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⎡ ⎤
   
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# » #»
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S = 2π · rG · L

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C

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# »
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S

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x , #»
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H1 = 2 · R1 . R2 = 2 · R1 . H2 = 18 · R1 . Rext = 2 · R1 . Rint ≈ 1.68 · R1 .

m1 m2 ≈ 0, 25 · m1 H3 = 14 · R1 . m3 ≈ 0, 15 · m1

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z )Y
S
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x , #»
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S

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1

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#» #» # »
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#»
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# » # » #» #»
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Ua ,RNcjan,jCRN -

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Ua 0ā~NCjCRN 0n ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 -


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2
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2
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δ ) ( S ) = I( G, δ ) ( S ) + m · d A
I( A, #» #» (Δ B ) × K dA
2 G× #»
δ ) ( S ) = I( G, δ ) ( S ) + m · d B
I( B, #» #»
δ H
(ΔG ) ×
A
/ȕRɵ I a3IjCRN 3Nja3 I3c LRL3Njc 0ȕCN3ajC3 #»
(Δ A ) x
2 2 #»
δ ) ( S ) − I( B, δ ) ( S ) = m · d A − m · d B
I( A, #» #» z

q3, d A 3j d B a3cU3,jCq3L3Nj 0CcjN,3 3Nja3 I3c 7ϔόЛЁζ lYfY Ģ `3IjCRN 3Nja3 I3c LRL3Njc 0ȕCN3ajC3

kXkXdX S`Q/mBib /ǶBM2`iB2

H3c UaR0nCjc 0ȕCN3ajC3 ,a,jāaCc3Nj Iȕ$c3N,3 03 cwLājaC3 0Nc I aāUajCjCRN 03c Lcc3cY
H 0āj3aLCNjCRN 03c UaR0nCjc 0ȕCN3ajC3 c3a 0ā0nCj3 0n ,I,nI 03 IȕRUāaj3na 0ȕCN3ajC3 0Nc I3 ,@UCja3
cnCqNjY

kXjX PTû`i2m` /ǶBM2`iB2

kXjXRX PTû`i2m` /ǶBM2`iB2 2M mM TQBMi
HȕRUāaj3na 0ȕCN3ajC3 cwNj@ājCc3 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 03c ,a,jāaCcjC\n3c 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03Y +3j RUāaj3na 3cj nN3
8RN,jCRN ICNāCa3 3j U3nj ćja3 a3Uaāc3Njā Ua nN3 LjaC,3Y

 VX .û}MBiBQM

QN UU3II3 RUāaj3na 0ȕCN3ajC3 IO (S) n URCNj O 0ȕnN cRIC03 S IȕRUāaj3na \nC © jRnj q3,j3na #»
u 03 Iȕ3cU,3
ccR,C3 I3 q3,j3na
 # »
#» # »

IO ( S ) · u = OP ∧ #» u ∧ OP 0m.
P∈S

# VX Ji`B+2 /ǶBM2`iB2
cRCj
ġ (O, #»
x , #»
y , #»
z ). nN a3Uěa3. 3j ( #»
x , #»
y , #»
z ) nN3 $c3 d
# »
ġ P. nN URCNj 0n cRIC03 S. q3, OP = x · #» x + y · #»
y + z · #»
zd
u = α · #»
ġ #» x + β · #»
y + γ · #»
z . nN q3,j3naY
# » #» # »

/āj3aLCNRNc OP ∧ u ∧ OP

# » # »

OP ∧ #» u ∧ OP =
( x · #»
x + y · #»
y + z · #»
z ) ∧ ((α · #»
x +β· #»
y + γ · #»
z ) ∧ ( x · #»
x + y · #»
y + z · #»
z )) =
 2 

+ α · y + z2 −β·x·y −γ·x·z #»
x
 

+ −α·x·y + β · z2 + x 2 −γ·y·z #»
y
 

+ −α·x·z −β·y·z + γ · x 2 + y2 #»
z

Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc 4
lY +CNājC\n3

2N CNjā<aNj cna I3 cRIC03 S -


# » # »

OP ∧ #»
u ∧ OP · 0m =
P∈S

 

