ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

OF

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION…..

NAME OF THE PROJECT : DENGUE FEVER .

SUBJECT : BIOLOGY.

SCHOOL : D.A.V. Sr. Sec. PUBLIC

SCHOOL,BINA.

SUBMITTED BY : VAIBHAV GUPTA.

ROLL NO. :

DATE OF SUBMISSION :

GUIDE : Mrs. URMILA TRPATHI.

Mr. A.K. SINGH. Mrs. URMILA

TRIPATHI.

[PRINCIPAL] [HEAD OF BIOLOGY

DEPT.]
1. ACKNOWLWDGEMENT.

2. PLANNING OF THE PROJECT.

3. WHY A PROJECT?

4. AIM OH THE PROJECT.

5. WHAT IS DENGUE FEVER?

6. INCIDENCE AND PREVELENCE.

7. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS.

8. COMPLICATION OF DENGUE FEVER.

9. DIAGNOSIS.

10. TREATMENT OF DENGUE.

11. PROGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER.

12. PREVENTION OF MOSQUITO BITES.

13. PREVENTION OF MOSQUITO BREEDING.

14. REFRENCES.

15. DECLARATIONS.

16. CERTIFICATE.
ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT.
Acknowledgement is due to the principal Mr. A.K.
Singh, DAV Sr. Sec. Public School, Bina for
granting the necessary permission to write this
project guidance to achieve the goal.
I am very grateful to our Head of Biology
Department Mrs. Urmila Tripathi for her kind co-
operation and valuable suggestions provided to
me in order to achieve my goal successfully by
providing with certain information, which was of
great help to me. This is her supervision and
guidance that the project work has been taken
up and completed.
I must express extreme heartiest thanks towards
all the staff and attendants of Biology
Laboratory, without the help of whom this work
would have never been completed.
I express my sincere thanks to my classmates for
their valuable assistance and co-operation during
the course of the project work.
At last, I thank all those who directly or indirectly
helped me in making and completing my project
work on DENGUE FEVER.
NAME: VAIBHAV GUPTA.
ROLL NO.: ……………
 PLANNING OF THE
PROJECT.
The very first discussion of carrying the project thrilled me
a lot. I was rather excited to carry out the project as early
as possible and circumstances allowed me. Now, the first
thing I had to do was to search the project that could
satisfy my expectations.

I took help from:-

• ENCYCLOPEDIA- BRITANNICA.
• NEWSPAPAER- THE TIMES OF INDIA &
HINDUSTAN TIMES.

• COMPUTER SOFTWARES.

VAIBHAV GUPTA.
CLASS- XII-B
 WHY A PROJECT..
The project method of learning is the best manner
through which a student specially a science student apply
the knowledge he gains from classroom lectures to daily
life. One not only learns how to solve the problems but
also starts taking interest in everything that he does in
the laboratories.
This method enables the student to understand
significance and utilization of the subject n their daily life
and allow them to choose their activities.
A project is defined as, “A whole hearted, purposeful
activity that proceeds in a social environment.” Thus,
project is stated to be a piece of work in which a student
does their own research and presents the results.
By doing a project work a student displays their spirit
of enquiry, a creativity of improving the existing method
of solving a problem through understanding of the
existing situation, independent thinking and ability to
understand the basic facts. It also helps the student in the
art of organizing, designing, planning to achieve a
particular aim.
 AIM OF THE PROJECT..
The aim of this project is to get more knowledge about
‘DENGUE FEVER’ and to understand its possible causes,
symptoms, treatment etc.
WHAT IS DENGUE
FEVER??
Dengue is caused by four closely related but
antigenitically distinct virus serotypes and transmitted
from person to person by a bite from the mosquito,
‘AEDES AEGYPTI’.
The
first clinical
report of
dengue was done by BENJAMIN RUSH in 1789. However its
viral cause and its transmission via the mosquitoes were
only established in early 20th century.
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [DHF] is
a mosquito borne disease virus caused by the virus that
belonged to the group of FLAVIVIRUS.
Dengue viruses are transmitted from person
to person by the bite from Aedes aegypti, a domestic
mosquito.
The disease is caused by any of the four
closely related, but antigenitically distinct, virus serotypes
DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, AND DEN-4.
Due to serotype specificity,
infection caused by one serotype does not provide cross
protective immunity to other serotypes, so a person is
susceptible to have four dengue infections during their
lifetime.
 INCIDENCE AND
PREVELENCE..

The worldwide incidence is estimated to be 50 to 100

million cases of dengue fever. And over 5,00,000 cases of
dengue hemorrhagic fever per year..
The incidence of this fever is variable and depends on
the geographical region and the density of mosquito
borne diseases in a region. DENGUE Hemorrhagic Fever is
more serious and the fatality rate is about 5%.
Children younger than 15 years comprise 90% of
dengue hemorrhagic fever subjects in the world. Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever can affect both adults as well as
children’s.
Poor surveillance system in India makes it
difficult to know the exact incidence of the epidemic in
the country. There have been reports regularly in medical
literature from various hospitals. Between September
2001 and January 2002, during the epidemic of dengue in
Chennai, Tamil Nadu india nearly 800 cases were reported
to the health system.
 SYMPTOMS AND
SIGNS..
Abrupt fever, assosciated with headaches and pain
that affects legs, joints, and the lumbar region of the
spine are the classical symptoms of Dengue.
Classic dengue is characterized by Fever :

• Sudden and abrupt onset.

• May go upto 39.5-41.4°C.

