Krupp - Wikipédia

Krupp - Wikipédia 16/06/2021 23(56
Croupe
La famille Krupp (voir la prononciation ), une importante
dynastie allemande de 400 ans originaire d' Essen , est célèbre Friedrich Krupp SA
pour sa production d' acier , d' artillerie , de munitions et Hoesch-Krupp
d'autres armements . L' entreprise familiale , connue sous le
nom de Friedrich Krupp AG ( Friedrich Krupp AG
Hoesch-Krupp après l'acquisition de Hoesch AG en 1991 et
jusqu'en 1999), était la plus grande entreprise d'Europe au
début du 20e siècle et était le premier fabricant d'armes pour l'
Allemagne. dans les deux guerres mondiales. À partir de la
guerre de Trente Ans jusqu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre
mondiale , elle a produit des cuirassés , des sous-marins , des
chars , des obusiers , des canons , des utilitaires et des
Auparavant Friedrich Krupp SA
centaines d'autres produits.
(1968-1991)
La dynastie a commencé en 1587 lorsqu'un commerçant Type société
nommé Arndt Krupp a déménagé à Essen et a rejoint la guilde Industrie Conglomérat
des marchands. Il a commencé à acheter des biens immobiliers
vacants aux familles qui ont fui la ville en raison de la peste Fondé 1881 , Essen ,
noire , et est devenu l'un des hommes les plus riches de la ville. Allemagne
Ses descendants produisirent de petits canons pendant la Défunt 1999
guerre de Trente Ans et finirent par acquérir des moulins à Destin Fusion avec Thyssen
foulon , desTraduit
mines en : Français
de charbon et une forge de fer . Pendant les AG
guerres napoléoniennes , Friedrich Krupp fonda la
Successeur ThyssenKrupp
Gusstahlfabrik (usines d'acier moulé) et commença à
fondreproduction d'acier en 1816. Cela a conduit l'entreprise à Zone servie À l'échelle mondiale
devenir une grande puissance industrielle et à jeter les bases Des Acier, produits
de l'empire de l'acier qui allait dominer le monde pendant près inoxydables ,
produits
d'un siècle sous la direction de son fils Alfred . Krupp est technologies
devenu le fabricant d'armes pour le Royaume de Prusse en automobiles,
1859, et plus tard l' Empire allemand . technologies d' usine,
systèmes d'
L'entreprise produisait de l'acier utilisé pour construire des
ascenseurs,
chemins de fer aux États-Unis et pour couronner le Chrysler
systèmes marins ,
Building . À l'époque du Troisième Reich , la société Krupp a
construction navale ,
soutenu le régime nazi et a utilisé le travail d'esclave , qui a été
armes à feu
utilisé par le parti nazi pour aider à mener à bien l' Holocauste
, Krupp en récoltant les avantages économiques. Krupp a Propriétaire Fondation Alfried
utilisé près de 100 000 travailleurs esclaves, logés dans de Krupp von Bohlen et
mauvaises conditions et beaucoup ont travaillé jusqu'à la mort. Halbach
[1] L'entreprise avait un atelier près du camp d'extermination
d'Auschwitz. Alfried Krupp a été condamné en tant que criminel contre l'humanité pour avoir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp Page 1 sur 18

employé des prisonniers de guerre, des civils étrangers et des détenus des camps de concentration
dans des conditions inhumaines à des travaux liés à la
conduite de la guerre. [2] Il a été condamné à douze ans
d'emprisonnement, mais n'en a purgé que trois et a été gracié
(mais non acquitté) par John J. McCloy. [3]
Une partie de ce pardon signifiait que tous les avoirs de Krupp

ont été restaurés. [4] Encore une fois, la société est devenue
l'une des sociétés les plus riches d'Europe. Cependant, cette
croissance n'a pas duré indéfiniment. En 1967, une récession
économique a entraîné des pertes financières importantes
pour l'entreprise. En 1999, elle a fusionné avec Thyssen AG
pour former le conglomérat industriel ThyssenKrupp AG .
Les trois anneaux étaient le symbole
La polémique n'a pas échappé à la société Krupp. Étant un
de Krupp, basés sur le Radreifen -
important fournisseur d'armes de plusieurs côtés au cours de
les roues de chemin de fer sans
divers conflits, les Krupp ont parfois été blâmés pour les
soudure brevetées par Alfred Krupp.
guerres elles-mêmes ou le degré de carnage qui s'en est suivi. Les bagues font actuellement partie
[5] [6]
du logotype ThyssenKrupp .
Contenu
Aperçu
Histoire de la famille
Histoire ancienne
L'ère de Friedrich
L'ère d'Alfred
L'ère de Friedrich Alfred Siège social de ThyssenKrupp à
L'ère de Gustav Essen
L'ère d'Alfried
De Fried Krupp à Thyssen Krupp
Rôles joués dans des événements historiques
importants
La guerre franco-prussienne
Crise vénézuélienne
Guerres des Balkans
Première Guerre mondiale
La Seconde Guerre mondiale
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Activités de temps de paix
Période d'expansion ferroviaire
Moteurs diesel
Prononciation

Les références
Sources
Lectures complémentaires
Liens externes
Aperçu
Friedrich Krupp (1787-1826) a lancé les activités métallurgiques de la famille, en construisant une
fonderie d' acier pionnière à Essen en 1810. Son fils Alfred (1812-1887), connu sous le nom de « le
roi canon » ou « Alfred le Grand », a investi fortement dans les nouvelles technologies pour
devenir un important fabricant de rouleaux en acier (utilisés pour fabriquer des ustensiles de
cuisine) et de pneus de chemin de fer. Il investit également dans les technologies de lit chaud
fluidisé (notamment le procédé Bessemer ) et acquiert de nombreuses mines en Allemagne et en
France . Inhabituel pour l'époque, il a fourni des services sociaux à ses travailleurs, y compris des
logements subventionnés et des prestations de santé et de retraite.
La société a commencé à fabriquer des canons en acier dans

