Secrets of Aether

BY DAVID W. THOMSON III AND JLM D.
BOURASSA
Unified Force Theory, Dark Matter and Consciousness

Illustrations by Jon Lomberg
SECRETS OF .THE
Cover Illustration
Pictured here is the Aether Unit. The

"surface of distributed frequency'
represents by the double sphere, and
relates to electrostatic charge. Forward,
linear time is but one aspect of quanttun
frequency. Forward time and space
come together when dark matter enters
the rotating magnetic field of the Aether,
and produces the subatomic particles of
visible matter. Subatomic "particles"
exist at various levels of geometry. Mass
has circular geometry. The electrostatic
charge is spherical in geometry. The
strong charge (or electromagnetic
charge) has toroidal geometry. All
physical existence comes together in the
Aether, which has double loxodrome
geometry.
QUANTUM AE THERDYNAMICS INSTITUTE
Secrets of the Aether
Ue.av Anliol
l3e51 W,'rhe5 I� y6ur 51-Vel,! of Itze
4� fiAe I pit 'I 5" (�5 //Iode !.
Unified Force Theory, Dark Matter and Consciousness
Third Edition 2007 -
ISBN: 0-9768128-2-7
2004,2005 - TXul-224-594
© Quantum AetherDynamics Institute
518 Illinois St., Alma, IL 62807
Published by
The Aenor Trust
POBox 4706
Salem, OR 97302
SECRETS OF THE AETHER
A special thank you goes to Angelyn Ray forher

invaluable volunteerediting of the
Secrets of the Aethermanuscript,
and forpolishing it from draft fonn to final copy;
and to Lorisa GanlinerofThe AenorTrust
forherassistance with editing and publishing.
We also thank ColleenThomas

for making it hermission to get the
AetherPhysics Model out to the public.
Table of Contents
Three Dimensional Length .............. 96

PREFACE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IX Time and Reciprocal Time ..........96
Single Dimension Time ...... . ... . ..... . 97..
The Crisis in Physics ....................... ix
Distributed Time . . . . ..... .. ........ . ... . ...... 99
Re-discovering the Aether ............... ix
Distributed Frequency. ......... . ... . .... 100
Einstein's Question An swered ......... ix
Static Frequency . ...... ..... . ............ . 102
.
QADI's Aether Physics Model........... x
Mass and Reciprocal Mass ....... 102
QUANTUM STRUCTURE ........ 13 Single Dimension Mass . . . ... . ......... 104
Charge and Reciprocal Charge. 105
Not Just for Physicists . . . . . .. 15 . . . .. ... . Single Dimension Charge .. ..... . ..... 105
Scope of the APM . .. .....
.. . 16 .... . ..... . Distributed Dimension Charge. . . ... 106
A New Dimensional Analysis 19 ...... Geometry.................................. 106
Systems of Measurement . . .. 20 . . .....
Spherical Constant .. . . .
.. .. .............. 106
Units of Dimensions.... . . . . . 23 .. .. . .. ... .
41t in Unified Charge Equation . . 108 .. ..
Quantum Constants .. .... . . . . 24 .... . . .. . .

Distributed Spherical Constant 109 .....
ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 27 UNITS ....................... 11 •••••••••• 111
The Aether . .... ... .. ... ..

.. . . . . . ... . .. 30
... ..
Quantum Units.......................... 111
Einstein's Aether . ...... ... ................ .. 32 Converting Charge Dimensions .... 112
Dyn amic Space . .... . . ..
.............. . . .. ... 34 Magnetic Moment . .. ........ . . . ........... 113
Geometric Structure of Aether ....... 35 Comparing Magnetic Moments . . ... 115
Changes . . . . 116
The Physical Universe . .. ... . 37 ..................... ... .. .. .......
New Units ................................. 118

. . .... . ..
Unified Force Theory. . .. 38

. . .
...... ... .....
Photon . . .. . 118
Primary Angular Momentum . . 39
... ........ ....... ... ..... ..... ...
Light. .. . .. 119
.... .
Zero Point Energy ... .. . .. . 42

..... . ................ ............ ......
. ...... .. ... .
Eddy Current .. . . . .. .. ............ ..... ... . .. 119
Gyration . . .. . . 123
GFORCE 43
. .............. ......... . . ........
Friction .. . . . .. 123
.................................
.. . ............ .. .. ................
Drag 124
What is the Gforce? . .. . .. . . 43 ... . . ... ...
..............................................
Resonance .. . . . 124
Gforce in Three Manifestations . 45
......... . ... .. ....... ........
..
Diverging Electric Field . . 129

46
.......... .....
Quantum Measurements .. ..
I rradiance . . . 129
........ . ..
... . ..
. 48
. . . ................ . ....... ..
Electromagnetic Structure
Temperature .. .. . . 129
..... .......
. ...
Electrostatic Structure . . . 50
... . .. ..... . ...........
.
Units Grid.................................. 130
.... .... ..... ...
Gravitational Structure. .. .. . . ...... ..... . 51

Supportive Electromagnetic Units.131
The Cause of Existence . . ... .. .. .. ... 52
Opposing Electromagnetic Units 132 ...
Electric Units 1 ..............................133

AETHER ................................. 55
Electric Units 2 .............................. 133
The Shape of "Emptiness" . . . 59 .... ...
Electric Units 3 ..............................134
What the Aether is not . .. . .. . 61 . . . ... ...
Inertial Units 1...............................135
Aether Unit.. ..... .. . . . ..

. . ... . . 63
. . . ....... . .
Inertial Units 2 . . . .......135 ................ .....
Inertial Units 3 ...............................136

Spin Structure ............................ 65
Length/Frequency Units 1 .............137
Aether Dipoles............................ 66 Length/Frequency Units 2.............137
Aether Structures ....................... 67 More Example Calculations....... 138
Granular Aether Structures 71
Kinetic Energy . .. . . 140
............
....... . .......... ... ....
Golden Ratio .............................. 79

Pythagorean Concepts ............... 79 CONSTANTS ........................ 147
Structure of Atomic Nuclei .......... 83
Science of Complexity . . . .. . . 86 . . . ... ...
Analyzing the Constants ........... 148
Electromagnetic Constant... . 148 ... ......
DIMENSiONS .......................... 89 Coulomb's Constant . 148 ....................
Constant Speed of Light.. . . 150 .... ... ....
2
Definition of Dimension ............... 90 C Constant . , ...............152
... ..............
Misconception s of Mass ..... . ......... . 91 Orders of Motion .. . . ..156 ......... .... ...... ..
E does not equal m . ........ ....... . ....... 92 Conductance Constant . . . 157 . .......... .. .
Nature of Dimensions ................. 93 Permeability Constant... ................160

Linear and Distributed. . . . . . 94 . ...... . .. .
Permittivity Constant.. . 160 ................ ..
Planck's Constant.. . .. 161

Length and Reciprocal Length . .. 95 .
. . ........... ..... ..
Newton Gravitational Constant.. 163

Single Dimension Length .. 95
...
...... .......
Fine Structure Constants .. 165

Distributed Dimension Length 96
... . . . ......
. . . .....
SECRETS OF THE , AETHER
g-factor Constants " ........... 166

...........
PHILOSOPHY ....................... 253
Gyromagnetic Ratio . . ...171..... ......... . . .
Aether Pressure and Density . 172 ...... .

What is Reality? ....................... 253
Motion ...................................... 257
ANGULAR MOMENTUM 173
Flow ......................................... 258
........
General Structure...................... 175 Orgonomy ................................ 259

The Electron ............................. 175 Health and Healing ................... 261
The Proton ................................ 178 Form and Beauty ...................... 262
The Neutron.............................. 180 God .......................................... 265
Proton -Neutron Angular Momenta 182 Consciousness ......................... 266
The Neutrino 182
................................. Truth ........................................ 269
Further Neutrino In sights 184 .............. War and Peace......................... 270
The Photon ...............................188
Graviton ....................................191 BIRTH OF THE APM ............. 273
Positron .................................... 191
Discussions .............................. 276
Anti-Proton................................ 192
Partnership............................... 279
Exotic Collision Effects .. ... . . .. 192 .. . . .
THE BEGINNING 289

UNIFIED FORCE THEORY 193
..................
....
Elementary Charge ...................195 APPENDICES ........................ 292

Strong Charge .......................... 196
'Weak Interaction"..................... 198 Appendix I - Known Constants. 292
Force Laws ...............................200 Appendix /I - New Constants.. .. 293 .
Electrostatic Force Law............. 200 Glossary................................... 297

Gravitational Law ...................... 201 APM Highlights......................... 300
New from Aether Physics Model. 300
Strong Force Law......................201 ..
Corrections to Standard Model 300

Relative Force Strengths . .... 204
.....
. .... .
New System of Quantum Units 300

205
.....
More on the Stron g Force .............
Casimir Effect 207

...............................
CREDITS ............................... 301
General Relativity Theory..... .... 210 .
Special Relativity Theory ... .

.......... 211
Natural Log ............................... 212 INDEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 302
ATOMIC MECHANICS ••••••••••• 213
Photon Mechanics .................... 217

Light Radiation ..........................219
Absorption .................................... 221
Emission ....................................... 221
The Dimensions of Light.. ............. 222
Power ................................... ........ 222
I rradiance ...................................... 222
Gravitation Generated Photons .... 223
Fields........................................ 223
Magnetic Field ........ ................. .
.... 224
Magnetic Field Intensity ................ 225
Electric Field . . . ..... ............. . .
.. ........ 225
Electric Field Strength . .. ...... . ......... 225
Field Interactions . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 226
Nuclear Binding Force............... 228
Nuclear Binding Energy ...... . . ........ 229
Electron Binding Energy............ 234
Meaning of Kinetic Energy 235 ............
Toroidal Structure of the Electron .235

Hydrogen Binding Energy . 235 ......... ...
Helium Binding Energy 236 .................
Other Binding En ergies 238 . ................
Sample Detailed Calculations 241 .......
Conclusion ..
.................. 243 ................
Addendum 243
. . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy from the Aether .. . .. .. 246 .. . . ..
Expanding Un iverse ........... ........... 249

Big Bang - Slow Bang .................. 250
Magnecules ............. ..................... 250
Quantum AetherDynamics Institute The new concepts, new methods, and
owns the Aether unit related graphics new theories presented in the Aether
in Secrets of the Aether, which may not Physics Model are also released to the
appear in any other publication or public domain. Concepts, methods, and
commercial work without the express theories originating with the Aether
permission of Quantum Physics Model and released to the
AetherDynamics Institute. All the new public domain may not be patented,
physics terms, marks, and names trademarked, or copyrighted.
presented in the Aether Physics Model The work comprising the totality of
are released to the public domain and "Secrets of the Aether" is called the
may not be trademarked, patented, or Aether Physics Model and no chapter of
copyrighted by any other individual or the Aether Physics Model may be
entity. substantially reproduced or distributed
by any means possible without the
express written permission of the
Quantum AetherDynamics Institute.
Quotations and citations of the Aether
Physics Model may be reproduced
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copyright laws when proper credit is
given.
vii
SECRETS 0 F THE 'AETHER
vIII
PREFACE
The Crisis in Physics

What a complicated puzzle the world of phy.5ics is now! There are endless
generations of particles, dark energy that seemingly causes the universe to
expand, M Theories, string theories, super symmetry, and on and on.
Quantum mechanics, domain of the very small, and general relativity,
domain of the very large, are the pillars of modem phy.5ics. However,
they can't be unified within the current Standard Model. It seems that the
search for a "Grand Unification Theory" is leading to a reevaluation of
the very fundamentals of phy.5ical science.
Re-discovering the Aether

What if the ancient and universal idea of Aether proved to be the true
foundation of reality? Acknowledgment of the Aether solves many
problems in phy.5ics. A dynamic Aether would explain some of the most
complex difficulties in the Standard Model.
Imagine that the universe is an ocean of living energy. As the search for the
true nature of space-time gains momentum, we are seeing that new
discoveries and theories in space-time look more and more like the
ancient concept of the Aether. Instead of space being emptiness, a void
of nothingness, it begins to appear that space is the mother of everything.
The "Quantum Foam" of the modem phy.5icist is a vibrant and dynamic
caldron.
Vacuum Energy is being explored for potential as a source of endless energy.

As Dark Energy, it is explaining how the universe expands at an
increasing rate. Because of breakthroughs in the precise measurement of
the amount of mass in the universe (measurements of cosmic
background radiation, galactic distribution, and supernovae speed), we
now know that ordinary matter and energy play a minor part. The Aether
could explain the "missing mass" in the universe.
The major paradigm shift is that space-time is a thing. Space-time is like a

fluid. We give space-time a name, to differentiate it from the concept of a
void of nothingness. That name is Aether, a tnbute to the ancient term
for the firmament above Earth. Once you understand that all matter
obtains its nature within the active "stage" of the Aether, then a holistic
explanation appears that could be called nothing other than a Theory of
Everything.
Einstein's Question Answered

Maxwell's phy.5ics suggested that space is occupied by a light-conducting
medium, which he called the "Aether." In 1887 Michelson and Morley
Ix
SECRETS OF THE AETHER
designed an experiment (the MMX} to find this Aether. They used an

interferometer to compare the speed of light in the direction of the
earth's 30-km/ sec motion around the sun with that at right angles to this
motion. To their smprise, they found no fringe shift, indicating that the
speed of light was the same in all directions. This result is known as the
MMX null result. In spite of the null result of the MMX, :Michelson
remained a firm believer in the existence of Aether until his death. The
problem was they were searching for an Aether they assumed was at
absolute rest, a stationary and solid Aether. That incorrect assumption
and the inability to find an "Aether wind" caused physicists to dismiss the
Aether for over a century.
" "
A recent Scientific American article called An ECHO of Black Holes (December
2005 issue) postulates that space-time is literally a kind of fluid, like the
ether of pre-Einsteinian physics. In the article, Professors Jacobson and
Parentani state: "The unification of general relativity and quantum
mechanics may lead us to abandon the idealization of continuous space
and time and to discover the atoms of spacetime."
The greatest discovety in science was the verification that all matter is
composed of atoms, first proposed in 1803 by English chemist John
Dalton. All disciplines of science are derived from that fact. The second
greatest theoty came in 1905 when Einstein published general relativity,
showing that the presence of mass and energy "curves" space-time, and
this curvature affects the path of free particles (and even the path of
light). We believe that the third greatest theoty, which is introduced in
this book as the Aether Physics Model, is that all particles and fields have
their basis in a dynamic, quantum-scale Aether.
Einstein tried unsuccessfully during the last 30 years of his life to develop a
theoty that would represent forces and material particles by fields only, in
which particles would be regions of vety high field intensity. As a "knot"
in space-time, a toroidal vortex of Aether explains the spin, charge, and
mass of fundamental particles and provides the answer that Einstein
searched for. In this book, we define the Aether Unit's geometry-and spin
structure. As shown on the book cover, this 5- D representation includes
three dimensions of length and two dimensions of frequency. We call this
"space-resonance", and the parameters were induced directly from
empirical measurements of electrons, protons, Coulomb's constant, the
Newton gravitational constant, Planck's constant, the speed of light, and
the penneability and permittivity of space.
QADI's Aether Physics Model

In February, 2002, David Thomson III discovered the Aether Physics ModeL
I was seeking a mathematical basis for my Planck-scale Aether
hypothesis. We decided to join our research, resources, and talents to
fully develop the model, and incorporated the Quantum AetherDynamics
Institute in 2004, with my position as Executive Director and Mr.
Thomson as Science Director. Since then, our combined efforts have
x
produced substantial progress in the field of quantum physics and we are
poised to create the next major revolution in physics.
Our Aether Physics Model is mathematically viable and bases on the same
empirical data as established physics. However, the theory goes much
further, becoming the "Grand Unification Theory" by unifying the four
known interactions, or forces - the strong, electromagnetic, weak and
gravitational forces. Using the principle of reductionism, the forces are
unified by a simple set of genernllaws explainable by the fabric of space
time itself. Among other accomplishments, from first principles the
Aether Physics Model accurately predicts the relative strengths of the
forces, and the 1s 'orbital' electron binding energy for all the elements.
We show that the fundamental constants in physics are not just random
values, but have an exact value based upon a quantum-scale, dynamic
Aether (the Aether unit has a precise value equal to Coulomb's constant
times 161t2). The Aether Physics Model is stunning in that it
mathematically predicts and explains the measured values of physics with
striking precision.
If you are educated in the traditional Standard Model of Particles and Fields, I
urge you to put aside your natural tendency toward automatic rejection of
the revolutionary ideas in this book Open your mind to the Secrets of
the Aether, for the riches you find here will be worth the effort of
changing your opinion about the Aether. Understanding of the Universe
can only start with an appreciation of the Aether. Within the chapters of
this book, we will show that the Aether is a fabric of quantum rotating
magnetic fields with electromagnetic, electrostatic, and gravitational
dipole structures. Our theory identifies subatomic particles as angular
momentum encapsulated in a quantum, rotating magnetic field With
this model, all quantum, atomic, and molecular processes can now be
precisely modeled, leading to discrete physics with new understandings
. and insights. The theory is testable, coherent, mathematically derived,
empirically based, and uses easY' to-understand Newtonian equations.
Since the first edition of this book appeared in 2004, we have achieved many
major milestones. We were invited to present our flagship paper, A New
Foundation for Physics, before distinguished scientists at the Physical
Interpretations of Relativity Theory conference held in London, in
September, 2006. Our presentation was also covered by the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. The paper was published in
the September/October 2006 edition of Infinite Energy :Magazine. A
favorable editorial appeared on United Press International. Two more
papers, Calculating the Unified Force Theory and Electron Binding
Energies, have been accepted by the Hadronic Journal, a peer reviewed
physics journaL We are in ongoing communication with dozens of
physics PhD's. We now have an Executive Board, a growing Advisory
Board, and a dedicated team of volunteers.
Now that the Aether Physics Model quantifies the quantum structure and we
xl
S E C RETS O F T H E A E T H E R
have produced our fIrst set of equations, the analysis must develop
further unril it explains all aspects of the atom We should then be able to
quantify the structural aspects of associated molecules. No other theory
has ever come close to matching the scope and promise of the Aether
Physics ModeL Beyond a revolutionary paradigm of the fundamental
laws and taking all the disciplines of science to a new level, prnctical
applications of availing the Aether could include benefits to humanity
such as anti-gravity, clean energy, and fully developing biotechnology and
nanotechnology.
Welcome to the Aether Age!
Jim D. Bourassa
Executive Director
Quantum AetherDynamics Institute
xii
QU A N T U M S T R U C T U R E
QUANTUM STRUCTURE
Tlx: A akrPhy;i£s Mali is a dislYf!te rm:Jd ifquaniWns/:iu(JJf:(I?

While this book
will show alternative explanations of certain Standard Model concepts of
quantum structure, it is a tribute to the genius of the thousands of
physicists and engineers contributing to the Standard Model theories and
data. The Aether Physics Model depends on the empirically derived data
that made the Standard Model useful.
standard Model Definition -
A model of fundamental forces and parricles that explains

their behavior and interactions in terms of symmetries and
the destruction of symmetries.'
The Standard Model of Parricle Physics, generally referred to
as "Standard Model," is the name given to the current theory
of fundamental parricles and their interaction. This theory
includes:
• Strong interactions due to the color charges2 of

quarks and gluons.
• A combined theory of weak and electromagnetic

interaction, known as electroweak theory, that
introduces W and Z bosons as the carrier parricles
of weak processes, and photons as mediators to
electromagnetic interactions.'
I The American Heritage@ Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright C 2003 by
Houghton Mifflin Company.

2 QUANTUM CBROMODYNAMICS (QCD), quantum field them}' that describes the propeeries of the
strong interactions between quarks and between protons and neutrons in the framework of quantwn theory.
Quarks possess a distinctive property called color that governs their binding together to form other elementary
particles. Analogous to electric charge in charged panicles, color is of three varieties, arbitrarily designated as
red, blue, and yellow, and-analogous to positive and negative charges-three anticolor varieties. JUSt as
positively and negatively charged particles form electrically neutral atoms, colored quarks form particles with
no net color. Quarks interact by emitting and absorbing massless panicles called gluons, each of which carries
a color-anticolor pair. Eight kinds of gluons are required to tranSmit the strong force between quarks, e.g., a
blue quark might interact with a yellow quark by exchanging a blue-antiyellow gluoIL "Quantum
Ouomodynamics," TheColumbja EDQ$lopedia. 6th ed.
3 WAND Z PARTIaES elementaryparticles that mediate, or can]", the fundamental force associated with
13
S E C R E T S O F T H E A E T H E R
The Standard Model includes (or excludes) many other theories concerning
particle snucture and behavior, depending on which authority is
consulted In general, at least as far as this book is concerned, the
Standard Model includes all accepted modem theories contributing to the
understanding of particle behavior insofar as particles are labeled
photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, muons, pi mesons, quaffis, tau,
and there are numerous others. Moreover, since the "mass equivalence
to energy" paradigm is often a part of the explanation of Standard Model
theory; the Standard Model may sometimes be interpreted to include
Einstein's Special Relativity theOlY.
TJx: Standard Mall is a ailaticn

if interprf!atims � quantum jiJ;sUd
do�, Wile tk A eJkr Pbps Mall is at tim:s a wy rJjj}i!r£n interpretatim
iftk sam data. Therefore, we will refute some of the paradigms of the
Standard Model and replace them with different paradigms from the
Aether Physics ModeL
The process of the Standard Model, more often than not, predicts subatomic
behavior based on macro object characteristics (billiard ball particles with
momentum, mass equals maner, fuel equals energy, force equals mass
times acceleration, etc). The Aether Physics Model begins with quantum
constants, looks for fundamental patterns, and then mathematically and
dimensionally develops the theoty of subatomic snucture while allowing
for new paradigms (primary angular momentum, non-material existence
as the ultimate source of physical existence, geometric snucture of charge,
Unified Force Theory, etc).
This book is a foundational introduction to the Aether Physics Model, which,

including a completed Unified Force Theory, already explains many
previously unanswered physics questions. Nevenheless, there are at least
a few unfinished concepts presented in this book as welL The Aether
Physics Model is so fruitful in revealing the nue nature of the world that
it will require decades to complete it in every aspect. So in some cases the
reader receives as much of the theory as has been so far developed, with
occasional suggestions for funher development of a specific newphysics
concept. There is no claim that the Aether Physics Model is complete or
that this book provides all the answers a physicist could ask
The reader will not want to throwaway their Standard Model texts and rely
solely on the Aether Physics Model, at least not Jet. Much work remains
to bring the Aether Physics Model to par with the Standard Model. As
part of our ongoing research and the fruitfulness of the Aether Physics
Model, this third edition contains significant additions to theory, and it
drops some sections that were included in the first and second editions.
weak interactions. The discove'Yof the W and Z particles at CERN (the European Laborato'Yfor Panicle
Physics) in Geneva, Switzerland, in the early 1980s "WaS an impoltant confinnation of electroweak theory,
-which unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces. The W and Z panicles are quite massive for elementary"
particlesj they are roughly 100 times as massive as the proton. "Wand Z Panicles," The Columbia
En�lopedia 6th ed.
14
-- ------ ------ --
Q U A N T U M S T R U C T U R E
It is important to point out that the Standard Model is also not complete.
And while the Standard Model may presendy provide numerical answers
to problems not currendy addressed by the Aether Physics Model (half
life of atoms, for example), the Aether Physics Model already provides
key solutions to physics not presendy solved by the Standard Model (a
Unified Force Theory, for example). It Wlllikrly � mmyph;sUists am
errginErs to an{iete tl:-e A ether Ph;5i£s Maid, just as it ta:k mmyph;sUists mmy
)WS to tkuiq; tl:-e StardvriMail.
The foremost difference between the Standard Model and the Aether Physics
Model is in the systems used to analyze the data The Standard Model
often removes all dimensions from the data and treats the data as
numerical entities. This allows physicists to intentionally or inadvertendy
stretch the rules of reality, invent unfounded rules, convert one physical
order of reality into another, or skip over poorly understood natural
physical structures. In the Aether Physics Model, the data collects in its
dimensional and geometric form, processes in its dimensional and
geometric form, and the equations materialize in dimensional and
geometric form There is no room for rnisintetpretation of the physical
structures or the data since we always account for the dimensions and
geometry.
Also, by keeping the dimensions and geometry with the data and the
equations, the physicist is forced to give up old concepts of quantum
structure when the dimensionally and geometrically analyzed processes
don't allow for the maintenance of old conceptual structures. For

example, the Aether unit and its geometry influence the physicist's
understanding of other empirical constants, since the dimensions and
.
geometry remam present
One cannot convert the truth of the Aether's existence to non-existence "just
because," as Albert Einstein reportedly did If the measurements and
data show that the Aether unit exists, then the Aether unit exists whether
or not modem physicists and engineers are clever enough to detect it
direcdy.
Not Just for Physicists

This Aether Physics Model appeals to a wide rnnge of readers. Unlike the
Standard Model of particle physics, nearly all the key equations in the
Aether Physics Model flow with a basic understanding of algebra The
Aether Physics Model has a potential audience of philosophical and
religious communities, as well as the scientific community. Scientists,
philosophers, and others will have an opportunity to explore this
remarkably coherent, mathematically derived, and empirically based
theory of quantum structure that unifies all of physical existence as well as
certain aspects of consciousness.
15
S E C RETS OF T H E A E T H E R
There is an absolute truth regarding the nature of the physical world, and as
will be seen in these pages, the physical world appears to have a non
material origin. The physical world precisely quantifies because the
underlying dimensions and geomeuy that make up the physical world
measurements are real. In addition, since the dimensions and geomeuy
are real, then the origins of the dimensions and geomeuy must be real.
Nevenheless, as we progress in reductionism, we eventually run out of
physical things to observe. Therefore, just as it is appropriate to look for
the physics themselves, it is appropriate to look for the origin of the
physical world even if it is non-material.
Interspersed ","th the physics in this book are metaphysical hypotheses. As is

the case for all metaphysics, whether of science, religion, or philosophy, it
is up to the reader to evaluate whether the metaphysical concepts have
any meaning at all. Ultimately, if some part of us belongs to this
Universe, and it appears it does since we interact ","th it, then the quest
for the metaphysical origin of the Universe might also be a quest for the
metaphysical origin of our true existence.
Just as we will see how physical existence never becomes a definite reality
though we follow the progression from the level of dimensions toward
the level of human existence, we also will understand how" self" appws
to share this inability to find definite reality. It would appear that our
personal identity materializes from our complex perception of the
physical world Perhaps as we explore the experience of our mind as it
relates to each level of physical existence, we might fmd courage to
familiarize ourselves ","th the non- material origin of our existence and
experience a true and complete metaphysical experience.
Scope of the APM

Many structural concepts from the Standard Model sub-theories, such as
wave-particle duality, color forces5, flavors', up and down characteristics',
and the equivalence of energy and mass' have no meaning ","thin the
Aether Physics Model. These concepts and others fade behind a single
structural theory of angular momentum and Aether units, revealing a
fresh paradigm for understanding physical structures, which is self-
, "Light," Theo, 6th ed.
s nQuarks possess a distinctive property called color that governs their binding together to fonn other
elementary particles" "Quantum Chromndynamics," TheColumbiaEn""IQpedia 6th eel
6 "'This panicle, a meson, was made of a fourth flavor of quark. called charm. (Since then two more flavors
have been added to the menu: bottom, in 1976, and tOp, in 1995. Each of these six quarks has a corresponding
'antiquark,' bringing the total to 12)," Alex R Dzierba, Cutis A Meyer and Eric S. Swanson, "The Search for
QCD Exotics,· American Scientist Sept. 200::>: 406
7 �The quarks found in ordinary matter are the up and dovm quarks, from which protons and neutrons are
made. A proton, for instance, consists of two up quarks and a dovm quark, and a neutron consists of two
down quarks and an up quark." "Elementary Particles," Theo, 6th ed.
S "According to the law of mass - energy equivalence, developed by Alben Einstein as pan of his theory of
relativity, a quantity of matter of mass m possesses an intrinsic rest mass energy E given by E mcl, where c
is the speed of light." "Matter," The CAlumbiaEns;yclopedja 6th eel
=
16
· . . .' .z
QU A N T U M S T R U C T U R E
consistent throughout.
Note
The foundation for the Aether Physics Model is the same
empirical data used by the Standard Model However, we
1 must understand the Aether Physics Model within its own
context and not necessarily within the context of Standard
,
Model concepts.
" e �. ""
Most of modem physics laws also cany over to the Aether Physics Model
Ohm's law, the force laws, conservation laws, and nearlyall other physics
laws operate the same in both models, although the dimensions of the
units maybe different where charge is concerned
The Aether Physics Model (APM) begins as an ontological' structural model

based on empirical data. The ontology of the APM begins with the
proper understanding of dimension and measurement, and with the
understanding that space-timelO is equallyas important as the matter that
resides within it. In tum, space-time is just one aspect of the Aether unit.
Aether implies more qualities to space-time than merely the dimensions
of length and time. In addition to length and time, the Aether also
includes the dimensions of mass and charge. And as odd as it may
initially sound, charge has solid angle geometry. Space-time is actually
space-resonance, as will be discussed later.
The Standard Model of Particle Physics describes electrons, photons,

protons, neutrons, and even things like gluons and quallis as "particles."
In the Aether Physics Model, these "particles" are not solid, nor are they
pieces of something solid The very basic form of physical existence is
termed "primary angulat momentum" when discussing its mechanical
structure. \1V'hen discussing a stable form of primary angulat momentum
in general, we will call it "ann" (onta when plural)11. \1V'hatever process it
was that first thrust onta into existence, it is the Aether that maintains the
ann spin, and accordingly the structure of all physical matter. Though it
may sound counterintuitive at first, physical matter, as we know it, is
actually a trace of the Aether. In other words, physical shape actually
comes from non-material Aether, and is not an inherent property of
matter.
9 Deftnition: Ontological" "Of or relating to essence or the nature of being."
10Definition: Space-rime "The four-dimensional continuum of one temporal and three spatial
coordinates in which any event or physical object is located" Space-resonance is the five
-
dimensional continuum of two temporal and three spatial coordinates.

11"There was a time when physicists regarded protons and electrons as particles, photons as waves. As we
shall see later, this distinction can no longer be maintained. They are still often called "elementary particles,"
but as we shall also learn neither the word "elementary" nor the word "particle" fits the case. Let me name
them simply onta (singular: on) after the Greek word for being (Ov, plural OV'[(l)." Hemy Margenau,.Qpm
VistaS, PhilosophicalPerspectives of Modem Science (New Haven, Cf: Yale University Press, 1961) 118.
17
S E CRETS O F T H E A E T H E R
F� sirxE rn:Itter is cm1J1inrl WthinAe1kr, rn:Itter dre; ra rrme in sp1lE-tirrP.

Ratkr, sp1lE-tirrP. rrIJ1l5 rdLtti:re to itsdf Matte r is carried through space-time
like dust is carried in the wind and algae is carri ed in ocean currents.
Aether has a fluid characteristic such that one region of space-time can
flow past another region, like the Gulf Stream can flow past the Sargasso
Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Strictly speaking, neither time travel
nor space travel is possible. Only the rearranging of the Aether is
possible, and hence, certain relativistic-like effects seem to occur.
A distinction rises between stable matter and collision effects in the Aether
Physics Model Electrons and protons are two stable forms of matter, as
well as their anti-particles, the positron and anti-proton. Neutrons are
composite particles of a proton and electron and they remain stable as
long as the bound pair remains in an atomic nucleus. However, the
muon, tau, quarks, and other extremely short-lived "observed particles"
are merely collision or "unbinding" effects. The collision effects offer
some insights into the processes of physics, but are of little more use for
quantum structural science than crash tests are for automobile
manufacturers. Although particle accelerators are useful technology, one
has to question just how many we need It would be far more productive
to focus our scientific inquiry- on the actual physical structures of stable
matter, than to focus too much attention on collision effects.
The Aether Physics Model is science that lends itself well to ontological
philosophy. The ontology of the APM is perfect in that it reveals
absolute knowledge at the quantum leve� is based on empirical data, and
it appeals to common sense. The APM is a kind of creation theory that
shows a logical evolution of non-material, but re� dimensions into
complex forms of physical existence.
Conversely, one could also look at the Aether Physics Model as a perfect
reductionism of physical structures . Each physical form ultimately
manifests as a collection of molecules, which in tum are collections of
atoms. The atoms construct from units of angular momentum, and these
units are composed of quantum measurements, which
of physical perception arise from dimensions. Undoubtedly, the
dimensions arise from a yet more primary, albeit non· material Source.
This book focuses on that range of physical existence from dimensions
to molecules. This book also explains how consciousness interfaces with
physical existence.
The reader should question whether reductionism should proceed as Zeno's

paradox, whereby merely mathematical division reduces systems.
However, if this were the case, what would be the physical principle for
mathematically dividing something
entity. If we reduce the entity, we find it builds from bodily organs and
patts such as heart, liver, skeleton, and skin. We do not say that humans
build from smaller humans. Similarly, the organs build from cells, which
have a level of existence that is very different from the organs. Moreover,
the cells build from molecules, which are a more basic order of reality
18
Q U A NT U M STR U C T U R E
than the cells. The atoms that make up the molecules are a }et more
simplified order of existence than the molecules. The subatomic particles
are yet a simpler order of existence than the atoms. :Moreover, the
dimensions that make up the units of subatomic particles are a still more
fundamental order of existence.
So one needs to question whether the Standard :Model interpretation of so

called "particles" is accurate since atoms are truly the smallest particles of
physical matter. :Molecules are systems of particles; and electrons,
protons, and neutrons are subsystems of particles. By labeling everything
a particle, the Standard :Model completely ignores the various observable
taxonomies of existence.
A New Dimensional Analysis

The Aether Physics :Model makes extensive use of quantum measurement
analysis, which is very similar to dimensional analysis12• Calculus
equations are not necessary for understanding the essential structures of
quantum existence. Therefore, the Aether Physics :Model is easier to
comprehend than the Standard :Model concepts of quantum structure.
Because the Aether Physics Model is fully compatible with dassical

Mechanics Qogically modeled physical prrx15S(5), the APM is inherendy
discrete. Theoretically, if a computer could compute faster than the
speed of light, a computer model of the entire Universe could develop
from the Aether Physics Model
Just as the Standard :Model improperly classifies all forms of existence as

particles, it has an ambiguous lexicon in other areas, too. In order to
better use quantum measurement analysis, APM offers specific
definitions for "unit," "measurement," "dimension," and "constant."
Regardless of the variant definitions for these terms in our present
culture, this book will use these words as defined in the following pages.
There are two different uses of the term "unit" common in physics, namely
units of measurement and units of dimensions. The differences between
the two uses are significant when examining the structure of equations.
Unit Definitions
1. Unit of Measurement - any division of quantity accepted as a
standard of measurement or exchange; "the kilogram is the MKS
unit of mass"; "a unit of frequency is the Hertz"
2. Unit of Dimensions - an individual, group, structure, or other .
I entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole;
"velocity is a unit equal to the dimensions of length per time"; "the
dimensions of charge divided bytirne equal the unit of c=nt."
12 "The expression of any panicular quantity in terms of fundamental quantities is known as dimensional
analysis and often provides physical insight into the results of a mathematical calculation." "Dimension, in
Physics," The Columbia Enc;ydqpedia, 6th ed.
19
S E CRETS OF T H E A E T H E R
In the case of the "unit of measurement," it would be far more logical if we

simply called it measurement, and not unit For example, we should call
the kilogram the MKS "measurement" of mass, not its "unit" of mass.
The term " unit" best defines, with regard to phy.;ics, a specific
arrangement of dimensions. This clarification would eliminate a lot of
confusion.
Systems of Measurement
There are three generally accepted sy.;tems of measurement used in phy.;ics;
cgs measurement, MKS measurement, and SI measurement. The hther
Phy.;ics MOdel utilizes a new sy.;tem of measurement, based on quantum
measurements.
The SI definition here quotes verbatim from its original so= (unlike the
MKS defmition just belo� because the SI sy.;tem is an unnatur.1i sy.;tem
of measurement, which consists of units (the Ampere) as basic
measurements. It is largely the SI sy.;tem of measurements, and generally
the lack of clear definitions for "measurement," "dirnension," and "unit,"
that petpetuate confusing terminology in our present sy.;tems of
measurement
Here is a brief overview of the various sy.;tems of measurement:
cos Maa&Ulamelits
r�""'�"'" ==-'"
A sy.;tem of measurement based on the metric sy.;tern,

having the centimeter of length, the gram of mass, and the
second of time as its fundamental units. Some cgs units are
the dyne of force and the erg of wolk or energy. The
measurements of the cgs sy.;rem are generally much smaller
than the comparable measurements of the MKS sy.;temn
-
, ...
�
MKS Measurements
1I1:5��II'�'"
A sy.;tem of measurement based on the metric sy.;tem and

having the meter of length, the kilogram of mass, and the
second of time as its fundamental · measurements. Some
MKS units include the newton of force, the joule of wolk or
energy, and the watt of power. The measurements of the
MKS sy.;tem are generally much larger and of a more
practical size than the comparable measurements of the cgs
sy.;tem The MKS sy.;tem provides the basis for the
International Sy.;tem of Measurements (S1)14 and the new
hther Phy.;ics MOdel quantum measurements.
- J:. - _ ....
�_ ... __�
13 Paraphrased from "C{;s System ,It The Columbia EnC)dopedia . 6th ed.
14 Paraphrased from "Mks System," The ColumbiaEnQlClo�dia . 6th ed.

20
Q U A N T U M S T R U C T U R E
81 Maasllramet.bs
- �
INIERNATIONAL SYS1EM OF UNITS officially called

the Sysreme International dUnites, or SI, system of units
adopted by the 1 1th General Conference on Weights and
Measures (1960). It is based on the metric system The basic
units of length, mass, and time are those of the MKS system
of metric units: the meter, kilogram, and second Other basic
units are the ampere of electric current, the kelvin of
temperature (a degree of temperature measured on the
Kelvin temperature scale), the candela, or candle, of
luminous intensity, and the mole, used to measure the
amount of a substance present. All other units are derived
from these basic unitsl'.
Oment Definitions of SI Measurements by the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIS1) as follows:
The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in

vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a
second
The kilogram is the unit of measure for mass; it is equal to

the mass of the international prototype of the kilograml6•
The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the

radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfme levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atoml7•
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in

two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of
negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in
vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force
equal to 2xl0-7 newton per meter of length. The kelvin,
unit of measurement for thermodynamic temperature, is the
fraction 1/2 73 .16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.
The mole is the amount of substance of a system, which

contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in
0.0 12kgof carlxJn its symbol is "mol» Wben the mole
12;
is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be
atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified
groups of such particles.
15 "International System of Units ," TheCplumbiaEncyclopedia , 6th ed.