+α· y2 + z2 · 0m −β· x · y · 0m −γ· x · z · 0m #»

x
P∈S P∈S P∈S
 


+ −α· x · y · 0m +β· z2 + x2 · 0m −γ· y · z · 0m #»

y
P∈S P∈S P∈S
  

+ −α· x · z · 0m −β· y · z · 0m +γ· x2 + y2 · 0m #»

z
P∈S P∈S P∈S

QN U3nj L3jja3 ,3 aācnIjj cRnc I 8RaL3 0n UaR0nCj 0ȕnN3 LjaC,3 3j 0n q3,j3na #»

u

⎛ 
  ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
+ y2 + z2 · 0m − x · y · 0m − x · z · 0m α
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ P∈S P∈S P∈S ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜  
 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
#» ⎜−
IO ( S ) · u = ⎜ x · y · 0m + z2 + x2 · 0m − y · z · 0m ⎟ ⎜ β⎟
⎟·⎜ ⎟
⎜ P∈S P∈S P∈S
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜   
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝− x · z · 0m − y · z · 0m + 2
x +y 2
0m⎠ ⎝ γ⎠
P∈S P∈S P∈S

+3jj3 LjaC,3 3cj ,a,jāaCcjC\n3 03 I aāUajCjCRN 03 I LjCěa3 0ȕnN cRIC03 njRna 0ȕnN URCNj VC,C OW 3j
0Nc nN3 $c3 0RNNā3 ( #»
x , #»
y , #»
z )Y
QN U3nj URna ,@\n3 cRIC03 0ā~NCa nN3 LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3Y
Ta ,RNq3NjCRN. RN URc3
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
A −F −E I(O, #»
x) − Pxy − Pxz
IO ( S ) = ⎝ − F B − D ⎠ Rn IO (S) = ⎝ − Pxy I(O, #»y) − Pyz ⎠
− E − D C O#» #» #» − Pxz − Pyz I(O, #»z ) O
(x,y,z) ( #»
x , #»
y , #»
z)
QN a3,RNNţj cna I 0C<RNI3 03 I LjaC,3
  
A = I(O, #»
x) = y2 + z2 · 0m. I3 LRL3Nj 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S njRna 03 Iȕu3 (O, #»
x)d
P∈S
  
B = I(O, #»
y) = z2 + x2 · 0m. I3 LRL3Nj 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S njRna 03 Iȕu3 (O, #»
y )d
P∈S
  
C = I(O, #»
z) = x2 + y2 · 0m. I3 LRL3Nj 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S njRna 03 Iȕu3 (O, #»
z )Y
P∈S
Ta ,RNq3NjCRN RN URc3

F = Pxy = x · y · 0m. I3 UaR0nCj 0ȕCN3ajC3 Ua aUURaj UIN (O, #»
x , #»
y )d
P∈S

E = Pxz = x · z · 0m. I3 UaR0nCj 0ȕCN3ajC3 Ua aUURaj UIN (O, #»
x , #»
z )d
P∈S

D = Pyz = y · z · 0m. I3 UaR0nCj 0ȕCN3ajC3 Ua aUURaj UIN (O, #»
y , #»
z )Y
P∈S
`3La\n3c -
ġ mN3 LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0āU3N0 03 I $c3 3j 0n URCNj 03 ,I,nI. CI 3cj 0RN, CLURajNj 03 Uaā,Cc3a ,3c
0RNNā3c d
ġ H LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 3cj nN3 LjaC,3 cwLājaC\n3 d
ġ QN NRLL3 nccC ,3jj3 LjaC,3 j3Nc3na 0ȕCN3ajC3Y

Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc O
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+ VX .ûi2`KBMiBQM /m KQK2Mi /ǶBM2`iB2 T` `TTQ`i ¨ mM t2 [m2H+QM[m2

#»

Ta 0ā~NCjCRN I3 LRL3Nj 0ȕCN3ajC3 njRna 03 Iȕu3 Δ = O, δ cȕā,aCj

 #» # »
2
IΔ (S) = δ ∧ OP 0m.
P∈S

/ā,RLURcRNc I3 ,I,nI 0n LRL3Nj 0ȕCN3ajC3

 #» # »
2  #» # »
#» # »

IΔ (S) = δ ∧ OP 0m = δ ∧ OP · δ ∧ OP 0m.
P∈S P∈S

u . #»
H3 j3aL3 cRnc IȕCNjā<aI3 U3nj ćja3 ,RNcC0āaā ,RLL3 I3 UaR0nCj LCuj3 03c q3,j3nac #» #»
v 3j w
#»
u · ( #» #») = ( #»
v ∧w u , #» #»)
v, w
#» # » #» #» # »

u = δ . #»
q3, #» v = OP 3j w = δ ∧ OP Y
2N U3aLnjNj I3c j3aL3c 0n UaR0nCj LCuj3 RN N3 ,@N<3 Uc I3 aācnIjj -

( #»
u , #» #») = ( #»
v, w #» #»
v , w, #» #»
u ) = ( w, u , #»
v)