les années 1840, en particulier pour les armées russe, turque et
prussienne. La faible demande non militaire et les subventions
gouvernementales signifient que la société se spécialise de plus
en plus dans les armes : à la fin des années 1880, la fabrication
d'armements représente environ 50 % de la production totale
de Krupp. Lorsqu'Alfred a commencé avec l'entreprise, celle-ci
Image stéréoscopique de la grande
comptait cinq employés. À sa mort, vingt mille personnes
exposition d'armes de Krupp à l'
travaillaient pour Krupp, ce qui en fait la plus grande
Exposition colombienne de 1893
entreprise industrielle du monde et la plus grande entreprise
privée de l'empire allemand .
Krupp avait un grand bâtiment Krupp avec une exposition d'armes à feu à l'Exposition
colombienne de 1893.
In the 20th century the company was headed by Gustav Krupp

von Bohlen und Halbach (1870–1950), who assumed the
surname of Krupp when he married the Krupp heiress, Bertha
Krupp. After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933,
the Krupp works became the center for German rearmament.
In 1943, by a special order from Hitler, the company reverted
to a sole-proprietorship, with Gustav and Bertha's eldest son
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (1907–67) as
proprietor. An assortment of naval guns and
field artillery pieces from the Krupp
After Germany's defeat, Gustav was senile and incapable of works in Essen, Germany. (Circa
standing trial, and the Nuremberg Military Tribunal convicted 1905)
Alfried as a war criminal in the Krupp Trial for "plunder" and
for his company's use of slave labor. It sentenced him to 12

years in prison and ordered him to sell 75% of his holdings. In 1951, as the Cold War developed and
no buyer came forward, the U.S. occupation authorities released him, and in 1953 he resumed
control of the firm.
In 1968, the company became an Aktiengesellschaft and ownership was transferred to the Alfried
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation. In 1999, the Krupp Group merged with its largest
competitor, Thyssen AG; the combined company—ThyssenKrupp, became Germany's fifth-largest
firm and one of the largest steel producers in the world.
History of the family
Early history
The Krupp family first appeared in the historical record in 1587, when Arndt Krupp joined the
merchants' guild in Essen. Arndt, a trader, arrived in town just before an epidemic of the Black
Death plague and became one of the city's wealthiest men by purchasing the property of families
who fled the epidemic. After he died in 1624, his son Anton took over the family business; Anton
oversaw a gunsmithing operation during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), which was the first
instance of the family's long association with arms manufacturing.
For the next century the Krupps continued to acquire property and became involved in municipal
politics in Essen. By the mid-18th-century, Friedrich Jodocus Krupp, Arndt's great-great-
grandson, headed the Krupp family. In 1751, he married Helene Amalie Ascherfeld (another of
Arndt's great-great-grandchildren); Jodocus died six years later, which left his widow to run the
business: a family first. The Widow Krupp greatly expanded the family's holdings over the decades,
acquiring a fulling mill, shares in four coal mines, and (in 1800) an iron forge located on a stream
near Essen.
Friedrich's era
In 1807 the progenitor of the modern Krupp firm, Friedrich
Krupp, began his commercial career at age 19 when the Widow
Krupp appointed him manager of the forge. Friedrich's father,
the widow's son, had died 11 years previously; since that time,
the widow had tutored the boy in the ways of commerce, as he
seemed the logical family heir. Unfortunately, Friedrich
proved too idiotic for his own good, and quickly ran the
formerly profitable forge into the ground. The widow soon had
Historic Krupp House
to sell it away.
In 1810, the widow died, and in what would prove a disastrous

move, left virtually all the Krupp fortune and property to Friedrich. Newly enriched, Friedrich
decided to discover the secret of cast (crucible) steel. Benjamin Huntsman, a clockmaker from
Sheffield, had pioneered a process to make crucible steel in 1740, but the British had managed to
keep it secret, forcing others to import steel. When Napoleon began his blockade of the British

Empire (see Continental System), British steel became unavailable, and Napoleon offered a prize of
four thousand francs to anyone who could replicate the British process. This prize piqued
Friedrich's interest.
Thus, in 1811 Friedrich founded the Krupp Gusstahlfabrik (Cast Steel Works). He realized he would
need a large facility with a power source for success, and so he
built a mill and foundry on the Ruhr River, which
unfortunately proved an unreliable stream. Friedrich spent a
significant amount of time and money in the small,
waterwheel-powered facility, neglecting other Krupp business,
but in 1816 he was able to produce smelted steel. He died in
Essen, 8 October 1826 age 39.
Alfred's era Gravestones of Friedrich Krupp and

wife Therese Wilhelmi at Essen's
Alfred Krupp (born Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp), son of Friedhof Bredeney
Friedrich Carl, was born in Essen in 1812. His father's death
forced him to leave school at the age of fourteen and take on
responsibility for the steel works in companionship with his mother Therese Krupp. Prospects
were daunting: his father had spent a considerable fortune in the attempt to cast steel in large
ingots, and to keep the works going the widow and family lived in extreme frugality. The young
director laboured alongside the workmen by day and carried on his father's experiments at night,
while occasionally touring Europe trying to promote Krupp products and make sales. It was during
a stay in England that young Alfried became enamored of the country and adopted the English
spelling of his name.
For years, the works made barely enough money to cover the workmen's wages. Then, in 1841,
Alfred's brother Hermann invented the spoon-roller—which Alfred patented, bringing in enough
money to enlarge the factory, steel production, and cast steel blocks. In 1847 Krupp made his first
cannon of cast steel. At the Great Exhibition (London) of 1851, he exhibited a 6 pounder made
entirely from cast steel, and a solid flawless ingot of steel weighing 4,300 pounds (2,000 kg), more
than twice as much as any previously cast. He surpassed this with a 100,000-pound (45,000 kg)
ingot for the Paris Exposition in 1855. Krupp's exhibits caused a sensation in the engineering
world, and the Essen works became famous.[7]
In 1851, another successful innovation, no-weld railway tyres, began the company's primary
revenue stream, from sales to railways in the United States. Alfred enlarged the factory and
fulfilled his long-cherished scheme to construct a breech-loading cannon of cast steel. He strongly
believed in the superiority of breech-loaders, on account of improved accuracy and speed, but this
view did not win general acceptance among military officers, who remained loyal to tried-and-true
muzzle-loaded bronze cannon. Alfred soon began producing breech loading howitzers, one of
which he gifted to the Prussian court.
Indeed, unable to sell his steel cannon, Krupp gave it to the King of Prussia, who used it as a
decorative piece. The king's brother Wilhelm, however, realized the significance of the innovation.
After he became regent in 1859, Prussia bought its first 312 steel cannon from Krupp, which
became the main arms manufacturer for the Prussian military.