16 "fundamental unit of mass in the metric sy.>teIll, defined as the mass of the International Prototype
Kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at 5evres, France, near Paris." "Kilogram," The Cplllwbja
Enrn:;lopeclia, 6th ed.
17"1 sec � 1/31,556,925.9747 of the length of the tropica l }"'U' for 1900. In 1967 the second was redefined to
be 9,192,631,770 periods of vibration of the radiation emitted at a specific wavelength by an atom of cesium -
133." "Second," TheColumbia EnQ'1;lopedia 6th ed.
21
u.J��_ � ��
The candela is the Iwninous intensity, in a given direction, of

a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency
540xlOI' Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction
of 1/683 watt per steradian.
Quantum Measurements: &cause the MKS system of measurements is

most practical for everyday observations, it occurs frequently as the basic
system of measurements throughout this book unless otherwise stated
As already mentioned, the Aether Physics Model produces yet another
system of measurements, devised so that all measurements base on the
quantum length, quantum frequency, quantum masses, quantum charges,
and the spherical constant.
Quantum Meastlremelltsin APM

�
The quantum length is the Compton wavelengtht. and is

equal to 2.4263 10238xlO·I 'm t,. The symbol for the
quantum length is lambda suire (Ad.
&cause nearly all human-scale energy interactions at the
subatomic level take place via the electron, the quantum mass
is usually the mass of the electron and is equal to
9.1093826xlO·31kg 20• The symbol for the quantum mass '
is m suire ( m. ) . When transactions occur with the proton,

neutron or Aether, the symbol for the quantum mass is m
sulrp, m sub-n, or m sub-a respectively ( mp , m. , m' ) .
Consult Appendis I for the mass values of the proton,
neutron, and Aether.
The quantum frequency, symbol F sulrq (F,, ) , is equal to the
speed of light divided by the quantum length and is
1 .23558998xlO,oHz . The reciprocal of the quantum
frequency is the quantum time (symbol T sulrq, T,, ).
I
The quantum charges are the electrostatic charge (elementary
'1
charge squared) and electromagnetic charge. The
'
electrostatic charge notates as . e and is equal to
2.566969633xIO·38coul' . The electromagnetic charges :
calculate from onn angular momentum and are equal to
angular momentum times the conductance constant of the
Aether. The values are shown later in this book and are
VJI1tten as eemax' , epmax" , enmax , and ea ' for the eIectrou,
.
. ----
18 "The Compton 'Wavelength of any particle is given by the relationship. )"0 h / roO c, where )..Q is the
Compton 'Wavelength, h is Planck's constant., mO is the rest mass of the panicle, and c is the velocity of light."
=
Van Nostrond Company, Inc., Van Nostrand's ScientificEOG)£lopedia (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1968) 395.
19 http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-binlcuulValue?ecomwl l search_for-compton +wavelength

20 http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin!cuulValue?me I search_for-mass +electron
22
QU A N T U M STR U C T U R E
proton, neutron, and hther, respectively.
Units such as temperature and light intensity base upon

dimensions. For example, the unit for temperature is
equivalent to the Sievert in the MKS system, and one degree
i.Kelvin is equal to 286.966 Sieve�. .1
Because this new system rests on the Compton wavelength (quantum length),
mass of the onta, and quantum frequency, we could refer to it as the
system of quantum measurements.
Units of Dimensions
The Aether Physics Model distinguishes between units of measurement and
units of dimensions. Nearly all of the units of dimensions in the Aether
Physics Mldel are four letter variables that suggest their unit function.
For example, cwrent is denoted as am; potential is pa:n, and resistance is
rem.
Ohm's lawwntten in Aether Physics Mldel units of dimensions is:

potn = curr . resn (Ll)
The quantum measurements and quantum units can also serve as quantum
constants. (The units from other systems of measurement are also
constants, but they are not quantum constants). Two common quantum
constants already in wide use are the quantum velocity and quantum
angular momentum The quantum velocity is the speed of light and
notates as the variable c . The quantum electron angular momentum is
the Planck constant" and notates as h .
Units of dimension build from quantum measurements. For example, the

unit of potential (pom) is a unit of dimension made up of quantum
measurement:
potn (1 .2)
In the case of velocity, when the APM unit of dimension for velocity is used
(velc) it can also be substituted with c .
velc = AC · Fq = c (1.3)
Another exception to the four-letter rule is the quantum unit for energy. 1be
Tibetan word "tshankha" means "energy with fon:e and power."
Tshankha ceremoniously represents energy in the hther Physics Mldel,
as the energy of stable onta has a sacred nature to it.
21 "The first direct measurement of the quantum of action was obtained by J. Franck and G. HeltZ by
liberating quantities of light through electronic impulses." W'here Is Science Going? James Mmphy, Max
Planck (New York, W.W. NortOn & o,mpanyInc., 1932) 59-60
23
'
enrg = m, . Ae' . F,, = tshankha ( 1 .4)
also:
tshankha = h . F" ( 1.5)

Since the electron quantifies as its angular momentum, tshankha is the
angular momentum of the electron replicating (perpetuating) each
quantum moment. Tshankha is thus the amount of energy expended
each quantum moment by the Aether to keep "alive" one electron.
Considering the number of electrons there are in the Universe, the
Aether is indeed quite powetful and forceful to keep the spin of all onta
perfectly consistent throughout all space and all time. Tshankha is also a
reminder that the concepts of space and time as components of the
physical world are highly developed in the Tibetan Buddhist literature.
In the Standard Mode� where variables such as m (for mass) and E (for
ene� are used, the variables have dimensions but no values. As such,
E = me' is not a true equation, rather it is an expression (or formula). If
E and m had inherent values, as does the constant e , then E would
equal a single unit of energy and m would equal a single unit of mass.
E = me'
m'
joule = kg · 8.988x l 016 --,
sec
joule (1 .6)
8.988x l 016

m'
kg ·
sec'
1 * 8.988x l 016
E is not mathemarically equal to me' , which in tum means that the
"equarion" so often attnbuted to Einstein, that is E = me' , is not a true
equality. In the Aether Physics Mode� constants appear in place of
variables. A valid equation describing a unit concerning quantum physics
would also appear in terms of quantum measurements. For example:
E * mc'
but (1 . 7)
tshankha = m, . Ae' . F,,'
In the APM, all quantum units have a quantum measurement representarion.
Quantum Constants
As previously mentioned, all quantum measurements and quantum units in
the Aether Physics Model are also constants. Most essential constants in
24
Q U A N T U M S TR U C T U R E
the Aether Physics :Model alreadyexist in Classical physics22•
Coulomb's constant (kc ) , the gravitational constant (G) , the speed of light
( c ) , permeability of free space (f.Lo ) , permittivity of free space ( co ) ,
Planck's constant (h) , fine structure constant of the electron (a) , and
the Compton wavelength (Ac ) retain the same values, dimensions, and
nomenclature as in the Standard :Model The values and dimensions for
each of these constants appear in the Appendix.
New constants, based on the known constants of the Standard :Model, are
identified, their putpose defined, and their utility revealed (page 1 18).
New constants and quantum units also appear in the Appendix.
One important new constant from the Aether Physics :Model is the
conductance of the Aether (page 157), which is essential for calculating
and understanding the nature of strong charge.
There are many important new constants, new equations, and new
understandings provided by the Aether Physics :Model Taken as a
whole, these physics additions result in a new foundational paradigm
diffeting significantly from several Standard :Model paradigms.
We remind the reader that the Aether Physics Model as presented in this
book is no more complete than the Standard :Model The value of the
Aether Physics :Model, however, lies in the fact that its paradigm begins
with a firm foundation of quantum suuctural existence and develops in
complexity toward the macro structural existence with which we are
familiar. The APM also quantifies the metaphysical pre-existence of the
physical world and the nature of consciousness. The Standard :Model, on
the other hand, successfully discovered subatomic existence, but
incorrectly concluded that collision effects and forces were elementary
particles.
Therefore, we move forward with the understanding that the Aether Physics
:Model is a fresh beginning, based on a logical framework, which in tum
derives from empirical data. We pursue the Aether Physics :Model, not
because it is the answer to all our questions, but because it leads us to
answers regarding quantum structure more readily than the Standard
:Model with its discontinuous sub-models.
22"Classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that vrere recognized and fairly -well developed
before the beginning of the 20th century; mechanics, sound, light, heat, and electricity and magnetism."
"Physics," The ColumbiaEru:;vclopedia. 6th ed.
25
28
O NT O L O G I C A L F O U N D AT I O N
ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
Ontology defmes as, "the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature
of being23." Physics defines as, "The science of matter and energy and of
interactions between the two"." Physics is the study of mechanics and
until now provided little insight into suucture; however, the Aether
Physics Model reveals physical structure and that its existence has a non
material cause. The APM reveals a true ontology based upon physical
data.
Scientists claim that their physics models predict the data, a recurrent theme
throughout the Standard Model and Special Relativity Theory. However,
the data is the result of the truth of existence, not of the creation of
experiments and theory. The experiments rrT?dSure existence; they do not
ill1StMt it. Theories and models merely explain the data. If the theory
does not appeal to common sense, then what prevents us from replacing
it with a better theory that does? The Aether Physics Model is that better
theory.
Scientists claim the Standard Model is convincing despite the fact that the
model itself defies common sense when explaining quantum structure.
There is no attempt to correct the logic of Standard Model structural
theories, as the underlying physics assumptions will not allow it. Instead
of finding better explanations for quantum structure, we hear the only
important factor is a useable result with regard to quantum mechanics.
The Standard Model of physics lists the elementary particles as quam,

leptons, and force carrier particlesu. Quarks seem to appear to scientists
when two stable protons or neutrons slatn together. The protons and
neutrons break apatt with the same behavior each time, and the resulting
pattern of debris results in what physicists call quam. The qua1ks have a
2lThe American Heritage@ Dicrionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright " 2000 by
Houghton Mifflin O>mpany. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin O>mpany.
24 " This evidence allo-wed scientists to develop the Standard Model theory of matter, which states that all
matter is made up of combinations of six quarks and six leptons that interact with three types of force
•..
particles."' " Taylor, Richard E.," The O>lumbiaEnG)'dopedia, 6th ed.

life span of about W12 second and an isolated quark has never been
found25. Protons bave a "half life" of loJ2 years or more". Is it likelytbat
such extremely short-lived quarks produce extremely long-lived protons?
If neutrons are made of quarks, then what about observations of neutrons

decaying into protons and electrons27 and protons and electrons binding
to produce neutrons"? Likewise, there are the force carrier "particles."
Physicists speak of gluons29 as though they were real particles", but what
evidence is there for a gluon particle? Does it really make sense for force
to manifest as a particle?
Quantutn Theory'l (Quantutn :Mechanics) exarrunes the structure and

bebavior of atoms and molecules. The Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle32 states tbat subatomic particles only exist as probability
functions. Wave-particle duality theoty (complimentatity principle")
states tbat subatomic particles can bebave like both particles and waves.
Einstein's E = me2 has been interpreted as stating the dimension of
mass and the unit of energy are equivalent.
Of course, in recognition of the imu:ional nature of many Standard Model
25 "Quarks appear to alway.; be found in pairs or triplets with other quarks ard antiquarks- an �olated quarlc
has never been found." "Elementary Panicles," The Cplnmbia EJ1C$:lopedia, 6th ed.
26 Bany Parker. Einstejn's Dream· TheSearchfora1Jojfied Theoryofthe1Jnjverse (New York: Plenum Press,
1986) 257·8.
27 nIn beta decay a neutron within the nucleus changes to a proton. in the process emitting an electron and an
antineutrinon "Radioactivity," The Columbia EnQ'Clopedia 6th ed.
28 "Other, less common, types of radioactivity are electron capture (capture of one of the orbiting atomic
electtons by the unstable nucleus) and positron emission- both fonns of beta decay and both resulting in the
change of a proton to a neutron within the nucleus- an internal conversion. . "Radioactivity, Thecnlumbia
Eo�IQpedia, 6th ed.
. .. n
29 Definition: Gluon A hypothetical massless, neutral elementary panicle believed

- to mediate the strong
interaction that binds quarks together.
JO"Gluons are massless, travel at the speed of light, and possess a property called color. Analogous to electric
charge in charged particles, color is of three varieties, arbitrarily designated as red, blue, and yellow, and
analogous to positive and negative charges- three anticolor varieties. Quarks change their color as they emit
and absorb gluons, and the exchange of gluons maintains proper quarlc color balance." "GllIOn," lk
CphnnbiaEru;yr:IQ12edia, 6th ed
3 1 "Modem physical theol]' concerned with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the
motion of material panicles; the quantum theory and the theory of relativity together fonn the theoretical basis
of modern phy.;ies." "Quantum Theo'}'," TheGolumbiaEn<;;<:IQpedia, 6th ed.
}2 " on the scale of atoms and elementary panicles the effect of the uncertainty principle is vel]' important.
Because of the uncertainties existing at this level, a picture of the submicroscopic wodd emerges as one of
•••
scacistical probabilities rather than measurable certainties." "Uncertainty Principle," The Columbia
EOQ"Clopedja, 6th 00.
" OOMPLEMENTARI1Y PRINGPLE . phy.;icaI principle enunciated by Niels Bohr in 1928 stating that
certain physical concepts are complementary. If twO concepts are complementary, an experiment that clearly
illustrates one concept will obscure the other complementary one. For example, an experiment that illustrates
the partiele properties of light will not show any of the wave properties of light. This ptiociple also implies that
only certain kinds of infomution can be gained in a particular experiment. Some other infomution that is
equally important cannot be measured simultaneously and is lost. "Complementarity Principle," The Columbia
Enc�IQpedia. 6th ed.
28
O N T O L O G I CA L F O U N DA T I O N
principles, any respectable physicist will tell you not to take Standard
Model physics concepts literally with regard to quantum struture. We
hear that physics models are merely abstract concepts of a poorly
understood topic.
Modem physics ignores any hint of a non-material, creating force for the
Universe; it too closely resembles Deity as described in many world
religions. Yet modem physics invents hypothetical particles with color,
flavor, up down characteristics, and gluons, that mayor may not exist due
to probabilities. It is as though the Standard Model exists to deny the
Universe has a Oeator, onlyto spread belief in its own myths.
As we enter the 2 1� century, our measurement equipment and the materials

we work with have reached a very high level of sophistication. We now
know the constants of the subatomic realm to a much greater degree of
accuracy than did the brilliant minds of the 19m and 20m centuries.
Beginning with a fresh look at the precise values and dimensions of the
quantum realm, the Aether Physics Model gives the world a real quantum
structural physics, and thankfully, a real physics based on a real non
material existence, which some might call God.
It is not enough to point to the weaknesses and inconsistencies of an

established or a proposed theory. A convincing argument requires the
enumeration not only of the questioned theory's weaknesses but also a
better theoryto take its place.
And therein rests the general purpose of this book Presented are the
weaknesses and inconsistencies of the Standard Model with regard to
quantum structures as well as a better theoryto take its place. 1his better
theory; however, is not necessarily new. For thousands of Jears prior to
Albert Einstein, it was widely accepted that the physical Universe
constructs from the existence of Aether in one manifestation or another.
Albert Einstein did not disprove, nor did he attenpt to disprove, the existence
of the Aether. In fact, on May 5, 1920 at the University of Leyden,.,
Einstein gave a lecture in which he defended the existence of Aether.
What Albert Einstein set out to do in his eadier work was to explain the
observed physical phenomena without invoking the Aether. Einstein
found limited success, but he was not able to develop a Unified Force
Theory or Grand Unified Theory based on his Relativity theories. 1his
was because the forces are inherent to the structure of existence, whereas
the Relativity theories could only explain the mechanics.
Einstein was successful enough to advance science to its present condition,
34Michel Janssen, Robert Schulmann, J6zsef Illy, Ouistoph Lehner, and Diana Konnos Buchwald, THE
Q)Il.ECIED PAPERS OF Albert Einstein VOLUME 7, THE BERUN YEARS. WRITINGS , 1918 -
1921 (princeton UniversityPress, 2002) 305-309; 321
29
but with today'S developments in nanotechnology and interplanetaty and

interstellar explorations, we are in desperate need of a more accurate
description of quantum structure. As it turns out, this more accurate
theory of quantum structure once again invokes the existence of the
Aetber.
The Aefher
'The concept of the Aether was dominant in the physics theories from ancient
Greece and India until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The concept
of the Aetber took many different forms. Frustrated because no
convincing evidence of the existence of Aether was emerging, Alben
Einstein developed a new approach based on his now famous E = me'
expression. Mr. Einstein did not totally give up on the Aether, but he did
usher in a new physics that excluded the Aether from science".
Some early theories of the Aether presupposed a stationary particulate

medium. Light seemed to travel as a wave in the Aether medium much
as water ripples travel on the surface of water. When Michelson and
Morley conducted an experiment to identify the particulate medium as
absolute space-time, resulting in Aether drifting through the Earth as the
Earth moved through space, they found no overwhelming evidence for
the magnitude of Aether drift they expected However, they did measure
an Aether drift. Dayton Miller later conducted extensive tests that
verified an Aetber drift relative to the E arth at about ten kilometers per
second". 'The results indicated that if Aether exists, it must drag relative
to the Earth", which Augustin Fresnel also posited';. Since the prevailing
understanding did not allow Aether to drag along with the Earth, many
touted this as evidence against the existence of the Aether. This prejudice
towarrl a dragging Aether also caused many to proclaim the erroneous
assumption that the Michelson-Morley experiments showed absolutely
no Aether drift.
With the Aether Physics Mode� the existence of Aether is an essential aspect
for explaining the phenomena within the Universe. Now that we have
exact measurements of certain constants, we can deduce that the Aether
is not in the form of a physically detectable particle, but in the form of a
35 "However, all attempts to demonstrate its [Aether's] existence, most notably the Michelson-Morley
experiment of 1887, produced negative results and stimulated a vigorous debate among physicists that "WaS not
ended until the special theOl}' 01 relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905, became accepted. The theoty
of relativity eliminated the need for a lighHIansmitting mediwn, so that today me term ether is used only in a
historical context." "Emer, in Physics and Astronomy," TheCpluwbja ED(.:$lqpedja , 6th ed.
" Da}Wn C Miller, �, New Series, VoL 63, No. 1635 (Apr. 30, 1926), 433·443 It is also noted in an
article by Robert S. Shankland, Science, New Series, VoL 176, No. 4035 (May 12, 1972), 652·653 that at the
soong encouragemem 01 Albert Einsrein, the Miller data was re-examined posthwnously and judged to be
questionable due to the claim that Miller's results correlated with the temperature gradient across the
interferometer table. For all of Miller's extensive experience, it seems lllghly suspect that Miller did not notice
what should have been an obvious flaw in the results, were it true.
37 "The outcome of the Michelson - Morley experiment would, therefore, suggest that the ether is dragged
along with the earth, as far as the inunediate neighborhood of me earth is concerned." Introduction totbe
TheoryofRelacivityPeter Gabriel Bergmann (New York, Prentice Hall Inc., 1947) 27
30
O N T O L O G I CA L F O U N D A T I O N
non-material Aether unit of 2-spin rotating magnetic field. A quantum

Aether unit has the precise value equal to Coulomb's constant rimes
1 6K' .
A" = rmfd = kc · 1 6K' (2 . 1)

The rotating magnetic field concept of the Aether presented in this book is
not much different from John Bernoulli's "whirlpool Aether" concept:
John Bemoulli's Whirlpool Aether

All space, according to the )Uung Bernoulli, is permeated by
",..,.
.., ."", = """-
a fluid Aether, containing an immense number of excessively

,! small whirlpools. The elasticity which the Aether appears to
I possess, and in virtue of which it is able to transmit
vibrations, is really due to the presence of these whirlpools;
for, owing to centrifugal force, each whirlpool is continually
striving to dilate, and so presses against the neighboting
whirlpools".
The Aether has a non-material nature revealed through Coulomb's constant,

the gravitational constant, the speed of light, the permeability constant,
and the permittivity constant. The newly defmed and important
conductance constant of the Aether relates directly to the
electromagnetism of onta, as well as to consciousness.
As for evidence proving the existence of the Aether, it does exist. An}body
can do these two simple experiments to see visual proof of the Aether.
The frrst experiment requires a magnet and cathode ray tube. The
cathode ray tube could be )Uur
computer monitor, lV, or oscilloscope
screen. Just make sure )Uur cathode ray
tube has a degaussing feature before
doing this experiment, or )UU may
permanently disfigure )Uur viewing
screen.
Place the magnet against the cathode ' ray

'-'0 '
tube with the north or south pole facing
the screen. You will notice a pattern seemingly caused by the magnetic
flux of the magnet as it reorganizes the electron beams. Once the magnet
is flush against the screen, twist it back and forth. You will notice that the
pattern on the screen does not change. Had the magnet been the source
of the magnetic flux, the pattern would have changed since the magnetic
flux would link. to the molecules and atoms of the magnet. However, the
magnetic flux arises from the Aether and thus exists relative to the
Aether. Twisting the magnet will not affect the magnetic flux of the
38 Sir Edmund Whittaker AHistoryofthe Theories of Aether and Electricity;The dassical Theories (London;
New York, American Institute of Phy.;ics, 1987) 95-96

3t
S E CRE TS O F T H E A E T H E R
Aether. This experiment will work regardless of the shape of the magnet.
The same experiment works with ferrofluid Ferrofluid is a liquid substance

that reacts to a magnetic field Position a magnet below a dish of
ferrofluid and twist the magnet back and forth, as in the above
experiment. The magnetic flux will not move as observed by the
ferrofluid not moving. Once again, the magnetic flux associated with the
magnet is coming from the Aether and not from the magnet.
In the Michelson-Morley experiments, the Aether �
follows along with the matter of the Earth and the

atmosphere. The Aether is not a wind that blows
freely through matter, except as matter becomes
less dense. This is contrary to the expectations of
scientists in the 1800s. In addition, Aether gives
form to matter, but matter also occupies and
manipulates Aether. The situation is a bit more
complicated than an assumed fIXed Aether with an independendyexisting
matter.
An important early prediction of Einstein's general relativity

was the advance of the perihelion of Mercury's Olbit, whose
measurement provided one of the classical tests of Einstein's

theory. The advance of the orbital point-of-closest-approach
also applies to a biruuy pulsar s�m and to an Earth
orbiting satellite. General relativity also predicts that the
rotation of a body like Earth will drag the local inertial frames
of reference around it, which will affect the orbit of a
satellite".
"Frame dragging" is another euphemism of the Standard Model intended to
acknowledge the properties of Aether, but without calling it Aether.
Essentially, the frame dragging of General Relativity theoty is the same as
the Aether moving with matter.
Einstein's Aether
In the previous section, we provided an experiment for proving the existence
of the Aether using a permanent magnet and a CRT. Although cathode
ray tubes did not exist in the late 1800s, Albett Einstein wrote a paper at
the age of 16, which essentially made the same observations about
magnetic fields and Aether. In The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics'"
by Jagdish Mehra, Mehra translates Albert Einstein's first paper from
German. We provide the full text of the paper as it supports and relates
to the Aether PhY-'ics Model
39 Letter5 to Nature, Nature 431,958 - 960 (21 O:tober 2004); doc 10.1038/nature03007
40 Jagdish Mehta, The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics (March 2001, World Scientific Publishing CompanY) pp 9-10
32
O N T O L O G I CA L F O U N DA T I O N
Conceming the Investigation of the State of
, thoughts
Aether in Magnetic Fields: by Albert Einstein
I compressingonthem difficult
follo� fures
The the fir.;t dst expressi�n of so;;; simple
are
this subject. With

much hesitation I ! am
into
an essaywhich looks more like
a program than
a paper. Since I completely lacked the materials to penetrate the ,
subject more deeply than was permitted by reflection alone, I ask that J
this cin::umstance should not be ascribed to me as superfIciality. I I
:1 hope the indulgence of the interested reader will correspond to the
11 !rumble feelings with which I offer him these lines.
IWhen the electric cwrent comes into being, it immediately sets the
I surrounding aether in some kind of instantaneous motion, the nature I
of which has still not been exactly determined. In spite of the
continuation of the cause of this motion, namely the electric current,
the motion ceases, but the aether remains in a potential state and
produces a magnetic fIeld. That the magnetic field is a potential state
[of the aetherJ is shown by the [existence of aJ permanent magnet, ,
'I
since the principle of conservation of energy excludes the possibility of
a state of motion in this case. The motion of the aether, which is
caused by an electric current, will continue until the acting [electro-J
'I
, motive forces are compensated by the equivalent passive forces which
arise from the defonnation caused bythe motion of the aether itself.
• The marvellous experiments of Hertz have most ingeniously
illuminated the dynamic nature of these phenomena - the
propagation in space, as well as the qualitative identity of these "
motions with light and heat. I believe that for the illlderst.mding of
electromagnetic phenomena it is important also to illldenalse a
comprehensive experimental investigation of the potential states of the
'I aether in magnetic fields of all kinds - or, in other words, to measure
i
, the elastic defonnations and the acting defonning forces.
Evety elastic change of the aether at any (free) point in a given
direction should be detenninable from the change which the velocity
,I of an aether wave illldergoes at this point in that direction. The '
J velocity of a wave is proportional to the square root of the elastic
forces which cause [itsJ propagation, and inversely proportional to the

, mass of the aether moved bythese forces. However, since the changes
of density caused by the elastic deformations are generally

I
I insignificant, they may probably be neglected in this case also. It could
therefore be said with good approximation: The square root of the
ratio of the change of velocity of propagation (wavelength) is equal to
, the ratio of the change of the elastic force.
'I I dare not decide as to which type of aether waves, whether ligbt or
: electro-dynamic, and which method of measuring the wavelength is
most appropriate for studying the magnetic field; in principle, after all,
this makes no difference.
If a change of wavelength in the magnetic fIeld can be detected at all in
any given ditection, then the question can be experimentally decided
l whether onlythe component of the elastic state in the direction of the

propagation of the wave influences the velocity of propagation, or the
components perpendicular to it also do; since it is known a priori that
II
in a unifonn magnetic [",ld, whether it is cylindrical or pyramidal in
fonn, the elastic states at a point perpendicular to the ditection of the
lines of force are completely homogeneous, but different in the
ditection of the lines of force. Therefore if one lets waves propagate
33
that are polarized perpendicularly to the direction of the lines of force,

'"""'
''- .��"" _ ""
",£
'Fa'5'
then the direction of the plane of oscillation w:lUld be important for

the velocity of propagation that is if the cornpot>ent of the elastic
fon:e perpendicular to the propagation of a wave at all influences the
-
velocity of propagation. H:J""ver, this probably might not be the case,

although the phenomenon of double diffraction seems to indicate this.
Thus after the question has been �red as to bow the three
cornpot>ents of elasticity affect the velocity of an aether wave, one can
proceed to the study of the magnetic field In order to understand
properly the state of the aether in it [the magnetic fieldl three cases
, ought to be distinguished:
L The lines of force come together at the North pole in the
shape of a pyramid
2. The lines of fon:e come together at the South pole in the
shape of a pyramid
3. The lines of force are parallel
In these cases the velocityof propagation of a wave in the direction of

the lines of force and perpendicular to them has to be examined
There is no doubt that the elastic deformations as ""n as the cause of
their origin will be detennined [by these experiments1 provided
I sufficiently accurate instruments to =ure the wavelength can be
constructed
The most interesting, but also the most diffICult, task ""uld be the
I
direct experimental study of the magnetic fdd which arises around an
electric current, because the investig.ttion of the elastic state of the
, aether in this case would allow us to obtain a glimpse of the
mysterious nature of the electric current. This analogy also permits us
to draw definite conclusions concerning the state of the aether in the
magnetic field which surrounds the electric cwrent, provided of
cour.;e the experiments mentioned above yield any result.
I believe that the quantitative resean:bes on the absolute magnitudes of
the density and the elastic fon:e of the aether can only begin if
qualitarive results exist that are cont>ected with established ideas. Let
me add one more thing. If the wavelength does not tum out to be
proportional to ,JA + k [sic1 then the reason (for that) has to be
looked forin the change of density of the moving aethercaused by the
I
elastic deformations; bere A is the elastic aether force, a priori a
I constant which we have to cletennine empirically, and k the (variable)
strength of the magnetic field which, of cour.;e, is proportional to the
elastic fon:es in question that are produced'
Above all ti must be demonstrated that there exists a passive resistance
to the electric cwrent for the production of the magnetic field, that is
proportional to the length of the path of the cwrent and inclependent
of the cross section and the material of the conductor. "
Dynamic Space
Three axes of length in three-dimensional coordinate systems generally
represent the concept of space. This implies that space is equal to
volwne. And for general purposes, if we talk about a room with space,
we are indeed onlytalking about volume.
114
O N T O L O G I CA L F O U N D AT I O N
In the Aether Ph�ics Model, space-time is more than just the three
dimensions of length and one dimension of time. Space is united to time
in such a way that the two are inseparable, producing a single unit called
double cardioid (dcrd). However, the coordinate �rns still in use
today only include dimensions of length. We need a coordinate s�tem
that includes both space am time. Further, whereas perception of space
time through our bodies' senses gives the appearance of just one
dimension of linear time, linear time is an illusion. In reality, the time
dimensions of Aether are actually frequency dimensions, and there are
two of them Together these two dimensions of frequency produce a
spherical unit of resonance. While in reality the quantum Universe has
the qualities of space-resonance, we perceive the ph�ical, macro
Universe with the qualities of space-time.
,Another intriguing notion of Aether is that space and resonance integrate

through a shared geometry. In other words, space and resonance are the
same entity but viewed from two perspectives, which are orthogonal to
each other.
Geometric Structure of Aether

Non-material Aether having geometry might seem a bit strange.
However, this is exactly what empirical data suggests. In fact,
after one has reviewed the Aether Ph�ics Model in totality; it
is not possible to think of the Aether without geometry.
The geometrical constant of the

Aether induces to be 16JZ"' ,
translating to a geometrical shape of a
tubular loxodrotne'l distributed over
two adjacent spheres. Further
induced is that the spheres have
electrostatic polarity, the whole structure has
magnetic polarity, and the spin directions have
gravitational polarity.
One fourth of the total loxodrome surrounding both spheres is a tube with a
surface constant of 4JZ"' , the toroid constant- Because toroids have two
radii, the small radius and large radius, they can have varying radii lengths
but still have the same surface area. The toroids in the above left image
have different radii, but identical surface areas. This is why all onta share
the same quantum surface area as the Compton wavelength squared It is
because all onta have the same surface area that we can graphically
represent them as twin tubular loxodromes (referred to simply as
"loxodromes") while making use of the quantum distance squared as
their surface area.
41 Dr. Lester Hulett raises the point that the loxodromes of the Aether unit are not exactly the same as
loxodromes on a Mercator map. He suggests they be called something else to clarify the subtle differences in
geometry.
3S
The perfectly symmetrical representation only applies to the surface areas and
to the electrostatic charges. The mass, distnbuted frequency, and strong
charge dimensions are not symmetrical in a given Aether unit. The
unequal distributions of quantum distributed frequency affect the general
form of the physical Universe and give us shapes like flowers, butterflies,
tree branching, leaf patterns, snail shells, skeletal suuctures, body organ
composition, and every other pattern that arises from growth processes.
The unequal mass division reflects in the obselVed difference between
electron and proton masses and their proportional strong charges.
The toroid constant (4JZ"' ) represents the surface geometry of ",-spin onta.
The electron and proton are examples of ",-spin" onta. Half of the
double loxodrome has the geometrical constant of 8JZ"' , and is either the
loxodrome around a single sphere or half a loxodrome around two
spheres. A full loxodrome represents 1-spin, such as the photon
possesses. The full ioxodrome around both spheres represents 2-spin,
such as the Aether unit and supposed "graviton" possess.
1/2 Spin 2 Spin

4lt � 1 61t�
16JZ"' is the square of 4JZ" , which is the spherical constant. The 4" spherical
'
constant is also related to the c (speed
of light squared) constant and
'
describes the c geometrical qualities (page 152). The mathematical
function of the loxodrome path over the spheres is:
f(8) = JZ" sin 8 (2.2)

2
All physical existence ultimately derives its geometry from the Aether. The
geometry, as shown in the images above, represents the tt1I1ilal:Ie spin
paitims for the angular momentum to reside in the Aether unit. The
42 Wolfgang Pauli was possibly the most influencial phy;icist in the theory of spin. Spin was first discovered in
the context of the emission spectnun of alkali metals. In 1924 Pauli introduced what he called a "two-valued
quanrum degree of freedom" associated with the electron in the outermost shell. This allowed him to
formulate the Pauli exclusion principle, stating that no two electrons can share the same quantum numbers.
W.kipedia http';/en.wikipedia.o.g/wiki/Spm_(ph»ics)# Hstory
38
O N T O L O G I CA L F O U N D A T I O N
Aether images do not represent some kind of a particle or otherwise solid

entity. The color-coding is intended to show that each spin position is a
unique "pathway"; the blue path is for the electron, gold is for the
positron, aqua is forthe anti-proton, and red is for the proton.
It is important to remember that the tubular loxodrornes shown in the

drawings are accurate only in relation to the surface constant. The
surface area of each half-spin loxodrome is always equal to the Compton
wavelength squared However, the small and large electron and proton
radii vary in length, and therefore so do the sphere radii. The Aether,
being a 2-spin rotating magnetic field, is flexible in this regard and allows
for the centrifugal expansion as envisioned by Bernoulli.
The Aether is thus a "field" in which subatomic particles can exist. It is

because of this geometry of Aether that it is possible to model the
structures of electrons, photons, protons, and neutrons and their
. .
mteracnons.
Further, the Aether includes the dimensions of mass and charge. An

enonnous force (Gforce) emanating from a non-material Source acts
upon the strong charge dimensions giving rise to the Aether.
The Physical Univel'Se

The preceding section is about the non-material Aether. To present the
physical Universe in coherent tenus, we must understand the non
material "field,» or enviromnent, in which physical matter exists. Once
we have knowledge of the non-material Aether suucture, we can easily
produce a mathematically correct and discrete view of the physical world
The reader should understand that the phrase "mathematically correct" in
the Aether Physics Model means that not only the values and operators
are correct but also the dimensions. In other words, all of the
mathematics used in this book reflects real world suuctures.
Ax the core of the Aether Physics Model is a mathematically correct Unified

Force Theory, the first such theory to exist in modem science. The
Unified Force Theory develops from the concept of distnbuted charge
and fine suuctures of the onta (fine suuctures are proportions of
spherical elementary charge to equivalent spherical strong charge). The
strong force is mathematically (since 1950) and experimentally (since
1996) proven to have a charge that complements, but is different from,
elementary charge. But, the theory and the experiments that proved the
existence of electron strong force were not seen for what they were
because of the investment in the pi meson (pion) 147 hypothesis of a strong
force carrier. The Casimir equation is the proof that the electron has a
strong charge and that it obeys a strong force law.
When examining the Newton gtavitational law, Coulomb electrostatic law,

and the strong force law, what seemed to be four distinct forces
demonstrate to be three different manifestations of the Gforce with three
37
S E C R E T S OF T H E A E T H E R
different dimensions. The Gforce is comparable to the sun and the three
aspects of onta (electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass)
are comparable to three different color.; of glass. We see three different
forces in the physical world, but they are all manifestations of one
Gforce, as three different color.; of light emanate through three different
colored panes of glass, even though they are manifestations of one light
source. This is an example of how force evolves into complexity similar
to the way subatomic particles bind to become atoms. The so-called
"weak force" is really a proportion of electrostatic charge to
electromagnetic charge.
Primary angular momentum explains the structure behind all matter and light
interactions, thereby eliminating the mysterious wave-particle duality
theory. Primary angular momentum is the primary form of material
existence and explains the photoelectric effect, pair production, and
Compton Effect in units that directly relate to the electron and photon.
We hypothesize new equations that predict the nuclear binding forces and
electron binding energies of all isotopes (page 228). In addition, the
preliminary steps toward the discovery of an atomic spectral equation,
which predicts the spectra of all isotopes and their ions, becomes
apparent. The electron and nuclear binding energy equations and atomic
spectra equations are destined to be the new "holy grail" of physics and
we have already had significant success with the electron binding energy
equation. From these three equations, we will likely develop molecular
equations, which can predict the propenies of any substance before it is
known to exist.
Unified Force TheOIy

The llified Force Theory is the foundation upon which the Aether Physics
Model rests. The UFf will appear in detail later, however, an
introduction to the core concepts follows here.
The Standard Model of physics recognizes only one type of charge, the
elementary charge, which has a single dimension of charge. The tor.;ion
balance devised by Charles Coulomb is an electrostatic apparatus, which
demonstrates elementary charge". Therefo're, it is appropriate to identify
elementary charge as the carrier of the "electrostatic force," since that is
what the torsion balance measures in this instance.
In the Aether Physics Model, we notate all charge as distnbuted, just as it

appears in nature. Charge is not a point, and we ignore its structural
characteristics by treating it as a point. Charge always appears over the
surface of an object, even if the object is a single electron. Therefore, the
correct dimensions of charge are charge squared
43 Morris H Shamos, Great Experiments in Physics "Firsthand Accounts from Galileo to Einstein" (New
York, Dover Publications Inc., 1987) 62-3
38
O N T O L O G I C A L F O U N DA T I O N
Instead of presenting elementary charge as e, elementary charge should

present as e.
e 1.602xlO-19 caul
= 44 (2.3)
e' = 2.567xlO-38 caul' (2.4)
According to the Standard Model, gluoni' cany the strong force in quarks,
and pions!47 cany the strong force in nuclei. In the Aether Physics
Mode� the strong force carries by strong charge. Strong charge is related
to elementary charge, but it has a different geometry, spin and magnitude.
Strong charge notates as e,�for the electron, epm� for the proton, and
enm� for the neutroIL But as in the case of elementary charge, strong
charge is always distributed So, for example, electron strong charge
would notate as e'm�2 •
The weak interaction is the proportion of the elementary charge to the strong
charge. The weak interaction is equal to 8rr times the fine structure of the
OllIL The relationship of the elementary charge, strong charge, and weak
interaction for each onn appears as follows where a , p , and n are the
fine structures of the electron, proton, and neutron, respectively:
Electron onn:
e' --, = 8Jra (2.5)
eemax
Proton onn: --
e' , = 8JrP (2.6)
epmax
Neutron onn: --
e2 , 8Jrn = (2.7)
enmax
Later we will examine the relative strengths of the forces between the
electrostatic charges, strong charges, weak interactions, and masses in
order to see how close the calculated forces agree with empirical
measurements (page 204).
Primary Angular Momentum
Wave-Particle Duality
- IEUIOV _ '" =-
Quantum Mechanics states that onta such as electrons, protons,

and neutrons can appear as particles of matter or as waves".
'""" - "'
--= - - '"
44 NIST CDDATA Value, e1emenrruy chatge, May 27, 2004 http)lphysics.nisLgov/cgi

binicuulValue?e I searchjor�elemenrruy-Kharge
45"Quantum mechanics, the final mathematical fonnulacion of the quantum theory, was developed during the
1920s. In 1924. Louis de Broglie proposed that not only do light waves sometimes exhibit paniclelike
properties, as in the photoelectric effect and atomic spectra., but particles may also exhibit wavelike
properties." "Quantum Theory," TheCplllwbiaEOQ}'Clopedja. 6th ed
39
The problem with the wave-particle duality theOlY is that the dimensions of
onta are neither dimension of waves (frequen�, nor of solid matter.
(The Standard Model does not quantitatively define maner16.) Since the
dimensions of onta are not the dimensions of matter or of waves, the
Aether Physics Model does not equate electrons, protons, and neutrons
with either solid matter or with waves.
In a 1996 journal article", Phil Berardelli reportS:
""""
� """'
....
It turns out that atoms, far from being the tiny billiard balls ,
'_l i
l
d.
'!!U _a-""
we commonly see in illustrations, are more like multilayered, ,

discrete, shimmering clouds. Each layer contains
proportionately enonnous amounts of energy and shimmers
- a different but precise electromagnetic frequency. Only
when atoms interact with one another in large numbers do
they behave as expected in their "classical" state, as scientists
call the visible world
In the Aether Physics Model, these multi-layered clouds are the angular
momentum of individual onta. And since these onta are the smallest
stable fonn of material existence, it is proper to view the onta as primzry
angular momentum
The angular momentum of a two-body

system, such as a satellite in Olbit around a
planet, involves two distinct bodies. Free
electrons, protons, and neutrons are single
body systems, and yet they have angular
momentun1" . Therefore, consistent with
the earlier discussion concerning the
relationships among different orders of
existence, we can propose that primary
angular momentum has a different
structure than two-body angular
momentum
When we take the liternl dimensions of '

primary angular momentum we find that
there is a mass dimension, there are two
length dimensions, and there is a
frequency dimension. Expressed in terms of quantum measurements,
angular momentum is:
-46 Matter. Something that has mass and exists as a solid, liquid. gas. or plasma. The American Herir.age�
Dictionaryof the English�e Founh Edition Copyright 0 2003 byHoughton Mifflin Company,
ghtontheNews 15 July
47 Phil Berardelli, "Physicists Prove That Matter Can Be in Two Places at Once," Insi
1996, 36, Questia, 19 July2004 <http}/www.questia.com/>.
48"We find that photons and also other panicles canyan intrinsic angular momentum or spin." Paul Adrian
Maurice Dirac, "10 Quantum Mechanicsn Determinism to Probability," 'The Great Design· Particles Fields
andCreation (New York: Oxford University-Press, 1989) 177.
40
O N T O L O G I C A L F O U N DAT I ON
h = m, . Ac' F.
. (2.8)
One way to visualize this is to see a line of mass moving petpendicular at a
velocity. Take a straight object, like a pencil, and hold it in front of }Qu.
The pencil represents a mass times length. In one quick motion, now
move the pencil at a velocity petpendicular to its length. The blurred
image }QU see represents the graphic nature of primary angular
momentum.
Of course, an electron is not literally a straight line moving sideways. It is

necessary to take into account the curvature of the Aether double
loxodrome structure. Since the onn mass has to fit in the small
circumference of the loxodrome "tube," the line of mass would appear as
a circle. L ifF111Z!1- ci:ra!hJus (Lq names this line of mass. The
petpendicular path of the line of mass as it moves sideways also traces
out a circular path. The resulting geometry is toroidal
The toroid, however, traces on a sphere and from
pole to pole, when viewed in space-resonance
coordinates. When viewed in space-time coordinates
as with human perception, the shape is actually that
of a cardioid, as in the image to the left.
The Aether imparts, and thus accounts for, the spin in the loxodrome
structure of the onn. We will view the equations that support the toroid
like geometry of primary angular momentum and its relationship to spin
later (page 196).
For now, let us explore the general characteristics of primary angular

momentum. Since primary angular momentum is a circumferential line
(Jigarnen circulatus) moving sideways, the onta have only two dimensions
of length. The curvature of Aether acts as a mold and imparts geometry
to the onta. The ligamen circulatus moves in time, which means that the
onn exists as a function of time between one moment and the next
moment. Tune is consequently a component of onta. In fact, we could
not perceive time and space if our bodies and senses were not composed
of primary angular momentum. Primary angular momentum is the first
cause of physical perception, intimately related to the distributed
frequency (or resonance) of the Aether.
Tubular lo)(odrome seen flom
perspective of space only.
(Human's eyes)
41
Because the ligamen circulatus moves perpendicular to its circumference in

order to scan an area (strong charge), the onta are not solid They more
closely resemble a cloud, as does the scanned area of a pencil moving
back and forth in our vision. It is the scanning of primary angular
momennun, which gives onta the appearances of a wave and particle.
So primary angular momentum explains why onta can appear as particles

when we look at their strong charge, and can appear as waves when we
look at the moving LC Yet these are only appearances. The particulate
and wave natures of primary angular momentum are illusions having
meaning only from our macro perspective. The reality of the onn
structure is primary angular momentum and nothing else.
Interesting1y, photons can also appear as primary angular momennun, except

that they are also exploding outward at the speed of light. A detailed
exploration of the photon follows later (page 188).
Zero Point Energy

Finally, we briefly explore the purpose for which the Aether Physics Model
was initially developed We leam how photons constantly propagate
from the datk matter that exists throughout the Universe, conmbuting to
the visible Universe's accelerating physical expansion"; and then we learn
how human beings can tap this natural process in order to realize an
unlimited supply of fuelless energy (although this is not recommended as
"free energy" also qualifies as a "pollutant").
The equation for zero point energy also provides us with a mechanism and a
clue as to how a "Big Bang" type of event is constantly occurring. As
such, the observation of neutrinos can reveal a coherent explanation of
the expansion and contraction of the physical Universe. It is interesting
to note that out of whatever process generates physical existence, only
twO forms of stable matter emerge, the electron and proton (aside from
anti-matter). If the zero point energy equation (also a form of the strong
force law) is correct, then the ZPE equation should be a part of the so
called Big Bang explanation.
However, not too much attention will apply to ZPE in this book The focus
of this book is the foundational theory of quantum structure.
" Wendy Freedman, "The Hubble CoDStant and the Expanding Universe, A Newly Refined Value of
[H$uh.O] the Expansion Rate of the Universe, May Herald a First Step toward a New Era of "Precision"
Cosmology," AmericanScientist Jan.-Feb. 2003, Questia, 27 May 2004 <http://www.questia.coml >.
42
G F O R C E
a.." .
GFORCE
W hat do you call a force equal to 1 .2lxl044newton that seems to arise

out of nowhere and is responsible for the forces that hold the Universe
together?
We must first contemplate the nature of force50• Generally, we think of force

as pressure exened over an area. If you press your finger on a table, you
feel pressure over the area of your finger in contact with the table. The
pressure can be either positive or negative. A suction cup applies a
negative pressure (vacuum) over an area. Force applies to either pushing
or pulling something.
The Gforce operates in the same way. The Gforce both pushes and pulls
masses together or apm (matter and anti-matter gravitationally repel each
other), and pushes or pulls charge together or apm. Oddly, these are the
only two manifestations of force in the Universe. The only manifestation
of force is either a push or a pull, relative to mass or charge. Even more
surprising, this Gforce is a frrst cause, as far as the visible Universe is
concemed
What ;s the Gforce?

Science, it seems, forbids discussion of God It is as though God were some
kind of illusion and that direct empirical observation with human senses
is the only mature authority for reality. Yet science is unable to define the
origin of gravity and of electromagnetic "fields." In the Standard Model,
the so-called "four basic forces" describe as though mediated by particles
50 FORCE: commonly. a " push" or " pull," more properly defined in physics as a quantity that changes the
motion, size, or shape of a body. Force is a vector quantity; having both magnitude and direction. The
meas ureme
magnirude of a force is measured in units such as the POWld, dyne, and newton, depending upon the system of
nt being used. An unbalanced force acting on a body free to move will change the motion of the
body. The quantity of motion of a body is measured by its momentum. the product of its mass and its velocity.
According to Newton's second law of motion (see motion), the change in momenrum is directly proportional
to the applied force. "Force," TheCp}umbia EJ1(�ydopedia. 6th ed.
43
S E C RE T S OF T H E A E TH E R
that have the inherent property of push and pull, as though it were
possible for a particle to manifest such a characteristic. And indeed,
Quantum Field Theory is filled with tenns that are intended to hide the
fact of non-material existence, such as "conversion constants," "fields,"
"vacuum," "free space," and others.
What is it that modem science is suppressing, or failing to admit? Is there a

rational excuse for not interpreting scientific evidence in favor of the
existence of God? What would we see if we analyzed the so-called
"conversion constants" of Newton and Coulomb, which are essenrial to
the force laws?
The Gforce is equal to 1 .2 1 x 1 044 newton . Tbat quantity of force extends

as: 1 2 1 ,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0OOnewton or
121 million, billion, billion, billion, billion newtoIL
1'h:it is (17! en::mrns fora!