#» # » #» # »
# » #» # »
#»
cRCj C,C
δ ∧ OP · δ ∧ OP = OP ∧ δ ∧ OP · δ

H3 LRL3Nj 0ȕCN3ajC3 cȕā,aCj 0RN, -

 # »
#» # »

IΔ (S) = δ · OP ∧ δ ∧ OP 0m
P∈S

QN a3,RNNţj. cRnc IȕCNjā<aI3. IȕRUāaj3na 0ȕCN3ajC3 n URCNj O 0n cRIC03 SY

TRna 0āj3aLCN3a I3 LRL3Nj 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 b njRna 03 Iȕu3 Δ . CI cn|j 0ȕ3{3,jn3a I3 UaR0nCj c,ICa3
#» #»
0n q3,j3na nNCjCa3 δ q3, IO (δ) · δ Y

#» #»

IΔ (S) = δ · IO (δ) · δ
⎛ ⎞
A −F −E
#»
bC RN URc3 IO (S) = ⎝ − F B − D ⎠ 3j δ = (α, β, γ) 0Nc I $c3 B IRac
−E −D C O
B

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ α⎞
A −F −E
⎜ ⎟
IΔ (S) = (α, β, γ) · ⎝ − F B − D ⎠ · ⎝ β⎠
−E −D C O γ
B

/ VX *?M;2K2Mi /2 TQBMi- i?ûQ`ĕK2 /2 >mv;2Mb ;ûMû`HBbû

bRCj # I $c3 ( #»
x , #»
y , #»
z )Y QN a3,@3a,@3 I a3IjCRN 3Nja3 I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 3N A 0n cRIC03 S 3j I LjaC,3
0ȕCN3ajC3 3N G I3 ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03Y
Ta 0ā~NCjCRN. IȕRUāaj3na 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S n URCNj A 0Nc I $c3 B cȕā,aCj -
 # » # »

I A (S) · #»
u = AP ∧ #»
u ∧ AP 0m
P∈S

/3 LćL3 IȕRUāaj3na 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S n URCNj G 0Nc I $c3 B cȕā,aCj -

 # » # »

IG (S) · #»
u = GP ∧ #»
u ∧ GP 0m
P∈S

Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc Sz
lY +CNājC\n3

2N 0ā,RLURcNj I3 Ua3LC3a -
 # » # »
# » # »

I A (S) · #»
u = AG + GP ∧ #»
u ∧ AG + GP 0m
P∈S

UnCc 3N 0āq3IRUUNj
 # » 
# »

# » # »

I A (S) · #»
u = #»
AG ∧ u ∧ AG 0m + AG ∧ #»u ∧ GP 0m
 P∈S

 P∈S

# » # » # » # »
+ GP ∧ #»
u ∧ AG 0m + GP ∧ #»u ∧ GP 0m
P∈S P∈S
 # »
H3c 03nuCěL3c 3j jaRCcCěL3c j3aL3c 03 ,3jj3 cRLL3 cRNj NnIc VUa 0ā~NCjCRN 0n ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 P∈S
GP 0m =
#»
0W -
 # »   
#» # »

# » #» # » #»
AG ∧ u ∧ GP 0m = AG ∧ u ∧ GP 0m = 0
P∈S P∈S
 # »

 
#» # » # » # »
#»
GP ∧ u ∧ AG 0m = GP 0m ∧ #» u ∧ AG = 0 .
P∈S P∈S

Hȕā<ICjā 03qC3Nj -
 # » 
# »

# » # »

I A (S) · #»
u = AG ∧ #»
u ∧ AG 0m + GP ∧ #»
u ∧ GP 0m
P∈S P∈S

QN a3,RNNţj 0Nc I3 c3,RN0 j3aL3 IȕRUāaj3na 0ȕCN3ajC3 3N G -

 # » # »

IG (S) · u = GM ∧ #»
u ∧ GM 0m.
P∈S

BI a3cj3 © 0āj3aLCN3a I3 Ua3LC3a j3aL3 -

H3c j3aL3c cRnc IȕCNjā<aI3 N3 0āU3N03Nj Uc 03 I Lcc3 VqaC$I3 0ȕCNjā<ajCRNW
 # » # »

# » # »

AG ∧ #»
u ∧ AG 0m = m AG ∧ #»
u ∧ AG
P∈S

/ȕRɵ I3 j@āRaěL3 03 ?nw<3Nc <āNāaICcā

# » # »

I A (S) · #» u + m AG ∧ #»
u = IG (S) · #» u ∧ AG

# » # »

/āj3aLCNRNc AG ∧ #»
u ∧ AG 3N 8RN,jCRN 03c ,RRa0RNNā3c 03c 03nu q3,j3nac

#» # »
u = (α, β, γ) 3j AG = ( a, b, c) .