Prussia used the advanced technology of Krupp to defeat both Austria and France in the German
Wars of Unification. The French high command refused to purchase Krupp guns despite Napoleon
III's support. The Franco-Prussian war was in part a contest of "Kruppstahl" versus bronze
cannon. The success of German artillery spurred the first international arms race, against
Schneider-Creusot in France and Armstrong in England. Krupp was able to sell, alternately,
improved artillery and improved steel shielding to countries from Russia to Chile to Siam.
In the Panic of 1873, Alfred continued to expand, including the purchase of Spanish mines and
Dutch shipping, making Krupp the biggest and richest company in Europe but nearly bankrupting
it. He was bailed out with a 30 million Mark loan from a consortium of banks arranged by the
Prussian State Bank.
In 1878 and 1879 Krupp held competitions known as Völkerschiessen, which were firing
demonstrations of cannon for international buyers. These were held in Meppen, at the largest
proving ground in the world; privately owned by Krupp. He took on 46 nations as customers. At
the time of his death in 1887, he had 75,000 employees, including 20,200 in Essen. In his lifetime,
Krupp manufactured a total of 24,576 guns; 10,666 for the German government and 13,910 for
export.
Krupp established the Generalregulativ as the firm's basic constitution. The company was a sole
proprietorship, inherited by primogeniture, with strict control of workers. Krupp demanded a
loyalty oath, required workers to obtain written permission from their foremen when they needed
to use the toilet and issued proclamations telling his workers not to concern themselves with
national politics. In return, Krupp provided social services that were unusually liberal for the era,
including "colonies" with parks, schools and recreation grounds - while the widows' and orphans'
and other benefit schemes insured the men and their families in case of illness or death. Essen
became a large company town and Krupp became a de facto state within a state, with "Kruppianer"
as loyal to the company and the Krupp family as to the nation and the Hohenzollern family.
Krupp's paternalist strategy was adopted by Bismarck as government policy, as a preventive
against Social Democratic tendencies, and later influenced the development and adoption of
Führerprinzip by Adolf Hitler.
The Krupp social services program began about 1861, when it was found that there were not
sufficient houses in the town for firm employees, and the firm began building dwellings. By 1862
ten houses were ready for foremen, and in 1863 the first houses for workingmen were built in Alt
Westend. Neu Westend was built in 1871 and 1872. By 1905, 400 houses were provided, many
being given rent free to widows of former workers. A cooperative society was founded in 1868
which became the Consum-Anstalt. Profits were divided according to amounts purchased. A
boarding house for single men, the Ménage, was started in 1865 with 200 boarders and by 1905
accommodated 1000. Bath houses were provided and employees received free medical services.
Accident, life, and sickness insurance societies were formed, and the firm contributed to their
support. Technical and manual training schools were provided.[8]
Krupp was also held in high esteem by the kaiser, who dismissed Julius von Verdy du Vernois and
his successor Hans von Kaltenborn for rejecting Krupp's design of the C-96 field gun, quipping,
"I've canned three War Ministers because of Krupp, and still they don't catch on!"[9][10]

Krupp proclaimed he wished to have "a man come and start a counter-revolution" against Jews,
socialists and liberals. In some of his odder moods, he considered taking the role himself.
According to historian William Manchester, Alfried Krupp, his great grandson, would interpret
these outbursts as a prophecy fulfilled by the coming of Hitler.
Krupp's marriage was not a happy one. His wife Bertha (not to be confused with their
granddaughter), was unwilling to remain in polluted Essen in Villa Hügel, the mansion which
Krupp designed. She spent most of their married years in resorts and spas, with their only child, a
son.
Friedrich Alfred's era

After Krupp's death in 1887, his
only son, Friedrich Alfred, carried
on the work. The father had been a
hard man, known as "Herr Krupp"
since his early teens. Friedrich
Alfred was called "Fritz" all his life,
and was strikingly dissimilar to his
father in appearance and
personality. He was a
philanthropist, a rarity amongst Workers in 1905.
Ruhr industrial leaders. Part of his
philanthropy supported the study
of eugenics.
Friedrich Alfred Krupp, Fritz was a skilled businessman, though of a different sort from his
1900. father. Fritz was a master of the subtle sell, and cultivated a close
rapport with the Kaiser, Wilhelm II. Under Fritz's management, the
firm's business blossomed further and further afield, spreading across
the globe. He focused on arms manufacturing, as the US railroad market purchased from its own
growing steel industry.
Fritz Krupp authorized many new products that would do much to change history. In 1890 Krupp
developed nickel steel, which was hard enough to allow thin battleship armor and cannon using
Nobel's improved gunpowder. In 1892, Krupp bought Gruson in a hostile takeover. It became
Krupp-Panzer and manufactured armor plate and ships' turrets. In 1893 Rudolf Diesel brought his
new engine to Krupp to construct. In 1896 Krupp bought Germaniawerft in Kiel, which became
Germany's main warship builder and built the first German U-boat in 1906.
Fritz married Magda and they had two daughters: Bertha (1886–1957) and Barbara (1887–1972);
the latter married Tilo Freiherr von Wilmowsky (1878–1966) in 1907.
Fritz was arrested on 15 October 1902 by Italian police at his retreat on the Mediterranean island
of Capri, where he enjoyed the companionship of forty or so adolescent Italian boys. He had a
subsequent publicity disaster and was found dead in his chambers not long after. It was alleged
suicide, but foul play was suspected and details of the event were vague. His wife was
institutionalized for insanity.[11]