It is truly the only force in the Universe and it acts
directly through the primary angular momentum and charge of each OnIL
We need to examine this one and only force in order to learn how it
directly affects the world we perceive.
The Dimensions chapter describes the properties of reciprocal mass. The

inertial mass of the Aether exists reciprocal to the dimension of mass we
familiarly apply to visible marrer. Reciprocal mass is a relatively
unexplored concept in physics and has different properties from familiar
mass, just as frequency has different properties from rime. In addition to
being a more primary order of reality, the non-material nature of Gforce
likely relates to the Aether's reciprocal inertial mass.
As we saw in the previous chapter, primary angular momentum is the

physical description of the electron, photon, proton, and neutroIL
Physical strong charge is the result of primary angular momentum
spinning within the Aether unit Essentially, primary angular momentum
and ph�ical strong charge describe the same onn, but from orthogonal
perspecuves.
The Gforce is everywhere in the Universe and is singularly responsible for

holding the entire Universe together. Every individual quantum of
Aether has the full effect of the Gforce acting through it This Gforce
acts upon the three physical qualities of onta (angular momentum, strong
charge, and electrostatic charge). Thus, the quantum Aether units and
onta can perform individually or collectively as fields and marrer. The
results of their intetactions are a dynamic Universe.
An all-powerful, all-pervading force, creating, binding, and maintaining the

existence of the entire physical Universe could easily be described as the
effect of God Of course, God is ascribed to be so much more than a
physical Universe (such as unconditional love, unbounded wisdom, and
44
G F O RC E
unlimited compassion) that the Gforce should more appropriately be

called "the Hand of God on the Universe," and not God p:r se
It is not as though the Gforce is an aIlegOly for God The Gforce is very real
and already fits the description of an all-powerlul, all pelVading force of
the Universe. It comes down to one of just two possibilities. Either
there exists a non-material, creative force in the Universe, which some
might call God, or such a creator does not exist. If God exists as creator
of the Universe, then attributes of God must be present in the physics
that describe the Universe. So why should we be surprised when clear
evidence for a creative force appears which some might call God?
Gforce in Three Manifestations

GmitjardC7:wwA tmrtim&pism
What are the odds that the same Gforce constant could be extracted from
both Isaac Newton's constant of universal gravitation and the Coulomb
constant of electrostatic attraction-repulsion? There is no record that
Charles Coulomb used what we now know as Coulomb's constant in his
equations, or even that he was aware of such a constant".
Therefore, Coulomb likelywas not aware of a constant of proportionality that

mediates the force between charges, and he certainly could not have
devised his system so that it would resolve to the same unit of Gforce, as
does Newton's gravitational constant. Moreover, Newton was not aware
of the Compton wavelength or the exact speed of light, so he, too, could
not have known about the Gforce.
Yet, it is there, an enormous unit of Gforce, derived from Coulomb's

electrostatic constant, from Newton's gravitational constant, and from a
newly defined Aether unit constant also known as the rotating magnetic
field unit of measurement, or the Aether electromagnetic constant.
These three manifestations of Gforce directly relate to the three force carriers:
electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and the mass within primary
angular momentum The Coulomb electrostatic constant is the
interaction constant of the Gforce with electrostatic charge. The unit of
rotating magnetic field is the interaction constant of Gforce with
electromagnetic charge. And the Newton gravitational constant is the
interaction constant of the Gforce with mass.
51 The proponionality of quantity was not proved by Coulomb by means of special experiments, since he rakes
the forces from the start as a measure of the quantities of the unknown electricities and magnetisms, but not
without having previously proved that this assumption can be carried out consistently, by numerous
experimentS, for example on the division of quantities of electricity between conductors brought in contact
with one another. Philipp Lenard, Great Men of Science' A Historyof Scientific Progress, trans. H Stafford
Hatfield (New York: The Macmillan Q,mpany, 1933) 150.
45
Quantum Measurements
It will repeatedly come to our attention in the Aether Physics Model that
there is a quantum length to the Aether, as well as a quantum frequency.
The quantum length is equal to the well-known Compton wavelength.
The quantum frequency is equal to the speed of light divided by the
quantum length. The reciprocal of the quantum frequency will give the
quantum orne.
The value of the Compton wavelength is:
..1,c = 2 .426 x 1 0-12 m (3. 1 )

The Aether unit is like an individual piece of real estate in the quantum
Universe and it represents a specific space that oscillates at a specific rate
between forward and backward time. The specific space produces the
volume of ..1,/ . While the structure of the Aether unit is not a cube, it
has the same effect as a cube for mathematical pwposes (to understand
how Aether resolves to cubic appearance see the 4,,' constant on page
264). As any onn moves between Aether units, it moves one quantum
distance (Compton wavelength) along its trajectory.
The speed of light constant is:
c= 2.998xl0' � (3.2)
sec
The speed of light is explained quite simply in the Aether Physics Model as
the quantum distance times quantum frequency (or quantum distance per
quantum time). Since Aether encapsulates onta, the quantum parameters
of Aether limit the speed of onta. The maximum speed at which any onn
can move is one quantum distance times the quantum frequency. But for
?nta to move, its encapsulating Aether must displace the Aether around
It.
This does not mean that higher frequencies or shorter lengths cannot exist in
the Universe. Wave interference patterns can appear as shorter lengths
or higher frequencies. However, the production of such apparent lengths
and frequencies would require the interference of two or more sources.
The limitation imposed bythe speed of light does not apply to the movement
of Aether units among themselves if the Aether units vibrate. Therefore,
it is quite possible to send faster than light communications by directly
modulating Aether units, rather than sending photons through space or
electrons through conductors. The Aether units can modulate via the
strong force by magnetic pulses - a topic for later discussion.
It may even be possible to modulate a stream of neutrinos to achieve faster

than light communications, although it remains to be determined whether
48
------ -� �-�� ... .
G F O R C E
or not neutrino modulation would be ptaetical, even if possible.
The quantum frequency is:
.!!... = F
Ac q (3.3)
Almost all units in the Aether Physics Model express in terms of frequency;
rather than time. Measured time is merely a perception of one of the two
time directions. In each quantum moment, an Aether unit is actually
moving in the forward time direction and then in the backward time
direction, oscillating a full cycle at the quantum frequency. For whatever
reason, onta only exist in the forward time direction. Onta do not
experience the backward time direction, therefore the larger structures
made from onta (planets, animal bodies, plants, etc) also do not
experience the backward time direction.
Because onta do not experience the backward time direction, they appear to
have a propertycalled \6 spin.
The quantum time is:
Ac = T (3.4)
c q
As far as normal quantum structures go, the smallest interval of forward (or
,
backward) time is equal to the quantum time since quantum time is the
reciprocal of quantum frequency.
Percepcionof Linear Tnre
Due to the \6-spin nature of onta, we do not experience the backward time
direction. So time appears to be a succession of quantum, forward time
inrervals. In "God's Eyes," there is a quantum frequency, which always
exists in the present. Through human eyes, since bodies are made of \6-
47
spin onra, time appears to move from the past toward the future. Thus,
linear time is an illusion due to the perception that arises from physical
embodirnem.
The Pulsed Tune graphic on the previous page, depicting forward time,
shows consecutive pulses, without blank spaces between pulses.
However, the image does conveythe general concept that time is a series
of forward time half-cycles. To our perception, however, forward time
appears to be uniformly linear.
Electromagnetic Structure
The Gforce is essential to the construction of the quantum
Aether unit, which is also the electromagnetic constant. The
Gforce acting on toroidal electromagnetic charge produces
the rmfd constant, or rotating magnetic field, and it has the
geometrical constant of 16,,' . Rmfd manifests as a double
loxodrome, as seen at left.
DOuble: Loltodtome:
In terms of quantum measurements, rmfd notates as:
rmfa Corut.,nt
m, · ,l,c1 . F.'
rmfd
eemax,
(3.5)
Note that the quantum measurements making up the rotating magnetic field
unit can factor as a mass to strong charge ratio and a space-resonance
constant. The mass to strong charge ratio is the same for all onta and
Aether, and the space-resonance constant names «double cardioid"
because from the perspective of space-time, the space-resonance
constant looks like two adjacem cardioids.
The mass to strong charge ratio for all onta and the Aether is:
, kg
mchg = 6.508x10 -- , (3.6)
caul
Examples of the mass to strong charge ratio:
m" = 6.508x10'
kg
, (3.7)
eemax coul
mp kg
, = 6.508x 1 0' , (3.8)
ep_ caul
enmax
m
" = 6.508 X 1 0' � (3.9)
couP
48
G F O R C E
m�
6.508x106 kg ,
=
(3. 1 0)
e, coul
Therefore, the rmfd also notates as:
ma . ;LC' . pq '
rmfd (3. 1 1)
ea2
The double cardioid constant is equal to the three dimensions of length rimes
the two dimensions of frequency:
dcrd = ;LC' . pq' (3.12)

Below is a graphic representation of the double cardioid constant as viewed
from nearly half-spin perspective and seeing only normal matter. True
half-spin perspective would view straight down and only one cardioid
would appear.
With Anti�Matter Without Anti-Matter
Since matter and anti-matter cannot co-exist as separate onta, and because we
see from half-spin perspective, the full Aether unit appears to us only in
one-foutth its full form. It is essential to understand the double cardioid
geometry of Aether units when working with binding force equations.
N
Looking at the Aether unit from space-resonance, the

electromagnetic charge dipole is above and below
the cardioid shape as seen at right. What this
means is that if you wrap a wire around a nail and
place a current through the wire, the magnetic
poles will be at the head and tip of the nail This
also means that electrons travel through wires
sideways, offering significant insight as to how
electrons behave in a wire coil and other electrical
structures. s
Electromagnetic Dipole
Keep in mind that at the quantum level, onta are only two-dimensional.
There is a surface area, but there is no "thing" underneath the surface.
There is no solid matter at the quantum level, just cardioid rings of strong
charge. It is through these cardioid rings of strong charge that Gforce
acts when producing physical strong force.
49
The cardioid shapes of the quantum Aether unit impan the spin path and
structure the ligarnen circularus must take. The area scarmed is real, as is
the strong charge it produces. However, as far as the string of mass goes,
it distributes through the cardioid at different times. It is similar to the
pencil moving back and forth in front of our eyes. We perceive the
pencil as existing in several places at once, although we know better. Yet,
there is only one quantum moment for the ligarnen circulatus to spin
from pole to pole. In one quantum moment, the ligarnen cin:ularus scans
a full spin position of the Aether unit.
The area per strong charge, through which the Gforce manifests, could name
as the "stroke" of the Gforce:
strk = __
c,
A'
a (3. 13)
eo
Thus, the quantum Aether unit quantifies as:
rmfd = strko . Gforce (3.14)

The Gforce thus pulses in forward and backward time, driving the ligar:nen
circu1arus into a spin. The stroke has toroidal geometry since the strong
charge has steradian solid angle, therefore the Gforce must have toroidal
geometry:
Electrostatic Structure
The electrostatic constant is widely known as Coulomb's constant, which is
equal to:
9 kg · m3
kc = 8.988x10 , , (3. 1 5)
sec · coul
and can represent as a force acting through surface per charge:
m'
kc 8.988x109 --, newton
= (3. 1 6)
caul
which in tum is equal to:
k strko . Gforce
c = (3. 1 7)
1 6Jr'
Note that the geometrical constant 16Jr ( ' ) divides out the double loxodrome
constant of the Gforce times stroke, giving it a solid angle of 1. The solid
angle of 1 is spherical, thus Coulomb's constant mediates the forces with
regard to spherical electrostatic charge. The electrostatic charge dipoles
of the Aether unit are within the spheres around which the
electromagnetic charge exists, as shown in the graphic below. Onta,
50
G F O R C E
which exist witllln an Aether unit, pick up the donated electrostatic

charge. The electron and anti-proton pick up the negative electrostatic
charge and the proton and positron pick up the positive electrostatic
charge.
Distributed frequency is the unit of resonance, which

the Gforce causes by reciprocating its inertia
back and forth in time. The quannun frequency
is the oscillation rate. Thus electrostatic charge,
resonance, time, and the CUlVed geometry of the
Aether are likely related
Gravitational Structure
We have just examined the dipole structures of
electromagnetic and electrostatic charge as
caused by the Gforce. Now VIe will see how the
Gforce creates a dipole of a gravitational nature. Electrostatic Dipole
It is worth noting that the Standard :Model does
not acknowledge gravitational repulsion, only gravitational attraction.
The Gforce pushes the ligamen circulatus of matter through the Aether unit
in one direction, and pushes
the LC of anti-matter in the
opposite direction around
the spherical resonance.
Whether onta will attract or

repel gravitationally depends
upon whether any two are
matter or anti-matter. The
proton and electron are
both matter, so they
expen�nce gravitational
attracUon. Similarly, the
Gravitational Dipoles anti-proton and positron are
both anti-matter and so they
experience gravitational attraction. HoVJeVer, the electron is matter and
the positron is anti-matter, so they experience gravitational repulsion.
The same goes forthe proton and anti-proton.
The mechanics of gravity are thus dependent upon spin patity. Both the
electron and proton spin in the same direction, and the anti-proton and
positron spin in the opposite direction. Remember that onra, whether
matter or anti-matter, cannot exist in the backward direction of time. All
of the spin positions are unidirectional with regard to time.
Similar to the structure used in the electromagnetic constant and electrostatic

constant, the gravitational constant is equal to:
51
rn3
G = 6.672xI0- 1i (3. I S)
kg · see2
and can be represented as:
rn2
=
G 6 .672x I 0-11 _2 newton (3.19)
kg
Once again, we see that force exerts from a surface. This time the surface is a
surface of area per distributed mass. :Mass is a linear dimension, as
opposed to the distnbuted dimension of charge. Nonetheless, the
Gforce still pulses its own reciprocal LC to create the hther unit causing
its mass dimension to scan an area The mass associated with the Gforce
IS:
rna = 3.26SxI01'kg (3.20)

Since mass is linear it can only extend a push or a pull, but not both such as
charge does. We can call this extension of push or pull "reach." The
reach constant is equal to:
/I. 2
Rch = - C (3.21)
rna2
rn2
Rch 5.5 13xI0-SS
= (3.22)
kg2
Therefore, the gravitational constant of the hther expresses as:
G = Rch . Gforce (3.23)

The Gforce acts on surface per distributed mass to produce the Newton
gravitational constant, which has been empirically determined to a high
degree of accurac:f2. The precise symmetry of the electromagnetic
constant, Coulomb's constant and Newton's gravitational constant is
astonishing. All base on the same, exact quantutn length dimension and
Gforce. The Gforce itself is quantutn in th<\t it also expresses in quantutn
measurements:
Gforce = rna · /l.e . F.2 (3.24)

The Cause of Existence
The most skeptical of scientists will brush aside the Gforce and blithely state
that the Gforce is merely a mathematical aberration. In addition, the
same scientists will have no explanation for the existence and structure of
the Newton gravitational constant and the Coulomb constant except to
say that they are mere constants of proportionality; which only selVe the
52 Arthur 1. Robinson, Sdem; NewSerie, va: 222, No 4630. (Dec. 23, 1983), pp. 1316-1317.
52
G F O R C E
purpose of making the force laws work
However, an honest view is that the Gforce is no aberration and that it is the
cause of Newton's gravitational constant, Coulomb's constant, and the
electromagnetic constant, not by chance, but as a matter of grand design.
The fact that a very specific Gforce exists not only in the two previously
known "constants of proportionality;" but also in a third "constant of
proportionality," proposed in this treatise to govern the strong force law,
is substantial evidence in favor of a higher universal order.
The apparent pulsing nature of the Gforce, as evidenced by the spherical

resonance producing the electrostatic charge, reminisces of a heartbeat.
Although the Gforce looks nothing like a human life form, it has many of
the characteristics associated with a living being. The Gforce is self
dynamic, it gives rise to the fabric of space-resonance, and gives existence
to and maintains visible matter.
H we could indulge ourselves for a moment, and accept that Gforce is living,
then reflecting on the fact that cells, organs, and the animals and plants
they compose are also living, it is reasonable to postulate that the orders
of reality in between are also living. In other words, what rationale could
there be for life existing at the level of Gforce and everything from the
level of cells to more complex levels, and then have Aether, onta, atoms,
and molecules not also be alive?
MasatU Emoto has done research on water molecules that suggests water has
qualities of a living beings). Water considers by modem science to be
nothing but an inert molecule. However, the Aether Physics Model
appears to suggest there is no level of existence where life does not also
exist. To date, scientists have held a sterile attitude toward life, while
harnessing science almost gleefully to build weapons of mass destruction.
Now that a deeper and more fulfilling aspect of quantum physics is
emerging in the form of the Aether Physics Model, what would prevent
us from seriously investigating the living qualities of the Universe at all of
its levels? Where would such an endeavor lead us?
The sheer magnitude of the Gforce is beyond human conception, even

though its value derives easily and to a good degree of accuracy. The
Gforce is non·matetial in origin and ;et it governs physical mechanics.
Aside from ignoting the Gforce in physics, there seems no other way to
approach it than with gratitude, humility, and awe. For out of the void
comes a solitary force that govems the entire physical Universe.
Everything that we experience in this world manifests and maintains by
the Gforce through the electromagnetic constant, Coulomb's electrostatic
constant, and Newton's gravitational constant.
53 :Ma.saru Erooto, TheHidden Messages ipWater (Beyond Words Publishing, Inc., Hillsboro, OR, 2004)
53
::t /nd>....: _....
In the beginning God creared the heaven and the eanIt

And the eanh was withOut fonn, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the
deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the ware".
And God said, Let there be light and there was light
And God saw the light, that it was good and God divided the light from the .
darkness.
And God caIJed the light Day, and the darkness he caIJed Night And the evening
and the morning were the fim day.
�1I!'fi�'!!'" I"UI'I= III:6:Ir J, "
.....
Replace heaven with "Aether," and eanh with "prirnatyangular momentum.»
In the beginning, the Gforce created the Aether and prirnaty angular
momentum. The prirnaty angular momentum was without form (datk
matter), and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep (empty
space). And the Gforce moved upon the Aether. And the Gforce gave
light (prirnaty angular momentum expands on the sudace of Aether units
to produce photons). The light illuminated the darkness.
Perhaps it is a mere coincidence that the Aether Physics Model sounds similar
to the beginning of Genesis. Then again, perhaps it is not.
S4 Genesis, King James Veu;ion

54
A E T H E R
AETHER
Albert Einstein said:

- -
... there is a weighty argument to be adduced in favour of the

ether hypothesis. To deny the ether is ultimately to assume
that empty space has no physical qualities whatever. The
fundamental facts of mechanics do not harmonize with this
, view. For the mechanical behavior of a cOlporeal system
hovering freely in empty space depends not only on relative
positions (distances) and relative velocities, but also on its
state of rotation, which physically may be taken as a
characteristic not appertaining to the system itself. In order
to be able to look upon the rotation of the system, at least
formally, as something real, Newton objectivises space.
Since he classes his absolute space together with real things,
for him rotation relative to absolute space is also something
real.
... inercia! resistance opposed to relative acceleration of
distant masses presupposes action at a distance; and as the
modem physicist does not believe that he may accept this
. action at a distance, he comes back once more, if he follows
Mach, to the ether, which has to serve as a medium for the
effects of inertia But this conception of the ether to which
we are led by Mach's way of thinking differs essentially from
the ether as conceived by Newton, by Fresnel, and by
Lorentz. Mach's ether not only conditions the behaviour of
inert masses, but is also conditioned in its state bythem
Mach's idea finds its full development in the ether of the
general theory of relativiry. According to this theory the
metrical qualities of the continuum of space-time differ in the
environment of different points of space-time, and are pardy
conditioned by the matter existing outside of the territory
under considerationss.
The Aether Physics M:>del produces an Aether hypothesis as seen by
55 Alben Einstein. Sidelights of Rehcivity (Courier Dover Publications, 1983) 16-18
55
Descartes, Newton, Bernoulli, Fresnel, and Lorentz in that it agrees with

cenain aspects of their obselVations and hypotheses. Through the
unified charge equation, the APM also agrees with Mach in that the
Aether acts on matter, and matter in tum acts upon Aether. MOreover,
the Aether Physics Model agrees with Einstein in that it also explains
General Relativity Theory, though from the perspective of Aether
electrostatic charge and the strong charge of matter. We will look into
these ideas in detail later in this chapter.
Nkola Tesla": The technical editor of the New York Herald Tnbune's radio
section responded thus to an article by Laurence M CoCkada}"7:
with the opinion

,-��,,�,�- .....
"I have read the article, and 1 quite agree

expressed - that wireless power transmission is impractical
with present apparatus. This conclusion will be naturally
reached by any one who recognizes the nature of the agent
by w.'llch the impulses are transmitted in present wireless
pracuce.
"When Dr. Heinrich Hertz undenook his experiIrents from
I
II
I 1887 to 1889 his object was to demonstrate a theoty
postulating a medium filling all space, called the ether which
was structureless, of inconceivable tenuity and yet solid and I
I
possessed of rigidity incomparably greater than that of the f!
hardest steeL He obtained cenain results and the whole
world acclaimed them as an experimental verification of that
cherished theory; But in reality what he obselVed tended to
prove just its fallacy.
"I had maintained for manyyears before that such a medium
as supposed could not exist, and that we must rather accept
the view that all space is filled with a gaseous substance. On
repeating the Hertz experiments, with much improved and
very powerful apparatus, 1 satisfied myself that what he had
obselVed was nothing else but effects of longitudinal waves
in a gaseous medium, that is to say, waves, propagated by
alternate compression and expansion. He had obselVed ,
waves in the ether much of the nature of sound waves in the :
air.
"Up to 1896, however, 1 did not succeed in obtaining a

posiUve experimental proof of the existence of such a
medium. But in that year 1 brought out a new fonn of
u ,,__�
S6 1ESLA, NIKOLA 1856-1943, American electrician and inventor, h. Croaria (then in Austria.H�. He
emigrated to the United States in 1884, worked for a shon period for Eruson, and became a naturalized
American citizen {1891}. A pioneer in the field of high-voltage electricity, he made many discoveries and
inventions of great value to the development of radio transmission and to the field of electricity. These include
a system of an:: lighting, the Tesla induction motor and system of alternating- current transmission, the Tesla
coil, generators of lllgh-frequency currents, a transfonner to increase oscillating currents to high potencials. a
system of wireless communication, and a system of tranSmitting electric power without wires . He produced the
first power system at Ntagara Falls, N.Y. There is a museum dedicated to his wotk in Belgrade. Yugoslavia.
"Tesla. NikDla, TheColumbia Em"<ydopedia. 6th ed.
" Lawrence M Cockaday;New York Herald Tribune, Sep" 22, 1929,pp. 1, 29.
h
5&
A E T H E R
i vacuum rube capable of being charged to any des;d
,
'I potential, and operated it with effective pressures of about
I
4,000,000 volts. I produced cathodic and other rays of
transcending intensity. The effects, according to my view,
were due to minute particles of matter canying enormous
elecuical charges, which, for want of a better name, I
I designated as matter not further decomposable.
Subsequently those particles were called electrons.58
"One of the first striking observations made with my rubes
was that a putplish glow for several feet around the end of
the rube was formed, and I readily ascertained that it was due
to the escape of the charges of the particles as soon as they
passed out into the air, for it was only in a nearly perfect
vacuum that these charges could be confmed to them The
I
coronal discharge proved that there must be a medium
besides air in the space, composed of particles immeasurably
smaller than those of air, as otherwise such a discharge would
not be possible. On further investigation I found that this
I gas was so light that a volume equal to that of the earth
I
would weigh only about one-twentieth of a pound 'I
"The velocity of any sound wave depends on a certain ratio

between elasticity and density, and for this ether or universal
gas the ratio is 800,000,000,000 times greater than for air.
This means that the velocity of the sound waves propagated
through the ether is about 300,000 times greater than that of
the sound waves in air, which travel at approximately 1,085
feet a second Consequently the speed in ether is 900,000 x
L 1,085 feet, or 186,000 miles, and that is the speed of light.»
Nkola Tesla observed that electrons transmitted through a near perfect
vacuum in his vacuum tubes only to appear as corona several feet
through the air surrounding the tube. His observation is quite simple. If
there is nothing in the rube between the electrode and the glass tube, then
it remains a question how the electrons convey through the vacuum and
into the surrounding air. Tesla then deduced that there must be a gas
much finer than air molecules through which electrons could traveL
Tesla does not explain how he arrived at the elasticity-density ratio of Aether
to air. If he had provided evidence of direct measurement, it would have
been a major milestone in support of the Aether theoty. Yet even if
Tesla back calculated the Aether to air ratio, he did theorize the Aether as
"gaseous.»
Other researchers have attempted to quantify the existence of the Aether.

Around 1644, Rene DesCattes was the ftrst to propose an all-pervading
58 "In 1874 the Irish phy.;icist George Johnstone Stoney ( 1826·1911) had also suggested the idea of a panicle
or atom of electricity, and in 1891 he suggested that the unit of negative electricity should be called the
electron , which is what it has been called since." Keith]. Laidler, To I.ightSuch a Candle· Cbaptersjn the
Historyof Science and Tecimo}ogy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) 149.
57
S E C R E T S O F T H E A E TH E R
Aether -with mechanical properties.
Descartes assumed that the Aether particles are continuallyin

motion. As however there was no empty space for moving
particles to move into, he inferred that they move by taking
the places vacated by other Aether particles, which are
themselves in motion. Thus, the movement of a single
particle of the Aether involved the motion of an entire closed
chain of particles; and the motions of these closed chains
constituted vortices, which performed imponant functions in
his picture of the cosmos".
As such, the Aether was considered to be incredibly solid (it fills all space),
but also incrediblyfluid These are the ideal conditions to support waves.
The theoty of Aether presented in this book will show a quantum Aether that
is simultaneously solid-fluid-gaseous, which looks like tubes, called "spin
positions.» These spin positions are cardioidal structures curved by
spherical distributed frequency. The Aether unit acts like a vessel for
containing onta, which are the basis of all matter.
Physical matter views like dust particles suspended in an aqueous solution.

The Aether unit provides the space-resonance environment for the onta.
Thus when onta appear to move, it is actually Aether moving and
carrying the onta -with it. Matter never really travels at all Matter always
occupies the same space and time. In acruality, space-time moves relative
only to space-time.
As for whether electromagnetism transmits in transverse or longitudinal

form, Tesla was correct in that Aether units could oscillate as longitudinal
waves. However, this does not preclude Aether from also carrying the
electromagnetic effect of the photon as it passes through the Aether
units. The Aether could then have a mechanical effect Qongitudinal
wave) as well as an electromagnetic effect (Henzian wave).
In the case of the longitudinal wave, the Aether unit

itself moves back and 'forth like a gas molecule. In
the case of Henzian (transverse) waves, photons
physically pass through the Aether units. Since
longitudinal waves in the Aether are actual Aether
displacements, longitudinal waves also have the
potential to create unusual effects such as those
manifested by John Hutchison in cold-melting
aluminum, and by John Keely in molecular
dissociation of Water.
59 Six Edmund W1llttaker A Historyof the Theoriesof Aerberand Electricity; The dassicalTheories (London;
New YorK. American Institute of Physics, 1987) 6
!ill
A E T H E R
The Shape of "Emptiness"

Aether is a dynamic fabric of space-resonance composed of independent
quantum units. Each quantum unit of Aether contains three dimensions
of length and two dimensions of frequency (distributed frequency is the
unit of resonance). In addition, Aether also contains one dimension of
mass, four dimensions of charges (two dimensions of electrostatic charge
and two dimensions of electromagnetic charge), and spin. Each of the
above named dimensions produce a quantum unit of rotating magnetic
field
The Aether unit itself exists within a greater and Jet more primary «space
time" continuum. It is hard to say at this point whether this greater
space-time has the same three length and two frequency dimensions as
the Aether unit. Greater space-time is not necessarily limited to the
space·time dimensions that "We perceive in the physical world
Observations of neutUnos reveal evidence of the existence of a greater
(or more primar)? space-time, since they exist outside of quantum Aether
units.
Because each quantum unit of Aether is independent, the Aether unit

manipulates just like gaseous matter. As onta bind and unbind, they
manipulate physical space-resonance to some degree. This manipulation
occurs through Aether unit folding; the Aether units literally flip over to
electrostatically and electromagnetically bind with each other. The effect
of Aether folding is that Aether condenses where matter is present.
Augustin Fresnel observed such an effect:
There are other points concerning the action of matter upon

the ether which are perhaps in a fair way to receive a clearer
solution. The observed fact that light travels in water with a
i speed of about three-fourths of what it has in air, apparendy ,
means that the transmitting medium is either more dense or
less rigid in water than in air. Fresnel's hypothesis is that its
rigidity is the same in the two media His formula, as
, developed by Eisenlohr, for the relative motion of ether and
matter which it permeates, when the matter is set into
: motion, assumes, clearly and baldly, that the ether is more
il
�
:
dense inside of matter than in free space. The amount of
ether occupying a volume of one cubic centimeter will
condense to nine·sixteenths of a centimeter on passing into
I water. It is compressed until its densityis nearlydouble.60 -
=
All alternating currents also distort the Aether as the expansion and
contraction of electrons occurs. Electrons can expand and contract by
changing their toroidal radii As the smaller electron radius shrinks, the
larger radius grows, thus conserving the angular momentum.
Nevertheless, the Aether radius (related to spherical resonance) changes
with the large radius of the electron. Thus as the electron expands and
60 The Ether, ScienT, Vol. 18, No. 447. (Aug. 28, 1891), pp. 1 19-122.
59
contracts, so does the Aether, making it possible to modulate Aether

units directly, just as Tesla proposed
As demonstrated in the spacetime graphic below, forward time and backward

time have different directions within a past-future oscillation. Just as
length has two directions, time has two directions. If primary angular
momentum could see both time directions, we would not perceive any
progress in time, as we would always remain in the present. However, as
it is, primary angular momentum only sees the forward direction of time
and thus onta appear to have only half-spin.
The four colored tubes in the spacetime image are in the shape of a
loxodroffie61 and represent the four possible spin
positions available to onta. The anist's
representation of an Aether unit is accurate to the
extent that each of the four tube sections has the
same surface area However, in actuality the
electron tube is considerably different in
proportion from the proton tube. Further, the
radius of the spheres can expand and contract
considerably depending upon which physical
processes are occurring. A simple hydrogen atom
would be wide with thin tubes, but a deuterium
atom would be tight with thick tubes (nearly
spherical).
Neutrons would have nearly the same properties as

protons, being wide with thin tubes in their free
state, and tight with thick tubes (nearly spherical) in their bound state .
Thus, the instability of the neutron would seem to occur when the
neutron is in its free state, but not in its bound state The instability is due
.
mostly to the neutron's bound electron magnetic moment sprearling over

a greater radius.
This would suggest further that the protons and neutrons are constantly
shifting positions within the atomic nucleus. In certain isotopes there
would be a free neutron passing among atomic shells, thus creating the
possibility for neutron decay. The more time a neutron spends as a free
neutron within the nucleus, the less the half-life of the atom will be.
When the neutron structure is such that all neutrons remain fixed in place
with minimal movement within the isotope, it has a longer half-life.
The blue spin position is where the electron would exist within the Aether
unit, the red spin position is where the proton would exist, the green spin
position is for the anti-proton, and the J-ellow spin position is for the
positron. When the electron or proton exists in forward-time space-
61 Rhumb Line The path of a ship that maintains a fixed compass direction, shovm on a map as a line
crossing all meridians at the same angle. Also called /aux}rare.. The American Heritage@ Dictij?ruu:yof the
-
EnglishI.angna� FQurrh Edition Copyright C 2003 byHoughton Mifflin Company.

110
A E T H E R
resonance, the onta appear to be spinning in one directiOIL When the

antiproton or positron exists through forward-time space-resonance, they
appear to be spinning in the other directiOIL
It appears that the most stable forms of onta (electron and proton) depend
on a specific spin direction of space-resonance. "Space parity'2" in the
Standard Model is a preferred spin directiOIL However, this stability is
due more to the preponderance of a given spin direction than to its
inherent quality. It is quite possible that the Universe possesses both
matter and antimatter galaxies. Since the photon is its own anti-particle, it
could easily traverse either type of galaxywithout annihilatiOIL If a galaxy
constructs from anti-matter, we may be able to obselVe it as though it
were normal matter.
The Aether is also the source of elementary charge. As the angular

momentum of an electron exists within the Aether, it picks up the
negative charge of the Aether electrostatic dipole. As the angular
momentum of a proton exists within the Aether, it picks up the positive
charge of the Aether electrostatic dipole. Similarly, the anti-proton and
the positron pick up the charges of the portion of Aether in which they
reside.
A key to understanding the Aether geometry is the realization that the

spheres do not pertain to dimensions of length, even though, in order to
represent time, the spheres appear as lines on paper. Tune and frequency
do not have length dimensions, but their effect on space gives them the
appearance of having length dimensions. Likewise, phy;ical space is
toroidal (cardioidal, reall:0, but because phy;ical space orthogonally
connects to time and frequency, the effect is that of a cube when plotted
in spherical coordinates. A further explanation of this conversion of
toroidal angular momentum to Cartesian geometry is on page 264.
What the Aether is not

The Aether is not a phy;ical particle as Heinrich Hertz and others have
thought. When looking at the geometry of the Aether, one is looking at
the spin positions available to maner. The spin positions are like holes,
but with reality. We may nonnally think of holes as the absence of
matter, but in the Aether, holes are units of rotating magnetic field that
act as containers for angular momentum Further, these angular
momenta must be exactly the same magnitude as the Aether spin
62 PARlTY or space parity, in physics, quantitythat refers to the relationship between an object or process and
the image that ti can produce in a mirror. For example, any right-handed object will produce a mirror-image
counterpart that is identical to it in every way except that the mirror image is left-handed. A moving particle
that spins in a clockwise manner, as would a right-handed screw advancing through space, will possess a
mirror-image panicle that is identical to t i in evezy way except that it spins counterclockwise, as would a left
handed screw advancing through space. The law of conservation of parity implies that evezy real object or
process has a mirror image that can also exist and that obeys the same physical laws. Although this concept has
i is of great importance in atomic and nuclear physics. From this Jaw
little significance in classical physics, t
scientists inferred that all elementary particles and their interactions possessed mirror image counterparts that
also exist. However, in 1956 T. D. Lee and C N. Yang published a paper in which they argued that parity was
not conserved in weakinteraccions. "Parity ," The ColumbiaEnQIClo.pedia, 6th ed.
81
S E CRETS O F T H E A E TH E R
positions, or they will wander betvveen Aether units, unable to interact

with the physical world (as in the case of neuninos).
The Aether is not a wave. However, the Aether units can produce waves,
even without photons traveling through them In addition, these waves
can carry real signals if the Aether is magnetically pulsed. The Aether
waves are longitudinal waves of gaseous Aether movement, much as
NIkoIa Tesla envisioned. Tesla also suggested that longitudinal waves in
the Aether might travel faster than the speed of light. Sir Edmund
Whittaker made similar observations:
oU' .!0
1!I_. __
Stokes's explanation harmonises in a curious way with

Fresnel's hypothesis that the velocity of longitudinal waves in
the Aether is indefinitely great compared with that of the
transverse waves; for it is found by experiment with actual
substances that the ratio of the velocity of propagation of
longitudinal waves to that of transverse waves increases
rapidly as the medium becomes softer and more plastic",
The Aether is not a fluid, although it behaves like one; just as sand is not a
fluid, but can behave like a fluid when agitated. When the Aether is
agitated, molecules and atoms rearrange without a direct effect on the
binding forces of the atoms and molecules. In his
experiments, John Hutchison rearranges molecules
and atoms of aluminum by generating a high
frequency rotating magnetic field with electrons...
An Aether unit is neither motionless, nor is it always in
motion. Massive objects require more Aether units than low-density
space. If the object is in motion, a certain amount of Aether will follow
it". This is possible due to the independent nature of Aether units.
AetMr Canies Along With Matter

. �
"In 1904, Morley and Miller were the first to do a hilltop

experiment: 'Some have thought that [the Michelson-Morley]
experiment only proves that the ether in a certain basement
room is carried along with it. We desire therefore to place
the apparatus on a hill to see if an effect can there be
detected'. "E. W Morley and D. C Miller, Phil Matg 9, 680
(1905)."66
63 Sir Edmund WhittakerAffistoryoftheTheories of AeWerandElectricity;TheClassical Theories (London;

New York, American Institute of Phl'ics, 1987) 128
.. PhotO from The HutChison Effect, http}/www.hutchisoneffect.orgl
65 "Fresnel further assumed that, when a body is in motion, part of the Aether within it is carried along
namely, that part which constitutes the excess of irs density over the density of Aemer in 'UUUO; while the rest of
the Aether within the space occupied by the body is Statioruuy." Sir Edmund Whittaker A Historyof We
Theories of Aetber and Electriciry; The dassicalTheories (London; New York, American Instirute of Physics,
1987) 110
66 Quoted from Abraham Pais, Subtle Is the Lord?· TheScience and the Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford:
112
---- - --
A E T H E R
With regard to the Morley and Miller experiment, even the atmosphere
constructs from onta encapsulated in Aether. 1he unexpected result of
measuring Aether movement with an interferometer was that while
Aether units are independent of each other and are extremely willing to
move, they are also individually extremely dense and behave like a solid.
Therefore, since even the windiest atmosphere has relatively low
intermolecular speeds, the Aether behaves as a solid clump within it. As
far as the light beam traveling through it is concerned, there is practically
no Aether movement. However, as matter becomes less dense, so does
the density of the Aether, thus less dense matter will have a greater
proportion of background Aether drifting through it than will dense
matter.
Since Aether units can move independently of each other, the Aether fabric
across the Universe is not absolute. However, because of the
independent and fluid nature of Aether units, clumps of Aether can form
isolated regions of more or less absolute space-time. This must be true
since space-time bends around massive bodies and allows for the
observed lensing of light. Moreover, with this understanding, the
Michelson-Morley, and Morley-Miller Aether experiments were a
success, because they provided evidence that Aether units move with
physical matter (the basement and air molecules). 1he experiments were
also a success in that they did show an Aether drift, even though it was of
a lower magnitude than anticipated.
Aether Unit
In the Aether Physics Model, the Aether has a quantum unit dimensionally
equal to a 2 spin rotating magnetic field (rmfd). The rotating magnetic
-
field appears to be manifested by the Gforce and appears to be the

"container" in which onta exist in space-resonance.
The value and dimensions of rmfd are:
sec ·coul
rmfd =
kg · m3
1 .419 xl 012 2 2 (4. 1)
It is due to the nature of Aether, which allows only one onn per spin position,
that one onn cannot pass through another, fashioning the appearance of
"solid marrer." Moreover, it is due to the multiple Aether units that they
eventually produce cubic and other forms, which translate as solid matter
(this is further discussed on page 262).
In the Aether unit, there are only two possible spin positions for normal,
stable matter. There are two other spin positions for anti-matter, but the
matter and anti-maner cannot exist near each other, because opposite
spins with the same mass tend to collide with each other. There are two
dimensions of length on the cardioid spin positions, and there is one
Oxford UnivmityPress, 1982) 113.

63
S E C R E TS O F T H E A E T H E R
dimension of length between the Aether units. These three dimensions

of length all intersect at right angles from each other, just like the three
dimensions of length in a Gmesian coordinate.
The double cardioid geomeuy represents the shapes produced by the non
material Aether unit. The only time there are literally two cardioid objects
adjacent to each other is when two onta are bound to each other, or
when a photon fonns.
The rmfd constant fulfills the same function for strong charge that
Coulomb's constant fills for electrostatic charge and Newton's constant
fulfills for mass. The rmfd unit would name the "constant of
proportionality" for the strong force law, if we were to use the same
method of ignoring non-material physical structure as the Standard
Model.
Since the mass to strong charge ratio is the same for all onta and for the
Aether, the rmfd unit is the same when expressed in tenns of the
proton and neutron and Aether, as well as the electron.
e'
m, . A,c' . F,'
rmfd = Aether (4.2)
a
epmax,
m ,1,C3 · Fq'
p
.
rmfd Proton (4.3)
en�,
3 '
mn . ;tC · Fq
rmfd Neutron (4.4)
The value of rmfd is "magickal" in many ways. It is equal to Coulomb's

constant times 1 6n' .
rmfd = 1 6n' . kc (4.5)

The dimensions of rmfd are equal to magnetic field times frequency; thus
providing evidence that the unit of rmfd is indeed a rotaring magnetic
field
rmfd = mfld . freq (4.6)

Like energy; rmfd is a common unit from which many other units convert.
Rmfd equals photon per strong charge. This is the manifestation of rotaring
magnetic field occurring in the Hutchison effect. High-energy photons
(microwaves) bombatd electrons (strong charge) and produce a rotating
magnetic field
84
A E T H E R
rmfd = phtn (4.7)

chrg
Rmfd equals magnetic flux times velocity. This is the manifestation of
rotating magnetic field found in electric motors. The static magnetic flux
associated with a fixed magnet or electromagnet spins mechanically at a
velocity.
rmfd = mflx velc

. (4.8)
Rmfd equal potential times length. This manifestation of rotating magnetic
field appears in the streamers of high potential discharges, such as in
Tesla coils. The rotating magnetic field causes helices in the streamer.
rmfd potn ·leng

= (4.9)
Rmfd equal surface tension per charge density. This manifestation of
rotating magnetic field appears in Chukanov's spheres".
rmfd = sten (4.10)

chgd
Some of the greatest advances in technology are yet to materialize, and will
utilize the rotating magnetic field in one form or another. NIkola Tesla
already gave us one form of this rotating magnetic field technology with
his polyphase AC motor. We can easily see just how significant the
polyphase AC motor has been in transforming civilization.
John Hutchison srumbled upon the manifestation of the rotating magnetic

field, which bears his name, the Hutchison effect. The Hutchison effect
can cause heavy objects of any material to accelerate away from the
Earth, can cause metals to "melt" without getting hot, and cause
dissimilar materials such as aluminum and wood to fuse without
chemically changing.
There are likely many medical advances waiting for discovery with the
rotating magnetic field of Aether as well.
Spin structure
Onta get their spin from the oscillating nature of time. It is common to
think of time as the "normal" dimension, and frequency as the reciprocal
of time, but it is the other way around Tune is really a frequency that
oscillates one quantum moment toward the future and one quantum
moment toward the past.
However, phy.;ical matter only moves forward in time, with the effect that
67 OlUkanov Energyhttp;/Iwww.chukanovenergy.comlindex.htm
65
physical matter acts like a time diode and presents a version of time
similar to rectified AC current. We see half-spin onta from the
perspective of half-spin onta, and thus the illusion of forward, linear time_
In reality, time pulses and causes physical existence to take on the nature
of frames, like frames of a movie_
The spin snucture has spin like a top, but in time it also has spin like a
corkscrew. As a stable onn traces its spin position in the Aether unit, it
moves forward in time and appears to rotate. After the onn advances
,
through forward time it reverses toward negative time Negative time is
a completely different time direction which onta cannot see. As far as the
.
existence of physical matter goes, the two time directions are mutually
exclusive of each other. However, as far as the Aether and Gforce go,
there is no net forward or backward direction of time there is only the
,
present. Linear time is strictly a phenomenon experienced bymatter.
An exact understanding of Aether spin is not yet complete. In the images of

Aether units presented in this book, the endpoints of the loxodromes go
through the poles of the spheres. However, the electron and proton g
factors suggest that the endpoints may offset from the poles when
moving through Aether units. The possibility that the time dimension
may be egg shaped due to the charged spheres anracting each other also
needs investigation.
Fortunately; good documentation of the half-spin nature of onta exists in the

scientific literature even though the precise geometty of the Aether does
not. This allows us to further our understanding of the spin of the
Aether.
Aether Dipoles
r 'Snn5IES in recent years of the dielectric properties of gases
and electrolytes show that electrical forces and inductions in
such media depend upon the polarized ions or "dipoles" of
the medium Whynot extend the same concepts to electrical
forces and inductions across a vacuum, that is, through the
ether? We must then conceive of the ether as a medium with
! a snucture, that is, with "ether dipoles." By such a concept,
. we would obtain an explanation of "electric forces acting at a
distance," something that has been vety vague, or lacking,
since the discard of the Maxwell ether displacement theoty of
electric charges and electric forces. The discovety of the
electron disproved the ether displacement theory of electric
charges, but it did not remove (for many physicists) the need
of the ether concept in explaining electric waves, whether
luminous or non-luminous. The actual structure of the ether
will be a speculative problem until expetiments have given us
, more facts in ether physics; but in view of the above, we can
think of the ether as having an indefinitely large number of I
1.1;1�u,:! ..� "ether dipoles."" - Albert P. � _
____
� I�'
" Albert P. Cannan, Sdem; New Series, VoL 71, No. 1834 (Feb 21, 1930), 214-215.
.
ee
A E T H E R
As shown in the image on the next page, the quantum Aether unit models as
a dipole structure. Not only does the Aether unit have an electrostatic
dipole, but the Aether encapsulated onta also has an electromagnetic
dipole as well. Just as Albert Cannan envisioned, the Aether fabric can
visualize as an indefinitely large number of quantum Aether dipoles.
Aether Stl1lctures
As we look into atomic structure, it becomes apparent that Linus Pauling's
spheron model" accurately describes the fill pattern of atomic nuclei.
The fill pattern rests on a peculiar system of half-spin numbers. As it
turns out, this system of half-spin numbers is the actual "numbering
system" used bythe Aether.
How can there be a half-spin numbering system

in the Aether? Because human senses perceive
that one onn occupies one unit of space-time .
However, onta cannot fill an entire Aether unit,
which leaves three spin positions unaccounted
for. The Aether unit divides into four portions
of spin positions in forward time. Of these four
spin positions, only two occur in left hand spin,
meaning there are only two possibilities for
stable matter, the electron, and proton. Each
spin position has exactly half-spin.
It is the half-spin onn per Aether unit, which

distorts physical structures relative to Aether structures. This distortion is
apparent wherever Aether interacts directly with onta. The logarithmic
scale is a direct result of the interaction between half-spin onn and Aether
(although one-spin photons also cause a distortion with regard to
Aether).
The left hand spin characteristic of stable onta supports Tsung Dao Lee and
Chen Nmg Yang's violation of paritytheOlY ". The left-hand-only spin
characteristic of onta appears when free electrons eject during beta decay
or when stteaming as free electrons in a current. In electrostatic binding
or strong charge binding, the onta are moving toward each other and
spinning in opposite directions and so exhibit both left hand and right
hand spins.
The Aether further evidences a preferred spin direction as obsetved in the

asymrnetty of matter/anti-matter existence. Nature does prefer matter to
anti-matte!"'o, at least in our pat! of the Universe. The Aether Physics
:Model attributes this apparent preference to the gravity repulsion effect
" Linus Pauling, S� NewSerk<, va: 150, Na 3694. (Oct. 15, 1965), pp. 297-305.
70 "'The experimental work of Val 1. Fitch and James W. Cronin in 1964 demonstrated an asymmeny in
matter!antimatter reactions that may explain why the universe is composed mostly of matter. For their
discoveI}', they shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics. " "Antiparticle," The ColumbiaEncjl;lopedja 6th ed.
of matter to anti-matter. Matter and anti-matter collide and produce

photons when they encounter each other, but they gravitationally repel
each other at a distance. The gravitational repelling effect is the antithesis
of gravitational attraction. Since matter in our part of the Universe
happens to be left-hand spin, and since for practical reasons there is no
anti-matter within atoms or molecules, for purposes of quantifying
material structure the Aether essentially is a two-spin-position unit.
The proton spin position is equal to half the Aether unit, plus \h spin for the
proton spin position itself. The electron spin position is equal to half the
Aether unit, minus \h spin.
y +! = proton spin position (4. 1 1)

2 2
x -1 = eIectron Spill
- -
. . .
positIOn (4. 1 2)
2 2
And since the Aether units are polar aligned (negative is attracted to positive),
the electron spin position could just as easily be thought of as half the
Aether unit, plus 3/2-spin:
. .
x - = eIectron Spill posluon
-+
3 .
(4 . 1 3 )
2 2
Electron Spin Positions
x 1
2 2
,
+3
2 2
- -
In the above image, the electron spin poslnon represents by the blue
loxodrome and the proton spin position is the red loxodrome. In either
case, the electron and proton spin positions provide the only possibilities
for real matter to manifest in our part of the Universe.
Since the electron and proton spin positions are part of the spheres of
Aether, and since the Aether constant is equal to 1 6,.' (4,. · 4,.) , which
implies the two spin positions are orthogonal to each other, we can
assume that the proton and electron spin positions are also orthogonal to
each other. The array determines the full range of spin positions available
to a given number of Aether units.
88
A E T H E R
x+ 1 Y 1
G( x,y)
-
:= -2- · -2
-
(4.14)
In the above equation, x and y are integers representing the total number
of proton and electron spin positions available for a given structure as
viewed from the macro world
Using the G-eateMesh function of MathCAD, the Aether numbers can

be surface plotted When first investigating Aether numbers, we
arbitrarily assumed a fixed mesh of 80 x 80. We also assumed a complete
cycle of data (t) would be half the odd whole number h times 7r •
h := 63 mesh := 80
G(x,y) :=
x+ l y- \ h
t := -·n
2 2 2
-
_.
S := CreateMesb(G,-t,t,-t,t,mesh,mesh,cy12xyz)
Aether Number Surface Plot
We have since found the above assumptions were incomplete. In nature, the
mesh is infinite, being a perlectly curved surface. Also, at the quantum
level there are five dimensions of space-resonance, rather than our four
dimensional macro perspective of space-time. WIth the discovery of the
electron binding energy equation for ground state electrons, the number
of Aether
.
UIllts m
. f'Ive '
dimenslOns empmcally mduces as
. . .
.Jx' + 1
2
reinforcing the notion that Aether suuctures have a spital nature to them.
It remains to mathematicallyprove this hypothesis.
Notice in the above image the shallow image (red) is 1800 out of sync with
the deeper half of the image (blue). The shallow half of the image
appears to represent the forward time portion of the Aether structure and
the deeper half the backward time portion.
Let us change the function of G to reflect Aether suuctures indicated by the

variable 1s orbital electron radii in the electron binding energy equation;
89
�-l
G(x,y) = 2
(4.15)
�+1
2
We will also change the mesh to be proponional to h by a factor of ten.
1his eliminates the distracting anifactS of different shapes caused by
different proponions of h to the mesh. (Although different meshes may
not apply to the quantum level, they may still have relevance to macro
structures.) Consequently, we now see a nearly curved structure, which
we imagine as perfectly curved Because the mesh is now proponional to
h , all generated images will show the same proponion of "nearlycurved"
structure.
l!,.:= 63
mesh := h·l0
S l := Creat.eMesh(G,-t.,1.,-t..1.,mesh,mesh, cy12xyz)
C lindrical Coordinates
31
In the preceding two views of the Aether structures, we are looking down the
time axis (z axis) of the Aether units. In the former view on the
preceding page, the forward time ponion is discordant with the backward
time ponion. In the latter view above, which modifies according to the
electron binding energy equation, the two views are coordinated, which is
why the blue image is not visible.
We can now view graphical representations of the ground state electron in

each atom We will also change our perception from four dimensions to
five dimensions so we can see more detail of how quantum structures
operate. Keep in mind that the pictures shown here are only static, twcr
70
A E T H E R
dimensional representations of a dynamic, five-dimensional structure.
Electron Ground State Graphical Representations
40
V.".
50
View
1 . Hydrogen 2 · Helium 3 · Lithium .

