recognised, demonic theories have an, advantage over all other ufological hypotheses. Many people ‘want an answer to the mystery that leaves no ambiguities, and no residue of unexplained cases.Those who seek to explain UFOs as weather balloons, mirages, ball lightning, ‘earth lights’ or ET craft can make their case only by distorting or ignoring evidence that does nat ft -or by suppressing it. Levit, UFOs: wnat on Ean is Happening?, Harvest, Calforna, 1978. According to ‘the Intreduction, Weldon is 2 researeh eo for te Christian Research institute and Let is 2 Hebrew Christian who “met the Lorin 1971" Cfo vison, UFOs & Their Mission Impossible, Slane, New York, 1974, 4c Inslesby, UFOs andthe Christin, Regency Press, 1878, NOTES {1 The Orthodox Church or Eastern Orthodox Church is defined by the OED as “a Chistian Church cor federation of Churches acknowledging the authority of the patriarch of Constantinople, ‘tginatng in the Church of the Byzantine empire. 22 88¢ News Online, 6 Aon 2003, ohn welkon and Zola LEFT: Howard and Marla Menger, who were ‘warned by an extraterrestrial contact that Earth was the battlefield of Armageddon and they should rely on prayer, good thoughts and caution. ‘An American Orthodox priest, FrThomas Kulp, summarised the superiority ofthe demonic theory over all others inthis way: “If we are being visited by extraterrestrials, no unified and coherent hypothesis has yet been offered to explain the multifarious ‘worldwide motifs of alien contact... There isnot single UFO incident on record that cannot be explained asa demonic deception or apparition.” So, if you believe the devil and his army of demons are real, everything can be explained. As the devil has unlimited powers, n0 UFO story is too absurd or ‘contradictory, as this is just what would be expected if their source were a ‘demonic one. Bearing this in mind, we can appreciate why this theory proved so attractive to ufologists like Creighton and Inglesby, who had searched in vain fora satisfactory answer. For ufologists ofa paranoid or apocalyptic mindset - with which the subject seems beset the idea of an invasion by evil forces (whether alien or Satanie) can explain all the baffling and contradictory aspects a the UFO mystery. ‘What we are witnessing isa reenactment of some very ancient myths and legends common to many of the world’s religious traditions. The most obviousis the ongoing bette forthe souls ‘of mankind between the opposing forces of light and dark, good and evil, God and the Devil, played out in a technological setting ‘where spaceships replace traditional religious imagery Perhaps thats what the space people who visited New Jersey signwriter and contactee Howard Menger in 1956 were trying to communicate. As well as telling him they were from Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, introducing him to space music and the delights of space potatoes, they informed him that there were both good and bad space people, and that the bad ones could disguise themselves. When Menger asked how a mere mortal was able to tell them apart, one ofthe spacemen turned and looked at him sadly, saying: “My friend, this Earth is the battlefield of Armageddon, and the bait is for men’s minds and souls. Prayer, good thoughts and caution are your best insulation.” ‘AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY DDRDAVID CLARKE lectures on supernatural beliefs and urban legend at Shelfield University’s Centre for English Cultural Wadiion. Heisaregule Freotrbutor andauthor of The AngefofMons(2008) 8 Fying Saucer Review Vol 14/4, 1088, 9 Sundoy People, 23 Ap 1978. 40 Marcell Muze, “The Oocult Revival as Popular Culture" Scvioloaica! Quarter 13, 1972, :u Ronald Stony, Te Space Gods Revected, 1976, 22 Gareth Medvay, neient ‘Astronauts, Gods and Greys,” ‘Magenia 6, 1998. '§ See Bob Durant, “Public Opinion Pals and UFOS", Evans & Stacy (ets), FO 184797, Jon Brown Publishing, 1987. 6 Peter Rojcenicz, “The Men in Black Experience and Tradition,” Journal of America Foifore 100, ‘patiune 1987 See Dad latte, “Brtan's x Fes: The Welsh Tange,” F200; 24-28, July 2005,