N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 11.

775
Compiled by Taronyu (Richard Littauer)
www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: February 22nd , 2011

This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
the film Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Frommer. Thanks
are certainly to be given to the following people for their monumental efforts: Dr. Frommer,
Tuiq, and everyone on the Learn Na’vi site who uses this document.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorisation: parentheses indicate «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: I have included periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots
to show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii).
Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or
their transitivity is unable to be deduced. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will
be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if
an enclitic as added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that allomorp-
hs, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological
rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary n. = noun

+ = leniting morpheme boundary num. = number
« » = infix morpheme part. = particle
adj. = adjective ph. = phrase
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop. n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction v. = verb
c.w. = compound word svin. = stative intransitive verb
dem. = demonstrative vtr. = transitive verb
intj. = interjection vin. = intransitive verb
inter. = interrogative

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorised by Parts of Speech are pro-
vided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian,
German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations in
other languages available.

1
Sources
I have sourced every word as best as I could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the IPA
transcription, and tells where I, or the source from which I received a word, initially got their
word from Frommer. In early March, Frommer sent us a list of words which he had: these are
the definitive source now, and not the ASG. Some words are not present in that list, but have
been confirmed by Frommer if they are here. Words that are modified by unproductive affixes
are included here if Frommer has used them: words that have a modified semantic meaning
due to a productive affix have also been included likewise. In order of canonicity, from most
to least:

• PF = Paul Frommer
• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = the Avatar Games
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-
merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Frommer then legalised. Frommer legalised some pronounciation errors made
during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon regardless. Finally, Frommer has deigned so-
me constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM and Carle Meyer and Skx-
awng. LN is for LearnNavi, where the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Frommer, the divisions have ˆ ˆbeenˆ split in ac-ˆ
cordance with the Maximum Onset Principle.

I have edited this dictionary too many times not to assume that it will have errors. Rutxe, if
you note any, let me know here, and I will change them. As for version number, I’ll change the
first digit when there is a big change. I’ll update .0x0 when I make a significant, but not large
change. Finally, I’ll edit the .00x number when I’ve made tiny edits. Refer to the Change Log
for explanation.
Many, many thanks are to be given to Tuiq, who took the time and had the skill to put this
dictionary into an online database, to help other translators and make the process of changing
this dictionary much easier.