4 Beryllium 5 - Boron
•
6 · Carbon
As the ground state electron structure grows in complexity, its proportion of

minor radius to major radius spirals inward.
Whereas the mesh for quantum structures is infinitely smooth, that is not the
case for macro structures. As atoms bind to produce molecules, and
molecules bind to produce structures of greater complexity, the mesh
becomes grainer. 1he patterns formed for a particular granulation will
differ from others. 1he coarseness of the granulation is likely variable
according to size, mass density, temperature, pressure, and other
considerarions.
Granular Aether Structures

Our original investigation conducts as a general exploration of Aether
structures for a mesh of 80 x 80. We provide this earlier view to show
the general direction a more detailed analysis of macro Aether structure
might follow.
starting from a very simple data set, assume there is a space-resonance cluster
containing 1t: number of Aether units. We produce a contour graph of
the spin positions in the Gtrtesian coordinate system To see what the
contour actually looks like we can examine this graphic, which represents
the function of G ( x, y ) from three different angles within five
dimensional existence. This characteristic of the Aether demonstrates its
�.
71
S E C RE T S O F T H E A E T H E R
Image A is a view of the contour plot directly down the Z-axis (linear time
axis) and looking at the X and Y-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system
Image B is from a different perspective in the same coordinate system
and shows that the contour plot is a 3D image over time. Image C shows
0e � data set appearing as a curve from a position orthogonal to the
ttme axIS.
This representative view of the data demonstrates the orthogonality of the

Aether. In other instances, the Aether appears to be electromagnetic
from one view and mechanical from a different view. The Aether
appears angular from one view and curved from another view. This is
what we mean when we say the Aether has orthogonality.
Applying a range of -7r to 7r to equation (4.14), the following contour data

generates in the Cartesian coordinate system (it is the same as the image
above).
·1.51 1.51 3.14

X
Using the same equation, but applying it to a C}£ndrical coordinate system,

the data appears as a spiral cone.
Now we will present the abcve image with a color map scheme so it will be
easier to visualize the data. The bluer colors are deep and the redder
colors are shallow. The deep blue represents an earlier time than the
shallow red
>-
72
A E T H E R
In the image below, the range is increased from 1( to � 1( . In the

2
cylindrical coordinate system, each full cycle of revolurion is equal to 21( .
By choosing the negative and posirive values for a given range, we are
essentially using twice the range. Thus by keeping units in mulriples of 1(
we alway.; have a full cycle (27<) of data. Similarly, since we are viewing
the Aether structures in the fonn of x±1

it is necessary for the
2
numerator to be an odd integer if we are to get a whole cycle of data
The angle of the image above does not change from the previous images and
neither has the view angle of the few succeeding images (all images view
looking down the Z-axis). The image below represents a range from
1 9 1 9
--1( to +-1( •
2 2
The appearance of the flower pattern is interesring, but is not the object of
this mvesuganon.
· . Changmg
.
3 1 to
' the range from --1( 3 1 , the
+-1(
2 2
geometry completely changes while maintaining a similar order.
Now we begin to see the importance of our invesrigarion of Aether

structures. Although these images are number generated, they base on
the prop0rUon of Aether to half-spin onta For the next image, the range
. 5
3 to + -3 1( . 5
lS set for --1(
2 2
73
Six polygonal shapes are generated as Aether structures, ranging from 3-sided
to 8-sided polygons. There are also a number of star shapes varying from
5 points to 13 points and more. The range of the following image was
73 73
sedor - - J!" to +-J!" .
2 2
In all of the cylindrical coordinate images presented here, the red-orange

colors represent a georneuyfacing the forward time direction, while there
is also a similar but slightly different shape facing the backward time
direction. The blue colors are the backside of the red shape. This 13-
point star is just one of many stars generated in this sequence of Aether
structures, including near perfect 5 and 7 point stars.
The shapes do not morph ceaselessly, however. Just as musical tones

continually repeat as harmonics in logarithmically increasing octaves, the
Aether shapes also repeat themselves, albeit in a mirrored type of
5 57 this .
manner. For the range 0f 1 7 J!" to
-- +1
- J!" unage appears:
2 2
. 59 59
. the sequence for the range
However, the next unage ill 1
--J!" to +1
- J!"
2 2
74
A E T H E R
mirrors the above image.
From here, the images repeat themselves. For example, the image
5 lOS
determined bythe range for 3 1/: is replicated in the range of 1/: to
_
2 2
1 05
+- 1/: .
2
The range forthe next replication of the triangle is twice the previous triangle
range base plus the current range base:
2 · 53 + 105 = 2 1 1 (4. 16)

211
So the next range that will produce the ttiangle would be 1/: .
2
1 57
Going back to the two consecutive images that mirror each other, 1/: and
2
159
1/: , the image in between must represent the "maximum" of the
2
overall image cycle. This is the point where the progression of the images
- 158
reverses itself. The image for the exact range of 1/: to
2
+ 1 58
1/: takes on a completelydifferent form than the slightest depatture
2
158
from -1/: .
2
75
The above image is a very precise crossing point, providing evidence for the
realiry of the Aether structures. In other words, the hther structures
presented here are not a fantasy of numerology and pictures; this
presentation represents a very real geornenical cycle of half-spin onn and
hther units.
As it turns out, the value 158 is veryclose to the hther geomenical constant
of 16n' (157.914). The surlace plot for the range using 1 6n' instead of
1 6n' 1 6n' .
1 5 8 , - -- n to +--n , IS shown below:
2 2
The above image views from the same angle as the previous image. Another
view made by rotating the 1 6n' data presents the image in the shape of
an e�.
The e� is a fining symbol for the 1 6n' Aether geomenical constant, which
is already associated with the dynamic and living hther unit. As a side
note, the ancient Egyptians and modem Freemasons use the "all-seeing
e�" as a symbol for God. In fact, the all-seeing e� appears on every
American dollar bill, over a pyramid
Just for fancy, the hther numbers applied to the spherical coordinate system
can produce reflecting pyramids, too. The image below is produced in
4 1 · 105
the sphen·cal coordinate system WI·th the range base 0f n:
2
78
A E T H E R
When 16Jr2 is
applied to the surface plot, it gives a slighdy different value
than when 158 is applied The ratio of the Aether half-spin value to the
Aether constant value is the offset.
158
-Jr
2 1.00055 (4.1 7)
16Jr2
Jr
2
--
We see an offset wherever the Aether interfaces with half-spin onta. For
example, the offset of the onta with regard to the Aether is the onn g
factor. The offset of the Aether-based Pythagorean scale of music and
the physical tempered scale of music is the tempered semitone71_
Undoubtedly, there are other examples.
Whether or not there is a direct relationship, it is interesting to note that the

Aether structure offset is approximately equal to the square root of half
the electron g-factor.
��
� = 1.00056 (4. 18)
where Phi is the Golden Ratio and the g-factor equation is that of the
Aether Physics Model (page 166).
Just as octaves increase logarithmically in the tempered music scale, the

Aether structures also increase logarithmically, further establishing the
158
reality of the structures. In the Aether structure series, Jr is an exact
2
Y · 158
"octave." Each successive "octave" calculates by the fonnula Jr
2
where x is the number of octaves ascending from the base octave of zero.
(The word "octave" does not truly apply to Aether structures since there
are more than 8 "whole tones" in each octave; here it indicates a
complete set of steps within a cycle). To illustrate that each octave of
2X · 158 .
-..,.-- Jr produces the same unage, see the random octaves below:
2
71 Backus, John The AcoU'itica1 FoundatiOn<> of Music- Musical Sound:itspmperries production. behavior
andreproduction (New York. W.W. Norton & Company. Inc., 1977) 147
77
2 1 1 . 1 58
--- 1l
The many ill But

within these forms we see patterns. Flowers tend to have petal or spike
patterns, as seen in the above graphics. Flowers even seem to reflect the
Fibonacci sequence, which is also a manifestation of Aether numbers.
Seashells and other exoskeletal creatures tend to have the shapes found in
Aether structures when applied to the spherical coordinate system The
bell pepper, seeds, and numerous other shapes model after Aether
structures in the spherical coordinate system So the world of seemingly
infinite form is really a symphony of shape, repeating at various octaves,
sometimes harmoniously, and sometimes not.
These forms originate in the independent nature of Aether units. After

examining Aether units with respect to half-spin onta, it is very easy to
see how the ph�ical Universe can have so much variety in all its forms.
Yet it is quite rernaJ:kable that all the variations of forms that we see arise
from just two discrete onta, the electron and proton, and their
relationship to the Aether.
Below is a table showing the progression of the square root of Aether

numbers. Notice the product of the proton and electron spin position
numbers equal an even interval of \4. The curvature of Aether implies
that the "quarter phases" refer to a C}cie. The implication is that a full
C}cie consists of 5 Aether units. It is likely that there is a trigonometric
connection to the Aether numbers. Notice that zero has a real place in
this progressioIL
,[x + l ,[x - l � ,[x + l ,[x - l

x- 2 2 2 2
.
l I 0 0 0
2 1 .207 0.207 0..25
3 1 .366 0.366 0.5
4 1.5 0.5 0.75
5 1.618 0.618
6 1 .725 0.725 1.25
7 1 .823 0.82.3 1.5
8 1 91 4 0.914 1.75
9 2 I 2
10 2.081 1.081 2.25
II 2.158 1.158 2.5
12 2.232 1.2.32 2.75
13 2.303 I.E 3
14 2.371 1.371 3.25
15 2.436 1.436 3.5
78
A E T H E R
The electron and proton spin positions, which determine the structure of the
physical world, have both a Phi and a phi component. We could think
of these components as square roots, but they are square roots within the
Aether structure. Both Phi and phi are series numbers and generate
by the formulas:
J; + 1
Phi (4.19)
2
J; 1
-- - = phI. (4.20)
2
Golden Ratio
In equations (4.19) and (4.20), the variable x denotes as the sequence number
of Aether units. It is here that we learn from the Aether something very
telling. When five Aether units make up a cycle, Phi is the Golden Ratio
and phi its inverse.
.J5 +
1 1.618033 98874989
=
2 (4.21)
.J5 - 1 = 0.618033 98874989 (4.22)

2
Whereas the product of Phi and phi give the phase of the cycle, the sum of
Phi and phi give the square root of the sequence. This explains why
Phi and phi show up continually in the physical world, wherever
growth occurs and living forms appear. Growth occurs in cycles, and
therefore we would expect the cycles to reflect the Fibonacci sequence.
There are many good sources of information about the Fibonacci sequence
and its appearance in living and growing systems. If the reader is not
familiar with the Fibonacci sequence, Internet web sites can give an
introduction. A good place to start is
http://www.goldennumber.netl
and Ron Knott's web site.
http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uklPersona1/RKnottiFibonacciifib.html
TI:-e Gdd?n Ratia TI:-e Story {Phi, TI:-e Worlds MatAstillshirf, Nurrier by Mario
Livio is also a good read.
Pythagorean Concepts
The Aether numbers also determine harmony in music. Pythagoras gets
credit for developing a scale of tones still known as the Pythagorean
scalen. However, other sources indicate the Pythagorean scale may have
72 Backus, 101m The Acoustical Foundations of Music {New York - London, W.W. Norton & Cbmpany,
79
originated much earlier. little information about Pythagoras exists, but

there are accounts that he either learned directly from the Egyptians or
else from the students of Thales. Thales himself learned geometry from
the Egyptians .
Beginning with the discovery that the relationship between

.......ft"""___
"I!
musical notes could be expressed in numerical ratios, the
I
Pythagoreans elaborated a theory of numbers, the exact
meaning of which is stiJl disputed by scholars. Briefly, they
taught that all things were numbers, meaning that the essence
of things was number, and that all relationships - even
abstract ethical concepts like justice - could be expressed
munerically. They held that numbers set a limit to the
unlimited - thus foreshadowing the distinction between
form and marter that plays a key role in all later philosophY".
'1, ,..,. ' .!l."...__
. .- __""""" ....
, '-=.. �
There are many today who believe that mathematics is only a language, and
that mathematics of itself does not reflect reality. With regard to calculus,
they are probably correct. Electrons and protons are primary angular
momentum and the basis of all physical marter, but the spin positions
taken by this primary angular momentum are purely numerical Thus, it
is possibl� for a physical entity to have a numerical representation via its
.
spm posiUon.
Using the onta spin positions of the Aether, a relationship of hannonic notes
emerges. From this relationship, it is possible to calculate the next note
up or down the musical scale relative to a reference frequency.
The basis of the formula is the musical fifth, as taught by Pythagm<ls. If we

take a guitar string and place a bridge at the middle, the string on both
sides of the bridge produces the same note. This is unison and its ratio is
1 : 1 . When we place the bridge so that the ratio is..!. , the two resulting
2
notes The next division of the string is the ratio � .

are one octave apart.
2
In this case the notes produced, one on either side of the bridge, are a
fifth apart from each other. The fifth, having a ratio of � becomes a
2
constant, which produces each succeeding fifth.
Let us assume we wish to find the fifth to a note, which we will specify as C
at the frequency of 52 3 .25Hz . C can be expressed in terms of fifths as,
3·
ox52 3 .25Hz , which equals l x 523 .25Hz or523 .25Hz . To calculate
2
1977) 138
7J "Pythagoras /' The Columbia En<�ydQpedia , 6th ed.

80
A E T H E R
:�
the fifth to C, which is G, we multiply 3 X X523 .25Hz . When
2 2
multiplying exponentials we add the exponents, and so the formula
°+1
3
becomes Q:jTx 523 .25Hz or784.88Hz .
2
To calculate the value of the second fifth above C we follow the same
procedure, except that we multiply by .!. in order to acquire the value of
2
the D that is in the same octave as the initial C Hence
° 1 1 1 . .
3 3 3 3'
oXixixix52 3 .25Hz which IS the same as -3 x523 .25Hz or
2 2 2 2 2
588.66Hz . Using the above method, computation of ratios for each
note relative to C result:
C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B
° ' 9 4 11 1 8 3 1 '
3 3' - 3 3 3 3 3' -
-- --
3 3 3 30 - 3 - -
20 21 1 2' i4 2' 21' 29 21 i2 24 i' 2'
When we give our starting point a variable instead of the note C, a simple
equation results for calculating the frequency (F) of any note relative to
another frequency (K) , where n is equal to any integer representing the
number of notes to increase or decrease from the reference frequency:
3 ']"
F = K- (4.23)
'-
r"
2 2
It is easy to see that octaves increase logarithmically, just as do the Aether
numbers of form. Figuring for the frequency of 440Hz , the succeeding
octaves are equal to n = 1 2 , n = 24 , n = 3 6 , etc.. The resulting
frequencies are 880Hz , 1 759 .67Hz , and3 51 8.02Hz . The calculations
are not exact due to the rounding of exponentials.
II
Pythagorean Triples
A Pythag�� triple is a triple of positiv� intt;gers a � b , and
a
c such that a right triangle exists with legs a , b , and

hypotenuse c . By the Pythagorean Theorem, this is
equivalent to finding positive integers a , b , and c satisfying
a2 + b2 = c2 74
When I was a student in high school, mymath teacher, Mrs. Connie Kimball,
gave a lecture on calculating Pythagorean triples. The method she
74 Eric W . Weisstein. "Pythagorean Triple." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/pythagoreanTriple.html
81
described on the blackboard was long and tonuous. Almost immediately;

I recognized a pattern in the table of Pythagorean triples that she had
wriuen, and I statted wolking on a different equation than the one she
was showing.
Recognizing that I was busy in my own world while she was lecturing, she
curtly called me, as teachers do when they think someone is not paying
attention. She asked if I could explain what she had just said I told her I
could not, but that I had found a new equation for generating
Pythagorean triples that was far simpler than what she was teaching.
Seizing on the moment to teach me a lesson, she called me to the front of the
class to give a demonstration of my equation. When I finished my brief
presentation, she was quite impressed She asked me to stay after school
and help her see if such an equation could be found in the professional
literature. After a couple of days, we found that Joe Roberts from the
Massachuserts Institute of Technology had published the same equation
in a mathematics journal just 9 months earlier. It was at this time that I
realized there was much left to be discovered in the worlds of math and
sCience.
Here is the equation I had discovered for Pythagorean triples during class that
day. For any integer a , the other two values b and c are:
a' --1
b=-
2 2
(4.24)
a' 1
c=- +-
2 2
A table of Pythagorean triples then generates:
.2 1 .2 1
- - - = - + - =
. = 2 2 2 2
2 1 .5 2.5
3 4 5
4 7.5 8.5
5 12 13
6 17.5 1 8.5
7 24 25
8 31.5 32.5
Pythagorean triples cannot have fractions, so for all values of "a" that are
even, two multiplies the full set. The resulting table then appears as:
82
A E T H E R
The relevance of Pythagorean triples to the Aether numbers is the form of

the equation. The equations for b and c express as in the table below.
a b c In (425), the value a is the integer value

4 3 5 of the Aether numbers, and the values
3 4 5 b and c are the half-spin onn values
based on the square of a . Therefore,
8 15 17
in addition to the Golden Ratio and
5 12 13 growth cycles, it appears we also find
12 35 37 the origin of the Pythagorean triples in
7 24 25 the Aether.
16 63 65
9 40 41 Certainly, the forms of living and growing
20 99 101 things represent numerically whether
11 60 61 or not "ethical concepts like justice"
24 143 145 do. The Aether Phy.;ics Model is
13 84 85 consistent with the work of
Pythagoras, which itself merits a re-
evaluation in this light.
b= a2--
-1
c=
2 (4. 2 5)
a2 + 1
--
2
stmcture ofAtomic Nuclei
The Aether detennines the structures of atoms. That is, the structure of the
Aetherbecomes the structure of the onta, and therefore of the atoms.
There is a pattern to the development of the nucleus, just as there is a pattern

to the development of the electron orbital structure. Wolfgang Pauli
discovered that no two onta, in either the nucleus or the electron orbital
structure, share the same placements in atomic structure7S. The Aether
Phy.;ics Model is in full agreement with the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Similar to the electron orbital structure, the nucleus follo"WS a pattern in shell
structure. The structure of the nucleus appears to be due to the structure
of the Aether. Linus Pauling deduced that in addition to the orbital shells
having the magic numbers of 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126, the nucleus
builds into three spherons.
7S EXCLUSION PRINGPLE - phy.;ical principle enunciated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 stating that no two
electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy State simultaneously. The energy StateS, or levels, in an atom
are described in the quantum theolY by various values of four different quantum numbers; the exclusion
principle holds that no two electrons can have the same four quanrum nwnbers in an atom. One of these
quantum numbers describes one of the two possible directions for the electron's intrinsic spin. k a result of
the exclusion principle, two electrons that are in the same energy level as described by the other three quantum
numbers are differentiated from each other because they have opposite spins. This principle applies not only
to atoms but to other systems containing particles as well, and it applies not only to electrons but also to a
large class of particles colleccively known as fennions. "Exclusion Principle ," The Colwnbia EnQ'Clopedia
83
Pauling called these three spherons the "mantle," "core or outer core," and
"inner core." Each spheron has the same pattern for filling with protons
and neutrons. In the Aether Physics Model, the protons bind with
protons and the neutrons bind with neutrons. Both protons and
neutrons follow the magic number sequence. Both proton and neutron
structures follow the same panern Jet remain separate structures.
This means, for example, that in the first spheron and its frrst shell there can
be up to 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Atoms produce the largest "binding
energies" after filling both the proton and neutron portions of the
spheron.
Following Pauling's pattern of nucleus development, the next magic number

in the sequence is 184. Just before the element 184 creates, a fourth
spheron occurs in the center of the atomic nucleus beginning with
elements 167 or 168. Therefore, the complete sequence of magic
numbers is 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126, and 184.
Below is a table of Pauling's spheron configurations for the magic numbers.
Magic (})re or Inner

Number Mantle Outer (})re (})re
2 152
8 ls2 1P'
20 2s2 1p' ldlO 1£14 152
50 2s22P' 1dlO 1f14 (1g9/2)10 ls2 1P'
82 3s22P'2d10 1£14 1g18 (lh ll/2) 12 2s2 1P'ldlO 152
126 352 3p6 2dlO 2f141g18 1"" (li 13/2)1. 252 2p61d10 1£1' ls2 1p"
Nucleon ConfIgUTaUODS for the Magic Numbers
from Principles of Radioisotope Methodology 1967 p.44,
byGrafton D. O!ase and Joseph L RabinOwllz
The values from Pauling's charts layout by spheron and shell number. In the
chart below, Pauling's chart expands to include the magic number 28 and
an additional magic number, 184.
C h a rt A Pa u l i ng's N u cleon Configu rations

2 2
-
Mantle Core or Outer Core Inner Core etr

8 2 6
20 2 6 10 2
28 2 6 10 8 2
5C 2 6 10 14 10 2 6
8, 2 6 10 14 18 12 2 6 10 2
12E 2 6 10 14 18 22 14 2 6 10 14 2 6
184 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 16 2 6 10 14 18 2 6 10 2
PauEngs Nucleon Configuracions forthe Magic Numbeos

Shell # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1
�to mclude """"", 28 and 184.

Below, chart B shows the spin associated with each spheron and shelL
Beyond shell one there are two "halves" to each shell, which are
designated a and b . The spin changes for each half shell. The panem
84
A E T H E R
begins with � spin in shell one of the Mantle. We add to shell two,
2
i spin in shell 2a and � spin in she1l 2b. The third sequence continues
2 2
with � spin in shell 3a, then � spin in the Outer Core shell 1, and then
2 2
i spin in the Mantle at 3b. The fourth sequence has added, 7.. spin in
2 2
Mantle shell 4a. Then in the fifth, i spin adds to the Outer Core shell
2
2a, � spin in Mantle shell 4b, � spin Outer Core 2b, and 2. spin is added
2 2 2
to Sa. The sixth sequence expands with 7.. spin in Mantle shell Sb,
2
3 l ll
- spm " m Outer Core 3b, - spm " m rnner Core l , and - spm" m Mantle
2 2 2
shell 6a. The remaining additions follow the same pattern.
Chart B - Soin oer S )hero n Su bshell

2 1/2
Mantle Core or Outer Core Inner Core ct
8 1/2 3/2 1/2

20 1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 1/2
2 1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 1/2
5 1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 9/2 1/2 3/2 1/2
I 82
1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 9/2 7/2 11/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 1/2
12 1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 9/2 7/2 11/2 9/2 13/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/23/21/2
184 112 3/2 112 512 3/2 7/2 5/2 912 712 1112 912 13/2 1112 15/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 5/2 3/2 712 512 912 712 1123/2 112 512 312 112
Shell # 8 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa Sb sa 6b 7a 7b 8 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa Sb 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 1
Chart C - N ucleus Fi l l Sequence
IJ
Mantle Core or Outer Core Inner Core Ctc
2 3 4 6 7 9 1 1 13 16 17 22 23 29 5 8 10 12 14 18 19 24 25 15 20 2 1 26 27 28
Shell# 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa 5b 6a 6b 7a 7b 8 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa 5b 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 1
Chart D - N ucleons per Spheron S h e l l

Mantle Core or Outer Core Inner Core Ctc
184 2 4 2 5 4 8 6 10 8 12 10 14 12 16 2 4 2 6 4 8 6 10 8 2 4 2 6 4 2
Shell # 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa 5b 5a 6b 7a 7b 8 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa 5b 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 1
C h a rt E C u m u l ative Tota l N u cleons

etc
-
Mantle Core or Outer Core Inner Core
1 2 6 8 1420 28 38 50 64 82 92 126 138 184 16 32 40 56 58 100 106 148 156 70 110 112 162 166 168
Shell # 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa 5b 6a 6b 7a 7b 8 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b Sa 5b 1 2a 2b 3a 3b 1
Cban C shows the series order of the nucleus fill sequence. Chatt D shows
the number of nucleons per spheron shell. The values calculate by
Pauling's formula 2j +1, where j is the spin as shown in chart B. Cban E
shows the cumularive total of the nucleons per spheron shell as the
nucleus fills.
85
The equations for calculating the nuclear spin per sub shells a and b are:
1
a = s -- (4.26)
2
3
b = s -- (4.27)
2
where a and b belong to the shell number s. Applying the nuclear spin
equations to Pauling's formula for the maximum number of nucleons in a
nuclear shell we get:
( � )+1
2 S-
2(S-% )+1 (4.28)
Each spheron of the Mande, Outer Core, and Inner Core follows the same
structural sy.;tem
If the total number ( tn) of nucleons that can fit on a spheron shell are
tn = a + b (4.29)
then the total number of nucleons on a spheron shell can be as high as
tn = 4s - 2 (4.30)
Science of Complexity
The purpose of showing Aether numbers, the ratio of musical tones, and
atomic structure in this chapter is to illustrate a few of the way.; in which
the Aether unit influences the structure of the phy.;ical world No doubt,
all dynamic and living processes, such as the patterns of seed
development in flowers, the growth of plant structures, skeletal and extra
skeletal structures, and population growth patterns, are manifestations of
Aether units.
The concept of Aether structure was introduced and quantified as the

relationship of 2-spin Aether units to '12 spin onta. We show that a
cenain number of whole cycles produce specific geometrical structures
and that these structures are themselves cyclical and appear in octaves.
Images produced by Ghim Wei Ho under the tutelage of Prof. Mark
Weiland of the University of Cambridge Nanoscale Science Laboratory
share a remarkable resemblance to the purely mathematical Aether
structures.
76Nanotechnology Now http}lnanotech�now.comlAn_Gallety/ghim�wei-ho_htm: Discover, The Secret

Gan:len, October 2004 http}Iwww.discover.comlissues/oct�04Ird1secret�gardenl
88
A E T H E R
The above images were produced using chemical vapor deposition and taken
with a scanning electron microscope. Notice the spike and petal
formations, two dominant Aether structures. It warrants further research
to investigate the precise quantification of Aether structures and nano
structures within the context of the Aether Physics 1fudel. If the APM
does accurately quantify the structure of growing things, it will not only
quantify the physical Universe, but also precisely quantify the living
structures within it.
. The quality of our knowledge proves itself in the quality of

our lives. A knowledge constructed of concepts that identify
and manipulate preestablished structures yields a world that is
crowded, rigid, compressed, and impenetrable. Human
suffering is built up in la}ers of increasing solidity, each la}er
a further misreading of a fluid dynamic.77
-Tarthang Tulku
1fudem physics attempts to describe the quantum structures in terms of

macro structures. In our macro world, things seem solid, rigid, and
impenetrable. Yet, at the quantum level of structure, the Aether Physics
Model reveals a more fluid and dynamic structure for existence. When
we more closely study the seemingly rigid physical world, we see it is
constantly changing according to processes of growth and decay, which
may exist over extremely long times. Our science would be simpler and
more accurate if it reflected the true nature of existence, rather than our
limited and preconceived notions of rigidity.
From this brief introduction into Aether numbers, a new branch of science
emerges. It is the Science of Complexity. Given an ordered reality
consisting of objects and their environment, objects can bind by the three
forces and give rise to a more complex and granulated reality. The three
forces of electromagnetism, electrostatics, and gravity are themselves
evolved from the Gforce acting on the dimensions of onta The
electrons and protons within the environment of Aether, bind by the
forces, which give rise to neutrons and atoms. The neutrons remain at
the level of subatomic patticles, but the atoms make up a completely new
order of reality.
Whereas electrons, protons, and neutrons have two spatial dimensions, atoms
77 Tarthang TuIku, Knowledge of TimeandSpace (Dhanna Publishing, Dhanna Press, Oakland, CA, 1990)
87
have three inherent spatial dimensions. The two-dimensional onta bind

to one another and the distance between them produces the third
dimension of length. Thus, atoms are the true quantum particles, as they
are the first order of realitywithin spatial, three-dimensional existence.
As the complexity of the material structwes develop, so also do the

complexity of the forces and environment. The strong force that binds
onta becomes the Van der Waals force that binds molecules. The strong
charge of the onta, when polar aligned, produces magnetism As atoms
produce molecules, they develop increasingly versatile charactetisrics. All
along, while orders of reality become more complex, the structwes build
in the environment of Aether. Because Aether encapsulates onta, the
Aether binds as well, changing the geometry of the space-rime fabric.
Therefore, force, matter, and environment progress from very simple states
to states that are more complex. They become cells, organs, living
beings, communiries, and narions. They become minerals, rocks,
mountains, planets, stars, solar systems, and galaxies. 1bere are
numerous taXonomies of complex existence spanning many orders of
reality.
As we quantify and understand the progressions of complexity, computer

programs will model each system at their various levels of reality and
predict evolurions not before imagined The understanding of the
binding of onta, atoms, and molecules will lead to designer materials
where the desired characteristics are input and computers reveal the
blueprints that meet the requirements.
Endeavors such as these are possible only when the root cause of force,
matter, and environment properly quantify. The physics of the 20m
Century focused only on matter, was not aware of the Gforce, and
neglected the Aether. Modem physics reached a dead end when protons
and neutrons viewed as being two forms of nuclei. The misperceprion
resulted that smashed nuclei revealed smaller building blocks of matter
called quarks, which are mere collision effects. Scientists neglected the
Aether because it presented problems regarding Einstein's Special
Relarivity Theory, as Aether provides the basis for an absolute reference
frame. Is it mere ignorance that the Gforce remained undiscovered? Or
could there be prejudice against any evidence that might suppon the
existence of a creator God?
In any case, it takes a physics model that can explain the evolution and
interaction of force, matter, and environment in order to give an accurate
and true account of the Universe's existence.
1be Standard Model bases upon confusion beginning with the ambiguous
definirions of dimensions, which are the physical world's first order of
reality. 1be next two chapters laythe foundarions required to correct this
confusion and properly present the Aether Physics Model.
BB
D I M E N S I O N S
o a_ .lla
DIMENSIONS
It is essential to have a good definition of «dimension" in physics.

Dimension is the most elementary characteristic of both physical matter
existence and non- matetial Aether existence. From the dimensions of
length, frequency; mass, charge, and spherical geometry come Aether,
primary angular momentum, and all other units of dimension.
The physical structure of the Universe that we recognize originates from

Aether units and primary angular momentum. Other units make up the
Universe, such as velocity, magnetic flux, resistance, potential, flow,
pressure and many more. We may not be aware of it, but each one of
these units is a t)pe of reality in itself. Units are not just abstract
concepts; they are a significant foundation of the physical world. It is
important to understand each t)pe of physical existence as clearly as
possible. To do this we must understand the t)pe of existence that
precedes the level we are examining.
Dimension is an unfamiliar concept to ponder; yet like our heartbeat it

undergirds our very existence. We are accustomed to thinking that reality
is the physical world we perceive. However, if the world we perceive is
real, then the molecules and atoms that make up the world must be more
real, having pre-existed the more complex structures. In addition, the
onta that makes up the atoms must be yet more real. Moreover, as we
proceed to the most fundamental existence of dimension we must
approach even closer the Source of reality.
Likewise, as we progress in structure from dimensions to the reality we

perceive, the structures themselves become more complicated and less
like their Source, while founded on the previous levels all the satne. For
these reasons, as we pursue an understanding of reality at the level of
dimension, the terminology must be clear.
89
Definition of Dimension
Dimension - (Common Definition)

� � �
In physics, dimensions is an expression of the character of a

derived quantity in relation to fundamental quancicies,
without regard for its numerical value. In any system of
measurement, such as the metric system, certain quantities
are considered fundamental, and all others are considered to
be derived from them Systems in which length L , rime T ,
and mass M are taken as fundamental quantities are called
absolute systems. In an absolute system force is a derived
quantity whose dimensions are defined by Newton's second
law of motion as ML/T' , in terms of the fundamental
quanuues. Pressure (force per unit area) then has
dimensions ML/T' ; wOIk or energy (force times distance)
has dimensions ML'/T' ; and poV!er (energy per unit rime)
has dimensions ML' /TJ Additional fundamental quantities
•
are also defined, such as electric charge and luminous

intensity. The expression of any particular quantity in terms
of fundamental quantities is known as dimensional analysis
and often provides physical insight into the results of a
mathematical calculatioIl" .
Dimension - (Aether Physics Model Definition)

, � W'=' " ,,.... _
According to the Aether Physics Model, the dimensions of

discrete natural units (quanta) are length, frequency, mass,
charge, and spherical geomeoy. Dimension is the
fundamental attnbute of measurement, but is not itself
measurable. Absolute dimension is a quality of reality
seemingly arising from the ulcimate Source of all existence.
When quantity is associated with dimension, then the two
together forms a measurement.
Through the lack of coherent understanding of dimensions and units, it has

become standard practice to view measurements as units. For example,
the kilogram defines a unit of mass". It would be far more coherent if
the kilogram defined a rrmsU"tf!J1Wl of mass, with the definition of "unit"
reselVed for compound dimensions (units are defined in chapter 6). It is
not so much that the choice of words is important, but that the concepts
of measurements and units are quite different from one another. Using
the same word to define two different concepts, which often appear in
the same sentence or paragraph, easily leads to confusion.
78 "Dimension , in Physics, TheColumbiaEm

n ;ydopedja, 6th ed.
" "KILOGRAM abbr. kg, fundamental unit of mass in the metric sy.;tem, defined as the mass of the
International Protot}pe Kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at Sevres, France, near Paris. Copies of this
standard are deposited at bureaus of standards cluoughout the world, and other units of mass are defined in
tenns of it." "Kilogram ," The Columbia Eru�ydQpedia, 6th ed.
90
--- --- ---------��-��----
D I M E N S I O N S
There are fewer dimensions at the quantum level than in the macro world
Like force, matter, and environment, dimensions increase in complexity
as the orders of reality become more complex. Color, flavor, and texture
are examples of complex dimensions as perceived at the level of human
beings.
The ph�ical world, at the quantum level, follows a vety simple and easy to
understand set of rules. It is much easier to understand quantum ph�ics
through the Aether Ph�ics Model than the ph�ics of auto mechanics or
bread making because the rules are so precise and the dimensions are so
few. However, the key to understanding the quantum level of existence
lies in more precise and simple definitions of the terms "dimension,"
"measurement," and "unit.»
There are four commonly known, fundamental dimensions in the MKS

�em of measurement: mass, charge, length, and frequency. In our
macro frame of reference, we prefer to speak of frequency in terms of its
reciprocal of time. Also at the quantum level there is a fifth t}pe of
dimension, spherical geometry, as explained shortly.
It is from the fundamental dimensions that units are constructed The unit of
area is equal to the length dimension squared The unit of volume is
equal to the length dimension cubed Volume then has three dimensions
of length.
ACJ = volm (5. 1 )

However, there are also three dimensions in a unit of momentum (mass
times length times frequeneJ?
m, ' Ac · F, = momt (5.2)

So it is more accurate to call "3D" objects "volumetric" than three
dimensional. Technically, an object with three dimensions of length is
three dimensional, but three-dimensions need not mean "three
dimensions of length."
Misconceptions of Mass
In a weightless environment, devoid of noticeable gr.witational effects, what
happens to mass? Does mass change to zero? No. When mass is near a
large planet, does mass become greater? No. When an object with mass
is accelerated to near the speed of light, does mass increase? No.
Nothing ever happens to mass. There is nothing to happen to. :Mass is

merely a dimension. Of itself, it has no material existence, although it is
one of the defining qualities of material objects.
There is mass in resistance. There is mass in potential. There is mass in

91
energy. 1bere is mass in angular momentum. It is all the same mass, but
manifested differently. It might help to realize that there is time in units
too. There is time in resistance, there is time in potential, there is time in
energy, and there is time in angular momentum. You can perceive time
as change, but }UU cannot isolate time from a unit Similarly, }Uu can
perceive mass as inercia and length as distance, but }UU cannot separate
the dimensions of mass and length from units. In the same way, }UU
cannot remove the bricks from a brick building without also removing
the building.
Once we stop thinking of mass as equal to matter, and realize that mass is
neither physical nor is it something convemble, then it becomes easier to
see what mass really is and how mass "behaves." How it behaves is not
the same as the "is-ness" of mass. You cannot "put }Uur hands" on
mass. You cannot see mass. You cannot truly weigh mass (but }UU can
weigh matter that has mass). You cannot make mass tum into energy.
The whole issue about converting energy from mass clearly reveals itself
when realizing the indestructible and unchangeable nature of dimensions.
You cannot convert mass, length, rime, or charge. They are absolutes.
Mass is a/:uay; m1S5. Once again, and it will be repeated often, mass
(inercia) is only a dimension.
E does not equal m

Energy is a unit Mass is a dimension. Energy is composed of the
dimensions of mass times length squared times frequency squared.
E=M · L F
' · ' (5. 3)
Mass is not converted to energy and energy is not converted to mass. Mass is
merely a dimension from which the units are constructed. This is
repetitive, but understanding mass as merely a dimension is pemaps the
greatest intellectual physics challenge for most people coming out of the
20m Centuty.
We often refer to nuclear reactions on the Sun, nuclear power plants, and
nuclear bombs as examples of mass to energy conversion. In the nuclear
power plants the United States has been operating for 60 years, a high
degree of precision applies to the measured amount of energy and
material mass passed through the reactor. And yet, there is not one
report available anywhere (that this writer was able to obtain) that
presents the data from a nuclear power plant and shows that the mass of
=
the fuel was exactly converted to energy according to E me' . One
would think that to prove Special Relativity Theoty, the data from a
precisely monitored nuclear power plant would provide an abundance of
evidence. Nevertheless, such data apparently does not exist
In fact, there is evidence to suggest that more energy comes out of a nuclear
power plant than the mass of fuel that goes in. A Liquid Metal Fast
92
D I M E N S I O N S
Breeder Reactor once operated for 25 years and produced more fuel in its
byproducts than it consumed during its operation80• A violation of energy
conservation seems to result, tberefore a government employee or
academic will not admit tbis. In practice, tbe scientific establisbrnent
fOlbids tbe suggestion of any violation of tbe energy conservation law
even if tbe data suggests it. However, tbe Aetber Physics Model shows
tbat tbere is no violation of energy conservation, as tbe extra energy is
angular momentum of dark matter converting to photons tbrough tbe
Casimir effect.
W'hen it comes down to trutb, mass cannot be converted to energy because

mass is a dimension at one level of reality, and energy is a unit made up of
dimensions at a different level of reality. Any tbeory based on tbe
assumption tbat a dimension of mass converts to a unit of energy has no
foundation in tbe Aetber Physics Model
Just as Einstein did not attempt to prove tbe Aetber as non-existent when he
presented his Special Relativity 1beory, it is not necessary to prove
Special Relativity Theory right or wrong while presenting a
matbematically correct tbeory of tbe Aetber. 1be Aetber tbeory
presented in tbis book stands on its own and has no obligation
whatsoever, to support or refute Special Relativity 1beory. According to
tbe foundation ptinciples of tbe Aetber Physics Model, tbe mass!energy
equivalence ptinciple of Special RelativityTheoryis non-sequitur.
Nature of Dimensions
What causes a dimension to come into existence? Why would tbere be such
absolute dimensions as mass, charge, lengtb, frequency; or curved
geometry? Contemplating tbe nature and origin of dimensions requires
an ability to "see be}Ond" botb non-material and material existence.
Dimensions are truly miracles of physics.
The esotericism continues when contemplating why dimensions interact at

all Why should mass times lengtb times frequency equal a unit of
momentum?
M · L · P = Momentum (5 .4)
The interaction of dimensions to fonn units is merely an empirical
observation; tbere is presently no known explanation for why dimensions
should produce units.
Non-material units such as force have dimensions, and so does tbe primary
angular momentum that ultimately composes physical marter. There
must be sornetbing about tbe reality of absolute dimensions, which pre-
80"EBR-II is, by definition, a Liquid-Meral-Cooled Fast Breeder ReactOr (LMFBR). It is cooled with molten
sodium metal, its chain reaction is perperuated with extremely energetic (fast) neutrons, and t
i -was designed
with the potential for breeding more fuel than it consumes." Argonne National Laboratory - West EBR·II:
Sixteen Years of Operation (Idaho Falls, ID, Argonne National Laborato')', May 1980) 1
93
exists both physical maner and non-material Aether existence. Science

has traditionally ignored the source of absolute dimension, taking the
origin of dimensions for granted Some scientists are even so bold as to
emphatically state that humans created dimensions as a means for
Wlderstanding physics. If we are to Wlderstand the Source of our
existence, then we must Wlderstand the fOWldation of our existence, as it
is, and not pretend material reality has no metaphysical fOWldation.
Contemplating the level of reality where physical rnaner and non-material