Gustav's era
Upon Fritz's death, his teenage daughter Bertha inherited the
firm. In 1903, the firm formally incorporated as a joint-stock
company, Fried. Krupp Grusonwerk AG. However, Bertha
owned all but four shares. Kaiser Wilhelm II felt it was
unthinkable for the Krupp firm to be run by a woman. He
arranged for Bertha to marry Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach,
a Prussian courtier to the Vatican and grandson of American
Civil War General Henry Bohlen. By imperial proclamation at
the wedding, Gustav was given the additional surname
"Krupp," which was to be inherited by primogeniture along
with the company.
In 1911, Gustav bought Hamm Wireworks to manufacture

barbed wire. In 1912, Krupp began manufacturing stainless
steel. At this time 50% of Krupp's armaments were sold to
Germany, and the rest to 52 other nations. The company had
invested worldwide, including in cartels with other Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und
international companies. Essen was the company Halbach (1931)
headquarters. In 1913 Germany jailed a number of military
officers for selling secrets to Krupp, in what was known as the
"Kornwalzer scandal." Gustav was not himself penalized and fired only a single director, Otto
Eccius.
After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914, Krupp bought his villa Blühnbach, in
Werfen in the Austrian Alps, and which was a former residence of the Archbishops of Salzburg.
Gustav led the firm through World War I, concentrating

almost entirely on artillery manufacturing, particularly
following the loss of overseas markets as a result of the Allied
blockade. Vickers of England naturally suspended royalty
payments during the war (Krupp held the patent on shell
fuses, but back-payment was made in 1926).
In 1916, the German government seized Belgian industry and

conscripted Belgian civilians for forced labor in the Ruhr. The Krupp Gun Works during World
These were novelties in modern warfare and in violation of the War I
Hague Conventions, to which Germany was a signatory.
During the war, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft produced 84
U-boats for the German navy, as well as the Deutschland submarine freighter, intended to ship raw
material to Germany despite the blockade. In 1918 the Allies named Gustav a war criminal, but the
trials never proceeded.
After the war, the firm was forced to renounce arms manufacturing. Gustav attempted to reorient
to consumer products, under the slogan "Wir machen alles!" (we make everything!), but operated
at a loss for years. The company laid off 70,000 workers but was able to stave off Socialist unrest

by continuing severance pay and its famous social services for workers. The company opened a
dental hospital to provide steel teeth and jaws for wounded veterans. It received its first contract
from the Prussian State railway, and manufactured its first locomotive.
In 1920, the Ruhr Uprising occurred in reaction to the Kapp

Putsch. The Ruhr Red Army, or Rote Soldatenbund, took over
much of the demilitarized Rhineland unopposed. Krupp's
factory in Essen was occupied, and independent republics
were declared, but the German Reichswehr invaded from
Westphalia and quickly restored order. Later in the year,
Britain oversaw the dismantling of much of Krupp's factory,
reducing capacity by half and shipping industrial equipment to
France as war reparations.
In the hyperinflation of 1923, the firm printed Kruppmarks for

use in Essen, which was the only stable currency there. France
and Belgium occupied the Ruhr and established martial law.
French soldiers inspecting Krupp's factory in Essen were
cornered by workers in a garage, opened fire with a machine
gun, and killed thirteen. This incident spurred reprisal killings
and sabotage across the Rhineland, and when Krupp held a
large, public funeral for the workers, he was fined and jailed by Bond of the Fried. Krupp AG, issued
the French. This made him a national hero, and he was 15. February 1921
granted an amnesty by the French after seven months.
Although Krupp was a monarchist at heart, he cooperated with the Weimar Republic; as a
munitions manufacturer his first loyalty was to the government in power. He was deeply involved
with the Reichswehr's evasion of the Treaty of Versailles, and secretly engaged in arms design and
manufacture. In 1921 Krupp bought Bofors in Sweden as a front company and sold arms to neutral
nations including the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1922, Krupp established Suderius AG in the
Netherlands, as a front company for shipbuilding, and sold submarine designs to neutrals
including the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Finland, and Japan. German Chancellor Wirth arranged
for Krupp to secretly continue designing artillery and tanks, coordinating with army chief von
Seeckt and navy chief Paul Behncke. Krupp was able to hide this activity from Allied inspectors for
five years, and kept up his engineers' skills by hiring them out to Eastern European governments
including Russia.
In 1924, the Raw Steel Association (Rohstahlgemeinschaft) was established in Luxembourg, as a

quota-fixing cartel for coal and steel, by France, Britain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria,
Czechoslovakia, and Germany. Germany, however, chose to violate quotas and pay fines, in order
to monopolize the Ruhr's output and continue making high-grade steel. In 1926, Krupp began the
manufacture of Widia ("Wie Diamant") cobalt-tungsten carbide. In 1928, German industry under
Krupp leadership put down a general strike, locking out 250,000 workers, and encouraging the
government to cut wages 15%. In 1929, the Chrysler Building was capped with Krupp steel.
Gustav and especially Bertha were initially skeptical of Hitler, who was not of their class. Gustav's
skepticism toward the Nazis waned when Hitler dropped plans to nationalize business, the
Communists gained seats in the 6 November elections, and Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher
suggested a planned economy with price controls. Despite this, as late as the day before President
Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor, Gustav warned him not to do so. However, after
Hitler won power, Gustav became enamoured with the Nazis (Fritz Thyssen described him as "a
super-Nazi") to a degree his wife and subordinates found bizarre.
In 1933, Hitler made Gustav chairman of the Reich Federation of German Industry. Gustav ousted
Jews from the organization and disbanded the board, establishing himself as the sole-decision
maker. Hitler visited Gustav just before the Röhm purge in 1934, which among other things
eliminated many of those who actually believed in the "socialism" of "National Socialism."[12]
Gustav supported the "Adolf Hitler Endowment Fund of German Industry", administrated by
Bormann, who used it to collect millions of Marks from German businessmen. As part of Hitler's
secret rearmament program, Krupp expanded from 35,000 to 112,000 employees.
Gustav was alarmed at Hitler's aggressive foreign policy after the Munich Agreement, but by then
he was fast succumbing to senility and was effectively displaced by his son Alfried. He was indicted
at the Nuremberg Trials but never tried, due to his advanced dementia. He was thus the only
German to be accused of being a war criminal after both world wars. He was nursed by his wife in a
roadside inn near Blühnbach until his death in 1950, and then cremated and interred quietly, since
his adopted name was at that time one of the most notorious in the American Zone.
Alfried's era
As the eldest son of Bertha Krupp, Alfried was destined by
family tradition to become the sole heir of the Krupp concern.
An amateur photographer and Olympic sailor, he was an early
supporter of Nazism among German industrialists, joining the
SS in 1931, and never disavowing his allegiance to Hitler.
His father's health began to decline in 1939, and after a stroke