2
P
’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used
with countable nouns in the singular form)
’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F v. touch
’ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound)
’aw: [Paw] P F num. one
’awkx: [Pawk’] P F n. cliff
’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past)
’awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once
’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp
’awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual
’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w.
from ’aw one and teng same, equal)
’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. join two
things together (ii) (c.w. from ’awsiteng to-
gether and yem put)
’awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived
from ’aw one)
’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete
’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move
’e’al: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst
’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive
’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F v. attack
’ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic)
’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook
’emyu: ["PEm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived
from ’em cook)
’en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-
tuition
’engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level
’en si: [PEn s·i] P F vin. make an informed guess
(derived from ’en guess)
’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
’evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
from ’evengan boy)
’eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
from ’evenge girl)
’eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child
’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from
’eveng child)
3
’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from
’eveng child)
’evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
’eveng child)
’ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young
’ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant
"
’eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend
’eyng: [P·EjN] P F v. answer, respond
’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
eight)
’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude
’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son
’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter
>
’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)
’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay
’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral
’ìn: [P·In] P F vin. be busy, be occupied
’o’: [PoP] P F adj. bringing fun, exciting
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance
’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri-
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)
’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient)
(derived from ’ok remembrance and vur sto-
ry)
’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta
’ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta
(derived from ’om purple)
’ong: [P·oN] P F v. unfold, blossom
’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok’] P F vin. be born (c.w. from
’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)
’opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color, colour
’ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake
’u: [Pu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
’upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’upxare: [Pu."p’a.RE] P F n. message
A
a: [a] P F sbd. which, that
–a–: [a] P F affix adjectival attribution and
subordination marker
akrrta: [a."kr.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of" takrra (c.w. from krr krr and ta
from)
alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready
alìm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (de-
rived from lìm far, be far)
alo: ["a.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a
number of repeated or recurring actions
alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (deri-
ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for
adpositions)
alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the rea-
son
apxa: [a."p’a] P F adj. large
asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de-
rived from sim near, be near)
atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan
light)
äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual)
äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. below
ätxäle: [æ."t’æ.lE] P F n. request
eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived
from ean blue, green)
ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green
ekxan: [E."k’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction
eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)
eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] P F vin. be
interesting, intriguing (c.w. from eltu-r brain
(dative) and tìtxen awakeness)
4
atxkxe: [at’."k’E] P F n. land
atxkxerel: [at’."k’E."REl] P F n. map (c.w. from
atxkxe land and rel picture)
au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo-
eng we)
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived
from po he, she)
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
tion of ay+lahe–ru)
aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
from nga you)
ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from oe I)
ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
es)
ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing)
(never plural u)
ätxäle si: [æ."t’æ.lE s·i] P F vin. request (with
tsnì clause for object) (c.w. from ätxäle re-
quest and si make)
eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo-
fing off (c.w. from eltu brain and si do, make)
emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr. pass (a test), over-
come (c.w. from za’u come)
eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favourable, favorable,
auspicious
eyawr: [E.j"awR] P F adj. correct, right
eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F v. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
eyk lead)
F
fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell
fay+: [faj] P F prefix these (c.w. from fì this and
ay+ plural)
fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top
few–: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the oppo-
site side of
fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase
>
fewtusok: ["fEw.tsok^] P F adj. opposite, on the
opposite side (derived from few– across)
fì–: [fI] P F prefix this
fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u
thing)
fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived
from fya’o path)
fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived
from kem action, deed)
fìpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one (person or thing)
(derived from po he, she)
fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day)
" >
fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv. here, this place
(derived from tseng place)
fìtxan: [fI."t’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de-
rived from txan great, much)
fìtxon: [fI."t’on] P F adv. tonight (derived from
txon night)
fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F v. peel
fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
specified agent)
fkxake: ["fk’·a.k·E] P F v. itch
fkxen: [fk’En] P F n. vegetable (food)
flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F v. test
fmi: [fm·i] P F vtr. try, attempt (with the subjun-
ctive)
fnan: [fn·an] P F vtr. be good at
fnawe’: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly
fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived
from fnawe’ cowardly)
fne–: [fnE] P F prefix kind, type (derived from
fnel kind, type)
5
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind allomorph
of pefnel
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
fnu: [fn·u] P F v. quiet, be quiet
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)
fpak: [fp·ak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action
fpe’: [fp·EP^] P F vtr. send
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial)
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit
of
fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think
fpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok’] P F n. health (physical)
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)
fpxäkìm: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] P F v. enter
fra’u: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from
’u thing)
frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (de-
rived from" krr time)
fralo: ["fRa.lo] P F adv. every time, every instance,
each time (derived from alo time)
frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from
po he/she)
frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than
all (behaves like an adp.)
fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived
from trr day)"
>
fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (deri-
ved from tseng place)
fratxon: [fRa."t’on] P F adv. every night (derived
from txon night)
frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything
is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything
and zo be well)
frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite
frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit
"
frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor
"
ftang: [ft·aN] P F v. stop
ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w.
from ft«awn»em pass by " (passive participle
form) and krr time)
ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right)
fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
ctive verb in dependant clause)
ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something)
ftia: [ft·i.·"a] P F vtr. study
ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple
ftxavang: ["ft’a.vaN] P F adj. passionate
ftxey: [ft’·Ej] P F vtr. choose
ftxey: [ft’Ej] P F conj. whether, or
ftxì: [ft’I] P F n. tongue
ftxìlor: [ft’I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)
ftxìvä’: [ft’I."væP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
ftxozä: [ft’o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa-
sion
fu: [fu] P F conj. or
fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
and ke not)
ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case
ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon
hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)
hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh
hapxì: [ha."p’I] P F n. part
hapxìtu: [ha."p’I.tu] P F n. member (derived
from hapxì part)
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished
hawl: [h·awl] P F v. prepare
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance
hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from
" hol: [hol] P F adj. few
hawng overabundance and krr time)
hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. protect, shelter
hay: [haj] P F adj. next
hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from
hay next and alo time)
hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
expected
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object)
heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit
hiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
6
fula: ["fu.la] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul
this (agentive) and a subordinator)
furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
fì’uri this (topical) and a subordinator)
futa: ["fu.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t
this (patientive) and a subordinator)
fwa: [fwa] P F pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and a
subordinator)
fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
fya’o: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner
fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how allomorph of pe-
fya
fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t’·u] P F vin. guide (with
dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
and wìntxu show)
fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
from fyeyn ripe, mature)
hì’ang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)
hì’i: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size)
hìkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
from hì’i" little, small and krr time)
hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hìmtxampe: [hIm."t’am.pE] P F inter. how much
allomorph of pìmtxan
hìmtxan: [hIm."t’an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hìm small and txan much)
hìno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-
cate (of things)
hìtxoa: [hI."t’o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived
from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)
holpxay: [hol."p’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
hol few and pxay many)
holpxaype: [hol."p’aj.pE] P F inter. how many
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
hu–: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
>
hultstxem: [h·ul."tst’·Em] P F vtr. hinder
hum: [h·um] P F v. leave, depart
I
i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument
io–: ["i.o] P F adp. above
ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast
ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] P F adp. by, via, following
ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry
ka–: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly
kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from
rel image, picture)
kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello
kaltxì si: [kal."t’I s·i] P F vin. say hello, greet (c.w.
from kaltxì hello and si make)
kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)
kan: [k·an] P F v. aim (can take subjunctive modal
construction)
kan’ìn: [k·an.P·In] P F vtr. focus on, specialize in,
be particularly interested in (derived from ’ìn
be busy)
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with
ngay true)
kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent (for a
person)
kar: [k·aR] P F v. teach
karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar
teach)
kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm
kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ s·i] P F vin. betray (c.w. from
kavuk treachery and si make)
kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. at all, not at all (see
ke...kaw’it not...at all) (c.w. from ke ’aw not
one and ’it bit)
kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and " krr time)
kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil
kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and tute person)
kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late
afternoon
kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go
7
irayo: [i."Raj.o] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
irayo si: [i."Raj.o s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
(c.w. from irayo thanks and si make)
ìpxa: [I."p’a] RL,P F n. fern
kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from
kä go and ’ärìp move)
kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F v. ride out (c.w.
from kä go and makto ride)
käpxì: [kæ."p’I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
from kä go and hapxì part)
>
käsatseng: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w.
from kä go and tseng place)
käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang
out with
ke: [kE] P F adv. not
ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart,
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
ke’u: ["kE.Pu] P F pn., adv. nothing, nothing at
all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing)
kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun)
keftxo: [kE."ft’o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
’How sad!’
kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right?
(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-
tion marker)
kehe: ["kE.hE] P F adv. no
kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok’] P F adj. unhealt-
hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)
kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house
kelku si: ["kEl.ku s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (c.w.
from kelku home and si make)
>
keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w.
from ke not and tsun be able)
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed
kemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
action and lì’u word)
kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
from kemlì’u verb)
kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) allo-
morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action,
deed)
kem si: [kEm s·i] P F vin. do (c.w. from kem ac-
tion, deed and si do)
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as
kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] P F v. model, re-
present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and
nong follow)
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke
not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))
keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke
not and teng same, equal)
ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien
kew: [kEw] P F num. zero
kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien
key: [kEj] P F n. face
keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, not right
(c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity
ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead
kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid)
kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river
kin: [k·in] P F vtr. need
kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg
kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki-
nam leg and til joint)
kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven
kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
from kinä seven)
kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
Kx
kxa: [k’a] P F n. mouth
kxam: [k’am] P F n. middle, midpoint
kxamlä–: ["k’am.læ] P F adp. through (via the
middle of) (derived from kxam middle)
kxamtrr: ["k’am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w.
from kxam middle " and trr day)
kxamtrrmaw: ["k’am.tr.maw] P F n. the time
" early afternoon (c.w.
immediately after noon,
from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
>
kxamtseng: ["k’am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
place)
kxamtxomaw: ["k’am.t’o.maw] P F n. after mid-
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and
maw after)
kxamtxon: ["k’am.t’on] P F n. midnight (c.w.
from kxam middle and txon night)
8
kìm: [k·Im] P F v. spin
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread
kìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service
kìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE s·i] P F vin. serve (derived
from kìte’e service)
kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP] P F vin. be responsible
"
kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F v. descend (c.w. from kä go)
"
kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F v. dig up
"
kllkxem: [kl."k’·Em] P F v. stand
"
kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom
"
kllpxìltu: [kl."p’Il.tu] P F n. territory
"
kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground
" >
klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from
"
tseng place)
kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from
" and vawm dark)
kllte ground
ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
things)
kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also
koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline
krr: [kr] P F n. time
"
krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek’] P F v. take/consume time (ii)
(c.w. from " krr time and nekx consume)
krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when allomorph of pe-
hrr (c.w. " from krr time)
ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
kurakx: [k·u."R·ak’] P F v. drive out
kxangangang: ["k’aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (ono-
matopoeic)
kxanì: ["k’a.nI] P F adj. forbidden
kxawm: [k’awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe
kxayl: [k’ajl] P F adj. high
kxener: ["k’E.nER] P F n. smoke
>
kxetse: ["k’E.tsE] P F n. tail
kxeyey: ["k’E.jEj] P F n. error, mistake
kxitx: [k’it’] P F n. death
kxll: [k’l] P F n. charge, running attack
kxll si: "[k’l s·i] P F vin. charge (c.w. from kxll
charge and" si make)
kxu: [k’u] P F n. harm
kxuke: ["k’u.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
harm and ke not)
kxutu: ["k’u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
harm)
L
lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear
lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one (person or thing)
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean
latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem
vtr. change)
>
latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA v. keep up with someone
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain
lawk: [l·awk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
law si: [law s·i] P F vin. make clear (c.w. from
law clear and si make)
layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived
from layon black)
layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black
le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix
le’en: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (of
an action, not a person) (derived from ’en
guess)
lefkrr: [lE.f"kr] P F adj. current (derived from
" letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived
fìkrr this time)
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived
from fngap metal)
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
ous (not for people), pleasant (derived from
fpom happiness, peace)
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok’] P F adj. healthy (de-
rived from fpomtokx health)
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived
from hawng overabundance)
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived
from hawngkrr late) "
lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived
from hrrap" danger)
lek: [l·Ek^] P F v. heed, obey
lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
kin need)
lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
from koren rule)
lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. concerning language,
regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-
guage)
lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (de-
rived from maweypey be patient)
9
len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur
leNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the
Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-
ople)
leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated
(of a person)
lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (deri-
ved from newomum be curious)
lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk
leaf )
leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. imaginary (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague
lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar
use)
letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from
tam suffice)
letokx: [lE."tok’] P F adj. bodily, physical (deri-
ved from tokx body)
letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
"
" "
from trr day)
>
letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important
(derived from tsranten matter)
>
letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid
lewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argu-
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte
argue)
lew si: [lEw s·i] P F vin. cover (c.w. from lew
cover and si make)
leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from
ye’krr early) "
leyn: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. repeat, do again
li: [li] P F adv. already
lisre+: ["li.sRE] P F adp. by, before, up to but not
after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u
word and fya’o way)
lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. language group,
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and
olo’ clan)
lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan-
guage (derived from lì’fya language)
lì’u: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word
lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia-
tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
lì’upe: [lI."Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of pelì’u
lìm: [l·Im] P F svin. far, be far
lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover
lok: [l·ok^] P F v. approach
lok–: [l·ok^] P F adp. close to
lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go
lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
(for things or parts of a person)
ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker)
makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. ride
maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time)
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm
maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F svin. be patient
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards
(c.w. from maw" after and krr time)
mawl: [mawl] P F n. half
mäkxu: [m··æ."k’u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out
of harmonious balance (derived from kxu
harm)
me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time)
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye)
meoauniaea: [­mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmo-
ny, living at one with nature
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor (honour)
meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before
mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new
mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on
mìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. inside
mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between
mìn: [m·In] P F v. turn
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from
mìn turn)
10
lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile
"
lrrtok si: ["lr.tok^ s·i] P F vin. smile (c.w. from
" and si make)
lrrtok smile
lu: [l·u] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
session with dative of possessor)
luke–: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without
lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why allomorph of
pelun
lun: [lun] P F n. reason
mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
from mì in)
mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F v. agree
"
moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
mok: [m·ok^] P F vtr. suggest
mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice
mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
(physically, sexually)
mrr: [mr] P F num. five
"
mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
from mrr " five)
muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
ed
mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F v. cut
mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two
munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring
mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except
"
muntxa: [mun."t’a] P F adj. mated, married
muntxa si: [mun."t’a s·i] P F vin. mate (with so-
meone), marry (c.w. from muntxa mated and
si do, make)
muntxatan: [mun."t’a.tan] P F n. husband, male
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxate: [mun."t’a.tE] P F n. wife, female
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxatu: [mun."t’a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived
from muntxa mated)
muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
ved from mune two)
muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t’·u] P F vtr. introduce,
present (derived from wìntxu show)
N
na–: [na] P F adp. like, as
na’rìng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be
drunk
nafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fì’u this)
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en-
couragement (mirative)
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye
nari si: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful
(c.w. from nari eye and si make)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-
nong example)
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (deri-
ved from nawm great)
nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)
näk: [n·æk^] P F vtr. drink
ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nefä: [nE."fæ] P F adv. up (direction)
nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction)
"
ne kllte: [nE "kl.tE] P F intj. get down (c.w. from
ne to and kllte" ground)
nekx: [n·Ek’] P F vtr. burn, consume
nemfa–: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w.
from ne towards and mìfa inside)
neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived
from ne to)
netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily
new: [n·Ew] P F vtr. want (with subjunctive verb)
newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F vin. be curious,
want to know (c.w. from new want and
omum know)
neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived
from neyn light, shade of white)
neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
niä: [n·i.·"æ] P F vtr. grab
nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
nì–: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
nì’aw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from ’aw
one)
nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one per-
son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)
11
nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived
from ’awve first)
nì’en: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed
guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en
guess)
nì’eng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same le-
vel (derived from ’engeng level)
nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de-
rived from ’eoio ceremonious)
nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, imma-
turely (derived from ’eveng child)
nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
answer (derived from ’eyng answer)
nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de-
rived from ’i’a end)
nì’it: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-
stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)
nì’o’: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is en-
joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)
nì’ul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more
nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as you
know, as is known (derived from «awn» pas-
sive participle infix and omum know)
nìayoeng: [naj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
(derived from ayoeng us (inclusive))
nìfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri-
ved from fìkrr" this time)
nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from
ftue easy)
nìftxan: [nI."ft’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
nìftxavang: [nI."ft’a.vaN] P F adv. passionately,
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
nate)
nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (deri-
ved from fya’o way)
nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult,
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nìhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
(derived from hawng overabundance)
nìhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay
next)
nìhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (deri-
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
manner, adverbial)
nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived
from kì’ong slow)
nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a
smart way (derived from kanu smart)
nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft’o] P F adv. unfortunately,
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from
law clear)
nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously,
incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
without and ftang stop)
>
nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from
sìltsan good)
nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
(derived from mawey calm)
nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently
(derived from maweypey be patient)
nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at
nìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi,
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)
nìnäk: [nI."næk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid
way (derived from näk drink)
nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from
ngay true)
nìno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, tho-
roughly
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, wel-
come (assumed " zola’u), gladly, with pleasure
(derived from prrte’ pleasurable)
nìpxi: [nI."p’i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un-
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
nìpxim: [nI."p’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri-
ved from pxim erect, upright)
nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to
fact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive)
(derived from rangal wish)
nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination,
by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop
imagine)
nìsngum: [nIs."Num] P F adv. worryingly, fretful-
ly (derived from sngum worry)
nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti
be angry)
nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally,
furthermore (derived from sung add)
12
nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri-
ved from swey best)
nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin-
cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
syen last)
nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (after an adjecti-
ve) (derived from tam suffice)
nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
se (derived from teng same, equal)
nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way as
(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
me way as (conj.))
nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu-
" " from trr day)
larly (derived
nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
from tut continuation marker)
nìtxan: [nI."t’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from txan much)
nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conver-
sely
nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, be-
grudgingly (derived from wäte argue)
nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast (derived from win
fast)
nìwotx: [nI."wot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com-
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (deri-
ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
zong save)
nokx: [n·ok’] P F vtr. give birth to
nong: [n·oN] P F v. follow, proceed after
nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
from krr time) "
nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F v. prefer (ii) (derived
from new want)
nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F v. learn
numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived
from nume learn)
>
numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place)
>
numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
vision of a school (derived from numtseng
school)
Ng
nga: [Na] P F pn. you
>
ngatsyìp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t’o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologi-
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach
ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific (honouri-
fic) form) (derived from nga you)
ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired
oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-
sive), you and I (derived from oe I)
>
oetsyìp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (de-
rived from oe I)
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause
oeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F v. explain (why) (ii)
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)
ohakx: [o."hak’] P F adj. hungry
pa’o: ["pa.Po] P F n. side
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement
pam: [pam] P F n. sound
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (deri-
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)
pamrel si: [pam."REl s·i] P F vin. write (c.w. from
pamrel writing and si make)
>
pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)
>
pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o s·i] P F vin. play music
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from
pamtseo music)
>
pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (de-
rived from pamtseo music)
pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third
pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrive
pawm: [p·awm] P F v. ask
pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
13
ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngop: [N·op^] P F v. create
ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from
ngop create)
ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root
"
ngrrpongu: [Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots moveme-
net (c.w. from" ngrr root and pongu party)
ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab
ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
ngul grey, drab)
nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
rived from way song)
ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
form)
oìsss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’
olo’: [o."loP] P F n. clan
olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader
(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
omum: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. know (stress moves to
first syllable with infixation)
ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose
pay+: [paj] P F prefix plural inter. marker
(from pe+ and ay+)
payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way)
payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)
pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. arrive
pängkxo: [p·æN."k’·o] P F vin. chat, converse, ha-
ve a conversation
pängkxoyu: [pæN."k’o.ju] P F n. chatter, conver-
ser (derived from pängkxo chat)
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k’o.ju lE.ko."REn]
P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
and lekoren lawlike)
pänu: ["pæ.nu] P F n. promise
pänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. promise (a thing
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and
tìng give)
–pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker
pe’un: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. decide
pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind allo-
morph of fnepe
pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how allomorph of fy-
ape
pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) allo-
morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,
deed)
pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr-
"
pe (c.w. from krr time)
pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of lì’upe
pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why allomorph of
lumpe
peng: [p·EN] P F vtr. tell
peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where allomorph of
tsengpe
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of
’upe
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
pey: [p·Ej] P F v. wait, wait for
piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open
piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. open (c.w. from piak
open and si make)
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pìmtxan: [pIm."t’an] P F inter. how much allo-
morph of hìmtxampe
pìwopx: [pI."wop’] P F n. cloud
Px
pxan: [p’an] P F adj. worthy
pxasìk: ["p’a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)
pxasul: ["p’a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food
pxaw–: [p’aw] P F adp. around
pxawpa: ["p’aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe-
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and
pa’o side)
pxay: [p’aj] P F adj. many (used with singular
or plural noun forms)
pxel–: [p’El] P F adp. like, as
pxelo: ["p’E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri-
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
pxey: [p’Ej] P F num. three
pxeyve: ["p’Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
ved from pxey three)
pxi: [p’i] P F adj. sharp
14
plltxe: [p·l."t’·E] P F v. speak
"
po: [po] P F pn. he, she
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
polpxay: [pol."p’aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)
pom: [p·om] P F v. kiss
pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. group of people, party (de-
rived from po he/she)
prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.k’En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti-
" " "
me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’vi
idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener
smoke, trr day and krr time)
prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby
"
prrnesyul: ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
prrte’: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
baby and" ’ewll
" plant)
pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
pum: [pum] P F pn. possession, thing possessed
(dummy pronoun for modified nouns or
pronouns)
puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
from pukap six)
pxim: [p’im] P F adj. erect, upright
pximaw–: [p’i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiset: [p’i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
set now and pxi sharp)
pxisre+: [p’i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiswawam: [p’i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a mo-
ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am
past)
pxiswaway: [p’i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a se-
cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
ay future marker)
pxiye’rìn: [p’i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not
as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
and pxi sharp)
pxìm: [p’Im] P F adv. often
pxor: [p’·oR] P F vin. explode pxuntil: ["p’un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
pxorpam: ["p’oR.pam] P F n. ejective consonant arm and til joint)
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning
ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.
from ral meaning and peng tell)
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain
>
ramtsyìp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from
ram mountain)
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well
rangal: ["R·a.N·al] P F v. wish
rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defen-
se
rä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative impe-
ratives, commands only)
re’o: ["RE.Po] P F n. head
rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
> ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind
reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from
rel image and tseo art)
> (derived from ronsrelngop imagine)
reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (derived
from reltseo art)
reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically)
renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern
rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning
rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live
rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
rived from rey live)
reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water)
rikx: [R·ik’] P F vin. move, shift position
sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from
sa’atenuk C )
sa’nu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona-
te form of sa’nok mother)
>
sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu
mommy)
sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parents (not singular)
(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul
father)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry
salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F v. proceed, go
15
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow
rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from
rim yellow)
rina’: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atoki-
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf
rìkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from
rìk leaf and ean green)
ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
rofa–: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside
rol: [R·ol] P F v. sing (r«eyk»ol play music, make
to sing (poetic))
rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!
ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. something imagined
ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] P F vtr. imagi-
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation
["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )
rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover
rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
ticiple infix)
rutxe: [Ru."t’E] P F intj. please
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use
sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irre-
gularly lenited after ftu from)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
urgh
sayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking
(normally used of men)
sä–: [sæ] P F prefix instrumental noun (c.w. from
sänume teaching and säspxin disease)
sä’o: ["sæ.Po] P F n. tool, utensil
säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea

sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction
(derived from nume learn)
sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived
from sänume teaching)
säspxin: [sæ."sp’in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
>
säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp’in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ail-
ment (derived from säspxin illness)
säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] P F n. hobby, pleasure-
yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy
(positive sense))
säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. point of contention,
source of argument, thing disputed (derived
from wäte argue)
säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein
(derived from za’ärìp pull)
sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now
" >
and krr time)
sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)
sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty (primarily of fema-
les, for people only)
seykxel: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. strong (emotionally,
spiritually, not physical), confident
seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip
si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non-
bound verb do, make deriving affix
sim: [s·im] P F svin. near, be near
sì: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)
sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote
sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.
from sìltsan good and pey wait)
sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart
(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem
mind)
>
sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well
done
sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto
ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy
skepek: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. formal
skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left)
skxakep: ["sk’a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro-
bably
skxawng: [sk’awN] P F n. moron, idiot
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity
16
>
sla’tsu: ["sl·aP.ts·u] P F vtr. describe
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but
sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from
slu become and «eyk» causative infix)
slu: [sl·u] P F vin. become (noun predicate with
ne in ambiguous constructions)
smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing
smon: [sm·on] P F vin. be familiar, be known
(with dative)
sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting
sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vin. begin, start (with
subjunctive)
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)
sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived
from sngä’i begin)
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar-
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and
tseng place)
sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry
sno: [sno] P F pn. his own, her own, its own (re-
flexive, genitive form sneyä)
snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim (of a person)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive
form soaiä)
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent
som: [som] P F adj. hot
sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel
sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from
sop travel)
spaw: [sp·aw] P F v. believe
spä: [sp·æ] P F v. jump
spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture
spe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
from spe’e capture)
speng: [sp·EN] P F v. restore
spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel
spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old (not for people),
former
spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick
srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
or no questions
sran: [sRan] P F adv., intj. yes (colloquial)
srane: ["sRa.nE] P F adv., intj. yes
sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth
srefey: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from
sre+ before and pey wait)
srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before
noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid-
day)
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t’on] P F n. before mid-
night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
midnight)
srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of
"
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F v. prophetize, prophesi-
ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’a
see)
sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w.
from sre before" and trr’ong dawn)
sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-
on’ong night-fall)
srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance
srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance
srung si: [sRuN s·i] P F vin. help (c.w. from
srung help and si make, do)
starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect
stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear
stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch
steftxaw: [st·E."ft’·aw] P F vtr. examine, check
steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone an-
gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
causative infix)
sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
sto: [st·o] P F v. refuse (to do something)
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal
sense with other time words)
ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above
ta’leng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin
ta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)
tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip– up among)
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip– among)
takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of " akrrta (c.w. from krr krr and ta
from)
17
stxeli: ["st’E.li] P F n. gift
stxong: [st’oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
nown
sulìn: [s·u.l·In] P F vin. be busy (positive sense),
be engrossed in something one finds especially
pleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn be
busy)
sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add
sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable,
bring enjoyment
sutx: [s·ut’] P F vtr. track, follow, lock up
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment
>
swawtsyìp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. litte moment,
second (derived from swaw moment)
swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature
swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call, name
syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
from syay fate)
syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter
syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap
syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight),
lightweight
syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
not be pluralised)
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
will do, OK
tam tam: [tam tam] M intj. calm, be content, the-
re there
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree)
tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle
taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)
>
taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hun-
ter (derived from taronyu hunter)
tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware-
ness of something
tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)
taw: [taw] P F n. sky
taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
on the cause
tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive
täftxu: [t·æ."ft’·u] P F vtr. weave
täftxuyu: [tæ."ft’u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)
tätxaw: [t·æ."t’·aw] P F vin. return
te: [tE] JC part. used in full names
tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive
telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord
tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (situ-
ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal
and fya’o path)
tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as
" same, equal and krr time)
(c.w. from teng
teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning
terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die
teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.
from tìng give)
tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade)
tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
se and pleasure
teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full
teya si: [tE."ja s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of thing
filled) (c.w. from teya full and si do, make)
teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white
teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from
teyr white)
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit
tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.­fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.­o.aN] P F n. spirit animal
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.­k’·o] P F v. commu-
ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)
tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived
from ’awm camp)
tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm s·i] P F vin. camp (c.w.
from ’awm camp and si make)
18
tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (nega-
tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
’awpo one individual)
tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from
’efu feel)
tì’em: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived
from ’em cook)
tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived
from ’eylan friend)
tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
ved from ’eyng answer)
tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end
(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
tì’o’: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived
from ’o’ exciting)
tì’ong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (deri-
ved from ’ong bloom)
tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from
fmetok test)
tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
fnu quiet)
tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop
(derived from ftang stop)
tìftia: [tI."fti.a] P F n. study (derived from ftia
study)
tìftia kifkeyä: [tI."fti.a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science,
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-
tia study and kifkey world)
tìftxavang: [tI."ft’a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived
from ftxavang passionate)
tìftxey: [tI."ft’Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx-
ey choose)
tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u] P F n. guidance
(derived from fyawìntxu guide)
tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri-
ved from hawl prepare)
tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived
from hawnu protect, shelter)
tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu s·i] P F vin. protect (de-
rived from tìhawnu protection)
tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of bu-
siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)
tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
(derived from kan aim)
tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived
from kem action, deed)

tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm s·i] P F vin. work
(c.w. from tìkangkem work and si do, make)
tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, pie-
ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
from kanu smart)
tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
kawng bad)
tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived
from kenong model)
tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from
ke not and teng same)
tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin
need)
tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de-
rived from kar teach)
tìkxey: [tI."k’Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness
(derived from kxeyey mistake)
tìkxey si: [tI."k’Ej s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do
wrong (c.w. from tìkxey incorrectness and si
make)
tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from
lam seem)
tìlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived
from len happen)
tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor
beautiful)
tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low
tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general
sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)
tìmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. suggestion (derived
from mok suggest)
tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t’a] P F n. mating, marriage
(derived from muntxa mated)
tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)
tìn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-
ved from ’ìn be busy)
tìng: [t·IN] P F vtr. give
tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
true)
tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
(derived from ngäzìk difficult)
tìng mikyun: [t·Im "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (de-
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)
tìng nari: [t·In "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived
from tìng give and nari eye)
tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from
ngop create)
19
>
tìng tseng: [t·IN tsEN] P F vin. back down, give
ground (derived from tìng give and tseng
ground)
tìno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to de-
tail
tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived
from newomum be curious)
tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (de-
rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
tìohakx: [tI.o."hak’] P F n. hunger (derived from
ohakx hungry)
tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived
from pawm ask)
tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived
from pähem arrive)
tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k’o] P F n. conversation, di-
scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)
>
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k’o.tsjIp^] P F n. little
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-
versation)
tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived
from pe’un decide)
tìprrte’: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived
from prrte’"pleasurable)
tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk
tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
rol sing)
tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
from ska’a destroy)
>
tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived
from sla’tsu describe)
tìsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som
hot)
tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop
travel)
tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from
spe’e capture)
tìspxin: [tI."sp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick-
ness (derived from spxin sick)
tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw
painful)
tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (so-
meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain
and s«eyk»i make (causative))
tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
(c.w. from tìsraw pain and si make) from toruk last shadow)
tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-
from srese’a prophetize) der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be ride)
angry) trr: [tr] P F n. day
"
tìsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script trr’awve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
trr day and " ’awve first)
(P.S.) (derived from sung add)
> trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli-
"
trr day and ’ong unfold)
gence (derived from tslam understand)
> trr’ongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after
tìtstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived
"
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
from tstunwi kind)
tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived ter)
from taron hunt) trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
tìtxanew: [tI."t’a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived trr day" and ham previous)
from txanew greedy) trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
trr day" and hay next)
tìtxen: [tI."t’En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa-
king (derived from txen awake) trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
tìtxula: [tI."t’u.la] P F n. construction, construc- day and" kive seventh)
ted thing (derived from txula build) trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
trr day and" mrrve
" fifth)
tìtxur: [tI."t’uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
from txur strong) " muve second)
trr day and
tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived
from vawm dark)
from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker
tìväng: [tI."væN] P F n. thirst (derived from
and –ve ordinal number marker)
väng thirsty)
trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from
day and "puve sixth)
ve’kì hate)
trrpxeyve: [tr."p’Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (de-
trr day and" pxeyve third)
rived from wäte argue) >
trrtsìve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
tìwew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived " tsìve fourth)
trr day and
from wew cold) trrtxon: [tr.t’on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
from wem fight) tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run
yawne beloved) tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (derived
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived from tun red, orange)
from eyawr correct) tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange
tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de- tung: [t·uN] P F v. allow
rived from yom eat) tungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (ii) (c.w.
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be- from tung allow and zup fall)
haves like an adp.) tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu
tokx: [tok’] P F n. body tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker
tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un- tuté: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from
derstand! (synonym: tslolam) tute person)
toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived
tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain from tute person)