Aether appear as Wlits of dimensions, and directing our awareness
toward a more primary existence, we might experience a sense of floating.
There is no-thing left to observe, Jet logic tells us that some unnamed
knowledge of a greater reality exists there. From this unnamed
knowledge emerged dimensions, Wlits, atoms, molecules and ultimately
the world we experience. Additionally, as we bring our awareness back to
our present situation, we realize that everything we experience ultimately
develops from that unnamed knowledge. At a very fWldarnentai level, we
'?fl n:alize a link between the knowledge of greater reality and our current
Sltuanon.
There is nothing wrong or harmful about science admining to the existence

of God or our relationship to God, especially when that is what the data
and theory present. The closer one approaches the most fWldamentai
levels of existence, the closer one approaches the Source of all Cleation.
If in our mind we look toward the Source of dimensions, we drift toward a

simpler and more unified existence. However, if in our mind we look
from the various manifestations of dimensions, toward the Wlits
constructed from dimensions, the atoms construCted from Wlits, the
molecules constructed from atoms, and their macro structures, we fmd
complexity.
Through dimensions, we fracture our perception of existence into myriad

pieces, rearranging reality in a waythat seemingly adds to the depth of our
experience. On the other hand, because there are so many different
pieces to comprehend, and our mind is only capable of one focus at a
time, the world ends up becoming shallower in our perception. The
more detail we identify, the less we can see at a given time. This is not to
say that there is something inherently wrong about studying the complex
world The pUIpOse of acknowledging God in science is to realize that it
is okay to study the path to a simpler reality, as well
Dimensions also have a reciprocal quality. For example, the reciprocal of

time is frequency. TIme and frequency are related, but they are also two
distinct manifestations of a given dimension.
Linear and Distributed

Along with dimensions, there is another important observarion conceming
the primary state of existence. There is both a linear and distributed
D I M E N S I O N S
aspect. For example, length can be linear (a line) and distributed (a

surface). Similarly, other dimensions and their reciprocals have both
linear and distributed aspects.
However, it would appear thu mass is specifically a linear dimension, and

charge is specifically a distributed dimension. There is a constant mass to
strong charge ratio for all existence, which indicates that mass and strong
charge are two aspects of the same thing. Mass is the linear view of this
"thing" and charge is the distnbuted view. This is easy to visualize by
using the analogy of a sheet of paper. Charge would be the view of the
paper looking at is surface, mass would be the view of the paper looking
at its edge.
Furthermore, dimensions govern by math, which also has both linear and
distributed aspects. Addition is a linear operator in the positive direction,
while subtraction is a linear operator in the negative direction.
Multiplication is distributed addition, and division is distributed
subtraction.
Length and Reciprocal Length

Length is the dimension that measures distance when given a quantity.
Because length is something we think about often as we walk, drive, and
generally function in the world, it is for most people easy to understand.
The reciprocal of length is the measurement of repeating curved lengths.
We call the repeating curved lengths a wave number. The wave number
is differem from the wavelength. A wavelength defines as the distance
between two consecutive common features of a wave (peak to peak, or
trough to trough for example). The wave number is the reciprocal of the
wavelength.
Just as frequency is cycles per time, wave number is cycles per length. A
bicycle wheel with a certain radius appears as having a certain wave
number for a given distance. Change the radius of the wheel (its
amplitude) and the wave number will change accordingly. In general, if
the wave number increases, then the atnplitude decreases, although this is
not a strict rule since other factors can affect the atnplitude of a wave.
The unit of wave number in the MKS system of units is cycles per meter.
Single Dimension Length

When the dimension of length denotes a quantity, then we have a
measurement for distance. The single dimension of length represents as
a line. Although a ruler generally has four edges plus a top and bottom
totaling about 12 edges with length, we are only concerned with a single
edge of the ruler, which is a graduated line. To clarify the concept of
length as dimension we could say that a measuremem with length
dimension, measures distance. It would be better to avoid saying that we
are «measuring length."
95
Because space-time as we perceive it is a direct result of the Aether, length

and time are inseparable. Since length and time in the Aether are
inseparable, the speed of light is constant The speed of light is equal to
the quantum distance times the quantum frequency. At the quantum
level, length can be expressed in terms of frequency (reciprocal time) just
as frequency can be expressed in terms of length (usually called
"wavelength").
Distributed Dimension Length

Length in two dimensions is distnbuted Specifically, the lengths are at right
angles to each other. We normally call distributed length an area. The
physical manifestation of an area is a surface. A plane is a special case of
a distnbuted area that occurs on a flat surface. However, distributed area
can also occur on curved surfaces such as toroids and spheres. Even
though a surface curves, the length dimensions are still at right angles to
each other.
Three Dimensional Length

We often referto three dimensions of length as "three dimensional." As with
distributed length, all three length dimensions are at right angles to each
other. We call these three right-angled length dimensions a volume. The
physical manifestation of a volume is space.
Three dimensions of length can also be two length dimensions at a right angle
over a curved surface with the third length dimension extending to
another curved surface. In other words, we would normally think of the
third dimension of length as extending inward to the center of the sphere
or toroid (as in a solid), but at quantum levels the third dimension of
length extends outward from the surface, and between two identical
toroids. For example, the double cardioid unit has the appearance of two
adjacent cardioids separated by a distance. An instance of this double
cardioid geometry manifests in the binding mechanics between onta.
Quantum maner has only two dimensions of length, that is, it only has
surface characteristics. There is no solid quantum matter. Distance
between surfaces provides the third dimension of length resulting in the
appearance of "solid maner" as we perceive it at the macro level of
exIStence.
Time and Reciprocal Time

When the dimension of time denotes a quantity, it becomes a measurement
of intervals. We are accustomed to viewing time as the nonna!
manifestation of the time dimension, with frequency as its reciprocal. At
the quantum level, it appears to be just the opposite.
We perceive time as nonna! and frequency as the reciprocal because onta

move only in the fotward dimension of time. In reality, the onta are
acting like "time diodes." What we really see is a pulsed fotward motion
••
D I M E N S I O N S
of time, not unlike a pulsed DC current produced by a rectified AC

current. Since all subatomic matter pulses to the same rhythm in forward
time, time appears linear to our perception.
While visualizing forward and backward time, it is possible to see how time
and space curve so that distributed time appears spherical and space
appears as a loxodrome over the surface of spherical distributed
frequency. Once again, this geometry can only be seen from beyond the
material world (such as through visualization in meditation). 'When the
material world is viewed from within the material world, i.e., from the
body's senses, we are viewing from half-spin perspective and can see only
three dimensions of space and one dimension of pulsed, linear time
(nonnallycalled 4D realit}1.
Usually frequency represents as a sine wave drawn on a flat surface (such as

the surface of paper or a computer screen). 1his representation is just an
artifact of representing frequency as a line. Frequency at the quantum
level is not the up and down line we see in a cross section of a wave on
the surface of a fluid Quantum frequency is strictly an artifact of time
dimension, not length dimension.
Think of it this way. Length has two directions. There is length extending in
one direction, and if the point of reference turns 180 degrees, length has a
second direction. Similarly, frequency has two directions. There is time
toward the future, and time toward the past. However, frequency, unlike
length, is dynamic. Therefore, frequency is circular in that it constantly
moves with a certain spin toward the future and then curves around
toward the past, and curves around toward the future, etc. In reality,
there is no future or past, only the present. Nevertheless, there is the
illusion of moving toward the future because our physical world atises
from matter that cannot "see" the backward time direction.
1his in no way prevents the forward time direction from exhibiting apparent
changes totally within the context of forward time. A swinging
pendulum alternates between two directions. 1his alternation of
direction manifests as a variable velocity. The variable velocity is a result
of the changing time dimension within the velocity of the pendulum and
not the quantum time dimension of the onta from which the pendulum
constructs.
So although frequency can be represented by a line on a surface (such as a

graph) for systems occurring within the forward-pulsed, linear time
dimension, the frequency of forward and backward time cannot be
accurately depicted on paper. Even so, for conveying the concept of
forward and backward time, we will attempt it in our drawings.
Single Dimension Time

Single dimension time is linear time. We quantify linear time with clocks,
calendars, and similar devices. Duration is associated with growth and
97
decay, and determines the boundaries of binh and death. For example, a
tree begins life at a specific time, duration rnatks the tree's growth and
decay, and it dies at a specific time. All physical objects (and the concepts
about the physical objects) appear to come into existence at a specific
moment, to have a period of growth and decay, and then to cease to exist
at a specific moment.
When speaking of measurements of rime it vvould enhance our understanding

to speak rather of "interval," "duration," "moment," and similar
references to time measurement, reserving " rime" as a term for "time as
dimension" when possible.
FREQUENCY
The reciprocal of rime is frequency. Single dimension frequency curves. We

measure frequency as C}cies per time. When frequency manifests in a
graph, it usually depicts as a circle or a sine wave. The continuous sine
wave depiction (like a snake) is merely an artifact of convenience to show
the various cycles without overlapping them In reality, quantum
frequency C}cies forward and then cycles backward in a circular "path."
It is helpful to realize there are various qualities for which frequency is

measured For example, a radio wave's frequency is a measurement of
alternating electromagnetic potentials. A sound wave's frequency is the
measurement of alternating molecular pressures. These examples of
frequency are not frequencies of forward and backward time, but of
increasing and decreasing potentials and pressures.
AI the quantum level, Iengt:h and frequency are not separate. Each is an
aspect of the same quantum velocity. Length in its first two dimensions
curves. The ftrst dimension of curved length comes from the ligamen
circularus. The second curved length comes from the direction the
ligamen circularus moves about the spherical resonance of frequency
squared Together the two curves produce the small and large radius of
the onta as shown in the image on the adjacent page.
••
D I M E NS I O N S
Structure ofTime and Space
As noted in the discussion of single dimension length, quantum length and

quantum frequency (reciprocal time) are different perspectives of the
same entity. Length and frequency unite as evidenced by the constant
speed of light and the Aether unit geometry: Ax the quantum level,
length expresses in terms of frequency, and frequency expresses in terms
of length.
The sameness of length and frequency is due to motion (velocitY) being a

primary characteristic of existence from which the dimensions of length
and frequency arise. In the Aether Physics Model, the speed of light is as
much a quality of the Aether as is the Aether's conductance, permeability,
and permittivity.
Distributed Time
Distributed time appears to be a form of reciprocal resonance. This can be
seen from the expression of inductance times capacitance:
indc . cape time'

= (5.5)
where time is equal to the quantum time constant (time = 8.093 X 10-2 1 sec) .
Single dimension time has a linear characteristic, just as all single
dimensions do. Distributed time is the set of all time points generated by
two perpendicular time lines. A real world example of disttibuted time is
the Olbital period of planets, as in Johannes Kepler's third iaW:81
81 Added the meaning of time squared 9/18/5.
99
2
T2 = 4n a3 (5.6)
GM
where T is time, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of a large
body, and a is the semi major axis of an elliptical orbit or radius of a
cin:ular orbit. Using quantum measurement analysis, we see that the 41t'
tenD, although empirically derived, is anomalous.
T 2 = _1 ..1, 3
_
(5.7)
q G.m C a
Distributed Frequency
Distributed frequency is similarly structured The equation for determining
the resonance of a tank circuit is:
1
F (5.8)
and this is the same as:
1
F2 = (5.9)
2
4n LC
Frequency squared 15 thus resonance. The 41t' term 15, once agam,
anomalous:
1
rson (5.10)
indc · capc
Of course, pointing out the anomaly of the 412 term does not solve any
problems. In order for the Aether Physics Model to maintain its
syrnmeuy and be a useful physics, it must offer an alternative explanation
for the 412 term
It would appear that the anomalous 41t2 term tells us distributed frequency
(resonance) and distributed time (orbital period) measures incorrectly.
Since the resonance would be off by a factor of 41t', it would seem that
frequency squared measures as a toroidal surface and not as a linear
frequency. Similarly, the orbital period would envision in terms of a
macro version of the quantum system
It seems that when electrons are resonant in a circuit they produce a macro
structure of the electron's angular momentum. Since the angular
momentum of the electron traces out a cardioid strong charge over the
surface of the spherical Aether, the measurement of resonance should be
designed to receive the resonance in that geometry. Because we live in a
half-spin Universe, our measuring device "antenna" will not look like the
loxodrome shape in the full space-resonance of Aether, but instead it will
100
D I M E N S I O N S
look like the cardioid shaped toroid that pertains to space and only one
dimension of time.
If the resonance geometry predicted here is correct, then the ideal geometry
for an LC resonant circuit would be such that at the point of resonance
there is a eatdioid shaped toroid resonator where the electrons will
congregate. In Tesla coils, this congregation point for the electrons is the
top load capacitance, which seems to work best when designed in the
shape of a toroid (donut). It would be interesting to see if a cardioid
shaped top load would perfonn better still, or exhibit any unusual
.
propertIes.
At the quantum level, dynamic distributed frequency has two components,

the forward/backward frequency dimension, and the right/left spin
direction frequency dimension. As the LC follows the spin position path,
it exists in not only forward/backward time, but also right/left spin. The
combination of these two quantum frequencies produces quantum
resonance.
Frequency squared appears in the double cardioid constant, rrnfd constant,

Newton gravitational constant, and many others. The double cardioid
constant appears to be the quantum constant of "space-time." Space
timelO is a tenn representing three dimensions of length and one
dimension of time. However, the Aether Physics Model shows that there
are actually three dimensions of length and two dimensions of dynamic
frequency. If frequency squared is truly a resonance, then five
dimensional "space-time" should really define as "space-resonance."
One might ask, if resonance were spherical in nature, why hasn't this
observation shown up in resonance research? Pemaps it has. In the late
1800s, John Worrell Keely used the mechanical vibration of multiple
tuning forks to create ultrasonic frequencies inside spherical containers.
By finding the resonance of a given object, such as water, Keely
demonstrated the disintegration of the object into its constituent atoms
or molecules, or pemaps generated Magnegas as explained by Santi11i".
Furthennore, modem experiments with high amplitude sound resonance
shows the resonant cavities are spherical in geometry.
Another manifestation of frequency squared is the discovery of Fourier and

Gabor transforms. By converting the time domain of a given data set
into a frequency domain, very useful information obtains for analysis
purposes. It seems rather odd that data has to convert from the time
domain to the frequency domain in order to obtain this usefu1ness. It
seems more likely that if we measured the data in the frequency domain
to begin with, the secondary process of converting the data would not be
necessaty. Understanding the difference between frequency and
resonance would help considerably in devising the proper measuring
82 Santilli, Rugerro http://www.magnegas.coml

101
device. Acquiring data directly and in real time in its proper frequency
domain could revolutionize the oscilloscope and provide engineers with
unprecedented monitoring equipment.
Static Frequency
Just as length has two quantum structural dimensions and an implied third
dimension between quantum structures, frequency has two dynamic
dimensions and an implied third static dimension. The third dimension
of frequencyis the electrostatic charge.
In the Aether Physics Mode� Aether units model with dipoles. The
electrostatic charge dipole produces from the dynamic forward/backward
time and right/left spin frequencies. The tw(}-spin structure of the
Aether is the underlying cause of the dipoles, creating both a positive and
negative electrostatic charge.
M� and Re�p�I M�
Mass, given a quantity, is a measurement of inertia. A layperson might think
that mass is a measurement of weight, but weight is dependent on the
force of gravity.
Mass is one of the dimensions of primary angular momentum, which in tum

is the building block of physical matter. We are quite familiar with the
way the mass measurement of matter results in the sensation of weight
near the surface of the Earth. However, mass is also a dimension in
momentum, force, pressure, resistance, potential, magnetic flux, and
several other units. It is especially important, since physicists have
incorrectly equated mass with energy for the past 100 �, to
understand the difference between mass as dimension, mass as
measurement, and the vatious poetic uses of the word "mass."
In Special Relativity Theory, mass converts to energy as an object approaches

the speed of light. If this were true, then instead of having infinite mass
as the theory proposes, a spaceship should be massless at the speed of
light. However, if the spaceship were massless at the speed of light, then
it would have no energy because the mass would be zero. I do not see
how physicists could have ignored this simple contradiction for 100 years.
No doubt, the die-hard relativists will come out swinging with arguments
that there is relativistic mass, which is different from rest mass, or some
other such nonsense. Mass is ultimately only a dimension. Mass is not
equal to matter. Mass does not rest and mass does not move as an
independent entity. There is no such physical "thing" as mass that can be
convetted to energy, of which energy itself is merely a unit.
Only by playing tricks with words and violating the rules of equalities could
mass ever be construed as being equal to energy.
The reciprocal of mass is difficult to descnbe. One definition of reciprocal

102
D I M E N S I O N S
mass could be the reciprocating action of a piston. Although with a

piston, the mass is actually constant and the velocity is changing along
with its direction. Reciprocal mass would suggest that reciprocal action
occurs directly at the level of inertia. Perhaps through a curved geornetty,
inertia oscillates between a positive and negative value.
Within the Newton gravitational constant, the mass associated with the
Aether is reciprocal to normal mass. When we take the reciprocal of
time, we get frequency, which is a completely different manifestation of
time. A dimension and its reciprocal are related, but they are not the
same.
The mass associated with the Aether is an enormous 3.268 X 1015 kg . So

why do we not perceive such a large mass? Would not our space-time
feel vety dense and solid? If we contemplate the apparent enormity of
the Aether mass compared to the masses of the electron and proton, it
becomes apparent that Aether mass must be reciprocal to onta mass. In
the gravitational constant, the mass of the Aether is, in fact, reciprocal.
A, J ·F 2
G= C q (5 . 1 1 )
ma
Then, how would we explain the mass of the Aether in Coulomb's constant?
(5. 1 2)
It may be that charge per mass is the actual expression for electromagnetism.
In Coulomb's constant, the dominant charge dimension is then
reciprocal. The presence of the Aether mass in the numerator then
explains why greater relative forces act on electrostatic and
electromagnetic charges than mass.
We can hypothesize that mass associated with the Aether has reciprocal mass
compared to the mass of onm. Reciprocal Aether mass would be
oscillating between positive and negative inertia and thus have an
apparent zero net mass. This reciprocal mass would explain why the
Gforce both pulls and pushes, thus generating resonance within the
Aether unit.
Therefore, the Gforce is not a physical force of push or pull, but is a different
type of force manifestation. Its reciprocal mass nature imparts the aIility
to push or pull The use of a bathroom scale illustrates the point.
Standing on the scale, we can feel force between our feet and the scale.
We nonnally perceive this force as weight, not gravity. The sensation of
weight is not the sensation of gravity, as gravity is not a sensation, but
rather it is the abilityto impart force between two masses.
103
Similarly, the Aether mass density, although very large, is not the physical type
of mass density we associate with matter. Rather, it is the alility to impart
mass density. The same treatment would apply to all Aether related units
of dimensions. When contemplating the nature of « ability," the
implication is that there is a living, dynamic cause involved.
Single Dimension Mass

Mass is linear and exists only as a single dimension. In the case of onta,
whenever two dimensions of mass are present in a unit, it is because the
unit is the result of two separate onta interacting with each other.
Because mass is linear, it exists with just one dimension of length when
associated with matter. Matter at the subatomic level exists as primary
angular momentum. Primary angular momentum is equal to a circular
line of mass (\igamen circulatus) spinning a velocity perpendicular to the
circle. The angular momentum of the electron is the «quantum of
action" also known as Planck's constant.
The effect of the spinning ligamen circulatus is to scan an area at the quantum
frequency. However, there appears to be no direct correspondence
between the mass and the length of the ligamen circulatus' circumference.
As will be seen in the section on electron radii (page 177), the ligamen
circulatus circumference can shrink or grow as long as the spherical
frequency radius of the Aether unit grow.; or shrinks in such a way as to
conserve angular momentum. Regardless of what circumference the
�n circulatus takes, the mass for that particular ann appears to
remam constant.
It is often wondered why gravity is only an attractive force. If the APM

concept of the photon is correct, and it composes of electron angular
momentum equally divided between the electron and positron spin
positions, we can attribute the lack of measurable photon mass to
neutralized inertial spin parity. Just as reciprocal mass is the oscillation
between positive and negative inertial mass, the left-hand spin of the
electron portion of the photon inertia counters the right-hand spin of the
positron portion of the photon inertia Even as positive proton charge
neutralizes negative electron charge when producing the neutron, the
negative inertia portion of photon angular momentum neutralizes the
positive inertia portion of angular momentum.
This would imply that matter and anti-matter would experience gravity as a
mutual repulsion, rather than a mutual attraction. The electron would
repel the positron and we can assutne that the proton would repel the
anti-proton. We can funher assume that the condition of the spin
positions being only half-full allow.; for the co-existence of matter and
anti-matter in the same Aether unit, as the matter and antimatter will not
come into direct contact.
This would further imply that if the distribution of matter and anti-matter is
1 04
D I M E N S I O N S
equal throughout the Universe, then not only would anti-matter be

annihilated by matter, but it would gravitate away to fOlm an entirely
separate anti-matter system Evidence, which we might interpret as
positrons gravitationally repelling from normal matter, appears at the
Galactic Centel''. Yet, because the gravitational force is considerably
weaker than the electromagnetic and electrostatic forces, interstellar
collisions between matter and anti-matter do frequently occur and thus a
system tends to predominate as either toward either matter or antimatter.
Only at intergalactic distances are we likely to observe predominantly
anurnatter systems.
Charge and Reciprocal Charge

Charge, when given a quantity, is the measure of electricity. The Aether unit
donates elementaty charge to the onn, while the strong charge of the onn
is the product of onn angular momentum times the conductance of the
Aether.
Since strong charge results from the ligarnen circulatus spinning through
Aether at the speed of light (quantum length times quantum frequenC5Q,
strong charge will always be proportional to the onn mass. Elementaty
charge will always be a portion impatted by the Aether and therefore the
elementaty charge of the electron, positron, proton, and anti-proton will
always be of the Satne magnitude.
Since strong charge is the product of angular momentum times conductance,

and conductance is a quality of the Aether, this may imply angular
momentum = exist outside of the Aether. Indeed, the neutrino appears
to be an example of angular momentum existing outside of the Aether
and in which strong charge is absent.
Single Dimension Charge

There is no physical manifestation of single dimension charge, however due
to the distnbuted and curved nature of charge, when charges multiply
only the square root of each charge is used (single dimension of charge).
For example, in the electrostatic law (G:>ulomb's lav,?:
kc
.Jii . .Jii 2Jr = fore
Ac2
(5.13)
a
The lack of a single dimension manifestation of charge supports the concept

of derived charge. Mass exists as a single dimension. Nevertheless, the
cause of distnbuted strong charge is the s=rllng of the ligarnen
circulatus (angular momentum) through the Aether.
The single dimension charge as used in Classical Mechanics is one of the

reasons why the Standard :Model cannot produce a Unified Force
8JDermer, C D . and Skibo,J. G.,A nnihiIatim Fanainin the Galutic Gnter&gU:n (The AstrophysicalJoumal,
487 :L57-L60, 1997 September 20)
105
Theory. The use of a single dimension of charge in Oassical Mechanics

also causes the incorrect relationship between resistance and conductance
as well as between capacitance and potential. We explain the correct
relationships of these units later.
Distributed Dimension Charge

All charge is distributed..; that is, all charge distributes over a surface. There
are two manifestations of distributed charge, namely, electrostatic charge
associated with the elementary charge (solid angle of 1), and
electromagnetic charge associated with the strong charge (solid angle of
1 ).
_
41r
The Aether unit donates electrostatic charge to the onn as the ligamen
circulatus spins through it. The solid angle geometry of the electrostatic
charge comes from the spherical distnbuted frequency dimensions
(forward/backward time and right/left spin direction) of the Aether unit.
Electromagnetic charge and the angular momentum of the onn are the same
entity, but seen from different perspectives. As the linear ligamen
circulatus of the onn spins through the Aether unit, it scans an area The
scanned area represents the electromagnetic charge of the onn. The
toroidal geometry of the electromagnetic charge arises from the circular
mass moving in a circular path around the spherical frequency
dimensions of the Aether unit. Although the electromagnetic charge
VJOuld look helical to "God's e�," it looks like a cardioid when viewed
through our half-spin-onn senses.
caul'.
All charge dimensions distributed In some units, such as resistance,
are
charge appears as When charge dimensions appear to the fourth

power, the unit involves the interaction of two onta
Geometry
The presentation of time and space in terms of curvature implies that curved
geometry is inherent to Aether. In the Aether Physics Model, the
dimensions of frequency squared suppon the curved geometry of Aether.
In this sense, curved geometry could intetpret as a "fifth type of
dimension."
Spherical Constant
41r appears frequently in the quantum constants and is an essential quantity
in quantum physics. 41r will appear when the expression on one side of
an equation has steradian angle and the expression on the other side has a
.. ••Above all, Coulomb confinned byvery ref ined methods the fact already noticed by Gray, that electricity is
only situated on the external sunace of conductors; and he observed that this also is a consequence of the
inverse square law, and can only be true if the latter holds exactly." Philipp Lenard, Great Men of Science· A
HsrO!yofScientific Progress. trans. H Srafford Hatfield (NewYork: The Macmillan Company, 1933) 157·8.
1D8
D I M E N S I O N S
( 4� )
solid angle of 1. The solid angle of 1 refers to spherical charge and the
steradian angle refers to toroidal charge. 4n will also appear
when referencing the geometrical constant of the unit. The geometrical

constant applies to the angular momentum and the solid angle applies to
the charge. Both charge and angular momentum share curved geometry,
but manifest in distinct dimensions.
4n is a dimension within the Aether unit and appears when looking at the
relationships among the constituent constants. 4n
appears with the
permeability, permittivity, inductance, and capacitance units, such as
when expressing p:rmdi!ity in quantum measurements:
(5. 1 4)
It also appears as a dimension when expressing [En7iaidty in terms of

quantum measurements:
4n ·e ' a
(5. 15)
m ' AC3 . p '
a
q
Similarly, inductance is equal to:
indc (5. 1 6)
and capacitance is equal to:
cape =
4n ·e ' a
(5. 1 7)
m ' AC " P '
a
q
As mentioned earlier, Omrles Coulomb was not a-ware of the constant that
bears his name when he was discovering the force law for electrostatic
charge. Through some fommate event, early physicists developed the cgs
system of measurements such that charge expresses entirely in terms of
the dimensions of length, frequency, and mass. In the cgs system of
measurements, Coulomb's constant is equal to 1. When converting the
constants of permeability, permittivity, and conductance to cgs units, the
importance of 4n
becomes clearer.
4n
f.1o =-
, (5. 1 8)

c
1
eo = (5.19)
4n
107
Cd = _ C_ (5.20)
16,,'
In cgs units, the rm!d constant converts to:
rm!d = 1 6,,' (5.21)
In cgs units, penneability, permittivity, conductance, and rotating magnetic

field (Aether unit) expresses solely in tenns of the 4" spherical constant
and the speed of light, showing that Aether is a function of motion, much
as the ancient philosophers taught".
Not only is the Aether a function of spherical geometry and the speed of
light, but the fact that charge expresses entirely in tenns of mass, length,
and frequency dimensions shows that charge is indeed a derived
dimension The observation of derived strong charge supports the
Aether Physics Model concept that strong charge is equal to angular
momentum times Aether conductance.
47t in Unified Charge Equation

The Unified Charge Equation notates as:
e' = e ,�
' · 8"a (5.22)
or
'
e 1 (5.23)
e ""'"
' · 2 · 4,, · a
Elementaty charge (e' ) is spherical as it is donated to the onta from the

spherical distributed frequency dimensions of Aether, thus the elementaty
charge has a solid angle of 1 . Strong charge ( e,mox') is always a steradian
of spherical charge, regardless of the shape the electron angular
momentum takes.
The strong charge has half-spin, because the angular momentum that
produces strong charge can only move in forward time. And since the
elementaty charge comes from a I-spin Aether sphere, 2 must multiply
the half-spin strong charge in order to be equal in spin to the elementaty
charge.
In order to convert strong charge steradian geometry to electrostatic spherical

geometry, the strong charge must multiply by 4" .
85"The history of science illustrates continuity nicely with Descan.es's plenwn, a space where aether particles
arealways in motion and there are no empty interstices. " Paul llie, The Ageof Minerva.. voL 2 (philadelphia:
Univet>ity of PennsylvaIDa Press. 1995) 29
108
D I M E N S I O N S
The fine structure constant (a) is the proportion bywhich the strong charge
must multiply in order to bring the elementary charge sphere and
equivalent strong charge sphere into unity. Therefore, it appears that
r.msenJ11im ifdurg; grrmry is another conselVation law of physics. (See
page 198 for more details about spherical and steradian units).
Distributed Spherical Constant

The distributed spherical constant (16;rc' ) appears in the quantum Aether
unit of rotaring magnetic field ( rmfd ).
4;rc . 4;rc = 16;rc' (5.24)

rmfd = 1 6;rc' . k, (5.25)
The full, 2-spin rotating magnetic field is not just a single magnetic field
spinning in one direction. In the five dimensional perspective, it is a bi
directional tubular loxodrome shaped electromagnetic charge tracing first
in one time direction, and then in the opposite time direction. In the
four-dimensional perspective, the rotating magnetic field would appear as
a spinning tubular toroidal, or cardioidal, shaped electromagnetic charge
spinning in one time direction (forward time), as we could not see the
backward time direction. Our inabilityto see the backward time direction
does not negate its effect or presence.
There are three manifestations of the rotating magnetic field. There is the
two-spin manifestation, which is the full Aether unit with the geometrical
constant of 16;rc' . There is the half spin manifestation of a single onn.
Then there is the one-spin manifestation of rotating magnetic field, which
applies when two onta bind together. One spin rotating magnetic field
has a geometrical surface constant equal to the toroidal onn ( 4;rc' ) times
2 , because there are two oppositelyspinning onta in a binding:
4;rc' · 2 = 8;rc2 (5.26)

Therefore, the one-spin geometrical constant is equal to 8;rc' .
109
110
-
--- � ----
A N G U L A R M O M E N T U M
UNITS
T he Aether Physics Model consnucts units with quantum measurements,

as opposed to arbitrary or macro structure-based measurements such as
meters, Earth revolutions, etc. Quantum measurements provide a whole
number of units for a quantum process or structure. For example, the
primary angular momentum of one electron moving at the speed of light
determines the unit of one quantum photon. Thus, there is a discrete
relationship between the activity of electrons and the production of
photons.
Constructing units from quantum measurements provides for easy

comprehension of quantum processes. Quantum physics, nanoscience,
and chemistry would clearlybenefit from this new system of units.
Quantum Units
There are essentially two stable forms of matter in our pan of the Universe,
the electron and the proton. The neutron is a composite onn produced
when a proton binds with an electron. The photon comes into being
when an atom abSOlbs excess primary angular momentum radiated from
other atoms. (see Photon Mechanics, page 217).
Since almost all controllable physical processes occur through interactions

between the electron and photon, the quantum measurements of the
d«J:rm usually define the quantum units. As noted in Quantum
Measurements on page 22, the electron quantum measurements are:
• Quantum Length: Ac = 2.426x l O-1'm

• Quantum Frequency: F, = 1 .236 x 1 020 Hz
coul'
• QuantumMass: m, = 9.109xlO-31 kg
coul'
• Quantum Strong Charge: e,= 2 = 1 .400x 1 0-37
111
• Quantum Electrostatic Charge: e' = 2.567 x 1 0-38
The quantum Iergh is equal to the Compton wavelength, the quantum

fm1uen:y is equal to the speed of light divided by the Compton
wavelength, quantum mISS is the mass of the electron as measured by
NlST, the quantum st1r:t'f( rh:ug! is the calculated strong charge, and the
t/.e:rra;tatit; rh:ug! is the elementary charge (as measured by NlS1) squared.
This chapter defines only a few quantum units. Other quantum units appear
in Appendices I and ll.
Converting Charge Dimensions

There are two important differences between quantum measurement units
and standani units with regard to the charge dimensions. dwge
dimensions always distnbute, and almost all charge dimensions express in
tenns of strong charge, as opposed to elementary charge.
Concerning distributed charge, the situation is somewhat complicated by the

fact that five standani units are already in the correct dimensions of
distributed charge. These units are permeability, permittivity, inductance,
capacitance, and conductance.
Inductance is equal to the permeability of the hther divided by length, and

similarly, capacitance is equal to permittivity of the hther divided by
length. (In the cgs system of units, units of length [cm1 express
inductance and capacitance).
So the units of inductance and capacitance already express in tenns of

dismbuted charge as follows:
sec2cou12
capc = 2 . 148 X 10-23 (6. 1)
kg · m2
kg . 2
indc = 3.049x10-18 m, (6.2)
caul
All other electrically related units from Oassical physics incorrectly express
with single dimension of charge. Further, the Standani MOdel had
usually described the electrical units in tenns of elementary charge. Since
the hther donates it, elementary charge has nothing to do with the
action of onta in nearly all cases (magnetic moment is an exception). In
�st all cases, the strong charge of the onta is the active charge of the
Ulllt.
The strong charge is polar and behaves, in fact, like a tiny magnet The
strong nuclear fo=, permanent magnetism, electromagnetism, the
Casimir effect, Van der waals fo= .. each of these is the action of the
.
strong charge in a different situation.
In the case of resistance, where the standani unit in dassical physics appears
112
----
---------�--
- -------�--
A N G U L A R M O M E NT U M
to have distnbuted charge, there is a double distributed charge in the

quantum dimension system of units, because resistance is a measurement
of the action of two opposing onta colliding with each other. Therefore,
the strong charge is that of both onta experiencing the resistance.
The table below shows some units from Classical physics and the equivalent
in the quantum measurement units.
Aether Physics Model dassical Physics
m,J./Pq kg · m'
4
Resistance resn R=
eemax sec· coul'
m,J./F,2 kg · m'
Potential poln = , V=
eemax sec' · coul
Gm:ent curr -
- eemax'p q 1 = coul
sec
m,J.c'Pq kg · m'
Magnetic Flux rnflx = J.
ee11UJX2 sec· coul
,
eemax sec· coul
Cbnductance cond G=
m,J.c'F, kg · m'
The usual rule for converting to quantum units from MKS units is to replace
each dimension with its quantum measurement counterpart. When it
comes to the charge dimension, replace each single dimension of charge
with e,m�2 • With the inductance, conductance, and capacitance units, the
exponent of the charge dimensions remains unchanged The other
exception is with magnetic moment; the charge involves both e,m�' and
e' .
Magnetic Moment
Magnetic moment is a unit that measures the influence of the Aether's
electrostatic charge against the strong charge of the onn.
The magnetic moment of the electron as defined byNIST is:
f.l, = -928.476 362 x 10.26 J rl (6.3)

The NIST value of electron magnetic moment expresses ill terms of
quantum measurements as:
, ' e · eemax2
l = Pq
f. , g,""c 8n · e , (6.4)
'm�
113
where the g, is the electron g-factor as measured in the lamb Shift. In

the electron unit of magnetic moment, the strong charge cancels out,
since the electrons are acting on electrons. Nevertheless, the strong
charge terms belong in the equation in order to show that electrons are
acting against other onta in the other NIST measured magnetic moment
values.
The g-factor is an essential value related to the magnetic moment of the onta,
as it corrects for the precession of the onn.
The NIST value forthe proton magnetic moment is:
Jip = 1.410 606 633 x 10.26 J r' (6.5)

'The NIST value of proton magnetic moment expresses in terms of quantum
measurements as:
(6.6)
where the proton g-factor is 5.58569 as listed on NIST. epmax2 IS' the
electromagnetic charge of the proton, e'max2 is the electromagnetic charge
of the electron, and e is the elementary charge.
The NIST value for the neutron magnetic moment notates as:
Jin = -0.966 236 40 x 1 0.26 J r' (6.7)
and can be expressed as:
2
A, 2 F e · eemax
JLn - gn- nisl C q (6. 8)
_
8trepmax2
Where gn-n;,, '

the g-factor of the neutron, is -3.82608545 as defined by
NIST, epmax2 is the electromagnetic charge of the proton, e=ax2 is the
electromagnetic charge of the electron, and e is the elementary
charge. Notice that the equation balances by use of the strong charge of
the proton instead of the neutron. This is highly unlikely.
I am confident that the data used by NIST to produce these magnetic

moment constants must be correct, as the equations above can be
expressed in terms of quantum units (and g-factors). However, it appears
tt4
that the data for the neutron was misread, or the value for neutron g
factor was simply miscalculated. That the neutron magnetic moment
depends on the proton strong charge, and hence on the proton mass,
seems impossible.
The above analysis also shows rather conclusively that all charge should
distribute, including the elementary charge. Based on d:larles Coulomb's
observation that all charge must distribute in order for the force laws to
wmk, and for consistency with the Aether Physics Model, we transpose
the magnetic moment electrostatic charge dimensions. The electron
magnetic moment in the APM system is:
2 2
emag = g,Ac2Pq e e'm� 2
.
(6.9)
87r .e'm�
The proton magnetic moment in the APM system is:
, 2p e2 . e,m�2
pmag = gp"c (6. 10)
q 8nepmax2
And based on the NIST values for the neutron magnetic moment in the
Standard Model, the neutron magnetic moment would be:
, 'p 2 2
nmag = gn-niSIA-C q e · eemax2 (6. 1 1 )
8nepmax
However, it is highly unlikely that nature has given a magnetic moment to the
neutron, due to the strong charge of the proton. So assuming the
accuracy of the magnetic moment, correcting the quantum measurements
changes the g-factor for the neutron:
, 2
nmag = gnAC'pq e ·e'm�2 (6.12)
87renm�
The g-factor for the neut!1;m must be -3.83 1359 if the neutron magnetic
moment measurement 15 accurate.
From the expressions of magnetic moment in the Aether Physics Model, it

appears that magnetic moment physically manifests by the interaction of
the electrostatic and electromagnetic charges within each onn. It is
further apparent that the electron plays a key role in causing magnetic
moment for each of the onta.
Comparing Magnetic Moments

Comparing the proportions of the NIST values to the APM values for the
magnetic moment constants it appears that:
115
emag = f.J, . e (6.13)

pmag = f.Jp · e (6. 1 4)
nmag = O.999999f.J, e . (6.15)
Since the electron and proton magnetic moments can be calculated exactlyby
applying quan= measurements, and since the APM neutron magnetic
moment is calculated using quan= measurements, it is likely that the
above neutron magnetic moment error lies with the NIST value.
Based on the minor adjustments noted above, the actual value of neutron
magnetic moment as calculated in the Standard model would be:
2
f.J, = -3.831359A,c'F. e ' e,mox , (6.16)
8ne,max
m' coul
f.J, = -O.96623410xIO·'6 (6.17)
sec
But whether this value of magnetic moment is useful or not would depend
on how the equations used by NIST evolved H other adjustments
compel compensation for the errors in the NIST constant, then the
NIST formula will have to re-adjust as well.
Notice that each quan= measurement expression of magnetic moment

includes the weak interaction constant of 8n . In addition, each magnetic
moment unit resolves to a relationship between electrostatic and
electromagnetic charge. This indicates that the unit of magnetic moment
directly relates to the dynamics of the weak nuclear interaction.
Changes
Some equations and laws need adjustment due to the new Aether Physics
Model system of quan= measurement units, which bases on
distributed charge. For example, in the Standard Model, capacitance
defines as charge divided by potential.
c=Q (6.18)
V
However, in the Aether Physics Model all charge distributes, as Charles
Cbulornb pointed out. Capacitance already has distributed units of
charge in its dimensions, but charge and potential do not. The effect is
that when potential expresses in terms of distributed charge, Q
disappears. Therefore, it would be a prediction of the Aether Physics
Model that capacitance is equal to 4n divided by potential. The value of
capacitance is not only inversely proportional to potential; its dimensions
are the reciprocal of potential.
116
For capacitance to be related to charge, the Aether Physics Model dictates

that charge is equal to capacitance times energy divided by 4Jr .
Q = '£E (6.19)
4Jr
The charges specified in equations (6.18) and (6.19) are not elementary
charge, rather they are strong charge. Since strong charge already has the
solid angle of a steradian, 4JrQ has the solid angle of a half-spin sphere.
And since the equations balance geomeuically, capacitance times energy
must manifest as half-spin solid angle charge.
Another important change regards the fundamental electromagnetic theories.