• Last for about 1-7 days, then fades away for 1-2
days.
• It soon reoccurs with secondary rashes which is
usually not as severe as before.
HEADACHES.
Fever is usually accompanied by headache in front
portion of head or behind the eyes.
MUSCULAR (MYALGIA) or BONE PAIN.

 Occurs after onset of fever.

 Affects legs, joints, and lumbar spine.

 Usually the pain gets severe after its onset.

 The pain may last for several weeks even after

the fever has subsided.
 Pain is usually absent in Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever/ Dengue Shock Syndrome.
 COMPLICATIONS OF
DENGUE FEVER..
Complications, though rare may occur in dengue
hemorrhagic fever/ dengue shock syndrome are as follows
:

 Damage to brain due to bleeding or

prolonged shock.

 Liver failure.

 Inflammation of the heart muscles

[MYOCARDITIS].

 Encephalopathy (disorder of brain).

 DIAGNOSIS..
DIAGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER : confirmed diagnosis
of dengue infection can be done by:
 ISOLATION OF THE VIRUS : Isolation of
virus requires collection of serum sample
from patients within five days after
appearance symptoms.
 DETECTING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES :
Serologic requires collection of serum within
six days after onset of symptoms. The serum
is tested for detecting specific ant-dengue
antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immuno
Sorbent Assay (ELISA) .

Antibody Titers of Igm and IgG antibody increases four-

fold in serum sample.
 TREATMENT OF
DENGUE..
Although no specific anti viral tablets or injections that
can kill dengue virus are currently available, adequate
supportive care and treatment could control its morbidity.
There are no specific anti-viral tablets or injections that
can kill the virus. However, a lot of supportive care and
treatment can go a long way to save a patient suffering
from dengue fever.

 Fever is treated by anti-pyretic like Paracetamol.

 Pain in the bone should be treated by analgesics

or pain killing tablets.

 Patients are prone to dehydration hence they

should drink plenty of fluids. If necessary a few
days of intra-venous fluids can be administered
in the form of normal saline or dextrose saline.

 In some cases, oxygen is helpful. Steroids are not

known to help.
PRONOSIS OF DENGUE
FEVER..

Survival is usually related to early hospitalization and

aggressive supportive treatment. Aggressive fluids and
electrolytes can help the most affected of patients
including children with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/
Dengue Shock Syndrome who can wake up and feel
normal. Morens, a physician states that “the rapid clinical
response to intravenous fluids is among the most
dramatic events in clinical medicine.”

The recovery period may be slow with associated

weakness and mental depression.
PREVENTION OF MOSQUITO
BITES..
 Use mosquito nets during nights.
 Use mosquito repellant creams or coils containing
chemical DEET to avoid mosquito bites.
 Wear bright and colored clothing, as mosquitoes are
attracted towards dark clothing.
 Wear long sleeved clothes and long pants.
 Wear boots and socks and also if necessary tuck the
pants into the socks.
 Avoid outdoor activities during dawn or dusk when
these mosquitoes are most active.
 Avoid strong perfumes as mosquitoes are attracted
towards their smell.
 Store water undercover.
 Use bleaching powder mixed in water if it is not tube
used for drinking.
 Measures should be taken to prevent mosquito
breeding in stored water bodies like wells.
 Destroy discarded objects like old tyres, coconut
shells and bottles as they collect and store rain water.
 Avoid stagnant water around houses to get rid of
mosquito breeding sites.
 PREVENTION OF
MOSQUITO
BREEDING..
The onset of monsoons usually to a surge of breeding
among mosquitoes, which coexists with humans and
share the same milieu.
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are causative
vectors of Dengue fever and Chikungunya carry the
virus and cause these diseases. The following should
be noted about Aedes mosquito :
A. It is the female mosquito that feeds on
blood as it requires the blood protein to
produce its eggs.
B. The female Aedes mosquito searches for
suitable to lay their eggs and it is usually the
stagnant water. In Delhi, 90% of these
mosquitoes were found rampantly breeding
in water stagnant in coolers.
C. The male
mosquitoes
usually feed
only on plant
nectar.
D. Aedes
mosquitoes
causing
 dengue and chikungunya usually bite during
the day unlike those causing malaria.
E.Avoid stagnat water around or near houses
to get rid of mosquito breedings.
 REFERENCES. .

• http://www.who.int/mediacentre/

factsheets/fs192/en/

• http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/

articlerender.fcgi?artid=179846

• http://www.emedicine.com/

EMERG/topic124.htm

• http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/

dvbid/dengue/
 DECLARATION. .

I, Vaibhav Gupta hereby declare that I have

completed my project work with all the best of my

knowledge and efforts. It is now completed in all

respects. It took a reasonable time, energy and a

lot of efforts to successfully complete the project

entitled, “ DENGUE FEVER”. I am glad to announce

that the project has completed in all respects well

before the scheduled time.

VAIBHAV GUPTA.

CLASS: XII-B.
 CERTIFICATE. .

This is to certify that VAIBHAV GUPTA has completed

his project. Titled as “DENGUE FEVER” with sincerity and

diligence. He has completed his project work well before

the completion of tenure. I assure that he has not used

any unfair means and he has done the project work

independently.

His project may be considered as fulfillment for

AISSCE, 2010-2011 conducted by CBSE.

I hereby declare that she is a well behaved and

obedient student to the best of my knowledge.

Mr. A.K. Singh. Mrs. Urmila

Tripathi.
 (PRINCIPAL.) (Head of Dept. of Biology,

PGT.)