20
tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
rived from tute person)
tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F v. lean

Ts
> >
tsa–: [tsa] P F prefix that tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
>
tsa’u: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator)
>
tsa that and ’u thing) tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun
> >
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall
from tsa- that and fya’o way) >
tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl
>
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ >
tsawl slu: [tsawl sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from
>
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl s·i] P F vin. bond with, tsawl big and slu become)
establish a neural connection (c.w. from tsa- >
tsay+: [tsaj] P F prefix those (c.w. from tsa– that
heylu bond and si make) and ay+ plural)
> >
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- tsä’: [ts·æP] P F v. squirt
nection) >
> > tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that >
tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense)
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac- >
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place
tion) >
> tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F dem. then, at that time (deri- from tseng place)
ved from tsa- " that and krr time) >
> tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where allomorph
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the of peseng
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up >
tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art
to) >
> tsewtx: [tsEwt’] P F adj. dirty
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) >
> tsim: [tsim] P F n. source
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, >
tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four
even so >
> tsìve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war
> from tsìng four)
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w. >
from tsam war and pongu party) tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
> >
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
>
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix) tsko swizaw: [tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
> row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
tsap’alute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology >
> tskxe: [tsk’E] P F n. rock, stone
tsap’alute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE s·i] P F vin. apolo- >
gise (apologize) (c.w. from tsap’alute apology tskxekeng: ["tsk’E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise
>
and si make) tskxekeng si: ["tsk’E.kEN s·i] P F vin. exercise,
> train (derived from tskxekeng training)
tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from >
tsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator) tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand
> >
tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object) tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
> >
tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator) (derived from tslam understand and «ol»
> > > > perfect aspect infix)
tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem. there,
>
that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
> >
tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived
tsa that and tute person) from tsmuk sibling)
> >
tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from
subject) tsmuk sibling)

21
 > >
tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived tsuksìm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin
from tsmuk sibling) >
tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery
> >
tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ s·i] P F vin. master (c.w. from
>
tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat tsulfä mastery and si do, make)
> >
tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art,
>
tsnì: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) mastery)
> >
tsopì: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung tsun: [ts·un] P F vin. can, be able (with subjuncti-
>
tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill ve)
> >
tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of im- tsunslu: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible
port (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
>
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village >
> tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok’] P F v. rest
tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw >
> tswa’: [tsw·aP^] P F v. forget
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife >
> tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vtr. fly
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave >
> tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut > >
> tswintsyìp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de-
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful,
considerate rived from tswin queue)
> >
tstu si: [tstu s·i] P F vin. close (c.w. from tstu tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
>
closed and si make) tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
> >
tstxo: [tst’o] P F n. name tsyokx: [tsjok’] P F n. hand
> >
tstxolì’u: ["tst’o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
tstxo name and lì’u word) (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

Tx

txa’: [t’aP] P F adj. hard txen: [t’En] P F adj. awake

txal: [t’al] P F n. back (of the body)
txampay: [t’am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from
txan great and pay water)
txampxì: [t’am."p’I] P F n. majority, most, large
part (derived from txan much)
txan: [t’an] P F adj. great, much, many (in quan-
tity)
txanatan: ["t’a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
from txan very and atan light)
txanew: ["t’a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-
an much and new want)
>
txantsan: ["t’an.tsan] P F adj. excellent
>
txantslusam: ["t’an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w.
from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
>
txantstew: ["t’an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from
txan very and tstew brave)
txantur: ["t’an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from
txan much and txur strong)
txayo: ["t’a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain, plain
txärem: ["t’æ.REm] P F n. bone
txe’lan: [t’EP."lan] P F n. heart
txele: ["t’E.lE] P F n. matter (subject)
txep: [t’Ep^] P F n. fire
>
txeptsyìp: ["t’Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. dear or cute little
fire (derived from txep fire)
txepvi: ["t’Ep.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep
fire)
txewk: [t’Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)
txey: [t’·Ej] P F v. halt
txin: [t’in] P F adj. main, primary
txintìn: ["t’in.tIn] P F n. occupation, primary role
in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-
ty that keeps one busy)
txìm: [t’Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txìng: [t’·IN] P F v. leave, abandon
txo: [t’o] P F conj. if
txoa: ["t’o.a] P F n. forgiveness
txokefyaw: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else,
otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not
one path)
txon: [t’on] P F n. night
txon’ong: [t’on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sun-
set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
’ong unfold)