In modem electromagnetic theory, the B field is magnetic flux density
and the H field is magnetic field intensity. We learn from Oem. Maxwell
that absolute permeability is equal to the ratio of B / H .. as:
=B (6.20)
Jlo H
But since the units of both magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity
should have distributed charge instead of single dimension charge:
m,F
mfxd =--; (6.2 1)
eemax
e 'F
mfdi emax q
(6.22)
Ac
The quantum measurement expression for equation (620) yields:
4Jr ' l1o =

mfxd ·chrg (6 23 )
mfdi
which suggests that the actual ratio of magnetic flux density to magnetic
field intensity does not equal permeability.
Further, electromagnetic theory sees magnetic fields in terms of energy.
The total energy in any finite region of a magnetic field where
f
the permeability is constant is the integral of the energy
density over the volume or. W = � I1H'dv 87

2,
86 Warren B. Boast Principles of Electric and Magnetic Fields (Harper & Brothers, New York, 1948) 173
87 Warren B. Boast Principles of Electric and Magnetic Fields (Harper &Brothers, New York, 1948) 179
117
The fact that the basic relation underlying modem electromagnetic theory
does not fit into the Aether Phy.;ics Model does not negate over 100
years of electromagnetic theory. However, if the Aether Phy.;ics Model is
correct, all of electrodynamic theory needs reworking.
Instead of seeing magnetic fields in terms of energy, the Aether Phy.;ics

Model sees them in terms of rotating magnetic field The Aether unit is
itself the magnetic field
New Units
Because of clatifying the definitions of dimension, measurement, and unit, it
is possible to develop a sy.;tem of quan= measurements, which will
allow for further development of quan= measurement analysis.
Ideally, quantum measurement analy.;is would mirror the phy.;ical processes

of the observed phy.;ical world If this were true, we should be able to
find a quan= measurement representation for every phy.;ical
phenomenon. Conversely, we should be able to find a phy.;ical process
that matches any combination of quantum measurements.
In this section, we identifyvarious new units. The discovery of some units,

like eddy current, actually occurred eady in modem phy.;ics history and
were either overlooked or discarded Other units have appeared
unnoticed in modem phy.;ics equations all along, such as the photon.
A fully developed treatment of quantum measurement analy.;is would require

another publication entirely. Below is a small sampling of the new units
utilized in the Aether Phy.;ics ModeL In most cases, the units could apply
immediately to our understanding of phy.;ics. In other cases, such as in
understanding resonance, we need to review our measuring techniques.
Photon
In the Standard Mode� the photon quantifies indirectly. Instead of the
photon, phy.;icists quantify an energy packet and then treat it as though it
were the photon itself. This poor accounting creates many problems for
the Standard Model.
In the Aether Phy.;ics Model, the photon defines in terms of the electron that
produced it. The electron is primary angular momentum and quantifies
by Planck's constant. The photon then defines as the primary angular
momentum of the electron times the speed of light.
phtn = h · c (6.24)
Thus, the photon expands outward at the speed of light and has the angular
momentum of an electron. As proposed by Cynthia WhitneY" , the
88 W'hitney. Cynthia Kolb. Essay 1: This is Not Einstein's Posrulate (Galilean Electrodynamics. Space Tune
118
A N G U LA R M O M E N T U M
photon remains connected to its so=, even as it expands with cardioid

geometry (see image page 154).
In the APM, there are two types, or «sizes," of photons. There is the
electron!positron photon, and then there is a proton!antiproton photon.
The proton!antiproton photon h}POthesizes to occur in fusion reactions
and to generate via the same mechanics as the Casimir effect. The
quantification of the proton!antiproton photon is:
phtnp = hp ' c (6.25)
where hp is the APM value for proton angular momentum.
Light
Light comprises of quantum photons. Unlike in the Standard Model, there is
only one quantum photon in the Aether Physics Model In the Standard
Model, the photon packet of green light has a different frequency than
the photon packet of red light; the different frequency means that each
photon packet has a different energy from every other photon packet.
Further, if the mass!energy paradigm is used, the relativistic mass of each
photon packet is different for each frequency of electromagnetic
radiation. Therefore, the photon packet of the Standard Model is not
truly quantum. The Standard Model presents an infinite number of
various «sized" photon packets, one for each frequency.
In the Aether Physics Model, the photon is a true quantum. To get light,
photons produce in rapid succession at the frequency of the light.
Therefore, the unit of light is equal to photon times frequency.
=
figt phtn . freq (6.26)
An introduction to the mechanics of photons and light is on page 188.
Eddy Current
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault investigated eddy cwrent in the early 1800s.
Eddy cwrent is a unit that appeared as early as 192289. For some reason
though, scientists either ignored or lost the unit definition of eddy
cwrent. Eddy cwrent is an important unit and is equal to magnetic flux
squared
eddy = mflx' (6.27)

Eddycwrent also has other expressions and relates to Ohm's law. According
to the Aether Physics Model, eddy cwrent is also equivalent to angular
Analys� LTD, \'(Tmter 2005) pp 43-44
89 A Course in Electrical Engineering Volume II Alternating Gurents, McGrnw :Hill Book Company, Inc.,
-
1947 pg 259
119
momentum times resistance:
eddy = h . resn (6.28)

Equation (6.28) represents the measurement of electrOlrrelaxation-times by
eddy cunent damping. When the external magnetic field from a primary
coil switches off it releases the induced magnetic field in a secondary coil.
The electrons in the secondary coil quantified by their angular
momentum are then relaxed". Depending on the material of the
secondary coil, the electrons will gyrate to a magnetic realignment. Due
to the geometrical structure of the atoms and free electrons, the time it
takes to gyrate back to stable magnetic realignment will vary from
material to material. This unit of time times gyration toward magnetic
realignment is the unit of resistance.
resn = time · gyro (6.29)

Eddycunent is also equal to potential rimes 411" inductance.
eddy = potn . 411" . indc (6.30)

A particularly interesting equation for eddy current involves the Aether
geometrical constant, inductance, and capacitance:
eddy = 1611"' indc 1 611"' 110

=
(6.3 1 )
cape eo
Equation (6.31) would indicate that Aether is directly involved with the
mechanics of eddy cunent.
Another observation of interest IS the relationship of eddy cunent to

magnetic field:
eddy = mifld mom!

- (6.32)
chrg
The eddy cunent is equal to the magnetic field times momentum per
electromagnetic charge. Thus, the eddy current is dependent upon a
moving magnetic field.
According to many experts, eddy cunent is a complete path electrical cunent

that flows through the conductor as the magnetic flux changes.
According to a 'Web site by Dr. Jatnes B. Calvert" ,
90 Azthur F. Kip Fwtdamentals of Electricity and Magnetism (McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, St.
Louis, San Francisco, Toronto, London, Sidoey, 1969) 316
91 Dr. James B. Ca1ve� Associate Professor EmerituS of Engineering, University of Denver Registered
Professional Engineer, State of Colorado No.12317 hop,//www.du.edu! -;calvert!phys/eddy.htm
120
--�- ��
A N G U LA R M 0 M E N Y"U M
"A magnet produces a pure magnetic field in its rf5t jrClJ17!.

Anything moving with respect to the magnet sees an electric
field in addition to the magnetic field that is roughly
proportional to the relative velocity. An electron free to
move, as in copper, will be set into motion by the electric
field it sees. ... This current is called the ff1iy current, since it
flows in closed loops in a conducting plate like eddying
"Wate II
r.
Dr. Calvert goes on to descnbe the physical eddy current within a copper
tube. A neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) magnet drops through. "The
magnetic field passes through the tube walls at top and bottom in
opposite directions, producing eddy currents that are essentially rings
about the tube, flowing in opposite directions at
top and bottom, and moving with the falling
magnet."
In an effort to test this theOlY, a NIB magnet

drops down a copper tube.
The magnet is 1" in diameter
and nearly \4" thick.
As the magnet dropped, it ,-u" £ .' 1

I" "f
dropped at a much slower
velocity than it would in free space, as Dr. Calvert explained it would
The plane of the magnet was almost perfectly perpendicular to the length of
the tube during its descent.
According to Dr. Calvert, the magnetic field of the magnet moving through
the copper tube makes the copper tube see an electric current. This
electric current flows along one direction near the top of the magnet and
in the opposite direction near the bottom of the magnet
To test the theory we slit a section of copper pipe along its length, thus
preventing any current flow around the periphery of the tube.
-"
_ . -.._- ":;'
.--�- --
Figure 3. Copper tube with slit along length.
We then dropped the magnet into the slit tube. IT the eddy currents were
propagating through the periphery of the tube, they would not fonn in
121
S E C RETS O F T H E A E TH E R
this experiment and drop straight through.
Figures 4 & 5 Magnet falling down slit tube.
But as shown in the photos above, the magnet still dropped through at a slow
rate, although slightly faster than the rate of drop through the un-slit
tube. In addition, the magnet did not fall peIpeI1dicular to the length of
the tube. Instead, it fell with a noticeable tilt toward the slit.
The interpretation of this experiment is that the eddy current is

a result of the angular momentum of the electrons (cut by
the magnetic field) times the resistance of the electrons (cut
by the magnetic field). Along the slit, there are no electrons
and thus no eddy currents, and so the magnet tends to fall
faster along this area. Nevertheless, the angular momentum
in the atoms along the path of the magnetic field still
contributes to eddy currents and thus this portion of the
magnet tends to fall slower. This results in the tilt of the
magnet as it falls.
We attached an HP 34970A data acquisition switch with a built in digital

multimeter to test for resistance. Two terminals were soldered mid
length, one on each side of the slit as in the image to the right. We
cleaned the terminals to assure a good contact.
The magnet dropped down the tube while measuring resistance at the
terminals. Several tests ran with each test producing the same graph, as
shown below.
The spike at the begllming of the drop occurred at the begllming of each
122
test. Apparendy, resistance increases as the magnet approaches the test

leads and then abrupdydecreases just before passing. Then the resistance
gmdua1ly returns to nonnal as the magnet moves away.
The prelirninaty conclusion is that eddy cwrent is an actual unit of electrical

behavior. The cwrent produced is within each atom and not within the
macro structure of the atoms (copper tube in this case), at least not under
nonnal conditions. The propenies of angular momentum and resistance
are capable of interacting to produce a combined effect that we call eddy
cwrents.
,
This of course, is not the standatd explanation for eddy cwrent. The nonnal
explanation is the magnet generates a potential on the leads, and thus the
ohmmeter, expecting no potential, is "fooled" into seeing less (or more)
resistance. This is, of course, true, as measurement does show an
increase in potential at the edges of the pipe as the magnet passes by.
HOwever, the induced potential reacting to the inductance of the copper
is also a way of seeing eddycwrent, as in equation (6.30).
The difference between the understanding of eddy cwrent being presented

here and the standatd interpretation of eddy cwrent, is that the standatd
interpretation considers resistance a characteristic of a matetial, rather
than an effect of electricity. According to the APM, the eddy cwrent
develops because of onta interacting with the Aether units in which they
reside.
Gyration
The unit of gyration is equal to potential per charge:
gyro = potn (6.33)

chrg
-
The eddycwrent section discussed this unit (page 119).
Friction
Friction is a unit, which is equal to resistance times velocity.
fric = resn velc

. (6.34)
Friction times charge is equal to rotating magnetic field.
fric · chrg = rmfd (6.35)

Understanding the friction unit helps in understanding the nature of
resistance. Take two objects, such as your hands, and press them
together as though you were going to rub them. As long as the twO
objects have lateral pressure but do not move, then only resistance is in
effect. "When the objects are actually moving against each other, then
123
friction is in effect Friction is resistance in motion.
In the discussion above concerning eddy current, eddy current is also equal to
the friction applied to the ligamen circulatus of the onta
Drag
The unit of drag is equal to the resistance times length.
drag = resn ·leng (6.36)

When visualizing the unit of drag we would think of friction, except that
instead of focusing on the moving resistance, we focus on the contact
swface itself. When charge drags against the Aether, it produces a
magnetic field:
drag · chrg = mjld (6.37)

When angular momentum drags, it produces eddy current through a length:
h . drag = eddy ·leng (6.38)

Resonance
Distributed frequency is equal to resonance. Viewing resonance in just one
dimension of frequency is like viewing area in just one dimension of
length. The true meaning of resonance is lost when arbitrarily changing
its dimensions. The unit of resonance indicates there are two distinct
dimensions of frequency involved
rson = /req' (6.39)

Modem phy.;ics does not measure capacitance and inductance as square
roots, Ja the resonance equation usually expresses as:
1
F (6.40)
27r.JLC
Where F is the "resonant frequency," L is the inductance and C is the
capacitance. ("Resonant frequency" is redundant and incorrect It is like
saying "swface length.") Equation (6.40) loses much of its meaning by
making it appear the inductance and capacitance measurements are
square roots and expressing the resonance in tenns of frequency. It is as
though the unit of resonance has never been discovered by modem
phy.;ics.
To make the math of resonance compatible with the rest of phy.;ics, the
correct expression is to keep the natural measurements of inductance and
capacitance and notate it as frequency squared In the Aether Phy.;ics
Model, equation (6.41) is equal to equation (6.40) from the Standard
Model
124
- --
1
rson (6.41 )
indc ·capc
The resonance unit indicates that resonance must measure as a distributed
quantity in order to arrive at the correct value. The design of present
measurement equipment measures resonance in only one dimension of
frequency.
Because familiarity exists for the time domain at the macro level of existence,
modem physics also measures the quantum realm in the time domain.
The reciprocal of time is frequency, not resonance. It is a significant
error in modem physics that resonance is not recognized as a distributed
unit.
The quantum realm exists in a five-dimensional space-resonance as opposed

to a fout-dimensional space-time. If physicists wish to understand
quantum existence properly, then we must design measurement
equipment to measure directly in the resonance domain. Presendy,
Fourier analysis attempts to account for this shortcoming by
mathematically converting time domain measurements into frequency
domain data.
The Aether Physics Model provides other ways to see resonance. Earlier we
demonstrated that potn has the reciprocal dimensions of capacitance
(capc ) . Therefore, resonance is equal to potential per inductance:
rson potn (6.42)

411: · indc
The above equation manifests when winding a flat spiral secondaty coil and
then covering it with epoxy or some other dielectric. If we seal the coil
from electron leaks, the potential rises and so does the resonance. When
the coil is fully sealed, then the added dielectric increases the capacitance
and the resonance decreases as in equation (6.43).
411:·--'-'
rson = ""':": curr
(6.43)
capc · h
Capacity times angular momentum is the product of the coil's capacity to
hold electrons times the number of electrons on one of the plates, or
charge intensity. Resonance is thus proportional to current and inversely
proportional to the charge intensity.
Resonance relates to spherical geometry in the Aether unit. The distributed

frequency unit applies at the quantum level to produce space-resonance.
In the Aether unit graphic seen on the cover of this book, the two
frequency dimensions are the source of space curvature. Indeed, in
acoustics, two longitudinal waves bounce through each other to produce
a string of spheres.
125
The physics of resonance as cIisoibuted frequency extends to the macro realm

of existence. We can analyze a cylindrical pot of water with a vibration
applied to its bonom.
Let us choose a 12" diameter pot and fill it with a quantity of water. The
depth of the water is not important to this analysis, but we will choose six
inches for the depth. Applying a variable mechanical vibration to the
bonom of the pot, we empirically discover maximum standing waves
fonning at 14.7Hz. We then discover the cIisoibuted velocity of the
water waves moving horiwntally from the wall of the pot towards its
center.
2 ( )
{14. 7Hz ) . 2JT {6in)2 = 3 1 .534 .!!!...
sec
2
(6.44)
The resonance times the surface area is equal to the distributed velocity
squared The cIisoibuted velocity is the average velocity of the water
from the pot wall toward the center. The cIisoibuted velocity is the
product of the velocity in two orthogonal vectors and relates directly to
the temperature of the water.
In quantum measurements units, however, the temperature of the water

relates directly to the maximum temperature of quantum structures, as
explained a little later. Since the temperature of water involves cIisoibuted
velocity far below the distributed speed of light, the value of the temp
unit is vety low.
( J 2
3 1.534 .!!!... = 3.509xlO- 16temp
sec
(6.45)
The temperature scale at the macro level of our human existence depends
upon the relative velocities of molecules, which are of a more complex
order of existence that subatomic particles. The reason why seemingly
unrelated temperature units developed within physics is due to this
complexity disparity between macro and quantum existence. Further
research must determine the scale factors between the various levels of
complexity. For now, we will simply refer to result of equation (6.44) as
«cIisoibuted velocity."
The average distnbuted velocity of the water directly relates to the specific
volume and average pressure of the water.
velc2 = spcv· pres (6.46)

Empirically, we know the specific volume of water is equal to .01602 ft'
,
lb
which in quantum measurements units equals 63 .78 Jspcv . Since we
now have the average distributed velocity and specific volume of the
126
w.tter, we can determine the average pressure:
3.509xI0-16 vele' = 5.589xlO-1 8 pres = 3.204x104 Pa (6.47)

63.781spcv
Distributed velocity also relates to resonance in acoustics. According to
standard physics, the resonance of a VIbrating string is equal to:
F=
2�� (6.48)
where F is the "resonant frequency", L is the length of the string, T is
the force applied to the string, and p is the density of the string.92 Once
again, it is obvious that resonance is not dependent upon the square root
of force and density. The quantwn measurements units expression for
the resonance of a suing is:
rson fore (6.49)

leng' · rbnd
where rbnd (rebound) is the unit equal to mass per length in the Aether
Physics Model. Mass per length is also equal to line density. Rebound is
a measure of the strength for which an object with mass will reflect off an
inelastic surface. The greater the mass per length, the more intense the
rebound will be.
Since we are dealing with resonance, there are two orthogonal frequencies
involved; there is a wave of string traveling a velocity in one direction,
and a wave of string traveling in the opposite direction. In the
fundamental quarter resonance there is one- half cycle between the ends
of the string moving one direction and one-half cycle moving the
opposite direction, which is inversely proportional to one-quarter of the
total distnbuted wavelength.
rson = vele' (6.50)

4 4·leng2
The distributed velocity of the string depends upon the physical properties of
the string and its environment.
It is clear where equations show resonance to be equal to the square root of

measurements that the equations should express as distributed frequency,
instead. Although such a change may meet initial resistance, it is essential
to simplifyphysics by making it consistent throughout. We will just have
to get used to saying, "the resonance of an electrical cirruit is equal to x
[frequencyunitl squared"
92 John Backus, The Acoustical Foundations of Music m.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1977) p 41
127
Q FAC T OR
The so-called "Q factor' of a coil indicates the "shaIpness" of a resonance

curve. The Q factor is a dimensionless value derived from the following
formula:
OJL
Q= (6.51)
R
where OJ is the frequency, L is the inductance, and R is the resistance.
In the APM, the unit represented by R is actually magnetic flux. The
magnetic flux is a measure of the coil's reactance, not its resistance. In
the APM, equation (6.51) expresses as:
freq . 4n . indc = mjlx (6.52)

If the value for R were measured as magnetic flux and with the correct
charge dimensions, Q would always be equal to 1. Since R incorrectly
measures as resistance, the Q factor is really an error factor, which also
happens to coincide with the shaIpness of the resonance.
The Aether Physics Model shows there is a balance between matter and
environment and that minimizing the eddy current in the coil results in
shaIper resonance. An identity arises from equations (6.42) and (6.43):
patn 4n · curr (6.53)

4n · indc cape · h
We can transpose the identity such that:
patn . h 16n' . indc (6.54)

curr cape
The value of h is Planck's constant and 16n' is the Aether geometrical
constant. The potential, current, and Planck's constant are chatacteristics
of the electron (matter), and inductance, capacitance, and 16n' are
characteristics of the Aether (environment). Each side of equation (6.54)
quantifies eddy current:
patn ·h eddy
curr (6.55)
16n' . indc eddy
cape
Minimizing the eddy current by changing the material and environmental
chatacteristics of the coil increases the shatpness of the resonance.
128
Diverging Electric Field

The diverging electric field has a unit of its own and it is equal to electric field
strength per length:
dvef = elft (6.56)

leng
Diverging electric field is also equal to electromagnetism (mass to strong
charge ratio) times resonance:
dvef = mchg . rson (6.57)

Irradiance
Irradiance is expressed as diverging electric field times current:
irrd = dvef . curr (6.58)

Traditionally, irradiance is equal to power per area:
lrr powr
. d = - (6.59)
area
Temperature
In the Standanl Model, temperature appears as a dimension of its own and
unrelated to the dimensions of length, time, mass and charge. However,
in the Aether Physics Model temperature is equal to velocity squared.
This makes sense since temperature defines as motion among colliding
bodies.
temp = Ac2 . Fq 2 (6.60)

Defining temperature as "molecules in motion" is not enough, however.
Because there are different orders of reality, and molecules are just one
order, distributed velocity must manifest in slightly different ways for
each order of existence. An electron exists in one fourth of the total
available spin positions in the Aether, yet Aether directly encapsulates it.
The Aether exists in five-dimensional reality even though the electron
only manifests four dimensions. If we define a unit, such as temperature
as "molecules in motion," we are missing key aspects of reality relevant to
quantum eXIStence.
Molecules, although composed of subatomic particles, exist on a larger scale.

There are new dimensions of existence added as complexity increases.
For example, the perception of color does not exist at the quantum level,
but does exist at the level of animals, plants and minerals. It is in this
sense that temperature does not exist at the quantum level. Although
electrons and protons experience distributed velocity, they do not change
state among gas, liquid, and solid, but produce plasma, instead.
129
Radiation is a case of disuibuted velocity moving in only one direction,

namely outward from its source. The case of standing waves is a case of
distributed velocity moving one direction and then reflecting in the
opposite direction. The case of temperature specifically relates to the
ordero of atoms and molecules, which produce standing waves by
bouncing off each other.
We developed our temperature scales of Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit

specifically for measuring the disuibuted velocity within atoms and
molecules bouncing off each other, which is why temperature seems to
both relate to, and be in conflict with, our concept of radiation. There is
really no single term available having the same meaning as the phrase
"disuibuted velocity," and which applies to all of its manifestations.
The relationship of temperature to energy is:
enrg = mass · temp (6.61)

Knowing that 273.15K times 1.2929 kglm3 equals one atmosphere, we can
calculate the converoion factor forKelvin to temp units:
atm
1 .2929 k�
K m (6.62)
273.15
K = 286.91Sv (6.63)
K = 3 . 19xlO-15 temp (6.64)
Nevenheless, the unit for measuring molecules in motion does not directly
apply to the unit for unidirectional radiation. It is necessary to account
for scaling factoro.
Unifs Grid
Sometimes the lack of something speaks volwnes. In all of modem physics,
nobody has made the effort to systematize all the known units. This is
underotandable since modem physics has the wrong dimensions for
charge, which makes it difficult to find meaningful patterns in unit
structure.
The following tables show several groups of units in both their obveroe and
inveroe expressions. All of the known units are included Many of the
units presented remain absent in modem physics. Even with the addition
of many new units, it is apparent that we have not even come close to
identifying all the different manifestations of non-material existence. The
unit of eddy current does not fit into the table structure. Also, there are
at least two electromagnetic tables not included since they have no
enrnes.
130
------ --
Some units have multiple expressions, but only one is given. We present
merelya beginning of the topic in this chapter and the tables below.
Supportive Electromagnetic Units

OBVERSE UNI T S
Rotating Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Magnetic Volume
m, ·Ae' . F,,' m, ·Ae' · F" m, ·Ac'

A" = mfld mvlm
eemax, eemax, 4Jr ' eemax,
Electric Potential Magnetic Flux Inductance
m, ·Ac' . F,,' . m . Ac' . m, ·Ac'

potn = mflx = , 2 F" inde
eemax2 e,m= 4n · eemax,
I
Electric Field Strength Magnetic Momentum Permeability
m, ·Ac .F,'
elft = e 2 emgm =
m, ·Ae · F" i m, · A
110 = 47r e '
, i
emax eemax I ' eemax I
r-
I I
c
Diverging Electric Field Magnetic Flux Density Electromagnetism

I
m' · Fq2
J
m ·F mehg = -m-'-,
dvef mfxd = ' 2q
eemax, e,m= - _._-
eemax
I NVERSE UNITS
Permittivity
,
?_
eemax
- m, ·Ae' · F
q
Conductance Capacitance
,
?_
. - eemax eond = e emax ,
eape 4Jl' . eemax2
m, ·Ae ,
m, · Ac2 ·Fq m, ·Ae' . F,,2
Curl? Conductance Momentum
? . - 4ll-eemax'2
?_
m, ·Ae m, ·Ae ·F"
Exposure Conductance Density
2 eemax'
expr = eemax eden ? _
m,
•
- m, ·F 2
q
131
Opposing Electromagnetic Units

OBVERSE UN I T S
. ---- ��---
Friction =r-=- Drag Vorticular Opposition
m -A 1 -F" q m, - Ac1 - F m -Ae1

frie = e C 4 q VOPP
,
drag = =
'
4
e,_ eemax 4n - e'm�
-
I - -- Opposition
-
- - -
Rub Resistance Angular
me - AC" - Fq " m, - Ae" - F" m - Ac" '

rub = resn = aapp =
eemax4 eemax4 4n - e,m� 4
Plow I Skid Linear Opposition
�
m, - Ac - F: m, - Ae - F" m' - Ac ,
-il I
plaw = skid 4 lapp =
eemax4 e,_ 4Jr ' eemax
. Stop Electrol11agnetic ° PP.."SitiO
J
Hold
-
I
m -F " � - Fq m
hold = ' ! stop , eopp = --'-,
e
em
ax
eem
ax
eemax
______ __ . � ____ L- ______ ��
__ _______
r---- _ __ __
I N V SE U N I T
_ :� _ �_ _ - ---- I
I 4n - e'm�4 -1
I
___ ·
- - - - I
- -- - -=
_ e'm�4
?- - e'm�4 ?_
me - /1,,cJ
�- =
m ACl ' Fq
/! '
- - m -A 1 -F "
e C q
-----
4
l-- - -_
.-
- - -f-
e,_4 ? _- 4Jl" eemax4
-
? = eemax
- Ae2 - Fq2
?=
- Ae" I - Ae" - F"
•
I
m, m, m,
I r T
,
I
4
e,_ ?= eemax ?
?
m, - Ac m, - Ae - F"
I I
,
?- = eemax4
4
?- _- --
eemax eemax
- Fq"
?
m, m, - F" m,
132
Electric Units 1
OBVERSE UNITS
I
I
? 1 ' ?· ?= ----"
,
1�
1 3 · Fq' I
eema:.c' . ""C -,
eemax . /I.e3
I
,
? 1 ?• = 1 I ?' = 1 ?= "'
1
--=-
2 2 2 2 2 --,- ,
eemax, • A-"c . Fq' eemax . Ac . F;, eemax . Ae . � eem • Ae
ax
I
? = --:;---:---:--;;- I ? =
-
1 -�
1
·
2 2 '
eemax . A'lC . pq I
---
2
eemax • ItC · Fq
?=
1 ? 1 1 l
,
eemax,
?. = __
- ---;
eemax ,-
.;' -C;
--'
F'--
q-
3
�-
eemax • Fq'
I NVERSE UNITS
I
? - eemax" Ac'
-
, 3·F
?• - eemax, . /L.
C q I ?• = eemax' . "1"C3 · Fq2 ? = eemax2 '1''C3 Fq3 I
I
•
Surface Charge I Magnetic Moment I Ball lightning?
ifcch = eemax2 ' /1.,C, I1"magm = eemax' . Ac' . Fq"[ ?. = eemax' . Ac' . Fq, I ?. = eemax' . 'l''C' · Fq3
S
Charge Length I
chgl = e'm ' . Ac � ?• = eemax1. '1''C 1. Fq I ?• -- eemax' . '''C
l · Fq' ? - eemax' · /L'c · Fq3
• -
Charge Current
chrg = e,_' curr = e""",' . F" ? = eemax' · Fq3
Electric Units 2
OBVE RSE UN ITS
f' Specific Charge
?. _ Ac' ? _- Ac' spch = �A3

- eemax2 Fq' • eemax2 . �2 em e ax
?. = Ac ' ?_ Ac' ? = _�
Ac' _
" ' - eemax' · F ' ,--
eemax · Fq q eemax, . F q
Charge Radius
A
chgr = �
eemax
133
S E CR E T S O F T H E A E T H E R
I N VE RSE U N I TS
e
,
=
Chgd e�/ l � = emax
Charge Density
, F'
j� JI
q .
?
.-_ ,
2 c
' 1
efxd = e�c"; r c;�:-��;' r

Electric Flux Density Current Density
eemax midi = eemax' · Fq

1- r Magnetic Field intensity I
--
,
? - I
T
' _
2 c
Electric Units 3
OBVERSE UNITS
efld = 2cee'maxF,q
I
? 2ce'em·axFq' spch=-c 2-
Electric Field Specific Charge
r
-,-----
- - !
e'm�'
r
eemax
'· ' '
?. = 2C F,q ,
I
i
I
1 -
? = eemax 2C' · Fq'

? = 2Ceemax' · Fq' i ? = 2eCe'max· F,q ,-
1
?= e2/emax
I
I r
, , ,
1
1
-I
2C · Fq'
?= eemax r ? 2ecemax· F,q -[� Chgr= �
Charge Radius
e'm�'
2 .F'
? = c ,.
-- - -
eemax ,
II
?= -eFemax-q' =_ 1_
1
Fq'
eemax, ? = -F-q-,
eemax r- ? eemax
?=-
. - ,
J .
, ----
,
I NVERSE UN I TS
.- -
chgd = e2C'' eemax, _=r-::-

Charge Density
...!!!!EL ?. -
_
2C' · Fq'
efxd = e�";' ? 2Ceemax' · F2q' eemax2

Electric Flux Density r -
i-
j
-I ?· -_
C
2C' · Fq'
-
-'--- ;--�----'
= eemax2c ?
J
?
1
,
?.
___1
' = e'm� '

-- _._-
Charge
i Fq
-----
. ,
134
Inertial Units 1
OBVERSE UNI T S
Zigt = m, ' Ac3 . F,3 J pht� = m, . �e3 . :... rota = ��3. � F, vrtx = m, . Ae3
Light I Photon I Rotation Vortex
, r
powr = m, ' Ac' . F.' I enrg = m, ' Ac' ' F,' h = �, ' Ac2�F, i minr = m, . Ac'
Power Energy Angular Momentum T Moment of Inertia
] I
shkf = m, ' Ac ' F,3 fore = m, . Ae . Fq' II momt = me . Ae . Fq torq = m, ' Ae
Shock Frequency or Momentum
Force Torque
Light Intensity
I
I
•
irrd = m, ' F/ sten = m, ' F,' ints = m, ' Fq

Irradiance Surtace Tension Intensity T Mass
-,- ,---_._- - _ . ._-

' .
I N VERSE UN I TS
? m, 1' Ae' ?= m, ' A1e3 · F, I ? m' · Ae13 · F,' I ?= m, ' Ae13 . F.'
I I
I
I
I I
? 1 1
?= m, · AC' · Fq ? m, ' Ac1' ' F,' ?= m, ' Ac1' ' F,3
[
m, ' Ac'
?= m, 1' Ae ? m, ' A1e · F, [. ?= m, ' A1e . F,' ? m, ' A1C ' F,3
·r
,
I
I
?=__1 ?= 1 ?= 1 ?= 1
J
m, m, · F, me " F/ me " F/
1
Inertial Units 2
OBVERSE UN I T S
?= meAoef/3 I ?= meA·eF/l masd = -AmC-'3

Mass Density
me · Fq
I
-
?. _
Ael
m'
I
? = meA·cF'q3 I ?= meAoCf/' ? = mAe e· F' q sfcd=-

Surface Density
r
r
II Ae'
? = meA·eFq3 pres vise = meA·eFq rbnd=-mAe'

Pressure Viscosity Rebound
I
me o Fq 2
Ae - - -
135
INVERSE UN I TS
Specific Volume I - I
SpCV =
Ac'
me I �= q -
A,c'
me - F
- - - I me
'
? = Ac- p,, '
I of/ ,
? = Ac'
me
-
T r I
-
q T
-�
I
---A,c,
?= c
A,c'
?. -
_-A,c' A, ,
-
?= -
?=
p"
- r-
3
e
m ·F '
- -r - -
me ·
-
me me
I
' �
r
r
ill
A,c A,
? = A,c ?= ?= c
,
?-
•
1
me me · F;
p"
me me
' '�
Inertial Units 3
OBVERSE UN ITS
I
?
C q
me
A, ' · F '
- I!
?=
C q
me
A, ' · F ' II
r
? me
A,c' . p"
C q I C q C q
�- � ---
m- me
? ? = ? = A, m' ·eF
I
e
2 F' '
A, · F '
- -1- --
A,
T
-
-
-
?=
Cq me
A, · F '
I
me
? = A,c . p,,' ?
------ -- -
me
Ac , p"
I NVERSE UN I TS
? = -"-
' . p"
A,c- "-
- t: -
I ? C q
A, ' · F '
me
C q ?=
A, ' · F '
me
?= C q ? C q
A, ' · F ' A, ' · F 3
me
---II A,C� me
? = Fq
------ , _J
me me
138
-- --------.-�-�.
Length/Frequency Units 1
OBVERSE U N I TS
volm= lie'
Space-Resonance FlOW Volume
I
swep = lie2 • F;,
I
area = lie'
Radiation Dose or Temperature Sweep or Angular Velocity I Area
I I
I
velc = lie ·F, leng = lic
Acceleration Velocity Line
II I
,
l
freq =_� j
Resonance Frequency
T
.___ _ .L
_____ __
I NVERSE UNITS
? 1
? 1 1' ·---;' ;
· _ ---:-
_
li F ; -;
.Ir
?
-r-- -1
C ,
wavn = �li1e ? liC ' F;,2 I

- _.-
Wavenumber -._- --- -
!
. = -1 I ? = __1
tlme
I F;, •
F;,
2
Length/Frequency Units 2
�- -- -- - --- --- OBVE RSE UNI T S
?= lie' ? = liFeq'' . li 3
spet=-L
Space-Time
Fq
.
I
,
F;,
? = liFJe,' ?= liFeq2' Ii 2
I
aeta =-L
Active Area
i
f Fq
? = FJliqe ? = F'liqe dynl= .IiF;,..L
Dynamic Length
_. --- _."- - - ---� --
137
I NVE RSE UN I TS
r�
T
. .
ScaJarWave �
I
Fq2
�
Fq F3
I
�
Sc/W = - ? = -- ? = --
q
AC ' AC ' AC
----�--- -----'
- --- -"-
- ----'
More Example Calculations
We will repeat the slit tube experiment
above for eddy current, but with 1 � "
pipe and 1'h" magnet. The length of
the pipe is 11.875" (30.162cm) and the
magnet is .375" thick with a .5"
diameter hole. The data screen below
represents the resistance of the pipe at
the tenninal while the magnet drops
through the slit tube.
The markets are the green vemcal lines in the graph and are set at precisely
the moment before the magnet drops and immediately after the magnet
stopped moving. The connections from the HP34970A DAQ unit are
m: 2-wire
s ple setup since we are only looking for a general picture of the
actIon.
The resistance at the maximum is and at rrnrumum IS

880.21mQ
�162.63mQ with a reference resistance of 358 . 79mQ .
Therefore, at
first we see that the change in resistance is exactly 521 .42mQ
both
above and below the reference resistance. The interval from the
138
897.4msec.
beginning of the magnet drop to the maximum resistance was
100.8msec915.8msec.
The interval from the minimum resistance to the moment
the magnet stopped moving was Between the maximum
and minimum moments, elapsed
30. l 62cm 1. 9 14sec.

em .
15.759 sec
The magnet fell in The velocity of the magnet is
Between the moments the magnet started falling and the
maximum resistance, the magnet traveled 14.142cm .
15.759-· em .897.4msec 14. 142cm (6.65)
sec =
maximum resistance was 620mQ,

The mean resistance from the moment the magnet started falling to the
Q
so we can calculate the average drag
resn
during that interval. we need to convert the unit of
First,
byadjusting for the different charge dimensions.
to the unit of
620mQ . 3.382xl040
coul' .620resn (6.66)
Q
Notice that the value for is the same as the value for resn.
It will always
be so. The total averaged electrons dragged at any moment along the
magnet's fall are:
.620resn ·14.142cm 3.6 14xlOiO drag

= (6.67)
Since the strong charge is directly proportional to the angular momentum of
e'm�
the electron (planck's constant), then strong charge is also a constant of
«chrg," 897msec
the electron. The strong charge represents as 2 or as its variable
so the averaged magnetic field in the first of fall is:
3.614xl0iO drag· chrg 3.614xl01° nifld

= (6.68)
mjld
mjld
The unit is the Aether unit, but without accounting for its rotation.
Therefore, the unit of is equal to a unit of Aether. As the magnet
falls from the start position to the point of maximum resistance, at any
3. 6 14xlOiO 3.614xl01o
given moment along the fall it involves the action of an average
dragging electrons and Aetherunits.
magnetic flux would be:

14.142cm
Assuming an average magnetic field during the of fall, the average
3.614xlOiOmjld .62niflx (6.69)

14.142cm
Converting mjlx weber:
to
139
.62mjIx· 2.112xl0-4 coul 62weber (6.70)
= .
of weber.
Notice that once again the value of magnetic flux is exactlyequal to the value
well
1bis holds true for potential, current, and most other units as
Of course, a test of the accuracy of this exercise would be the magnet's

�etic flux measurement, which is not available at the time of this
wntmg.
Other tests of the accuracy of quantum measurement uruts are easily

verifiable. For example:
5A·2Q=5v (6.71)
5curr· 2resn 5potn
=
It makes sense that if the quantum measurements are accurate for OIun's law,
then they will also be accurate for the newly identified quantum
measurements presented above.
Kinetic Energy
The following explanation of kinetic energy is not necessarily in agreement

with the Standard Model We present it in order to bring the
understanding of kinetic energy into agreement with the Aether Physics
Model
There is not really such a thiJ-f, as energy. Energy is a unit equal to the
application of force across distance, or angular momentum at a
frequency. Force and angular momentum are the active components of
kinetic and potential energy. Force ultimately arises from the Gforce, and
angular momentum ultimately arises from datk matter.
When one understands that energy is just a unit of convenience, one can
think of all processes in the physical Universe as energy transactions.
Although one can choose to see only that portion of a transaction that is
of interest to the observer, in physics we account for the total transaction.
With regard to kimic energy, it is not actually a unit. Kinetic energy is the
positive phase of an energy transaction.
According to Newtonian physics, kinetic energy is:
rTh� ;�e�sed by a body because of its motion, equal

to one-half the mass of the body times the square of its
speed"
The kinetic �';;
;"' �7n th� notates as:
93 The American Herirage� Dictionary of the English Lan&'-@ge Founh Edition Copyright C 2003 by
140
mv,
E = (6.72)
k 2
IT Ek is a unit of energy, then equation (6.72) is not a true equation because
the two sides do not equal each other. The left side would have twice the
value of the right side. Kinetic energyis therefore not a unit, but rather a
component of an equation removed from its true context. A proper
equation using kinetic energyis:
E mv'
- = --
(6.73)
2 2
Thus, kinetic energyis just half the energytransactioIL
Comprehending kinetic energy is easy when compared to a fInancial

transactiOIL An employee earns a paycheck. The employer pays the
employee. Let us say the paycheck is $300. The total change in wealth
between the employer and employee at the moment the check is handed
over is $600 (the employer is $300 poorer and the employee is $300
richer.) However, despite the total change of wealth being $600, only
$300 changes hands. The $300 paycheck is tanglble to the employer
before paying the employee, but becomes intangible to the employer after
giving it away. Likewise, the employee's earned wages were intangible
before getting paid, but tangible after receipt of the check
Symbolically, the paycheck is kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is tangible, as it is

the work done. The employee's accrued wages could be symbolic of
potential energy. The potential energy is intangible, being unusable. In
the transaction, the total change in wealth is symbolic of total energy.
The fact that the employer's wealth decreases by $300 and the employee's
wealth increases by $300, thus the economy has a net gain of zero dollars,
is indicative of the conservation of energylaw.
According to the standard explanation of kinetic energy, it has no direction,

being a scalar quantity. Nevertheless, since dimensions comprise all units,
and since dimensions have a more primary nature than units, the units
must obtain their characteristics from the dimensions.
A falling object has direction toward the ground, which sees a falling body
directed toward it. From the perspective of the ground, it is as though
the ground were moving toward the falling object.
Length and frequency have direction, nullifying the atbitrary statement that
"kinetic energy bas no directiOIL" Since length and frequency dimensions
do have direction, velocity, and ultimately energy, they must also have
direction. Since half-spin onta only see the forward direction of
frequency, then all quantum frequency must yield positive time. But the
length dimensions can be both positive and negative and thus yield both
positive and negative distance.
141
In the financial analogy, the employer's v.>ealth is decreasing during the

transaction while the employee's v.>ealth is increasing. This is true even
though the pa}Check remains the same value throughout the transaction
and moves unidirectional from employer to employee. The pa)Check is
merely an instrument of exchange. The employer and employee are the
real parties to the transaction.
Similarly, kinetic energy is always associated with a moving object, such as

electrons, photons, or swinging balls. The kinetic energy of the object is
merely the instrument to the energy exchange between the objects. As in
the financial transaction, the total change of energy state is equal to twice
the kinetic energy.
One might ask, "\XIhat does the employee care about the employer's v.>ealth
decreasing by $300?" After all, the employee earned the paycheck and
the employer has matketable goods available to sell at a profit.
The significance of tracking both the v.>ealth of the employer and employee is
to monitor the conselVation of cash. The conselVation of cash is
important to the economy in which the transaction takes place. If
employers wrote checks for $300 but employees cashed the checks and
received $450 per check, then the banks processing the checks would
ultimately collapse. Maintaining the conselVation of energy in our physics
transactions is just as important, not because the Universe would
collapse, but because the Universe will not allow it to be othetwise.
Despite the common assumption that an object on Eanh falls toward the
ground while the ground remains stationaty, there is an acceleration
midpoint between the object and the ground The acceleration midpoint
is the point on a line segment, between two objects, where they will
collide.
The acceleration midpoint commonly vanishes from equations, as it is so

close to the ground It vanishes due to the relative magnitudes of the
mass of the Eanh and the mass of an object. However, this acceleration
midpoint exists when the falling object has the mass of, say, the Moon.
The mass of a very small object merely means a different scale. The
Eanh moves a very tiny distance toward the falling object while the
falling object moves practically all the distance toward the Eanh.
9.8066� . The potential

Let us assume a mass of 1kg hangs a distance of 10m above the Eanh. The
gravitational constant of the Eanh is g =
sec
energy stored in the Eanh's gravitational field in relation to the object is
then:
lkg 10m g =
. . 98.066joule (6.74)
142
The mass of the Earth is 5.98x1024 kg. Since the falling object travels
nearly all the distance, we can calculate the distance that the Earth will
traverse as:
98.066joule (6.75)
5.98xl024 kg· g
However, the distance traveled by the Earth to the acceleration midpoint is a
negative length compared to the distance traveled by the falling object.
This would make the total kinetic energy of the Earth with respect to the
falling object equal to:
-1.672 10-24 m· 5.98x1024 kg· g -98.052joule

X = (6.76)
98joule ,
So not only does the object have a positive phase kinetic energy of about
-98joule
but the Earth also has a negative phase kinetic energy of about
at the time of impact.
1800 is
And since the energy
quantity, the Earth's negative phase kinetic energy is out of phase
with the falling object. Thus, at the moment of impact the positive
a vector
98joule
kinetic energy of the falling object becomes negative (it decelerates to a
stop) and the Earth negative phase kinetic energy becomes positive (and
the friction caused by the Earth's immovability generates of
heat.) The total energy exchange of the system is equal to:
Eo +�
E=_ E
2 2
(6.77)
where Eo is the kinetic energy of the object and EE is the kinetic energy
of the Earth. The net energy gain of the system is equal to:
2 2 0 (6.78)
E -�
E = ----"- E =
which is the conservation of energy.
When the two objects collide, the energy phases reverse polarity. If the
collision were perfectly elastic, the positive phase kinetic energy, made
negative at the collision, would again reverse phase with a negative
acceleration and negative kinetic energy. The result would be a positive
phase kinetic energy with a change in direction of motion. Even the
10-24 m
Earth experiences recoil, but due to its enormous mass compared to that
of the falling object, it is on the scale of , which is considerably
smaller than the quan= length. The recoil is extremely small, but it
cannot erase from the physics.
In terms of the financial analogy, while the emplo�r possesses the check, the
1 43
funds the check represents have a positive value in the bank account.
However, when the employer transfen; the check to the employee, its
value must subtract. Therefore, the check transaction reverses the
polarity of the funds. H for some reason the employee refuses the check
(perfectly elastic collision) then the check reverts to the employer and the
value of the funds reven;e once again, thus returning to their positive
value.
A good example of energy phase exchange is the swinging ball demonstration

known as "Newton's cradle." If one ball lifts and drops, it has positive
kinetic energy in relation to the four stationaty balls. The positive phase
kinetic energy will change to negative phase kinetic energy and eventually
transfer the positive phase kinetic energy to the ball at the opposite end,
which will cause it to swing up and in the same direction as the first ball.
Since the balls are all the same mass, the ball on the end would swing up
to the same height as the first ball, assuming no frictional loss.
With all the balls at rest, the energy needed to raise the fIn;t ball and start it
swinging will exactly equal the total energy lost due to friction as the balls
eventually work back to the rest state.
E
E' + --
E=- .-L (6.79)
2 2
where Ef is the energy lost to friction. In other words, the frictional loss
is exactly equal to the kinetic energy that dissipates from the system
As the ball lifts, the source of the lift stores energy in the gravitational field
equal to the mass of the ball, times the height raised, times the
gravitational force constant of the Earth.
g
E = m·-
--
h ·
(6.80)
2
Equation (6.80) is the conect fonn of the potential energy equation since the
energy phase is negative with respect to kinetic energy. The height is
negative because length has direction and the ball moves away from the
Earth.
When the ball releases, it swings toward the next ball in line. Until impact,
the energy stored in the gravitational field increasingly converts into the
kinetic energy of the ball. At the moment of contact, the positive phase
potential energy that was converted to motion now manifests as positive
phase kinetic energy in the collision. Also at the moment of collision, the
next ball in line sees an oncoming mass with a velocity, but a velocity of
the opposite polarity, so it has a negative phase kinetic energy.
The moment the first swinging ball strikes the next ball in line, the first ball
144
switches energy polarity with the next ball, which then collides with the
middle ball while the first one comes to rest. Since the distance between
the second and the middle ball is zero, the energy polarity instantaneously
exchanges between them The middle ball has the same exchange with
the fourth ball, and the fourth ball has the same exchange with the ball on
the opposite end, which, because it is the last ball, retains the positive
energy, transfen1ng it to the gravitational field as the ball moves up and
away from the Earth.
As the positive kinetic energy exchanges from ball to ball, and as the end balls
move through the air, the balls give up some of the positive phase kinetic
energy in the form of friction, similar to a free falling ball striking the
Earth in an inelastic collision, but spread out over time.
Eventuallythe rising ball on the end stores all its positive phase kinetic energy
in the gravitational field as positive phase potential energy, thus giving up
its motion. The ball comes to rest and, due to the Earth's gravitational
force, the energy polarity reverses relative to the original motion as it
begins moving in the opposite direction. When the ball swings back
toward a collision, it transfers the negative phase kinetic energy along the
succession of balls until the second half of the cycle is complete. Again,
some of the negative phase kinetic energyis lost to friction.
Because of the conselVation of energy law for any full cycle of motion, the
positive phase kinetic energy minus the negative phase kinetic energy
minus the friction loss will equal zero:
E Ef
En --
.2. _ _ =0 (6.81)
2 2 2
where E is positive phase kinetic energy and
p En is negative phase kinetic
energy.
The importance of energy phase concept is especially apparent when looking

at the Standard Model explanation of kinetic energy. In that model the
kinetic energy of a falling object collides with the ground, which assumes
to have zero kinetic energy. The net kinetic energy of the two is
supposed to be equal to the kinetic energy of the falling object plus the
energy converted to friction from the collision. So the equation for
kinetic energy in the Standard Model notates as:
2 2 2
mv O _ mv mv 94
-- + - -- + -- (6. 8 2)
2 2 2
or
" Edward R. Mediment, Phl"ics (Orlando, Harroun Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1984) 150
1 45
S E C R E TS O F T H E A E T H E R
E
_0 +0 =_ E E
0 + ---.L
2 2
(6.83)
2
and therefO're it is assumed that:
mv'
-
=E (6.84)
2
Huwever, NewtO'n's cradle demO'nstrates the actual physics O'f collisiO'ns.
PO'sitive phase kinetic energy reverses phase with negative phase kinetic
energy at the mO'ment O'f cO'llisiO'n, thus cO'nserving energy. This presents
a potential flaw in the Standard Model explanatiO'n O'f kinetic energy.
In conciusiO'n, physics equatiO'ns inVO'king kinetic energy must account fO'r

bO'th positive and negative phases in O'rder to' conserve energy.
148
CONSTANTS
The Whole of the Quantum Realm is Constant
.An quantum units are also quantum constants. This is possible because the
Universe arose from very precise, first measurements. The quantum
measurements apply equally to force, matter, and the environment, as
they all arise from the same source. A physics system where quantum
units are also quantum constants has many advantages, particularly when
examining the qualities of onta and their interactions.
Why should the measurements be quantum at all? If the quantum

measurements of onta did not exist, there "WOuld be no conservation laws
and the Universe "WOuld lack a reliable framewOlk It is because there is a
single Aether unit, a single value for electron mass, a single value for
proton mass, a single quantum length, a single quantum frequency, a
single quantum electrostatic charge, a single quantum strong charge for
the electron and a single quantum strong charge for the proton that we
can make predictions about the Universe at all.
At the level of quantum existence, each interaction will be the same on Earth
as in some distant Quasar, star, open space, or galaxy. This means not
only will the electron angular momentum be the same in all places and at
all times, but that the velocity of light in a vacuum, the permeability, the
conductance, and the permittivity of Aether will also be the same.
We can apply quantum measurements to understand other quantum units.