in 1941, Alfried took over full control of the firm, continuing its
Krupp production of Tiger I tanks
role as main arms supplier to Germany at war. In 1943, Hitler
decreed the Lex Krupp, authorizing the transfer of all Bertha's
shares to Alfried, giving him the name "Krupp" and dispossessing his siblings.
During the war, Krupp was allowed to take over many industries in occupied nations, including
Arthur Krupp steel works in Berndorf, Austria, the Alsacian Corporation for Mechanical
Construction (Elsaessische Maschinenfabrik AG, or ELMAG), Robert Rothschild's tractor factory
in France, Škoda Works in Czechoslovakia, and Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG
(Deschimag) in Bremen. This activity became the basis for the charge of "plunder" at the war
crimes trial of Krupp executives after the war.
As another war crime, Krupp used slave labor, both POWs and civilians from occupied countries,
and Krupp representatives were sent to concentration camps to select laborers. Treatment of Slavic
and Jewish slaves was particularly harsh, since they were considered sub-human in Nazi Germany,
and Jews were targeted for "extermination through labor". The number of slaves cannot be
calculated due to constant fluctuation but is estimated at 100,000, at a time when the free
employees of Krupp numbered 278,000. The highest number of Jewish slave laborers at any one
time was about 25,000 in January 1943.

In 1942–1943, Krupp built the Berthawerk factory (named for his mother), near the Markstadt
forced labour camp, for production of artillery fuses. Jewish women were used as slave labor there,
leased from the SS for 4 Marks a head per day. Later in 1943 it was taken over by Union Werke.
In 1942, although Russia in retreat relocated many factories to the Urals, steel factories were
simply too large to move. Krupp took over production, including at the Molotov steel works near
Kharkov and Kramatorsk in eastern Ukraine, and at mines supplying the iron, manganese, and
chrome vital for steel production.
The battle of Stalingrad in 1942 convinced Krupp that Germany would lose the war, and he secretly
began liquidating 200 million Marks in government bonds. This allowed him to retain much of his
fortune and hide it overseas.
Beginning in 1943, Allied bombers targeted the main German industrial district in the Ruhr. Most
damage at Krupp's works was actually to the slave labor camps, and German tank production
continued to increase from 1,000 to 1,800 per month. However, by the end of the war, with a
manpower shortage preventing repairs, the main factories were out of commission.
On 25 July 1943 the Royal Air Force attacked the Krupp Works with 627 heavy bombers, dropping
2,032 long tons of bombs in an Oboe-marked attack. Upon his arrival at the works the next
morning, Gustav Krupp suffered a fit from which he never recovered.[13]
After the war, the Ruhr became part of the British Zone of
occupation. The British dismantled Krupp's factories, sending
machinery all over Europe as war reparations. The Russians
seized Krupp's Grusonwerk in Magdeburg, including the
formula for tungsten steel. Germaniawerft in Kiel was
dismantled, and Krupp's role as an arms manufacturer came to
an end. Allied High Commission Law 27, in 1950, mandated
the decartelization of German industry.
Meanwhile, Alfried was held in Landsberg prison, where Hitler Devastation of Krupp factory, Essen,
had been imprisoned in 1924. At the Krupp Trial, held in 1945
1947–1948 in Nuremberg following the main Nuremberg
trials, Alfried and most of his co-defendants were convicted of
crimes against humanity (plunder and slave labor), while
being acquitted of crimes against peace, and conspiracy.
Alfried was condemned to 12 years in prison and the
"forfeiture of all [his] property both real and personal," making
him a pauper. Two years later, on 31 January 1951, John J.
McCloy, High Commissioner of the American zone of
occupation, issued an amnesty to the Krupp defendants. Much
of Alfried's industrial empire was restored, but he was forced
to transfer some of his fortune to his siblings, and he
renounced arms manufacturing. Electric locomotive construction at
the Krupp Works, Essen, 1960
By this time, West Germany's Wirtschaftswunder had begun,
and the Korean War had shifted the United States's priority
from denazification to anti-Communism. German industry was seen as integral to western

Europe's economic recovery, the limit on steel production was lifted, and the reputation of Hitler-
era firms and industrialists was rehabilitated.
In 1953 Krupp negotiated the Mehlem agreement with the