22
txon’ongmaw: [t’on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight,
the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
on’ong sunset and maw after)
txonam: [t’o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived
from txon night and ham previous)
txonay: [t’o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (deri-
ved from txon night and hay next)
uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last
shadow)
ukxo: [u."k’o] P F adj. dry
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction)
ultxa: [ul."t’a] P F n. meeting
ultxarun: [ul."t’a.R·un] P F v. encounter, meet by
chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and run
find)
ultxa si: [ul."t’a s·i] P F vin. meet with someone
intentionally (use with)
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream
var: [v·aR] P F vin. to persist in a state, to continue
to perform an action
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (deri-
ved from vawm dark)
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay–
up to and krr " time)
vä’: [væP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-
me
väng: [væN] P F adj. thirsty
ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate
venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu
foot and zekwä finger)
vewng: [v·EwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be
responsible for
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial)
way si: [waj s·i] P F vin. sing (derived from
way song)
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song chord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)
23
txopu: ["t’o.pu] P F n. fear
txopu si: ["t’o.pu s·i] P F vin. be afraid (c.w. from
txopu fear and si do, make)
txukx: [t’uk’] P F adj. deep (physically)
txula: ["t’·u.l·a] P F v. build, construct
txum: [t’um] P F n. poison
txur: [t’uR] P F adj. strong (physically)
uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’] JC,P F n. ava-
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu
dreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker
(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)
uo–: ["u.o] P F adp. behind
utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree
>
utraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived
from utral tree)
uvan: [u."van] P F n. game, uvan letokx sport
uvan si: [u."van s·i] P F vin. play (a game) (c.w.
from uvan game and si make, do)
vey: [vEj] PF n. food made from animal origin,
flesh
virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F v. spread, proliferate
vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
vol: [vol] P F num. eight
volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
from vol eight)
vrrìn: ["v·r·In] P F vin. be busy (negative sense): be
" and overwhelmed by an activity that’s
tired out
keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn be busy)
vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon
"
vul: [vul] P F n. branch (of a tree)
vur: [vuR] P F n. story
vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
ved from vur story)
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against)
wäte: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. argue, dispute
wätx: [w·æt’] P F vtr. be bad at
wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight
wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, milita- win si: [win s·i] P F vin. rush something, make
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
pongu group)
wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold
weyn: [w·Ejn] P F v. draw, illustrate
win: [win] P F adj. fast
win säpi: [win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside
win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
ya: [ja] P F n. air
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)
yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down
ye’krr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from
ye’rìn soon "and krr time)
za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull (derived
from ’ärìp move)
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four
zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)
zapxì: [za."p’I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri-
ved from hapxì part)
zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream
zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger
zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vin. must (with subjunctive)
zenke: ["z·EN.kE] P F vin. must not (with subjun-
ctive) (ii) (c.w. from zene must and ke not)
zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F v. remember
zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
something fast (c.w. from win fast and si do)
wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
frustration, ’damn!’
wìntxu: [w·In."t’·u] P F v. show
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
wotx: [wot’] P F n. totality, whole
>
" tso]
wutso: ["wu. P F n. dinner, served meal
ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon
yem: [j·Em] P F vtr. put, place
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-
ter)
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj s·i] P F vin. dip into liquid
(c.w. from yemfpay dipping and si make, do)
yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
yìm: [j·Im] P F vtr. bind
yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat
yomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] P F vin. feed (with dative ob-
ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)
yur: [j·uR] P F v. wash
zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from
zìsìt year and" krr time)
zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year
zo: [z·o] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
be, work correctly or as nature intended
zong: [z·oN] P F v. save, defend
>
zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult
zoslu: ["zo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix-
ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall
zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from
" krr time)
z«us»a’u coming and
24
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 – 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 ’awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng 4 tsìve 12 vosìve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn

25
B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] P F n. basketball (loa-
ned from Eng. English) ned from Eng. basketball)
>
’Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned pätsì: ["pæ.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng.
" Earth)
from Eng. badge)
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned pìlok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng.
from Greek Europe) blog)
>
hametsì: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loa- puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
>
ned from Hebrew chametz) puktsyìp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, booklet
jakesully: [ZEjk’su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak- (derived from puk book)
toyu (loaned from " Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- pxir: [p’iR] P F n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bi-
mally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic er)
rules) skxaypxe: ["sk’aj.p’E] P F n. Skype (loaned from
kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from English Skype)
Eng. gunship) Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden
>
matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from
from Hebrew matsa) Eng. ship)
nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French, in French toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
(loaned from Eng. French) Eng. doctor)
>
nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German, tsyänel: [tsjæ.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German) from Eng. channel)
>
Pari: [pa.Ri] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from tsyìräfì: [tsjI.Ræ.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
French Paris) Eng. giraffe)

26
wou: ["w·o.·u] P F svin. be amazing, fascinating Yu.E.Sey: [ju.E.sEj] PF prop.n. USA (loaned
(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa) from Eng. USA)
Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
Italian Jesu)

27
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan
son)
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n.
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram
mountain and lìng hover)
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well)
Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of
the Omatikaya
Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL
Eywa’eveng: [­Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n.
Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi
Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-
tionate form Kamtsyìp)
Kelutral: ["kE.lut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w.
from kelku home and utral tree)
Li’ona: [li.Po.na] G,P F prop.n. a clan
Loak: ["lo.ak^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of
Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
daughter)
Na’vi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indige-
nous Pandoran sentient race
28
Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Omatikaya
Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
Omatikaya
Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Flute Clan
Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. name
Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female of the Oma-
tikaya
Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clan
Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee
Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister
Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river
(derived from swotu sacred place)
Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F prop.n. Sky-person,
human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
>
Tsahìk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high
priestess, interpreter
>
Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
>
Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clan
>
Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-
tikaya
>
Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original
name for the Omatikaya
Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Txewì: ["t’E.wI] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Txilte: ["t’il.tE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Uniltaron: [­u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream
Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,P F
prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri J C)
Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
E Flora and Fauna
Flora
’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik’] P F n. leaf pitcher plant
(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)
’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] P F n. pitcher plant
’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
(derived from ’ewll " plant)
anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)
apxangrr: [a."p’a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from
apxa large and ngrr " root)
atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre-
at tree
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet
fkxakewll: ["fk’a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w.
from fkxake itch and " ’ewll plant)
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic
plant
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut’.wl] P F n. metal-
following plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and
sutx follow)
fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwäkì mantis" and ’ewll plant)
hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant
"
kllpxiwll: [kl."p’i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from
" "
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)
kxaylte: ["k’ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-
ral)
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (deri-
ved from mìn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."p’aR] P F n. roosterhead plant
pa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pa’li" direhorse and ’ewll plant)
> >
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu-
" >
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewll
plant)
paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet
(c.w. from pay " water and ’ewll plant)
penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
danger)
29
pxayzekwä: [p’aj."zEk.wæ] P F n. spiny whips
(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)
pxiut: ["p’i.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
from pxi sharp and utral tree)
pxiwll: ["p’i.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
from pxi sharp " and ’ewll plant)
pxorna’: ["p’oR.naP] P F n. episoth, exploding seed
(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)
pxorna’lor: ["p’oR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful
exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-
ploding seed and lor beautiful)
rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp
rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
ball and utral tree)
seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue flower
smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
ned plant
sngukx: [sNuk’] P F n. grub plant
somtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person
trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
sky and utral tree)
>
tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, pro-
tection plant (c.w. from" tìhawnu protection
and ’ewll plant)
tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant
(c.w. from tompa rain " and ’ewll plant)
torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp’am] P F n. octoshroom,
great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
>
tsawlapxangrr: ["tsawl.a.p’a.Nr] P F n. unidelta
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
tstxa’a: ["tst’a.Pa] P F n. canalyd
tsyorina’wll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, flour
seed plant (c.w. from rina’ " seed and ’ewll
plant)
txll’u: ["t’l.Pu] P F n. hookagourd
"
txumpaywll: ["t’um.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion
thistle, poison water plant " (c.w. from txum
poison and paywll water plant)
 >
txumtsä’wll: [t’um."tsæP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of
" from tsä’ squirt
poison-squirting plant (c.w. Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)
and ’ewll plant)
yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small ani-
väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell
" mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
plant (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant and fahew
and hì’ang insect)
smell)
värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w. yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball) from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna
>
’angtsìk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron
fpxafaw: ["fp’a.faw] P F n. medusa
fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee
ikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not
PF)
kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-
nous arachnid
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard
lonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja] ASG n. medusa
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer-
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
pa’li: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
palulukan: [­pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
loquial [pa."lu.kan])
riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat
syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
talioang: ["tal.­i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
from ioang animal)
teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
dow
yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede
zize’: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellfire wasp

30
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. I’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason I have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order, but
rather alphabetically.