For example, if potential defines as the amount of "WOtk performed per
electron strong charge, and we know that electron strong charge has
specific geometry, we have a basis for understanding the geometrical
requirements of potential at a quantum level. In order to maximize the
potential for a given sy.;tem of electrons (such as in a Tesla coil), it is
necessary to magnetically align the electrons in the appropriate direction.
Therefore, we focus on coil geometry to produce the correct electron
alignment, rather than on increasing the power. Without the proper
mechanical (geomettical) structures, there are unavoidable losses, as
electrons force into a geometrynot made for them The losses manifest
147
as impedance and ultimately as heat.
In a properly designed Tesla coil", the electrons all work in unison thus
there is considerably improved efficiency. Investig;u:ion of the work
of NIkola Tesla and his Wardencliffe Worldwide Power System (1905)
has shown this author that Tesla succeeded in discovering the ideal
coil geometries. The ideal geometries would have either a coil
designed with a combination flat spiral and tall solenoid secondary
coil, or a secondary coil in the shape of an upside down tornado
(image at right), or cone. With any of these configurations, the
electrons align for maximum current in the flat spiral geomeuy and
maximum potential in the tall solenoid geometry, thus greatly
increasing the efficiency of the oscillaror.
Analyzing the Constants

We have discussed quantum measurements in terms of their existence and
dimensional structure. Now we analyze specific well-known constants by
their quantum measurements.
Quantum measurements show that all true quantum constants have a definite
structure, imparted by the Aether. The precision and symmetry of the
quantum measurements is stunning, leaving no doubt about the Aether
Physics Model's relevance to reality.
Electromagnetic Constant
As noted before, the Aether unit, which is also the electromagnetic constant,
is equal to:
rmfd = 16n' . kc (7. 1)

The difference between the electromagnetic constant and the Coulomb
electrostatic constant is geometry. 16n'is equal to two orthogonal
spheres (4nx 4n) . 1 6n' is also equal to 4 toroids (4x4n' ) , which is
the same as 4 circles scanning circles (4x2nx 2n) . There are other
ways to break down the Aether geometrical constant, which demonstrate
elsewhere in this book
Coulomb's Constant
From Coulomb's constant, four other essential constants arise. Coulomb's
constant expresses in terms of the motion constant (speed of light),
conductance constant, permeability constant, and pennittivity constant
as:
95 Tesla Coil - An air-core transfoImer that is used as a soW'Ce of high-frequency power, as for x-raytubes. lhc
Americ;m Herirage0 Dictionaryof the English I,ang:uage FQurth Edition Copyright " 2003 by Houghton
Mifflin Company. The Tesla coil is named after Nlkola Tesla, a Serbian born US citizen who also invented the
polyphase electric motor.
148
e·ed· flo
(7.2)
eo
In tenns of quantum measurements, Coulomb's constant is equal to:
m.::.a '
1 6JZ" ea
.:3--,
kC - ..
AC;,-
_ _ Fq:.-2
(7.3)
m�
where
ea is a mass to charge ratio that is constant throughout the
Universe and Ac3F,' is the double cardioid geomeny of space-resonance

16JZ"
(the double loxodrome of the hther unit) that is also constant. The fact
that the double cardioid geomeny divides by the double loxodrome
constant indicates that kc geomeny is spherical in both surface area and
solid angle. Because Coulomb's constant wolks out to spherical
geomeny, this explains why it mediates spherical electrostatic charge in
Coulomb's law:
e·e fore· a
kc A ' =
c 2JZ' (7.4)
In Coulomb's law, only one dimension of each distributed charge multiplies
to determine the force, since two charges will always be orthogonal to
each other. This indicates the mechanics of the way charges interact.
constant of fore
Also in equation (7.4) we see a new quantum constant.
measures force and is equal to .034newton. is:
The quantum
correct wayto write Coulomb's force law in quantum measurements

The
2JZ'·e·e fore
kc a , (7.5)
' Ac
When Coulomb's force law (electrostatic force lav.J notates as in equation
(7.5), we can better relate it to the strong force law as follows:
rmfd e Ac·e' flore

emax emax
(7.6)
Both equations (7.5) and (7.6) thus express in tenns of the quantum unit of
forc. From the simplicity of (7.6), it appears that equation (7.5) is a
modification of equation (7.6), accounting for the sphericity of
electrostatic charge. It is important to see this special modification of the
Aether equations in tenns of its accommodation of sphericity, because a
similar occurrence happens at the atomic level when the structure of the
nucleus produces sphericity.
Coulomb's constant further analyzes in tenns of its geometry, to show how it
149
1.210xl044newton.
functions in the Universe. Gforce is a quantwn measurement unit and is
equivalent to
Coulomb's constant in tenns of Gforce is equal to:
force Ac''
kc - G16n' ea
_ .
(7.7)
Gforce itself can be thought of as pressure times area. Push your finger onto
a table and feel the pressure times area of force. Now imagine that same
force applied to an area between two charges. Pay particular attention to
the two different types of forces. In the case of the finger, the force
originates from the body to which the finger belongs and is a physical
force. In the case of the two charges, the force originates b?ftm:n them
and is a direct manifestation of Gforce. This is an imponant distinction
concerning the nature of forces.
The Gforce manifests as a surface between two charges or masses. This

surface exerts a force that either pushes apart or pulls together the two
charges or masses. At the quan= level, this surface is a curved surface
matching the geometry of the onta. At the macro level, this surface can
envision as a flat plane between two objects.
The plane for Coulomb's constant is equal to area per Aether strong charge.
In other words, the plane has a specific proporuon of length dimensions
(area) per strong charge dimensions. This proporuon names stroke (page
50).
strko = Aeo2'
-L (7.8)
Coulomb's constant then expresses in terms of Gforce as:
forc2e " strka

kc -- G16n (7.9)
(l6n' )
With Coulomb's constant, the double loxodrome geometrical constant
divides Gforce, thus producing spherical geometry. This
�ests that Gforce has double loxodrome geometry, as does the Aether
UlUt.
The rmfd constant expresses in terms of Gforce as:
rmfd = Gforce . strka (7.10)

Constant Speed of Light
The question often asked is, "What is it that makes the speed of light
150
constant?" In the Aether Physics :Model the answer is, "the quantum
measurements." The speed of light is equal to the quantum length times
the quantum frequency.
c = .?t,c · � (7.1 1 )
The smallest natural length times the highest natural frequency gives the
fastest velocity for an onn. However, smaller lengths and higher
frequencies do exist via interference waves".
The speed of light is essentially the motion constant. Primaty angular

momentum is equal to a ring of mass times motion. Herein lies the key
to understanding the speed of light. It is not the speed it takes to get
from one Aether unit to the next; rather it is the speed it takes for an onn
to "spin through" one Aether unit. All onta always spins at the speed of
light, because Aether spins at the speed of light.
In the Aether Physics Model, maner never moves out of its Aether unit, it
always remains in the same region of space-resonance. However, the
space resonance is a rotating magnetic field, which allows what we
perceive as space-time to move relative to adjoining units of space-time.
This is very close to the scenario of Aether presented byRene Descanes.
A given Aether unit cannot slip past another Aether unit faster than its spin
will allow, thus motion is limited to the speed of light.
Then there is the situation of folding a large portion of Aether fabric by

means of an intense strong force attraction. For example, let us imagine a
device that stretches a field of Aether (Aether fabric) from the Moon to
the Earth. Physical maner existing in one region of space-resonance then
crosses over the folded fabric of space-resonance, and then the folded
space-resonance returns to its normal position. Maner has still traveled
less than the speed of light, and }t!t it has traveled from the Eatth to
Moon at a speed that is overall faster-than-light, by skipping over a region
of space-resonance.
Another scenario could give faster than light speed Since light speed is
detennined by an onn spinning through an Aether unit, what if we
bypassed the onn altogether and modulated the Aether unit instead?
It maybe possible to send a mechanical wave through the Aether byvibrating

Aether units using the strong force. Scientists refer to such a disnnbance
as a gravity wave. The wave would be akin to a sound wave, except that
instead of displacing molecules of air, we are displacing space-resonance
itself. In addition, since the displacement does not involve onn spinning
96"INfERFERENCE. The variation of wave amplitude "With distance or time, caused by the superposition of
two or more waves." Van Nostrond Company, Inc., Van Nostrand's Scientific EIlGydopedia (princeton: Van
Nostrand, 1968) 887.
151
through Aether, the speed of light limitation does not apply.
The mechanism for modulacing Aether units will likely involve pulsed
magnetic waves. Pulsed magnetic wave technology already exists, so it is
merely a matter of testing. Pulsed magnetic waves could open the door
to many othertests concerning the Aether.
C· Constant
What exactly does it mean to square the speed of light? It means nothing as
far as velocity is concerned The speed of light is what it is, a velocity.
"When the dimensions are changed, it is no longer a velocity. For
example, when we multiply velocity by frequency we get the unit of
acceleration.
velc· freq acel = (7.12)

Equation (7.12) could also notate in terms of quantum measurements:
Itc F,, ' =

. acel (7. \3 )
One way to see acceleration is as a point gaining length on a line. For
example, if an object (representing a point) moves 1 ft in one second and
then twO feet in the next second (for a total of three feet in twO seconds)
then the object is accelerating at the rate of one foot per second per
second.
Similarly, the unit of sweep is equal to velocity times length:
velc ·leng = swep

ltc' Fq swep
(7. 1 4)
. = (7.15)
Sweep is the scanning of an area by a line. For example, assume a broom
edge is a thin line. Then sweep across the floor. The sweep is the area
per time swept by the line of the broom The sweep could apply to a
circle expanding on a surface, like the expanding ting of a water wave
when a stone tosses into a still pond The sweep could apply to a ray
having angular velocity around the opgm of the ray. It can also apply to a
line in the form of a circle scanning out a cylinder.
With angular momentum, the line also has mass. A circular line of mass
sweeps a tubular spin position area of the Aether.
c' is equal to velocity times velocity, which can be written in quantum

measurements as:
ltc' . F,,' = temp (7. 1 6)
152
where temp (also "rdtn" for radiation) is the quantum unit of radiation or
temperature. In equation (7.16) an accelerating area is swept. In other
words, instead of a point gaining length on a line as in acceleration, there
is now a line sweeping an area at an accelerating rate. In the case of
energy, the line also has a dimension of mass. So energy appears as a line
of mass sweeping an area at an accelerating rate.
(m, · Ilc ) · acel = enrg (7. 1 7)

For photons traveling at the speed of light, the frame number determines the
area scanned at any given time. A frame is one of a sequence of areas
designated by its time value.
Jrrame -1
-
df = Ilc · fam,
tf = � . frame (7.18)
d/ ,
-
=c
tf'
where df is the distance of the frame from the origin and tf is the time
of the frame from the origin. At frame equal 1 , the total area scanned is
equal to Ilc2 • At frame equal 2 , the total area scanned is 41lC2 and so
on. Therefore, c' demonstrates as an accelerating area, which is the same
thing as saying it is radiating. With temperature, radiation can accelerate
outward and then inward as a continual expansion and contraction.
A steradian is a solid angle of a sphere. Looking at the case of frame equal 1

it shows that the area scanned by c' is one steradian of the sphere of the
same radius. One manifestation of a steradian would be a cone. The
volume of the cone compared to the volume of the sphere is one
steradian. In addition, the sphere surface area enclosed by the cone
compared to the total surface of the sphere is one steradian.
Steradianas a cone.
The manifestation of the steradian most often encountered at the subatomic
level is that of two opposing cones, as in the image below.
153
Steradian as the area betv.een � cones.

The duk green area in the above graphic represents the steradian of the entire
_147r_ .
light green sphere. The sphere swface has a solid angle of 1 and the
steradian swface has a solid angle of The solid angle of 1 is also
equal in area to 47rr'

, where r
is the radius of the sphere. Therefore,
one steradian of the sphere swface area is also equal to the radius of the
sphere squared
47rr' = r,
--
(7.19)
47r
In the image on the previous page the steradian,
'
or area scanned by c , radiates as an
accelerating area The ratio of the relative
area scanned to the corresponding sphere
1
swface will always be __ regardless of the
47r
frame. In the graphic at right, each frame
represents as a concentric cylinder. In the
empirical case of a photon, which is an
expanding electron, the circular cylinder
Concentric Cylinders of Velocity Squared

5
replaces with a cardioid

shaped "cylinder" asshown
below.
o '
·5 Therefore, c 15 the
·5
radiation frame constant.
The same analysis applies to
the constant speed of sound
Concentric Cardioids of Velocity Squared in a given material, and to
other constant velocities.
When the frame constant of radiation applies to the electron mass, it gives the
amount of work performed by virtue of the electron's existence. The
154
electron quantifies by its angular momentum, which is equal to Planck's

constant h .
m, ·swep = h (7.20)
The angular momentum of the electron appears as the mass of the electron
sweeping through an Aether spin position. Each quantum moment, the
electron repeats this sweeping action. The frequency at which the
repetitive sweeping occurs is the quantum frequency.
h F, = m,
. . c' = tshankha (7.21)
Where tshankha is the work performed bythe electron in each frame of
its existence. In other words, by virtue of its existence the mass of the
electron is forever scanning an increasing area, thus manifesting energy.
Within a molecular or atomic substance, the outward expanding radiation

collides with similar substances and reflects back toward its source. We
can call this process of collisions "temperature," as discussed earlier in the
chapter of Units. Following the equations of (7.18), the temperature
expands in the angle of the steradian as shown above. However, when
other atoms or molecules interact with each other by exchanging
photons, resonance occurs. Each panicle then oscillates photons among
them producing a damped wave, as shown below.
10
_...... of Pulse
�
·10
The above graphic is a damped wave caused by the electron-positron pair

emitting from an atom The image uses unequal scales for easier
comprehension. If the energy level is high enough, the electron and
positron will electromagnetically shoot away as two complete onta in
opposite directions. If the energy level is low enough, we see half the
electron angular momentum and positron angular momentum expand
outward by continuing to share hther units. These combine to produce
a i-spin photon that will radiate in a cardioid pattern from the source
atom as concentric "cylinders." The remaining angular momentum
155
retwns with its Aether unit to the atom to produce another photon.
The electromagnetic force exerted by the emitted photons of the atoms and
molecules then transfer momentum to each other causing expansion.
We experience this expansion as temperature.
When the intensity of the pair production mcreases substantially; we
experience the emission as gamma rays.
The electron is doing work, as are all onta, all the time. In this sense, the
Universe is a sea of energy waiting for uti1ization. The trick to tapping
this sea of energy lies in finding a way to put a load directly on the onta.
It is possible that some isotopes, and perhaps even some molecules, have
a structure that could allow for the tapping of tshankha . It would be
possible if the onta are magnetically aligned (through a crystal structure)
in such a way that they produce a natural rotating magnetic field, or
pethaps by exchanging electrons in one direction around a spherical or
cylindrical crystal. Two conductors could tap the energy by placing this
natura1 rotating magnetic field between them
Orders of Motion
We could say that the fust order of motion is the speed of light, or the
quantum unit of velocity. In terms of mass, the first order of motion is
momentum:
momt = me · c (7.22)
The second order of motion would be energy.
enrg = m, · e' (7.23)

The third order of motion is then light:
Zigt = m, · e3 (7.24)
If wepause to contemplate these various orders of motion, we can see a
progression from momentum, to energy, to light. These orders of
motion present an increasing intensity in the levels of action.
The Aether involves the fourth order of motion as seen in the Aether
electromagnetic constant and Newton gravitational constant:
mehg · e'
rmfd (7.25)
aeel
e'
G (7.26)
ma · aeel
156
The fourth order of motion per acceleration is a constant in both the Aether
electromagnetic constant and the Newton gravitational constant. The
difference between the two is that in the Aether electromagnetic constant
the electromagnetism (mass to charge ratio - ch ) has mass, but the
m g
Newton gravitational constant's mass, associated with the Aether, is
reciprocal mass. Reciprocal Aether mass has different manifestation
from normal mass.
It is fascinating to contemplate the fourth order of motion in the Aether. If

energy is a higher order of motion than momentum, and light is a higher
order of motion than energy, then the Aether must have a higher order
of motion than light.
It is tempting to explain that the Aether does not really have a fourth order of
motion because the fourth order per acceleration is equal to the double
cardioid unit:
c'
-- = dcrd (7.27)
acel
However, as can be seen in equation (7.26), the mass of the Aether times
acceleration is equal to the Gforce, which is primary to acceleration.
Therefore, the Newton gravitational constant is equal to the fourth order
of motion per Gforce.
c·
G (7.28)
Gforce
Conductance Constant
The conductance constant offers an opportunity to test the validity of the
Aether Physics Model with regard to Oassical physics. In Oassical
physics, all electrically related units other than permeability, permittivity,
inductance, capacitance, and conductance express in units with single
dimension charge. In the Aether Physics Model, all electrically related
units express in distributed dimensions of charge.
Therefore, the reciprocal nature of resistance and conductance in the classical

physics appears as the reciprocal of magnetic flux and conductance in the
Aether Physics ModeL
Aether Physics Model Oassical Physics

m' ..1.C' · Fq
.
R kg · m'
Resistance resn 4
eemax sec · coul'
,
e,� sec · coul'
Conductance cond = G=
m, ·A/ · Fq kg · m'
m, · Ac' · Fq ..1. = kg
·m'
Magnetic Flux mjlx = ,
sec · coul
eemax
157
Although the classical physics shows resistance to be the reciprocal of

conductance, experiments seem not to verifythis.
, B�Tfur'�reas
-- o'ns
"�re �late-d to the different measurement
principles and the electrical properties of the skin, the
I�
I hypothesis of linear relationship between changes in the skin
[conductance1 and the resulting resistance from the
� measurement cannot be maintained (Lykken & Venables,

1971). 1berefore, it is recommended that researchers use skin .
conductance oniy".
I � U, "-..... .,,'" .
,,-= ....,
.
However, there is evidence to suggest a linear relationship between

conductance and magnetic flux:
��___
It is shown, for normal wall thicknesses, that flux leakage is
5_
�__��
determined essentially by the wall conductance, defmed as
the p�uct of wall thickness and wall conducti vity...
There are other instances, especially in the field of nanotechnology, where

conductance has a linear, reciprocal relationship to magnetic flux.
At first glance, it may appear that classical physics expresses resistance in

terms of distributed charge. However, it readily appears from Ohm's law
that this is not the case. Resistance is the result of potential divided by
current. Both potential and current in classical physics express in terms
of single dimension charge. Equation (729) shows the classical
dimensions of potential divided by the classical dimensions of current
equal the classical dimensions of resistance.
kg · m'
(COUI)
sec' · coul
potential
( kg · m ' )
---''''--''', resistance
sec · coul
(7.29)
-- current
sec
The fact that resn appears in the Aether Physics Model with charge to the
fourth power shows that resistance is a unit determined by two separate
onta working against each other.
In equation (72), the conductance constant shows to be a factor of

Coulomb's constant. In quantum measurements, the conductance
constant notates as:
" Stelan Schmidt and Harald Walach, "Electrodermal Activity (Eda) -- State-ol-the-Art Measurement and
Techniques lor Parapsjdological Pwposes," The Journal 01 Parapsjdology64.2 (2000), 139, Questia, 22 July
2004 <http.//www.questia.coml >.
98Fowler, CM Losses in magnetic flux compression generators: Pan 2, Radiation losses (Los Alamos
National Lab., NM (USA), Report nwnber LA-9956-MS-Pt2, 1988 Jun 01)
158
,
Cd eemax (7.30)
meAc'Fq
Conductance of the Aether is also equal to:
,
Cd = eemax (7.3 1)
h
The variable h is Planck's constant and represents the angular momentum of
the electron. Aether conductance is also equal to other expressions of
strong charge to primaty angular momentum.
(7.32)
e'
Cd = _a- (7.33)
ha
where hp and ha are the angular momentum of the proton and Aether,
and epm�' and e 2 are the strong charge of the proton and Aether.
a This
is just one of many demonstrations of the exact mass to strong charge
ratio, which is consistent throughout the Universe. Wherever strong
charge appears, it is always exactly proportional to the mass within the
angular momentum that produces it, and therefore it is quantum" .
The Standard Model of particle physics does not recognize conductance as an

essential constant . This might prompt one to ask, why bother? As
shown in the Aether Physics Model, the conductance constant is essential
for understanding the strong charge of the onta. This in tum allows for
understanding the relationship of the strong nuclear force, Van der Waals
force, Casimir force, plasmas, and other phenomena.
An essential use of the conductance constant is in the strong charge equation:
(7.34)
The same form of equation holds for any onn with angular momentum. The
angular momentum of the proton in the Aether Physics Model is similar
to the angular momentum of the electron, with the exception that it
calculates with the mass of the proton.
.,., Experiments have sho'Wll that a quantum conductance does exist in multiwalled carbon nanorubes. In one
experiment the quantum conductance was sho'Wll to be, "'The conductance of arc-produced 11WNI's is one
unit of the conductance quantum Go U'lh {12.9 kilohms)·[." This value differs from the theoretical value
� �
by a factor of 2.725. Frank, Stefan, Poncharal, Philippe, Wang, Z. L., Heer, Walt A de Carbon Nanotube
Quantum Res�tors Science 1998 280, 1744·1746
159
S E C RETS OF T H E A E TH E R
hp = mpA/F" (7.35)
epm�2 = hp · Cd (7.36)
Due to the incorrect assumption in CJassical physics that resistance is the
reciprocal of conductance, the science of psychophysiology has suffered a
crucial setback Instruments measure the resistance of the skin and the
results assume equal to the reciprocal of skin conductance, even though
experiment shows this to be false. This incorrect understanding of the
relationship between conductance and resistance has hindered scientists
from advancing in their understanding of the nature of consciousness.
(On page 266, consciousness introduces with respect to the dynamic,
living Aether.)
Permeability Constant
The permeability constant is also a patt of Coulomb's constant and the rrrifd
constant. In quantum measurements, permeability expresses as:
flo (7.37)
Notice the mass to strong charge ratio of Aether [:.� )- However, any mass
m, mp m,
2 ' 2 2
to strong charge ratio such as ' or would do. This is
eemax epmax el1max
because the mass to strong charge ratio is always constant
Permeability is a quality of Aether unit that refers to the degree it can be

penetrated or permeated Permeability is the quality of Aether that
"grabs" onto strong charge as it passes through. Think of water
permeating a piece of cloth. The water can pass through the cloth, but
there is a certain amount of drag imposed on its movement. Aether
permeability has this type of effect on strong charge.
The constant of permeability is a patt of double loxodrome geometty due to

the 47r constant.
Permittivity Constant
Another component of Coulomb's constant and the rmfd constant is the
pennirtivity constant.
47r . e 2
a
(7.38)
Once again, 47r multiplies the strong charge thus indicating that pennirtivity
is a patt of double loxodrorne geometty. This is why permeability and
180
permittivity frequently appear together in mathematical expressions of

the Aether.
Aether permittivity (absolute) defines as "the ratio of the electtic

displacement of a medium to the electric force producing it.lOe" As seen
from the dimensions, the permittivity constant of the Aether includes the
full dimensions of space-resonance (double cardioid), which can be
thought of as a cavity in which onta reside. The cavity times the
electromagnetism constant (mass to strong charge ratio) also relates as
capacity for electromagnetic charge. The degree to which
electromagnetic charge can fill this capacity is the permittivity.
One might notice, however, that the dimensions are reciprocal in equation
(7.38), that is, the double cardioid constant is in the denominator as is the
mass to charge ratio. However, since permittivity itself has a reciprocal
relationship in the Aether unit, it works out that permittivity is its
electromagnetic capacity.
1 2
C,
m-=a---'O
_ /LC----;
Fq_;
Cd J1o .
4n . ea 2
.
rmfd (7.39)
16n2
Planck's Constant
Just like Coulomb's constant, the Newton gravitational constant, speed of
light constant, speed of light squared constant, permeability constant, and
permittivity constant, the Standard MOdel of patticle physics essentially
clairns that Planck's constant is just a constant of convenience, which just
happens to show up in many places.
The following quote from HA Lorentz in a book by James Murphy and

Max PlancklOl illustrates many of the areas where Planck's constant
applies.
"We have now advanced so far that this constant (planck's

universal h ) not only furnishes the basis for explaining the
intensity of radiation and the wavelength for which it
represents a maximum, but also for intetpreting the
quantitative relations existing in several other cases among
the many physical quantities it determines. I shall mention
. only a few; namely, the specific heat of solids, the photo
, chemical effects of light, the orbits of electrons in the atom,
the wavelengths of the lines of the spectrum, the frequency
of the Roentgen rays which are produced by the impact of
electrons of given velocity, the velocity with which gas
100 C F. Tweney and L. E. C Hughes, eds., Chambers's TechnicalDictionary (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: W.& R
Ouunbers, 1958) 629.
101 Max Planck, Where Is Science Going? trans. James Murphy, 1st ed. (New York: Nonon, 1932) 26-7.
161
_lII!n �"""'-< �=
molecules can rotate, and also the distances between the
I
panicles which make up a cry.;taL It is no exaggeration to say
that in our picture of nature nowadays it is the quantum .
conditions that hold matter together and prevent it from
completely losing its energy by radiation. It is convincingly
clear that we are here dealing with real relations because the
i
values of h as derived from the different phenomena always
agree, and these values differ only by slight shades from the .
number which Planck computed twentyfive years ago on the
experimental data that were then available."
....'... ..._,<1-..... m .,..,..,... - . - n
According to Max Planck ..
'm:::� 'lJ
. . .the laViS of thermodynamics are only of a summary and
\1statistical nature and can give only summary results when

applied to electronic processes in the atom Now if the
i quantum of action has the significance which has come to be
ascribed to it to-day in thermodynamics it must make itself
felt also in every single process within the atom, in every case
of emission and absotption of radiation and in the free
dispersion of light radiationlO' •
....u - _
Action is the attribute of a real thing, not of convenience constants. If there

is a quantum of action, then there is something doing the action. There
are only three stable forms of onta in the atom that could be candidates
for the quantum of action. The three stable forms of onta are the
electron, proton, and neutron. Since all the phenomena associated with
Planck's constant are da:tn:nic processes, then the only logical candidate is
the electron. It is a very reasonable postulate that Planck's constant
directly quantifies the electron. Moreover, since Planck's constant is in
the unit of angular momentum, it is reasonable to state further that
Planck's constant refers directly to the angular momentum of the
electron.
God did not design the Planck constant just to help Max Planck, Louis de
Broglie, and Albert Einstein convert energy to frequency in the equation:
E = h ·j (7.40)
Further still, Einstein may have applied Max Planck's constant directly to the
energy of photon radiation, but Einstein did not discover, nor did he
quantify, a quantum photon. Albert Einstein claimed to have quantified
the photon, but what he called the photon was not quantum at all.
Einstein merely stated what others had stated, that Planck's constant
(angular momentum of the electron) times frequency yields the amount
of work performed by the electron:
102 Max Planck, Where Is Science Going>, tranS. James Murphy, 1st ed. (New York Norton, 1932) 59.
162
-- -- -- -
- -
- --- --
Within a few)ears after its promulgation Einstein applied the

quanrum theory to explain the constitution of light and
showed that light follows the same process as heat radiation
and is emitted in parcels :;r quanta, called Photo;;;101.
&
Einstein also made the empirical obsetvation that everyone else did, that light
travels at the speed of light, but he never made the connection that the
photon actually quantifies as Planck's constant times the speed of light.
Nor did he realize that light was equal to the photon times frequency.
Looking at the Planck constant in telIns of quanrum measurement reveals

clearly that Planck's constant refers specifically to the electron. The
angular momenrum of the electron is equal to the mass of the electron
times its sweep.
h = m,;'c'F;, = m, . swep (7. 41 )

kg · m '
h = 6.626x10-34 (7.42)
sec
In the Aether Physics Model, the photon and the electron are closely related,
just as empirical evidence shows. The photon unit is equal to:
phtn = h · c (7.43)
What could be simpler and easier to understand? A photon is electron
angular momenrum that is exploding outward at the speed of light. Light
defines as photons produced at a given frequency.
Zigt = phtn . freq (7.44)

In the Aether Physics Model, we are dealing with cause and effect. Electrons
define exactly as the data shows, as prinIary angular momentum.
Photons mathematically define from the electrons that produce them
Energy appears as a unit of wOlk, not as an object equal to a dimension.
Mass is seen as a dimension, and not as matter. All the functions within
the APM are clean, mathematically and geometrically correct, and
modeled precisely.
With an accurate electron structure to 'WOrk with, we may reasonably posit

that the otherfonn of stable matter, the proton, is similarly structured
Newton Gravitational Constant

;.C3 Fq' dcrd
G = (7.45)
ma ma
The Newton gravitational constant is equal to double cardioid per Aether
mass.
163
The gravitational constant is equal to:
m3
=
G 6.672xlO-1I (7.46)
kg · sec'
and can be represented as:
'
m
=
G 6.672xlO-1 1 -, newton (7.47)
kg
Just as the electrostatic and electromagnetic constants represent as a surface
of distnbuted � through which the Gforce acts, the gravitational
constant represents as a surface of distnbuted rrnss through which the
Gforce acts. It is likely that this "surface" actually curves at the quantum
level, although it models as a flat surface at the macro level.
In the Coulomb constant and electromagnetic constant, the Gforce acts from
a surface per charge named "stroke." The stroke so names because it has
a forward and backward component, or a dipole of electromagnetism
Linear mass is only one dimension. The gravitational force only extends
in one vector relative to the t}pe of mass acted on. As a result, the
gravitational force is attractive for like types of maner and repulsive for
matter!anti-matter interactions.
The surface from which the gravitational constant acts, describes in terms of
"reach" (Rch) . Rch is equal to:
A. ' � ,
Rch = � ' = 5.5 13xlO-55 (7.48)
ma kg'
Similar to the Coulomb and rmfd constants, the Newton gravitational
constant expresses in terms of Gforce:
G = Gforce · Rch (7.49)

A Gforce that is common to both electromagnetism and gravity also links the
two forces together. Electromagnetism cannot convert to gravity
because electromagnetism and gravity are already two aspects of the same
thing. Think about a rectangular sign. If )Ou look at the broad side of
the sign, )OU see an area, but if )OU tum the sign 90 degrees, )OU see only
the edge of the sign, which appears as a line. ClJarge has the area
characteristic and acts upon by the Coulomb and rmfd constants, and
mass has the line characteristic and acts upon by the gravitational
constant.
Ultimately, there is only one force in the Universe, the Gforce. As shown in
this model, the Gforce acts upon electrostatic charge, electromagnetic
charge, and mass in different ways, appearing to human perception as
184
A N G U LAR M O M E NT U M
three different kinds of fOIres. Our concept of these three different

forces is like seeing the Sun through three different colors of glass, except
that we are clever enough to realize that the Sun is not really three
different colors.
Fine Structure Constants

In the early days of exploring the Aether Physics Model, I read a web page
that inspired me to look into the fine structure constant. The work of
Dr. James G. Gilson!OJ piqued my curiosity as to its cause. Reading many
of the theories and equations, I was satisfied with none, because they
were all llInnerologically based
After a few hours of manipulating the new value for strong charge, which I
had calculated from the conductance constant, I found an incredibly
simple and highly instructive equation for the fine structure of the
electron. Within a few minutes, I had also calculated the fine structures
of the proton and neutron as well. It was not until a few weeks later that
I realized the fine structure equation was really the Unified OJarge
Equation, which is the foundation of the Unified Force Theory. I
reasoned that the Fine Structure Constant is the proportion between a
subatomic onn's elementary charge and its equivalent spherical strong
charge, shown below.
The Fine Structure Constant designates by alpha ( a) and defines by NIST

as:
a (7. 50)
4n:conc
The value works out to:
a= 7.297 352 568 x 10.3 (7.5 1)

But the Fine Structure constant is not directly related to permittivity as
equation (7.50) seems to suggest. It is a function of the conductance of
the Aether, and more specifically, it represents the propottion of spherical
electrostatic charge to the equivalent spherical electromagnetic charge.
a= --- e2 (7.52)
8n: - h - Cd
or,
103 James G. Gilson, Fine StruCture Constant, The fine snucture comtant, a 20th century mystery,
http/lwww.maths.qmul.ac.ukI -jgg/page5.htm!
165
e'
a = -,--- (7.53)
8n . e,n---.".
u.x'
The strong charge has a steradian angle of the 1 solid angle of electrostatic
charge. The strong charge results from half-spin angular momentum
spinning through the Aether unit, and therefore the strong charge has
half- spin. To bring the strong charge to the same geometry as the
electrostatic charge, 2 times 4n multiplies the strong charge. Thus, the
half-spin electromagnetic charge converts to one-spin, and the steradian
angle of strong charge converts to a spherical angle of 1 , making both
expressions geometrically balanced That leaves the fine structure as the
proportion between the electrostatic charge and equivalent spherical
strong charge.
So the Aether Physics Model precisely and fundamentally descnbes the fine
structure constant of the electron. However, the same structure further
applies to the other forms of stable matter. Equation (7.52) is equal to
the Unified CDarge Equation:
e' = 8na . e ,-
2 (7.54)
Unified Owge Equation for Electron
Applying the same method to the proton and neutron quickly resulted in fine
structures for both onta.
e'
P= (7.55)
8n · ep_,
P = 3.974xlO-6 (7.56)
n= e'
(7.57)
8n · e�,
n = 3 .969xlO-6 (7.58)
where p is the proton fine Structure and n is the neutron fine Structure.
As shown earlier, the angular momentum times the conductance constant
gives the electromagnetic charge. By multiplying the electromagnetic
,
charge by 8n the electromagnetic charge has the equivalent geometry of
a sphere. Each onn would necessarily then have its own fine structure
constant.
g-factor Constants
Free -
Elecbon g.factor
= u '""""" .......,.
r,,-I-II-<-<"
. - _ u _ - = -n=
Because the electron has an electric charge and an intrinsic

rotational motion, or spin, it behaves in some respects like a
L .!� �!",�;;L,0.:� is, it is said to have a magnetic
188
,-
moment. Because the electron also has mass, it behaves in

some respects like a spinning top; that is, it is said to have
spin angular momentum The g factor of the electron is
defined as the ratio of its magnetic moment to its spin
angular momentum This factor is nominally 2 and was first
measured with high accuracy during the period from 1961 to
1963. Using electric and magnetic fields, electrons were
trapped with spins prealigned in a particular direction for a
known length of time. The g factor was then obtained from I
the change in spin direction during the trapping period and
the magnitude of the trapping magnetic field. Recent
improvements in this basic method of measuring the g factor '
reduced the original 0.027 parts per million uncertainty
obtained earlier to 0.003 parts per million)"
According to NIST, the g-factor of the electron notates as:
2f.L,
g, = -- ---eIl (7.59)
2m,
and has the value of:
g, = -2.002 3 1 9 304 3718 (7.60)

and NIST gives the magnetic moment of the electron as:
f.L, = -928.476 412 x 10.26 J r' (7.6 1 )

The quantum measurements equation for electron magnetic moment in
single charge dimensions is:
g,AC2Fq e · eemax2
81C . eemax2
-
(7.62)
f.L, -
Note that magnetic moment defines by the g-factor in equation (7.62). Now
look again at the NIST equation (7.59) for the g-factor of the electron
above. The g-factor defines by the magnetic moment. This is a serious
error in physics. Either the g-factor or the magnetic moment defines the
other. Later you will see the Aether Physics Model definition of the
electron and proton g-factors.
The electron gyromagnetic ratio as defined by NIST is:
r:
, =
21f.L,1 (7.63 )
h
104 NIST- Introduction to the constants for non-expetts 1940-1960

http}lphysics.nist.gov/cuulCoosIants/historical3.html
167
r, = 1 .760 859 74 x 10" S·I rl (7 .64)

According to NIST, the electron gyromagnetic ratio is a positive number, by
taking the absolute value of electron magnetic moment, which was
negative due to the assumed negative g-factor for the electron.
'The negative value for the g-faaor supposedly derived from the negative
charge of the electron. However, what logic would then formulate the
neutron g-factor as negative? The neutron is neutraL Can the electron
and neutron g-faaors be negative from different causes? That does not
seem likely. As seen in the discussion on magnetic moment, there is no
mathematical reason for the electron g-faaorto be negative, but there is a
possible reason for the neutron g-faaor to be negative. Because there is
no logic in making the electron g-faaor negative, the electron g-faaor in
the Aether Physics Model is positive.
While researching the cardioid geometry of the Aether in the z-axis of

time, the Phi and phi proportions appeared within it. Phi is the
Golden Ratio and phi is its reciprocal. It could tum out that the
electron g-faaor is due to an offset of the loxodrome at the poles of the
Aether unit. Nevertheless, it is not clear that this is what the g-faaor
refers. It is interesting that the electron g-faaor expresses as:
g, I
= (7.65)
2 sin(Phi)
and the proton g-faaor as:
gp _ Phi
(7 .66)
2 sin(phi)
Giving the symbol for Phi and ¢ for phi , a possible solution for the
neutron g-factor could be:
] -3.837
sin(�)
g, = sin(l) (7.67)
2 [<1>( -sin( ) +sin ( ) . cos ( )' + sin (I) - sin (I)· cos( )' )
In NIST equations (759) and (7.62) the electron g-faaor and electron
magnetic moment define each other. Modem science has not yet found
the true cause of the g-faaor. In the Aether Physics Mode� g-factor
quantifies by an expression that may identify its physical cause in Aether
geometry.
As described in the section on magnetic moment, NIST appears to have

erred on the value of the neutron magnetic moment and neutron g
faaor, as well, due to an apparendyincorrect view of subatomic structure.
Essential equations for understanding a true origin of g-faaor appear in
this section. A more exhaustive analysis will demonstrate the principles
188
in detail. The clalln by NIST to have determined the g-factor to within

.003 parts per million would seem to discredit equations (7.65) and (7.66),
as these equations calculate to a value accurate only to the thousandths of
the NIST values. However, if NIST is wrong about the neutron g-factor
and neutron magnetic moment, they may be wrong about the accuracy of
the g-factor as well. But even if NIST is correct, the small error may be
due to a small comma meantone tuning factor similar to the Pythagorean
comma meantone adjustment in a music scale.
The Aether Physics Model g-factor in onta has a proportional relationship

with the mass and magnetic moment of other onta For example:
gp · me · emag
1 (7.68)
g, · mp · pmag
This is true when using the Aether Physics Model value for the neutron g
factor.
-3.83 1359 · m, · emag

=1 (7.69)
g, · m, · nmag
Now let's see what happens when we substitute the magnetic moment values
from the Standard M:>del When comparing the electron to proton
values we get unity:
gp · m, · fl,
=1 (7.70)
g, · mp · flp
But when we compare the Standard M:>del values for the g-factors and
magnetic moments between the neutron and electron we get:
-3.82609 · m, · fl, = 0.998627

(7.71)
ge . mn . J1n
Even using the Aether Physics Model g-factor does not get unity, but it does
get closer than the Standard M:>del g-factor.
-3.83 1 359 · m, . fl,

= 1 .000002 (7.72)
ge · mn · J1n
This may be evidence in favor of the Aether Physics Model's proportionally
derived neutron g-factor.
To see how the g-factor relates to the onn geometry, we can look at a graph
of the Compton function, which shows the geometry of the Aether paths
taken by photons as viewed from the z-axis of time.
169
fl:� := 1 - co s(z)
G-Factors in Cardioid Geometty
90
120 60
ftz)
180 t"'---+----;f--+-"lIlE--+-f--+---1 o
240 300
210
z
According to equation (7.65) the electron g-factor is equal to:
2
(7.73)
sin(Phi)
In the graph above, triangle side b is a unit length, equal to the radius of the
sphere on which the cardioid path rests. As can be seen, side a is half
the unit length and side c is the hypotenuse of right triangle ",abc .
",abc is a special form of right triangle where side b is twice side a ,
which we can call a Phi triangle (it is not a Golden triangle) .
The Phi triangle is so named because in a unit triangle where b = 1 , then

c + a = Phi (7 . 74)
and
c - a = phi (7 . 75)
where This is easily
Phi is the golden ratio and phi is its reciprocal.
proved by substituting the Pythagorean expression for c and a in terms
of unit length b :
(7.76)
Since b=1 , we get:
170
�1+�+�=Phi
2 (7.77)
1.118+.5 1.6 18 Phi (7.78)
4
phi
= =
The value for sirnilarlyreduces to:
1 . 1 1 8 - .5 = 0.618 = phi (7.79)

Therefore, the electron g-factor is equal to:
2 (7.80)
sin(e+a) g,
And the proton g-factor is equal to:
2(e+a) (7.8 1)
sinCe-a) gp
Does the sine of e+a e

drawn at this time with regard to the Phi
or - a have a real meaning? There is no conclusion
based g-factor equations and
Aether. It presents interesting possibilities that there are similarities in the
g-factor equation structure and the Compton function structure, which
pertains particularly to photons. It may be possible to link the two, but
the work remains unfinished. A linking of the g-factor equation with
Aether wo�d g�atly assist the understanding of magnetic moment and
gyromagnenc rano.
Gyromagnetic Ratio
The gyromagnetic ratio of the electron expresses in quantum measurements
with single dimension charge as:
e g,
Ye = --
me 2 (7.82)
Conve�ed to distributed dimensions of charge the electron gyromagnetic
rano expresses as:
e' g'
egmr = --
m, 2
(7.83)
The analysis of gyromagnetic ratio is that the interaction of electrostaric
charge of the Aether per mass of the onn times the offset of spin for a
half-spin onn (as quantified bythe g-factor), causes the onn to precess.
Similarly, quantum measurements apply to the proton and neutron

gyromagnetic ratios.
171
pgmr mpe' g
= _ --1!... (7.84)
e ' g'
2
ngmr=--
m, 2
(7.85)
where the neutron g-factor is the Aether Physics Model neutron g-facror
and not the NIST neutron g-factor.
The gyrornagnetic mtio of any onn is then a function of itselectrostatic

charge te mass mtio and spin position offset, or its precession.
Aether Pressure and Density

The velocity of a wave in any medium is equal to the square root of the
pressure divided by the mass density of the medium. Since we already
know the velocity of light through the Aether, we can derive the pressure
and mass density of the Aether.
pres
c, = masd
-
(7.86)
Using quantum measurements the pressure is equal te:
m,F-' =5.732xlO21 kg
pres =--q
Ae m·sec' (7.87)
while the mass density is:
masd= lie'm, =6.377xlO' m'kg (7.88)
However, the mass density in equation {7.88} is for the electron. The mass
densityand pressure forthe Aether is:
masda = Arnea, = k�
m
2.288 x l 050
ma_F'-Q =2.056xlO kg
presa =_ m·sec'
(7.89)
67
Ae
At first, it seems improbable that such a mass density could exist. However,
the mass associated with the Aether that acts gravitationally is reciprocal
to physical mass; therefore, it is the alility for the Aether te produce mass
density. Just as frequency is the reciprocal of time and relates te it but is
not the same thing, the same holds for the reciprocal of mass. Reciprocal
mass defmes poorly in the Standard Model, if at all.
172
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Mcie m physics describes electrons and protons as particles, but it does

not stop there. Physicists describe force carriers as particles, and identify
a host of particles that remain undetected such as the axions, photinos,
selectrons, and gravitinOSlO5• Supposedly, the strong force is due to the
exchange of particles. The photon designates a particle. The neutrino is
a particle. Everything is a particle. It is as though the makers of LegoslC6
developed modem physics.
... u -��
The addition of all these particles has helped in one respect: it

seems to be giving us an understanding of renonnalization.
For years scientists have been getring around the difficulties
of infinities in their theories by subtracting them out- in
essence, by sweeping them under the tug. The method they
. used worked, but they were not quite sure why. With
supergravity it seems as if we may be able to get around
renonnalization. Gudely speaking, it tutns out that for each
infinity in the theory that is caused by a boson there is an
infinity of the opposite sign caused by a fermion, and they .
cancel one another.
Despite the promise of explaining renonnalization, the

theory does have difficuhies. The major one is all the
particles that are predicted by it- selectrons, winos, and so
on. They have never been found in nature. Scientists,
I however, have an argument for this: They say that they might
have been generated with so much mass that we have not yet
been able to observe them But when we get larger
accelerators we will be able to.'07
105 These particles have names like "axions," "photinos," "selectrons," and "gravitinos." It suffices for our
purposes to notice that there is no empirical evidence that any of these particles exist; they are discussed in
elementary particle physics because they appear in theories that are lUl!ested but attractive generalizations of
successful theories, and they are considered in cosmology because they have some interesting and conceivably
beneficial properties. Monon S. Roberts, ed., Astronomy & Ast:mphy;jcs (Washington, DQ American
Association for me Advancement of Science, 1985) 285.
t06 LEGO is a trademark of the LEGO Group.
107 Barry Parker, Einstein's Dream: The Search for a Unified Theory of the Universe (New York: Plenum
173
In the Aether Physics Mxle� primary angular momentum is the absolute

primary unit of matter. Yes, _ can shatter the primary angular
momentum of protons and neutrons and _ can observe that the dying
onta fall apart in regular patterns and these ephemeral pieces can
designate as quarks, for whatever it is worth. And just for amusement,
one can label characteristics of the quarks as colors, flavors, and
up/down. Ho_ver, when one understands the living nature of Aether,
particle smashing is neither insttuctive nor is it amusing.
Primary angular momentum absorbs into the Aether via the Casimir effect
(page 207). It appears to draw from a huge sea of primary angular
momentum (dark matter), which coexists with quantum Aether units.
The so-called "Big Bang" appears to be nothing more than the continual
appearance of Aether units, into which a quantity of dark matter flows.
The Aether units themselves have a non-material origin.
Imagine the Aether units as measuting cups, and imagine angular momentum
as something measured. The dynamic Aether units can hold a specific
measure of angular momentum in each of its four spin positions.
The angular momentum itself appears to be a specific mass that s_eps an

area in a quantum time. There are essentially only two stable mass
quantities existing in the normal matter portion of the Universe, those of
the electron and the proton. These two mass values are very specific and
unchanging. But whyare these masses what they are? Is there some kind
of logical order underlying the proton to electron mass ratio?
The onta gap number is a potential clue, which may or may not actually
quantify the proton to electron mass ratio (also the anti-proton to
positron ratio). The onta gap number seems to predict the ratio of the
proton to electron mass to within .00035% accuracy. This may seem like
a good bet at ftrst, but the masses of the electron and proton claim to be
far more accurate according to scientific standards. So the onta gap
number introduces for now as a curiosity.
= 1.83679157x103 (8. 1)
We have already seen how Phi seems to relate to the onta g-factors (page
166). Equation (8.1) seems to show that the proportion of Phi squared
is involved in the ratio of proton to electron mass. Pemaps the g-factors
and mass ratios are related in geometty and proportion?
The Aether constant of 1671:' notates as 2471:' . The constant 2' 71:3 could be
a funher progression in the geometrical constants (page 276) that leads to
Press, 1986) 265.