mN ,I,nI NIR<n3  0āE© ājā aāICcā IRac 03 I 0āj3aLCNjCRN 03 I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 U<3 4. 0ȕRɵ 0Nc I
$c3 ( #»
x , #»
y , #»
z)-
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

b + c2 − a · b − a · c α
# » # »
AG ∧ #» u ∧ AG = ⎝ − a · b a2 + c2 −b · c ⎠ · ⎝ β ⎠
− a · c − b · c a2 + b2 γ

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
b2 + c2 − a · b − a · c α
I A (S) · #»
u = IG (S) · #»
u + m · ⎝ − a · b a2 + c2 − b · c ⎠ · ⎝ β ⎠
− a · c − b · c a2 + b2 γ

QN URc3 URna I3c LjaC,3c 0ȕCN3ajC3 3N  3j ; -

Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc SS
lY +CNājC\n3

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
A A − FA − E A AG − FG − EG
I A (S) = ⎝ − FA BA − D A ⎠ 3j IG (S) = ⎝ − FG BG − D G ⎠
− E A − D A C A A#» #» #» − EG − DG CG G#» #» #»
(x,y,z ) (x,y,z )

QN 0ā0nCj. 0Nc I $c3 ( #»

x , #»
y , #»
z ). I a3IjCRN 3Nja3 ,3c LjaC,3c -
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
AA − FA −EA AG − FG − EG b + c2 −a · b −a · c
⎝ − FA BA − D A ⎠ = ⎝ − FG BG − DG ⎠ + m · ⎝ − a · b a2 + c2 −b · c ⎠
−EA −DA CA A − EG − DG CG G −a · c −b · c a2 + b2

q3,
 
A A = A G + m · b2 + c2 D A = DG + m · b · c
 
B A = BG + m · a 2 + c 2 E A = EG + m · a · c VlYSW
 
C A = CG + m · a 2 + b 2 FA = FG + m · a · b

QN a3jaRnq3 cna I 0C<RNI3 I3 j@āRaěL3 03 ?nw<3Nc URna ,@,nN 03c u3c 0n a3Uěa3Y

2 VX *?M;2K2Mi /2 #b2
+RNNCccNj I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S 3N nN URCNj A 0Nc I $c3 B1 . RN c3 UaRURc3 03 0āj3aLCN3a
,3jj3 LjaC,3 3N ,3 LćL3 URCNj 0Nc I $c3 B2 Y
`3La\n3 - NRnc aUU3IRNc C,C nNC\n3L3Nj I3c UaCN,CU3c. URna I3 a3cj3 a3URaj3yAqRnc © nN ,Rnac 03
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,RNcjCjnā3 3N ,RIRNN3c 03c ,RRa0RNNā3c 03c q3,j3nac 03 I NRnq3II3 $c3 B2 ā,aCjc 0Nc I $c3 0ȕRaCA
<CN3 B1 Y QN IȕUU3II3 nccC LjaC,3 03 ,@N<3L3Nj 03 $c3. ,3jj3 LjaC,3 3cj nN3 LjaC,3 CNq3acC$I3Y
*?M;2K2Mib /2 #b2 , bRCj I A (S) B1 3j I A (S) B2 I3c LjaC,3c 0ȕCN3ajC3 0ȕnN cRIC03 Sa3cU3,jCq3L3Nj 0Nc
I $c3 B1 3j I $c3 B2 . 3j PB1 ,B2 I LjaC,3 03 Ucc<3 03 I $c3 B1 © I $c3 B2 . RN  IRac -

I A (S) B2 = PB−11,B2 · I A (S) B1 · PB1 ,B2

q3, PB−11,B2 I LjaC,3 CNq3ac3 03 PB1 ,B2 Y

kXjXkX S`QT`Bûiûb 2i /B`2+iBQMb T`BM+BTH2b /2 H Ki`B+2 /ǶBM2`iB2

H LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 3cj nN3 LjaC,3 cwLājaC\n3. nN3 cCLUI3 ājn03 Lj@āLjC\n3 03 I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3
NRnc U3aL3j 03 0Ca3 \n3 -
ġ H3c qI3nac UaRUa3c 03 I LjaC,3 cRNj aā3II3c d
ġ BI 3uCcj3 nN3 $c3 Raj@RNRaLā3 0Nc I\n3II3 I LjaC,3 3cj 0C<RNI3Y

 VX t2b T`BM+BTmt /ǶBM2`iB2- #b2 T`BM+BTH2 /ǶBM2`iB2

#» #» #»