’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’] P F ph. be hungry

’ivong nìk’ong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
’awa swawtsyìp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Ask a thanator to release it’s prey, it’s a fore-
gone conclusion (from Na’vi idiom Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì smarit livonu)
etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] P F,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] P F ph. this is Ìstaw
ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] P F ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Raj.o] P F intj. thanks, thank you
’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] P F ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] P F ph. say hello, Ìstaw
kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja sRak^] P F ph. isn’t that so? right? no?
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)
ke pxan: [kE p’an] P F ph. I’m not worthy
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand
ke zene win säpivi: [] P F ph. take your time, don’t rush
kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
" >
"kop plltxe: ["k’E.tsE
kxetse sì mikyun sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t’E] W A,P F ph. the tail and ears speak
too "
ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga läpivawk nìno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t’EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. don’t worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oeyä lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru tsul."fæ] P F ph. to your the mastery

31
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga z(ol)a’u ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where are you from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k’E.tsE l·u "wE.Ru] P F ph. your tail is mine, you’re going down
nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
"
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oe ’olongokx mì sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: [] P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honour
oeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] P F ph. my name is Txewì
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t’o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
smon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] P F ph. are you good at Na’vi?
srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
srefereiey nìprrte’: [] P F ph. looking forward to it
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] P F ph. in my opinion
tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.æ] P F ph. forever, until the end of time
tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: " [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work
tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time?
tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k’Ej "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re wrong
tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re right
tokx eo tokx: [tok’ "E.o tok’] P F ph. face to face, in person
Tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?
txon lefpom: [t’on lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night
X-(ì)ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?
za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr.tEP] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome
"

32
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr

33
H Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tspam«asy»ang
palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator.
>
ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the
yerik.
äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
äp: [æ.p] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oeyä swizaw nìngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you soon.
ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.
ìsy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definately kill the thanator soon.

34
ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
ìyev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you soon.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ìl: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.
–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
–ya: [ya] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (GEN .): Oel
yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:
may look like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Frommer has indicated they can
modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that aren’t specified - for instance, attaching the clusivity marker –ng would make no sense on
the word for blue, ean. All of the verbal infixes and case markers, above, are entirely producti-
ve.

–a–: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.

35
–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
–e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These plants are tall.
fì–: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
fne–: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra–: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
kaw–: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe ke kawkrr kamä. I never went.
–lo: [lo] P F (pro.) multiplicative number suffix for nouns: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
–ng: [N] LN (pro.) clusivity for first person pronouns (CLUS .): Ayoeng rol. We all sing.
–o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?
–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p’E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
>
tsa–: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel kame tsanantangit. I see that tree.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
–tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.
Come here, little daughter.
–ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
–vi: [vi] P F (pro.) partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the class-
room.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.

le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.

nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate adjective or relative clause)
sä–: [sæ] P F instrumental noun deriving affix Oel sänumet nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)
tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching
is interesting.
–tu: [tu] P F (pro.) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an
artist.
–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

36
I Non-Frommerian Words
These are words that are not from Frommer: I have included them as they are in the extant
corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. They are, for the most part, spuri-
ous inventions for the Activist’s Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None of
these words were run by Frommer before being published, and the general consensus is that
they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not know
what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use is highly
discouraged. Many of them flout Na’vi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints. Some in-
clude illegal sounds, as illustrated below.

’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]

Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa-
ni
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name
ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant
Beyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri-
or of the Tipani
chan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
lenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory
animal
Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the
Tipani
m’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]
ASG n. shield

ASG n. stone jar

chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from
P’ah s’ivil chey rack)
Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-
briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles
everyone
Malimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone
Marali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
mas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]
ASG mother loom

Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-
kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to all
of us
Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-
sEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.
the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personal
name)
feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-
ket
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Gro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves
Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
iveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-
by sling
k’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep
Kaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains
of Goliath
> >
Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lage
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the
Tipani
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai
Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male
Na’vi
Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
Mendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
meresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or
[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,
bola, lit. nothing to see
mesh’kai huru: [mESPkai huRu] P N D n. cooking
pot
mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pit
Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
na’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-
se lead, lit. face pull
Naalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Nera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the
Tawkami
nikt’chey: [niktPtshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.
small bit of food, packed lunch
nivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-
rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewya
cradles everyone)

37
Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of
the Tipani
Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
omati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue
flute
Onantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
Otamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
P’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso-
nal belongings rack
pxtxawng: [p’t’awN] JC n. douchebag
Rai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the Anurai
Raltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Tipani
Sänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-
pani (derived from sänume teaching)
Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kami
shah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from
Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under
Na’vi phonotactic rules)
su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or
[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran
sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee-
ping outside of the group " lage
sumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plate
Swawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
t’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-
dulum drum
Ta’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus,
rocky place on Pandora
Tan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Lì’ona
38
Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w.
from taw sky and kame see)
Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Tipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clan
tìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from
takuk strike)
tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-
tern, from food here
>
Tsa’law: [tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mi
>
Tsaro: [tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
>
Tsmuke: [tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village
txei: [t’E.i] G n. plain
u’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendant
U’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG
prop.n. a clan
>
Ukamtsu: [u.kam.tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
>
ulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariPtsEj
makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the
tree look to each other for strength, or many
branches together are strong
ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-
si] ASG n. leaf plate
Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.
push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu
mauti push fruit)
utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,
push fruit
Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G
prop.n. Vaderas Hollow
Vayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village
J The Changelog
This is the changelog. I’ve kept it in, not for translators, who should contact Tuiq, but for the
reader, who would presumably like to know what I’ve done.

• 11.775 Fixed uk. tìng, teswotìng = vtr. Pätsì now a loan word. Fixed the imv example.
atokirina’ now in flora. Added lelì’fya concerning language. M··äkxu. Added note about
monosyllabic stress to introduction. Added the words from the January 31st naviteri
post. Emza’u vtr., kllfro’ vin. Edited si verbs to vin. Yayayr, not yayawr. Yeysu is a loan.
Resyllabified the IPA for eyawr. wäte infix, tswayon vtr. Added all words from the new
Naviteri post.

39