governments of the US, Great Britain and France. Hitler's Lex
Krupp was upheld, reestablishing Alfried as sole proprietor,
but Krupp mining and steel businesses were sequestered and
pledged to be divested by 1959. There is scant evidence that
Alfried intended to fulfill his side of the bargain, and he
continued to receive royalties from the sequestered industries.
Despite having only 16,000 employees and 16,000 pensioners, Krupp Works, Essen, 1961
Alfried refused to cut pensions. He ended unprofitable
businesses including shipbuilding, railway tyres, and farm
equipment. He hired Berthold Beitz, an insurance executive, as
the face of the company, and began a public relations
campaign to promote Krupp worldwide, omitting references to
Nazism or arms manufacturing. Beginning with Adenauer, he
established personal diplomacy with heads of state, making
both open and secret deals to sell equipment and engineering
expertise. Expansion was significant in the former colonies of
Great Britain and behind the Iron Curtain, in countries eager
to industrialize but suspicious of NATO. Krupp built rolling
mills in Mexico, paper mills in Egypt, foundries in Iran,
refineries in Greece, a vegetable oil processing plant in Sudan,
and its own steel plant in Brazil. In India, Krupp rebuilt Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und
Rourkela in Odisha as company town similar to his own Essen. Halbach (to the right), with Sylvanus
In West Germany, Krupp made jet fighters in Bremen, as a Olympio the President of Togo, while
joint venture with United Aircraft, and built an atomic reactor visiting Villa Hügel on 17 May 1961
in Jülich, partly funded by the government. The company
expanded to 125,000 employees worldwide, and in 1959 Krupp
was the fourth largest in Europe (after Royal Dutch, Unilever, and Mannesmann), and the 12th
largest in the world.
1959 was also Krupp's deadline to sell his sequestered industries, but he was supported by other
Ruhr industrialists, who refused to place bids. Krupp not only took back control of those
companies in 1960, he used a shell company in Sweden to buy the Bochumer Verein für
Gussstahlfabrikation AG, in his opinion the best remaining steel manufacturer in West Germany.
The Common Market allowed these moves, effectively ending the Allied policy of decartelization.
Alfried was the richest man in Europe, and among the world's handful of billionaires.
The treatment of Jews during the war had remained an issue. In 1951, Adenauer acknowledged
that "unspeakable crimes were perpetrated in the name of the German people, which impose upon
them the obligation to make moral and material amends." Negotiations with the Claims
Conference resulted in the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany. IG Farben,
Siemens, Krupp, AEG, Telefunken, and Rheinmetall separately provided compensation to Jewish
slave laborers, but Alfried refused to consider compensation to non-Jewish slave laborers.

In the mid-1960s, a series of blows ended the special status of Krupp. A recession in 1966 exposed
the company's overextended credit and turned Alfried's cherished mining and steel companies into
loss-leaders. In 1967, the West German Federal Tax Court ended sales tax exemptions for private
companies, of which Krupp was the largest, and voided the Hitler-era exemption of the company
from inheritance tax. Alfried's only son, Arndt von Bohlen und Halbach (1938–1986), would not
develop an interest in the family business and was willing to renounce his inheritance. Alfried
arranged for the firm to be reorganized as a corporation and a foundation for scientific research,
with a generous pension for Arndt. Although Arndt was homosexual, like his great-grandfather
Friedrich (Fritz) Krupp, he married but was childless. He was an alcoholic and died of cancer in
1986, aged 48, 399 years after Arndt Krupp arrived in Essen.
From Fried Krupp to Thyssen Krupp

Alfried had married twice, both ending in divorce, and by family tradition he had excluded his
siblings from company management. He died in Essen in 1967, and the company's transformation
was completed the next year, capitalized at 500 million DM, with Beitz in charge of the Alfried
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation and chairman of the corporation's board until 1989.
Between 1968 and 1990 the foundation awarded grants totaling around 360 million DM. In 1969,
the coal mines were transferred to Ruhrkohle AG. Stahlwerke Südwestfalen was bought for
stainless steel, and Polysius AG and Heinrich Koppers for engineering and the construction of
industrial plants.
In the early 1980s, the company spun off all its operating activities and was restructured as a
holding company. VDM Nickel-Technologie was bought in 1989, for high-performance materials,
mechanical engineering and electronics. That year, Gerhard Cromme became chairman and chief
executive of Krupp. After its hostile takeover of rival steelmaker Hoesch AG in 1990–1991, the
companies were merged in 1992 as "Fried. Krupp AG Hoesch Krupp," under Cromme. After closing
one main steel plant and laying off 20,000 employees, the company had a steelmaking capacity of
around eight million metric tons and sales of about 28 billion DM (US$18.9 billion). The new
Krupp had six divisions: steel, engineering, plant construction, automotive supplies, trade, and
services. After two years of heavy losses, a modest net profit of 40 million DM (US$29.2 million)
followed in 1994.
In 1997 Krupp attempted a hostile takeover of the larger Thyssen, but the bid was abandoned after
resistance from Thyssen management and protests by its workers. Nevertheless, Thyssen agreed to
merge the two firms' flat steel operations, and Thyssen Krupp Stahl AG was created in 1997 as a
jointly owned subsidiary (60% by Thyssen and 40% by Krupp). About 6,300 workers were laid off.
Later that year, Krupp and Thyssen announced a full merger, which was completed in 1999 with
the formation of ThyssenKrupp AG. Cromme and Ekkehard Schulz were named co-chief executives
of the new company, operating worldwide in three main business areas: steel, capital goods
(elevators and industrial equipment), and services (specialty materials, environmental services,
mechanical engineering, and scaffolding services).
Roles played in important historical events
The Franco-Prussian War

The unexpected victory of Prussia over France (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) demonstrated the
superiority of breech-loaded steel cannon over muzzle-loaded brass. Krupp artillery was a
significant factor at the battles of Wissembourg and Gravelotte, and was used during the siege of
Paris. Krupp's anti-balloon guns were the first anti-aircraft guns. Prussia fortified the major North
German ports with batteries that could hit French ships from a distance of 4,000 yards, inhibiting
invasion.
Venezuela Crisis
Krupp's construction of the Great Venezuela Railway from 1888 to 1894 raised Venezuelan
national debt. Venezuela's suspension of debt payments in 1901 led to gunboat diplomacy of the
Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903.[14]
Balkan wars
Russia and the Ottoman Empire both bought large quantities of Krupp guns. By 1887, Russia had
bought 3,096 Krupp guns, while the Ottomans bought 2,773 Krupp guns. By the start of the Balkan
wars the largest export market for Krupp worldwide was Turkey, which purchased 3,943 Krupp
guns of various types between 1854 and 1912. The second-largest customer in the Balkans was
Romania, which purchased 1,450 guns in the same period, while Bulgaria purchased 517 pieces,
Greece 356, Austria-Hungary 298, Montenegro 25, and Serbia just 6 guns.[15]
World War I
Krupp produced most of the artillery of the Imperial German
Army, including its heavy siege guns: the 1914 420 mm Big
Bertha, the 1916 Langer Max, and the seven Paris Guns in 1917
and 1918. In addition, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft built
German warships and submarines in Kiel. During the war
Krupp modified also the design of an existing Langer Max gun
which they built in Koekelare. The gun called Batterie
Pommern was the largest gun of the world in 1917 and was
able to shoot shells of ±750 kg from Koekelare to Dunkirk.
Before World War I Krupp had a contract with the British
armaments company Vickers and Son Ltd. (formerly Vickers Detail of a WWI gun breech block
Maxim) to supply Vickers-constructed Maxim machine guns. manufactured by Krupp in Essen
Conversely, from 1902 Krupp was contracted by Vickers to
supply its patented fuses to Vickers bullets. It is known that
wounded and deceased German soldiers were found to have spent Vickers bullets with the German
inscription "Krupps patent zünder [fuses]" lying around their bodies.
World War II