BI 3uCcj3 URna jRnj URCNj  nN3 $c3 Raj@R<RNI3 03 q3,j3nac UaRUa3c B

= x
, y
, z
Y /Nc ,3jj3 $c3 I
LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S n URCNj A 3cj nN3 LjaC,3 0C<RNI3 -
⎛
⎞
A 0 0
I A (S) = ⎝ 0 B
0 ⎠ .
0 0 C
A,B

#»
#»
#»

+3jj3 $c3 3cj UU3Iā3 $c3 UaCN,CUI3 0ȕCN3ajC3 n URCNj Y H3c u3c A, x
. A, y
3j A, z
cRNj I3c
u3c UaCN,CUnu 0ȕCN3ajC3 3j A
. B
3j C
I3c LRL3Njc UaCN,CUnu 0ȕCN3ajC3Y

Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc Sl
lY +CNājC\n3

`3La\n3c -
ġ TRna jRnc I3c cRIC03c Uaāc3NjNj 03c cwLājaC3c 0Nc I aāUajCjCRN 03c Lcc3c. CI 3cj 8,CI3 03 0āj3aLCA
N3a I3c u3c UaCN,CUnu 3N cȕUUnwNj cna ,3c cwLājaC3cY
ġ bC I3 URCNj 0ȕā,aCjna3 3cj I3 ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3. RN UaI3 IRac 03 $c3 ,3NjaI3 3j 03 LRL3Njc ,3Njanu
0ȕCN3ajC3 d
ġ H3c LRL3Njc ,3Njanu 0ȕCN3ajC3 cRNj LCNCLY
MRnc IIRNc qāaC~3a \n3 I3c UajC,nIaCjāc <āRLājaC\n3c 0Nc I aāUajCjCRN 03c Lcc3c VcwLājaC3. u3 03
aāqRInjCRNW c3 a3jaRnq3Nj 0Nc I 8RaL3 03 I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3Y

aQHB/2 p2+ mM THM /2 bvKûi`B2 HRac\n3 I3 cRIC03 #»

z
URccě03 nN UIN 03 cwLājaC3. I3c UaR0nCjc 0ȕCN3aA
jC3 ,RLURajNj I NRaLI3 n UIN 03 cwLājaC3 cRNj #»
#»
y x
NnIcY
H3 cRIC03 S 03 I ~<na3 lYe URccě03 nN UIN 03 cwA P1
LājaC3 (O, #»
x , #»
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z ) 3cj NRaLI © ,3 UINY BI
z y
c3L$I3 En0C,C3nu C,C 03 0āj3aLCN3a I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3aA x
jC3 03 ,3 cRIC03 3N nN URCNj 0n UIN 03 cwLājaC3Y

⎛ ⎞ P2
IOx Pxy 0
⎝
IO (S) = Pxy IOy 0 ⎠
0 0 IOz O,B

pāaC~RNc \n3 I3c UaR0nCjc 0ȕCN3ajC3. Pxz 3j Pyz 0Nc 7ϔόЛЁζ lYeY Ģ bRIC03 q3, S UIN 03 cwLājaC3
I3 a3Uěa3 (O, #»
x , #»
y , #»
z ) cRNj NnIcY

 
E = Pxz = x · z · 0m 3j D = Pyz = y · z · 0m
P∈S P∈S

2N 0ā,RLURcNj IȕCNjā<ajCRN cna I3c 03nu 03LCĢcRIC03c cwLājaC\n3c S1 3j S2 -

 
E = Pxz = x · z · 0m + x · z · 0m
P ∈ S1 P ∈ S2

H3 UIN (O, #»
x , #»
y ) 3cj UIN 03 cwLājaC3Y QN 3{3,jn3 I3 ,@N<3L3Nj 03 qaC$I3 z → −z URna ,I,nI3a I
03nuCěL3 CNjā<aI3Y +RLUj3 j3Nn 0n UIN 03 cwLājaC3. I3c $RaN3c 0ȕCNjā<ajCRN ,@N<3Nj P ∈ S2 → P ∈ S1
0ȕRɵ -  
x · z · 0m = − x · z · 0m ⇒ E = Pxz = 0
P ∈ S2 P ∈ S1

QN ,RNcjj3 0RN, \n3 E = 0 3j RN 0āLRNja3 03 LćL3 D = 0Y

H LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 S n URCNj O 0Nc I $c3 B = ( #»
x , #» z ) q3, #»
y , #» z I NRaLI3 n UIN 03
cwLājaC3.03qC3Nj -

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
IOx Pxy 0 A −F 0
⎝
IO (S) = Pxy IOy 0 ⎠ = ⎝− F B 0 ⎠
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