Krupp received its first order for 135 Panzer I tanks in 1933, and during World War II made tanks,
artillery, naval guns, armor plate, munitions and other armaments for the German military.
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft shipyard launched the cruiser Prinz Eugen, as well as many of
Germany's U-boats (130 between 1934 and 1945) using preassembled parts supplied by other
Krupp factories in a process similar to the construction of the US liberty ships.
In the 1930s, Krupp developed two 800 mm railway guns, the Schwerer Gustav and the Dora.
These guns were the biggest artillery pieces ever fielded by an army during wartime, and weighed
almost 1,344 tons. They could fire a 7-ton shell over a distance of 37 kilometers. More crucial to the
operations of the German military was Krupp's development of the famed 88 mm anti-aircraft
cannon which found use as a notoriously effective anti-tank gun.
In an address to the Hitler Youth, Adolf Hitler stated "In our eyes, the German boy of the future
must be slim and slender, as fast as a greyhound, tough as leather and hard as Krupp steel" ("... der
deutsche Junge der Zukunft muß schlank und rank sein, flink wie Windhunde, zäh wie Leder und
hart wie Kruppstahl.")
During the war Germany's industry was heavily bombed. The Germans built large-scale night-time
decoys like the Krupp decoy site (German: Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage) which was a German
decoy-site of the Krupp steel works in Essen. During World War II, it was designed to divert Allied
airstrikes from the actual production site of the arms factory.
Krupp Industries employed workers conscripted by the Nazi regime from across Europe. These
workers were initially paid, but as Nazi fortunes declined they were kept as slave workers. They
were abused, beaten, and starved by the thousands, as detailed in the book The Arms of Krupp.
Nazi Germany kept two million French POWs captured in 1940 as forced laborers throughout the
war. They added compulsory (and volunteer) workers from occupied nations, especially in metal
factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government of France to deport workers to
Germany, where they constituted 15% of the labor force by August 1944. The largest number
worked in the giant Krupp steel works in Essen. Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings, and
crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasantness of poor housing, inadequate heating, limited
food, and poor medical care, all compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. In an affidavit provided at
the Nuremberg Trials following the war, Dr. Wilhelm Jaeger, the senior doctor for the Krupp
"slaves," wrote, "Sanitary conditions were atrocious. At Kramerplatz only ten children's toilets were
available for 1200 inhabitants. . . Excretion contaminated the entire floors of these lavatories. The
Tatars and Kirghiz suffered most; they collapsed like flies [from] bad housing, the poor quality and
insufficient quantity of food, overwork and insufficient rest. . . Countless fleas, bugs and other
vermin tortured the inhabitants of these camps. . ."[16] The survivors finally returned home in the
summer of 1945 after their liberation by the allied armies.[17]
Krupp industries was prosecuted after the end of war for its support to the Nazi regime and use of
forced labour.
Post–World War II
Krupp's trucks were once again produced after the war, but so as to minimize the negative wartime
connotations of the Krupp name they were sold as "Südwerke" trucks from 1946 until 1954, when
the Krupp name was considered rehabilitated.
Krupp Steel Works of Essen, Germany, manufactured the spherical pressure chamber of the dive
vessel Trieste,[18] the first vessel to take humans to the deepest known point in the oceans,
accomplished in 1960. This was a heavy duty replacement for the original pressure sphere (made
in Italy by Acciaierie Terni) and was manufactured in three finely machined sections: an equatorial
ring and two hemispherical caps. The sphere weighed 13 tonnes in air (eight tonnes in water) with
walls that were 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in) thick.
Krupp Steel Works was also contracted in the mid-1960s to construct the Effelsberg 100-m Radio
Telescope, which, from 1972 to 2000 was the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world.[19]
Peacetime activities
Railway expansion period
Krupp was the first company to patent a seamless, reliable and strong enough railway tyre for rail
freight. Krupp received original contracts in the United States and enjoyed a period of
technological superiority while also contributing the majority of rail to the new continental railway
system. "Nearly all railroads were using Krupp rails, the New York Central, Illinois Central,
Delaware and Hudson, Maine Central, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, Bangor and Aroostook,
Great Northern, Boston and Albany, Florida and East Coast, Texas and Pacific, Southern Pacific,
and Mexican National."[20]
Diesel engines
In 1893, a mechanical engineer by the name of Rudolf Diesel

approached Gustav with a patent for a "new kind of internal
combustion engine employing autoignition of the fuel". He
also included his text "Theorie und Konstruktion eines
rationellen Wärmemotors". Four years later, the first 3-
Rail marked "KRUPP 1926
horsepower diesel engine was produced.[21] GERMANY". Photo taken in Boston
area 2015
Pronunciation
The common English pronunciations are /krʊp/ or /krʌp/.[22] The common German
pronunciations are [kʁʊp] or [kɾʊp]. Thus the u is usually treated as short in both languages,
corresponding logically (in either language's regular orthography) with the doubled consonant that
follows. A British documentary on the Krupp family and firm included footage of German-speakers
of the 1930s who would have had speaking contact with the family, which attests the long [uː], thus
[kʁuːp] or [kɾuːp], rather than what would be the regular German spelling pronunciation, [kʁʊp]
or [kɾʊp]. The documentary's narration used the English /uː/ equivalent, /kruːp/. This would
seem to indicate that the short u is a spelling pronunciation, but it is nonetheless the most
common treatment.
References
1. "Alfried Krupp" (https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=328).

2. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1735&context=ilr
3. "Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | German industrialist" (https://www.britannica.com/biog
raphy/Alfried-Krupp-von-Bohlen-und-Halbach).
4. "Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | German industrialist" (https://www.britannica.com/biog
raphy/Alfried-Krupp-von-Bohlen-und-Halbach).
5. Taylor, Telford (2012). The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (https://books
.google.com/books?id=hEH7KcpN-OcC). Random House. p. 319. ISBN 9780307819819.
6. Michaelis, Kate Woodbridge; Michaelis, Otho E.; Monthaye, E. (2017). Alfred Krupp: a Sketch
of His Life and Work: After the German of Victor Niemeyer (https://books.google.com/books?id
=-g9LAAAAMAAJ). Abe Books. p. 31.
7. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public
domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Krupp, Alfred". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press. p. 934.
8. Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Krupp Foundries, Social Work at" (https:/
/en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Krupp_Foundries,_Soci
al_Work_at). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
9. Eric Dorn Brose (2004). The Kaiser's Army: The Politics of Military Technology in Germany
During the Machine Age, 1870–1918. Oxford University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-19-517945-
3.
10. Humboldt, Alexander von; Rodríguez, José Angel (1 January 1999). Alemanes en las regiones
equinocciales: libro homenaje al bicentenario de la llegada de Alexander von Humboldt a
Venezuela, 1799–1999 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yuJbUy_GYbUC&q=Gran+Ferroc
arril+de+Venezuela&pg=PA226) (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial Humanidades.
ISBN 9789803540715. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
11. Manchester, pp. 226-227
12. Batty, Peter, 1931- (2001). The house of Krupp : the steel dynasty that armed the Nazis. New
York: Cooper Square Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-8154-1155-3. OCLC 48092296 (https://www.worldc
at.org/oclc/48092296).
13. Gunston, Bill (31 March 2013). Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History - Bill
Gunston - Google Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=DrM7AwAAQBAJ&q=h2s+mk+vi
+k-band&pg=PT93). ISBN 9780752495125. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
14. Tomz, Michael Enforcement by Gunboats Stanford University (2006) p.189
15. Donald J. Stocker; Jonathan A. Grant (2003). Girding for Battle: The Arms Trade in a Global
Perspective, 1815-1940 (https://books.google.com/books?id=KN-oJ_5Gy7UC&pg=PA32year).
Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-275-97339-1.
16. Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.
1959. pp. 949.
17. Françoise Berger, "L'exploitation de la Main-d'oeuvre Française dans l'industrie Siderurgique
Allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale," [The Exploitation of French Labor in the
German Iron and Steel Industry During World War II], Revue D'histoire Moderne et
Contemporaine (2003) 50#3 pp 148-181
18. Prophetically, the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea remarks that Captain
Nemo's submarine was made of steel from Krupp of Prussia.
19. Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy | Radio Telescope Effelsberg | History
20. Manchester, pp. 67, 141
20. Manchester, pp. 67, 141

21. Manchester, p. 199
22. Merriam-Webster (2008), Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (https://archive.org/details/
merriamwebstersc00merr_6) (11th ed.), Springfield, MA, US: Merriam-Webster, ISBN 978-0-
87779-809-5 [online version]
Sources
Books
Manchester, William (2003) [1968], The Arms of Krupp: 1587–1968 (Paperback ed.), Boston,
MA, US: Little, Brown and Company, ISBN 0-316-52940-0.
Mason, Peter (1985), Blood and Iron (https://archive.org/details/bloodiron00maso)
(Paperback ed.), Penguin US, ISBN 0-14-007149-0.
Tenfelde, Klaus (ed.) (2005), Pictures of Krupp: Photography and History in the Industrial Age,
London, UK and New York, NY, US: Philip Wilson Publishers, ISBN 978-0-85667-580-5.
Articles
EC McCreary, "Social Welfare and Business: The Krupp Welfare Program, 1860–1914" (1968)
42(1) The Business History Review 24–49 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112013).
Further reading
Friz, D.M. (1988), Alfried Krupp und Berthold Beitz: der Erbe und sein Statthalter [Alfried Krupp
und Berthold Beitz: The Heir and His Deputy], Zürich, Switzerland: Orell-Füssli, ISBN 3-280-
01852-8.
Gall, Lothar (2000), Krupp: der Aufstieg eines Industrieimperiums [Krupp: The Rise of an
Industrial Empire], Berlin, Germany: Siedler, ISBN 978-3-88680-583-9.
Gall, Lothar (ed.) (2002), Krupp im 20. Jahrhundert [Krupp in the 20th Century], Berlin,
Germany: Siedler, ISBN 978-3-88680-742-0.
External links
Official site Thyssenkrupp Essen (http://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/index.html)
Newspaper clippings about Krupp (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/010564) in the 20th
Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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Krupp - Wikipédia 16/06/2021 23(56

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp Page 1 sur 18

Une partie de ce pardon signifiait que tous les avoirs de Krupp

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La société a commencé à fabriquer des canons en acier dans

In the 20th century the company was headed by Gustav Krupp

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History of the family

In 1810, the widow died, and in what would prove a disastrous

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Alfred's era Gravestones of Friedrich Krupp and

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Friedrich Alfred's era

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In 1911, Gustav bought Hamm Wireworks to manufacture

Gustav led the firm through World War I, concentrating

In 1916, the German government seized Belgian industry and

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In 1920, the Ruhr Uprising occurred in reaction to the Kapp

In the hyperinflation of 1923, the firm printed Kruppmarks for

In 1924, the Raw Steel Association (Rohstahlgemeinschaft) was established in Luxembourg, as a

His father's health began to decline in 1939, and after a stroke

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp Page 11 sur 18

In 1953 Krupp negotiated the Mehlem agreement with the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp Page 12 sur 18

From Fried Krupp to Thyssen Krupp

Roles played in important historical events

The Franco-Prussian War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp Page 14 sur 18

Railway expansion period

In 1893, a mechanical engineer by the name of Rudolf Diesel

1. "Alfried Krupp" (https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=328).

20. Manchester, pp. 67, 141

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krupp&oldid=1027725870"

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