174
a "higher" level of existence. Whatever it was that caused mass to appear

as a dual quantum in the Aether, it mayexist with a geometry represented
by 25 Jr3 . The .J2 may in some way represent the orthogonality of the
masses. There may be nothing to the onta gap number, or it may be a
clue. It is speculation at this point.
Whatever the cause of mass and the Aether units, there are only four spin
positions in the Aether that primary angular momentum can occupy in
forward time direction. Only two of these spin positions allow for the
existence of stable matter. The masses associated with these two spin
positions appear to have a specific ratio, which may or may not be the
onta gap number. The rotating magnetic field of the Aether maintains
the primary angular momentum, thus offering us the appearance of a
stable, physical Universe.
General Structure
Primary angular momentum already describes as a circle of mass moving a
velocity, thus scanning an area. As this primary angular momentum spins
through the Aether unit, the conductance of the Aether produces strong
charge. In addition, as the primary angular momentum spins through the
Aether it picks up elementaty charge. These three characteristics, primary
angular momentum, elementaty charge, and strong charge, make up the
snucture of the onn.
The ratio of the spherical elementaty charge to the equivalent spherical strong
charge produces the fine structure of the onn. The fine structure times
8Jr is the point of balance where the elementaty charge and strong charge
interact with each other. This interaction, also known as the "weak
force" for the electron, appears in the atomic spectra of isotopes. For
atomic nucle� the weak interaction determines the length of time a
proton can keep its bound electron before a neutron decays.
The Electron
Brief History """"'"'�....

....,
.. �"" � � ...
""- ..... "
The name electron was first used for a unit of negative .

�
I electricity by the English physicist G. J. Stoney in the late .

1 19th cent. The actual discovety of the particle, however, was
, made in 1897 by J. J. Thomson, who showed that cathode
rays are composed of electrons and who measured the ratio
of charge to mass for the electron. In 1909, R A Millikan
, measured the charge of the electron1O' .
� -�-
Histoty credits J.J. Thomson with the discovery of the electron. Other
researchers such as NIkola Tesla made similar observations. Tesla quotes
in the NewYolk Herald Tribune, September 22, 1929 pp. 1, 29:
108 "Electron," TheO?lumbia EnQ1Clopedia , 6th ed.

175
"Up
, 'II f .....
to1896, however, I did not succeed in obtaining a

positive experimental proof of the existence of such a
medium [Aether]. But in that )ear I brought out a new fonn
of vacuum tube capable of being charged to any desired
potential, and operated it with effective pressures of about
4,000,000 volts. I produced cathodic and other rays of
II transcending intensity. The effects, according to my view,
I
were due to minute particles of matter carrying enonnous .
electrical charges, which, for -want of a better name, I
designated as matter not further decomposable.
Subsequently those particles were called electrons."
• " �__'''",'''''l!!!u� - �
The electron has a very specific, unvaryillg mass equal to 9. 109 x 1 0-31 kg .
The mass is inseparable from the electron's angular momentum That is,
one cannot dissect the electron and set aside its mass dimension apart
from its length or frequency dimensions. Nor is it possible to remove the
length dimension from a ruler, the mass dimension from your body, or
the charge dimension from lightning.
In modem physics, we perceive electrons in several unnatural ways. We

represent them in tenns of just their mass, electrostatic charge or energy.
However, as explained earlier, mass is not a thing. Mass is a dimension,
and energy is a unit of wOlk
To view the electron correctly, we must see it for what it

is. The electron is primary angular momentum The
Aether determines the mass, length, and frequency
dimensions of the electron. Altogether, the electron
is a frequency, a surface area, a mass, and two !)pes
of charge, all rolled into one. The primary angular
momentum is equal to strong charge when analyzing
the effect of Aether conductance upon it. Because of
the electron passing through the Aether, it also picks
up elementary charge.
In the electron image to the right, the blue tubular

loxodrome represents the spin position of the
electron. The angular momentum of the electron
spins in this spin position of Aether in the direction of forward time. The
surface area of the blue 10xOdrome represents the strong charge of the
electron during the interval the angular momentum spins. As the angular
momentum spins, it also picks up the electrostatic charge of the blue
sphere, which is actually distributed frequency. Thus, each onn will have
spherical electrostatic charge, cardioidal (or toroidal) electromagnetic
charge, and angular momentum
The concept that physical particles forever divide is an error in human

perception. Atoms are the smallest orders of solid particles, because only
at that level are there three dimensions of length Wthin the particle.
178
However, the angular momentum continues to impart atoms a quasi

particle or cloud-like state, which has confused scientists and resulted in
the wavelparticle duality conclusions. Reductionism is not a process of
cutting things in half, but of reducing the complexity of a system to its
simpler components, however those simpler components may manifest.
The redundancy in the above descriptions of the electron is intentional, as

most people will not quickly understand the nature of primaty angular
momentum It will take time and reflection for some to understand what
primaty angular momentum is and how it represents the primaty state of
matter. Only then can we remove the nonsensical interpretation of the
data that particles can exist in two places at once, as it is often
popularizedl"
The classical electron radius designates by NIST to bellO:
re =a' a0 (8.2)
r, = 2.8 17 940 325 x 1 0.15 m (8.3)
And the Bohr radius designates byNIST to bem:
4Jreon'
(8.4)
a0 - 0.529 1 77 2108 x 1 0.10 m (8.5)

As shown in the Aether Physics Model, the shape of the onta is toroidal in
nature. The formula for a toroid surface area is equal to the small radius
times 27r , times the large radius times 27r . Since the Aether Physics
Model posits the toroid surface area of the electron, based on the
Compton wavelength squared in Planck's constant,
h = meA-e'F. (8.6)
we can set up an identity with regard to the electron radii and the surface
area of the electron:
Equation (8.2) for the classical electron radius can express ill tenns of
quantum measurements as:
109 A Dial·Up Quantum ReaGty (in Research News) David Kestenhaum, Scimx, New Series, VoL 279, No.
5356. (Mar. 6, 1998), p. 1457.
110 The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty http://physics.nist.gov/cgi

binicuulValue?eqre I search_for=radius
111 The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty http://physics.nist.gov/cgi

binicuulValue?eqbohrradaO I search for�rndius
177
(8.7)
Equation (8.4) for the Bohr radius can express ill tenns of quantum
measurements as:
a
o
_
= Ac
27ra
(8.8)
Application of these two radii to the equation for the surface area of a toroid,
which must equal the Compton wavelength squared, gives:
27r (i: ) ( ; )dc'

z7r 2 a (8.9)
So it appears that both the classical electron radius ani tbe Bohr radius apply
to the electron. We must examine experiments that measure one or the
other radius to see why they measure either the srna1l radius or large
radius. The results of these observations should be beneficial to
Quantum Physics.
The above analysis indicates that the electron is

toroidal in nature, which also supports tbe
Aetber Physics Model
The concept of the classical electron radius and

Bohr radius as the two radii of the electron
toroid was inspired by the independent
research of David McGItcheon and his
Ultrawave Theoryll2.
The PlOton
Let us assume the electron and proton share the
same structure. It should be possible to model
the proton in a sirnilar manner. In the Aether
Physics Model, the mechanics of the proton
are identical to those of the electron, except that mass IS
times greater. In addition, the proton spins in forward time in the
opposite direction as the electron. It is because the electron and proton
have opposite spin direction that when Aether units fold over to bind as a
neutron, the proton and electron end up with the same spin direction.
The spin position is in the positive charge sphere of the Aether and so the
proton picks up positive elementary charge.
The Standard Model presents a rather curious and counter-intuitive model of

the proton. The proton and neutron, in the Standard Model, presents as
1 12 Web page archived at http}/web.archive.org/web/20040923070747/httpJdavidmac_nol.tripod.coml.

178
A N G U LA R M O M E N T U M
two manifestations of the same particle, a nucleonl lJ• Also, the Standard
Model in general does not recognize the radius of the proton.
Let us assume that the proton and neutron structure similarly to the electron.
We can then assume that the derived fine structures for the proton and
neutron are correct, because the same syrnmettywould apply.
Using the fme structure of the proton derived on page 166, the proton small
radius would be:
rp
AcP
= -- (8.10)
21C
rp = 1 .535x I 0-18 m (8. 1 1 )
and the latge radius would be:
rp 0 -
-� (8. 12)
p21C
rpo = 9. 717xI 0-8 m (8. 13)
The radii expressed in tenns of quantum length would be:
rp = 6.325xlO-7 Ac (8.14)
rpo = 4.005x104 Ac (8. 1 5)
These radii may only apply to free protons, if at all. They are theoretical
values at this time since we found no official published radii for the
proton and neutron.
As can be seen from the proportion of the small radius to the latge radius, if
the above values are correct, the toroid of the proton is extremely thin,
with a rather large circumference.
We know that the proton and neutron change shape, depending on which
isotope the nuclei belong. Scientists at Jefferson Labs have confirmed
the various shapes of the proton, even though theyattempt to explain the
shapes through quark theory.
Depending on the angular momentum of the quarks, the

, proton could be spherical in shape or more like a doughnut,
a pretzel or a peanut. Miller says the variety of shapes is
nearly limitless, and depends on the momentum of the
. quarks and the angle between the spin of the quark and the
spin of the protonl 14•
113 " ... me proton and me neutron are different states of me same elementatyparticle, me nucleon." Walter C
Michels, lmerrw:ional Pict:ionru:yof Ph:wicsand Electronics (NewJersey: Van Nostrand, 1956) 726.
114 Zooming in on a proton packed with sutprises, 2003 ]Lab News Release
http}lwww.jlab.org/div_dept!dir_off!public_.flam/news releases/2003/03protonshape.html
_
179
The Neutron
As with the proton, the Standard MOdel consider.; the neutron to be a
nucleon. Similarly, the Standard Model does not attnbute a specific
radius to the neutron.
In the Aether Physics MOdel, the neutron is a composite of a proton and an

electron. While the neutron remains intact, it behaves like a quantum
ann. The neutron can remain as a free ann for about 17 minutesl15
before decaying back into a proton and electron.
The neutron involves two separate Aether units, folded over onto each other.
In one Aether unit, an electron occupies the electron spin position and in
the other unit, a proton occupies the proton spin position.
The positive sphere of the proton attracts to the negative sphere of the
electron. And since the electron and proton spin in opposite directions,
when the Aether units fold over, the two onta have the same spin
direction and can produce a neutron. Because spin determines by the
forward and rever.;e directions of frequency, it is independent of the ann
angular momentum. The net spin of the two onta sharing folded space
remains 1-2. Another effect of the neutron is that the folded Aether unit
causes space-resonance to condense up to a factor of two.
Also, note that the bound electron-proton produces what appears to be a

nonml Aether unit with no onta in the remaining sphere. This is why the
neutron can behave like an electron or proton and bind with other
neutrons.
The angular momentum of the neutron is the sum of the electron and
proton, plus an extra amount called the anti-neutrino by the Standard
ModeL In addition, the electron has a wobble that is slighdy different
from the proton, caused by the difference of the masses and the different
115 "In a nucleus the neutron can be stable, but a free neutron decays with a half life of about 17 min (1,013
sec), into a proton, an electron, and an anUneutrino." "Neutron The Cplumbia EnkYClopedia . 6th ed.
-
,to
180
spin positions the proton and electron take in the Aether.
Although the double loxodromes appear equal in the diagrams, this is only an
artifact of the graphics. In reality; the electron spin position and proton
spin position are not equal Although the spin positions have the same
length and frequency dimensions, they have different mass and strong
charge dimensions. Also, the length dimensions of the two spin
positions are only equal in their products. Both equal quantum length
squared We can assume that the free neutron small radius is:
(8. 16)
and the free neutron large radius is:
A
r = _c_ (8. 17)
, 0 n271
In terms of the measurements of meters and quantum length, the neutron
radii express as:
rn = L533x10-18 m (8.1 8)
r, o = 9.717x1 0-8 m (8.19)
r, = 6.3 17x10-7 Ac (8.20)

r,o = 4.005x104 1lc (8.21)
The reader will keep in mind that the neutron radii are speculation at this time
as there is no empirical data from which to draw. It could be that the
electron and proton angular momentum actually flow together like two
drops of water until beta decay occurs. Alternatively, it could be that the
electron is inside the proton and the anti-neutrino is captured dark rnatter
in the space between. The res=h necessary to determine the exact
behavior of angular momentum in a neutron is a task for professional
labs.
We will note the Aether Physics Model predicts that while the proton and
neutron small radii are much smaller than the electron small radius, the
large radii of the proton and neutron is vastly larger. We predict that
these radii apply only to a free proton and free neutron.
When protons bind with protons and neutrons bind with neutrons in a
nucleus, the strong force could cause the large radius to shrink and the
small radius to grow, to the point that bound protons and neutrons
would appear as spherical
In order for the Aether Physics Model to prove correct with regard to
181
nucleon radii, there must be nuclear data to support the theory. Pemaps
such data does exist but was shelved because it was considered
«anomalous"? The fact that the Standard Model does not publish a
radius for either the proton or neutron does leave open the possibiliry
that the Aether Physics Model is correct.
Proton-Neutron Angular Momenta

Surprisingly,angular momentum of the proton and neutron are subatomic
characteristics ignored bythe Standard :Model.
According to the Aether Physics Model, angular momentum is equal to the

mass of the subatomic onn, times tbe quantum length, times tbe
quantum velocity (speed of light). Thus, the angular momenta of the
proton and neutron are easily calculated
hp = mp ·o4c . c (8.22)
where hp is equal to the angular momentum of the proton, mp is the
mass of tbe proton, c is the speed of light and o4c is the Compton
wavelength. Similarly, tbe angular momentum of the neutron is:
h, = m, · 04c ·c (8.23)
where hn denotes the angular momentum of the neutron and mn is the
mass of the neutron. The values of these angular momenta are:
2
hp = 1 217xlO-30 kg ·m
• (8.24)
sec
2
h, = 1 .218xl0-30 kg · m (8 .25)
sec
The Neutrino
When the proton captures an electron, the Aether captures extra angular
momentum between the electron and proton. This extra angular
momentum likely comes from primary angular momentum existing
between Aether units in the form of clark matter. The extra angular
momentum induces from tbe conservation of tbe known angular
OlOrnentuml16:
(8.26)
116 Because the neutrino itself cannot be detected easily, inasmuch as its interaction wi
th matter is so weak that
it will usually pass through any detector untouched, the neutrino helicity is best measured indirectly through
measurements of the momenta and angular momenta of all the other particles taking pan in the decay. ..
Assuming the conservation of momentum and angular momentum, any missing momentum and angular
momentum must be assigned to the neutrino. Robert K. Ada.i.r, The Great Design: Particles. Fields and
� (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1989) 284.
182
-- ------
where h, is the angular momentum of the neutron, h is the angular

p
momentum of the proton, h is the angular momentum of the electron

(planck's constant) and h_o is the angular momentum of the anti
neutnno.
The anti-neutrino and neutrino have too much angular momentum to fit in
an Aether unit. Therefore, the trapped angular momentum must confine
between folded Aether units containing an electron and proton. Since
the anti-neutrino angular momentum is much closer in value to that of
the electron, the electron coupling to the anti-neutrino must be almost
entirely responsible for keeping the anti-neutrino angular momentum
spinning. (Spin is a property that Aether imparts to onta. The anti
neutrino must therefore couple to the electron in order to maintain its
spin while trapped in a neutron).
The cavity that the anti-neutrino confines to is electromagnetic in nature, due

to the strong charge of the electron and proton binding. Therefore, the
cavity must follow the spin position and geometry rules of strong charge,
which, like all quantum geometry, describes in terms of unit radii. In
addition, it is more appropriate to call what the Standard 1fudel refers to
as the "anti-neutrino" as a "neutrino." It follows that if the proton and
electron were bound maner, then their spins would produce a neutrino.
Further, the bound anti-matter of the positron and anti-proton would
produce an anti-neutrino. There is no logic for normal matter to produce
anti-matter neutrinos.
The geometry of the neutrino must be toroidal ( 47[2 ) if it exists within the
Aether structure. 1fureover, since the neutrino couples to the electron it
exists between half of the electron and proton Aether units minus half-
( Ir
l
2
. 47[ 1 In addinon, . s. ce the neutnno
spm m . eXlSts
. between proton
T-2"
and electron strong charge binding, it must have steradian angle. This
gives the neutrino angular momentum, in terms of coupled electron
angular momentum, as:
__
(
1 47[2 �
47[ 2 2
J
- h = 1 .531h (S.27)
Simplified we get:
47[2 -1
h = 1 .531h (S.2S)
S7[
Equation (828) reflects the observed behavior of the neutrino when it
releases during beta decay. Because the beta decay is due to the "weak
interaction" the neutrino can violate conservation of patity. What this
means is that spin from electrostatic binding is due to two onta and
183
therefore minurs. Spin from strong charge binding is due to two onta
and also minurs. However, the spin due to the neutrino in a decay
process involves only one onn (the neutrino) and therefore there is only
one spin parity. 8n is the weak interaction constant.
A neutron is a proton with bound electron and captured neutrino angular

momentum. As long as the neutron remains part of a nucleus through
strong charge binding, the neutron will not norrnally decay.
However, since the neutrino angular momentum does not reside in Aether,
and exists in between the Aether units of the Aether fabric, the neutrino
is vulnerable to displacement by other neutrinos passing through. And
since neutrinos do not exist within the Aether fabric, and therefore do
not have strong charge or electrostatic charge, they can easily pass
through dense planets and stars. Thus, there should be an increase in
nuclear beta decay during geomagnetic stonns, since proton plasma
� the Earth's upper atmosphere generates an increase of muon
neutnnos.
Neutrons occasionally release from a nucleus and usually decay in about 11 to

17 minutes, but there is no law governing the half-life of a neutron and a
particular neutron may decay at any given time. The process for decay
may result from a collision with another neutrino, or from an electron's
magnetic moment reacbing be}Und the binding range of its strong charge
artraction to the proton.
In addition to decay from natural collisions, it may be possible to bombard a

neutron with neutrinos and initiate beta decay within an atomic nucleusll7•
Of course, certain isotopes will be less stable than others will When the
electron escapes from the neutron, the neutrino angular momentum also
escapes, thus providing another opportunity to initiate beta decay.
Further Neutrino InSights

No experiment has ever conclusively detected a neutrino or anti-neutrino
particle, even though the neutrino should have more angular momentum
than an electron.
.";�l'"��_ � �
Neutrinos possess still another unique characteristic: they are

vety light. We do not know whether they possess any mass
at all It is quite possible that they have none, like photons.
Still, many physicists are convinced that they do possess
some mass, even if only an infinitesimal amount. In 1979,
physicists at the lIEP research institute of the Academy of
Sciences at Moscow claitned to have found proof that
neutrinos possess a mass of about 20 eV. To date, this
: ',
.1:;;11:1" :I � _..... "!DliilIIl _�,r
1 17 "an energetic neutrino can induce rhe reverse of rhe decay that produced it. " "Neutrino ," TheColu
mbia
EoC)Vlopedia , 6rh ed.
184
finding has not been corroborated by any otber research I

center, and it most likely will be some time before we will
know unequivocally whetber or not neutrinos possess mass.
But we do knowthat tbeir mass cannot be very great, at most
about 30 eV. At any rate, neutrinos are very light particles,
more than ten tbousand times lighter than electrons.l18
. � .
It is interesting to note tbat tbe neutrino is supposed to have a mass ten

tbousand times lighter than tbe electron, but its angular momentum is
about 1.531 times larger than tbe electron. Here is a simple equation you
will not see in tbe scientific literature. Since angular momentum
conserves, tbe angular momentum of tbe neutron minus tbe angular
momentum of tbe proton, minus tbe angular momentum of tbe electron
gives tbe total remaining angular momentum attributed to the neutrino.
=
h, - hp - h 1 .531h (8.29)
The angular momentum of tbe neutrino is about 1.531 times greater than the
angular momentum of tbe electron. According to tbe Aetber Physics
Model, if tbe neutrino were a true onn it would tben have a mass equal to
1.531 times greater than tbe mass of tbe electron.
1.53 1h
1 .531m, (8.30)
AC2Pq
And, in fact, if tbe masses of tbe proton and electron are subtracted from tbe
mass of tbe neutron we get tbe same result:
m, - mp - m, = 1 .53 1m, (8.3 1 )

If tbe neutrino is said to have a mass ten tbousand times lighter than tbe
electron, tben tbe Standard Model interpretation of neutrinos must be
wrong. Alternatively, even if tbe Standard Model were correct, where is
tbe missing mass119? Relativirytbeory might claim tbat tbe mass converts
into energy. But remember, energy is not a thing and mass is merely a
dimension. In addition, energy is time dependent and finite. If mass
were converted to energy in a subatomic particle, tben tbe energy can
only exist for so long before it is expended. Mass cannot be converted
into energy for 1 million � in one instance and tbe satne mass only
exist as energyfor 17 minutes in anotber instance. For tbe explanation to
be real, tbe missing mass must explain in terms of angular momentum.
In tbe Aetber Physics Model, tbe primary angular momentum of onta must
1 18 Harald FritzSch, The Creation of Matter: The Universe from Be�to End, trans. Jean Steinberg (New
York Basic Books, 1984) 122.
119 To add a disconcerting touch to the mystery of beta decay, it was fOWld that microcalorirnetric
measurements of the heat given up by the disintegration of RaE showed that the effective energy in heating is
the mean energy of the beta particles. Thus t i appeared that an energy of E= was given up at each
disintegration, but only a variable fraction of this energywas ever measured; the rest of the energy mysteriously
vanished. Lapp and Andrews Nuclear Radiation Physics (New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1948) 172
1 85
spin in one of four Aether spin positions. With the proper amount of
onn angular momentum present, the Aether will maintain that onn's
angular momentum as it spins in the Aether unit since the Aether unit is a
rotating magnetic field On the other hand, if the angular momentum
spinning in the Aether does not properly fill the Aether spin position,
then there is no coupling between the onn and Aether unit
What does the evidence suggest is happening to the neutrino angular

momentum? This paragraph quotes from American Scientistl20:
:!KlIR!iIII£!�. � �
All we know is that muon neutrinos from below [arriving I

..!111.� _'"'
from the opposite side of the Earth], which have traversed

the longest distance, are disappearing. Could the muon
neutrinos be turning into electron neutrinos? If they were,
we would see an excess of electron neutrinos coming from
below, commensurate with the deficit of muon neutrinos.
This is not the case: The electron neutrinos corning from
below and from above match the no-oscillation prediction.
In addition, an independent experiment that measures
electron flavor antineutrinos coming from a nuclear reactor,
the Cbooz experiment in France, has ruled out the possibility
of electron-to-muon-neutrino oscillation for similar
parameters, byvirtue of the fact that they do not see electron .
ne :;��::
disappear.
The arricle refers to the data from the Super-Kamiokande experiment, where
neutrons from atmospheric decays monitored from inside a giant tank of
ultra pure water, deep underground The data clearly indicated that
neutrinos from muon decays were not arriving at the sensors at the rates
they should have beeIL
The missing neutrinos were lost while passing through the EartiL We can
speculate here that these neutrinos interacted with radioactive elements
within the Earth and thus caused an increase in radioactive decay in the
mantle. The increased radioactive decay would cause an increase in
magmatic heat, which in tum would cause an increase in volcanic and
seismic activity in certain regions within the Earth.
Before presenring the evidence to support this hypothesis, we should point

out that muon neutrinos form when positively charged protons strike the
Earth's upper atmosphere. The positively charged protons come from
solar plasma released by the Sun during a coronal mass ejection (CME).
H the above hypothesis is correct, then when solar data compares to the
proper seismic data, a correlation between solar activity and seismic
activity should be apparent
120 Kenji Kaneyuki and Kate Scholberg, "Neutrino Oscillations," American Scientist May-June 1999: 222,
Questia, 1 July 2004 <http:// www

.questia.coml >.
1BB
Solar X-ray Flux 1/1/1990 to 1 113012002
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
N N � �
� � 0; 0; O! O! O! O!
'" ;;:: ;:; ;;:: ;:;
� ;;:: ;:; ;;::
The above graph shows the daily average solar X-rayflux fromJan 1, 1990 to
Jul 31, 2002.
MI. Hood Seismicity. 1990 . p=ol
o Co 0 Co @ 0
� �. .
0
0 o
9 o§ S 0o � 0
00
o�
8>
:t!��itll
'"
�
00
6'
0
€) c�
°0
0 o 0 00 0
0
9
0
Green dots correspon,g to events in the last year (12 J 10/ 2001 - 1 1 / 1 0 1200�
R ed dots correspond to events in the last month (11 J 10 / 2002 - 12 / 1 0 1 200'!)
n ��r=��
t99J 1991 1992 1993 1994 199� 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 '2001 '2001 '2003
iij/,iDllc: 1011:251
The preceding chart shows the seismic time-depth plot for Mt Hoodl2l during
the same period as the solar X-ray flux graph. Notice the correlation
between the solar X-ray flux activity and the volcanic earthquake activity.
Naturally, there are several factors involved in volcanism and it is
necessary to account for these factors when analyzing the data. It could
be coincidence that over a 12-}I'!ar period the solar activity and seismic
activity of the volcano were in accord. However, the fact that the data
occurs leaves open the possibility that the two correlate. These
observations require more research.
The mass of the neutrino sandwiched between Aether units remains as

angular momentum. If it is possible for the neutrino angular momentum
to move about without interacting with Aether units, then regardless of
what fonn the neutrino angular momentum takes, it will not be able to
pick up electrostatic charge from the Aether, nor will the conductance of
the Aether generate strong charge for the neutrino.
12l http}lwww.ess.washington.eduiSEIS/PNSN/HOOD/hoodfigs.hnnl
187
S E CR E TS 0 F T H E A E T H E R'
If the neutrino mass is 1.531 times the mass of the electron, and this mass
does not readily interact with visible matter, it could still retain its mass
and rnanrlest as datk matter. And where would this datk matter tend to
accumulate? Most datk matter would be near large groups of stars
(galaxies), which are in fact the primary hubs of neutrino activity.
If a neutrino is trapped angular momentum due to folded hther units, any

process that emits neutrinos must be a process involving folded hther
units. Scientific studies disclose that neutrinos result from the decay of
muons. Therefore, muons must be transient-compound-bound onta of
some form. On the other hand, since the strong force can be shown to
be an electromagnetic force based on the strong charge of an onn, such
panicles as pions obviously would not exist. In the case of pions, a
neutrino byproduct may be merely a catchall tenn for missing angular
momentum in a supposed equatioIL
It appears that there is a huge sea of angular momentum coexisting with

hther units in some kind of primary "space-time." The angular
momentum that draws into the hther via the Casimir effect becomes
photons, which can become electrons via the photoelectric effect.
The Photon
In the Standard Model, the photon is a discrete parcel of energy.
Photon - standard Model Definition

r· . • --
The quantum of electromagnetic energy, regarded as a

discrete panicle having zero mass, no electric charge, and an
indefinitely long lifetime.I"
..� .Il"1IIIIP: -"'F"-- J
... � oato ��
The Standard Model does not describe the photon as an actual entity, but as
the quantum of energy a supposed photon would contain. In other
words, the photon remains undefined even though the photon
acknowledges as possessing energy. If the definition states that the
photon is a discrete panicle, the panicle must have some kind of physical
property. Yet the mass is zero. What kind of panicle has zero mass even
though mass is supposed to be one of its dimensions (as evidenced by the
unit of ene�?
Look at it this way. Energy defIDes as a unit of wolk, which is equal to_the
dimension of mass times the velocity squared:
122 Copyright c 2003 by
188
joule = kg . (..!!!... )'

sec
(8.32)
If E = me' were a real equation that described the energy of a photon, the
photon would have energy equal to:
E = Okg · c'
(8.33)
E = Ojoule
The photon has zero energy if it has zero mass. At least, that is howwe learn
to do the math in algebra class. However, our illustrious science
community tells us the mass converts to energydue to relativistic effects.
Somewhere we are supposed to forget what we leamed in algebra class
and believe that zero mass can still amount to a huge amount of energy.
In other words, the photon is pure energy, which is supposed to explain
why it has zero mass. The math does not support that claim, but
nonetheless it is the scientific explanation.
Therefore, there is a paradOx. Energy is equal to mass times velocity squared,

but the photon energy does not equal zero. Such theories are norrnally
called mistakes. However, modem physics calls it Special Relativity
Theory. Pemaps that is why the word "special" is in the name of the
theory? We allow this theory to break the rules of mathematics and defy
common sense, while other theories must hold to exact specifications.
If energy is just a unit of work, what did the mass become? Apparently,
nobody knows because the definition of the photon relates to the
amount of energy it possesses, not the quantification of the photon itself.
Therefore, what we really have is the question of whether or not Einstein
truly quantified the photon.
As mentioned (page 118), in the hther

Physics Model the photon is an expanding
electron. The angular momentum of the
photon must conserve, and so it takes the
form of an expanding double cardioid with
a decreasing small radius. At extreme
distances, the photon is merely a line with
an incredibly short, small-radius.
According to the hther Physics Model, it

would appear that the photon seems to
have zero mass because half of its angular
momentum is in the electron spin position
and the other half is in the pos'tron spin
position. Just as a particle and anti-particle
annihilate, it could be that half-fille d spin
positions would neutralize their oppositely spinning inertias, but not
annihilate, each other. However, if the angular momentum of the
189
photon absorbs by an atom and fills just an electron spin position, then
the. mass and charge would be available for physical interaction once
agam.
Another way to look at this is to return to the cup and water analogy. The
Aether has four cups. There are two different sizes, of which the electron
and positron are the same. Of the same sized cups one is spinning left,
the other is spinning right The angular momentum can flow easily
between these two cups and thus the photon can easily convert to an
electron or positron, and either can convert back to a photon.
As the photon expands, the Aether unit encapsulating it also expands. The
equal distribution of angular momentum in the two halves of the Aether
unit keeps the Aether unit intact even with infinite stretching. And since
the Aether unit is quantum and dynamic, the Aether maintains the
angular momentum even for billions of light years, no matter how
stretched the angular momentum becomes.
Rarely does narure send out just one photon, however. According to the
Aether Physics Model, multiple atoms produce photons simultaneously
in rapid sequence at specific frequencies, which are determined by the
atomic structure. In order to increase the intensity of the photon stream
(light), one would increase the number of excited atoms. To achieve
maximum light intensity for a given subsrance, one would excite 100% of
the atoms of that substance.
In the Standard Model, the increase of light intensity explains as the increase
of input energy. Byincreasing the energy input to a subsrance, the energy
output naturally increases. However, this reveals nothing about the
pro=ses occurring within the atom From an engineering perspective,
the Standard Model is less effective than the Aether Physics Model in
providing product design options.
Depending on whether there is a valence electron in an atom, certain atoms

absorb photons, whilst others reflect Bythe time a given photon reaches
a target atom, the angular momentum of the photon and its associated
Aether unit has stretched, and only a portion of the original photon
angular momentum is absorbed The greater the distance between the
source atom and the target atom, the less angular momentum will be
absorbed at the target atom
For a given target atom, angular momentum arrives from all directions at
varying rates. The portion of angular momentum that arrives at the atom
decelerates and then stores within the atom in a shell position with no
onta. This shell position is receiving both portions of ang-Jiar
momentum and portions of Aether units. Depending upon the atomic
structure, there maybe several scenarios as to what happens next
190
1. The received angular momentum and Aether unit portion can be

accumulated to form into an electron, or
2. the received angular momentum and Aether unit portion can be

accumulated to form into a positron, or
3. the received angular momentum and Aether unit portion can be

accumulated as a combination electron and positron to twice the size
of a normal Aether unit.
As the quantity of accumulated angular momentum increases, it eventually

reaches a point -where there is a full Aether unit and its electron and!or
positron spin position is full with angular momentum.
If the valence electron built up as an electron!positron pair, then it has a net

zero electrostatic charge and electromagnetic charge, and ejects from its
present location in the electron shell to a position further out.
Depending on its momentum, the valence electron travels in steps of one
quantum length in one quantum frequency (speed of light), -where it will
shed half the angular momentum as a 1-spin photon, or will completely
dissociate from the atom and split into an electron-positron pair.
When a photon materializes, the angular momentum of the electron radiates

at the speed of light and the photon is equal to:
phtn = h · c (8.34)
Graviton
According to modem physics, the graviton is the quantum of the gravitational
field123. The language is different from the Aether Physics Mxlel
concerning the quantum of gravity, but the graviton does resemble the
Aether unit. Both the Aether unit and the graviton have a spin of 2 and
zero physical mass.
Nevertheless, un1ike the Standard Model, the Aether unit is not only the
quantum of the gravitational field; it is the quantum of all the fields. In
fact, in the Aether Physics Model, the Aether unit is the only quantum
that can produce a field of any kind since it also is the source of space
resonance.
Positron
The positron has the same mass as the electron and the same electrostatic
charge as the protOIL Therefore it exists in the opposite spin direction to
the electron and same spin direction as the proton, OJ! the positive sphere
of the Aether unit.
123"•••the quanta of the gravitational field, which we name me graviton , must have a spin of 2." Robert K.
Adair, The Great Desigp"Particles Fields andCreation (New York Oxford University-Press, 1989) 217.
191
Proton and Positron It may seem counter

spin direction is the same intuitive at first to visualize
the proton and positron as
having the same spin
direction. However, when
looking at the Aether unit
from the bottOm, it is
easier to see.
Anti-Proton
The anti-proton onn has the same electrostatic charge and
spin direction as the electron and thus the opposite spin
direction as the proton. However, as the electron and
proton can bind and thus cause their spin directions to
be the same, the positron and anti-proton can do the
same in producing an anti-neutron.
In addition, similar to the gravitational repulsion of the positron and electron,

the anti-proton and proton would also gravitationally repel each other.
Thus, if there were a true Big Bang type of scenario,
then the heavy anti-proton matter produced in the
beginning would have gravitated far away from the
proton-based portion of the Universe. It could very
well be that many of the far away galaxies are actually
anti-ga1axies.
In addition, since the electron wolks with the positron to

produce photons in the proton-based portion of the
Universe, we can assume that positrons wolk with
electrons to produce photons in the anti-proton-based
portion of the Universe, too. Thus, we should be able
to see anti-galaxies if they are not too far distant, as the
photons of matter and anti-matter are the same.
Theoretically, we should be able to receive signals from
civilizations made of anti-matter via radio
transnnsSIOns.
Exotic Collision Effects

The Aether Physics Model is a true quantum model in that it explains the
structure of stal:ie onta that make up the physical Universe. So-called
"particles" that last for less than a minute are not the primary building
blocks of a stable Universe; they are the temporary effectS of collisions.
In the Aether Physics Mode� the focus is
on establishing a struct:w'ai
model for the stable forms of existence that make up the vast ponion of
the visible Universe.
When sufficient resources and access to data has been obtained, there can be
further research into muons, tau particles, and other collision effects
within the paradigm of the Aether Physics Model
192
U N I F I E D F O R C E T H E O RY
a,.. , :r
UNIFIED FORCE THEORY
For over 100 years, physicists have been searching for a Unified Force
Theory to unify what the Standard Model calls the electromagnetic, weak
nuclear, and strong nuclear forces. Because the Standard Model prefers
to view the interaction of the forces in tenns of "fields," it is often called
the "unified field theory." Even more important than the Unified Force
Theory is the Theory of Everything, which not only unifies the three
named forces, but also includes the gravitational force. Still others
consider a Theory of Everything as one that literally ties together all
known phenomena.
The Aether Physics Model reinterprets the nature of the three electrical forces
and labels them the electrostatic force, proportion of electric force (or
weak interaction), and electromagnetic (strong) force, respectively. In
addition, the Aether Physics Model provides a mathematically correct
Theory of Everything that unifies all four forces.
In order to understand the nature of the forces, it is necessary to understand

the structutes that manifest the forces. The Aether Physics Model sees all
stable quantum matter (onta) as primary angular momentum
encapsulated by Aether.
There are two types of charges, the electrostatic charge, and the strong
charge. The electrostatic charge has a spherical solid angle, which it
inherits from the spherical distributed frequency dimensions of Aether.
The strong charge has steradian solid angle, which derives from the
interaction of primary angular momentum with the conductance of the
Aether.
Understanding how distributed charge angles are independent of distributed

length geometry is essential to understanding the two types of charges.
'While the distnbuted charge relationship between charge solid angle of 1
193
OF
(:7t ) 47t ,
S E C R E T S T H E A E T H E R
(47t)
and charge steradian solid angle is the surface area
relationship between the sphere surface constant and toroid surface
constant (47t' ) is � . The two geometries do not have a direct

7t
relationship to each other, as one applies to solid angle charges and the
otherto dismbuted length (surface area).
Further, a toroid can become spherical in nature when its small mdius
becomes very large and its large MUS becomes very small. In such
cases, even though the surface geometry is still that of a toroid, the
steradian strong charge will behave as though it has spherical solid angle.
The spherical electrostatic charge and the toroidal strong charge have a
precise proportion, which is the "weak inter.action," or " charge mtio," of
the onn. Technically; the weak inter.action is not an actual force and so
there are only three fundamental forces.
The electrostatic charge is the "cartier" of the electrostatic force and the
strong charge is the "cartier" of the electromagnetic or strong force. The
strong charge is also directly proportional to the mass of the onn (yja its
angular momentum) and provides the link between the gravitational force
and strong force. In the end, all three forces are actually manifestations
of the one Gforce. The charges and mass could depict as three colored
glass panes through which a light views. The same light illuminates each
pane of glass, even though each pane is a different color.
There are no gluons, quarks, flavors, colors, or other imaginary particles

invoked to unify the forces. The entire Unified Force Theory has a
Newtonian mathematical foundation and the calculated relative strengths
of the forces precisely verify through numerous experiments.
184
Elementary Charge
The physical elementary charge activates directly from the hther electrostatic
charge as the onn spins in it. The elementary charge squared has
spherical geometry and arises from distributed frequency (resonance of
time and spin parity direction), which is in tum caused by the reciprocal
mass of the Gforce.
In the image at right, the hther depicts as having two spheres, which arise as
the oscillation of forward/backward time and right/left spin direction.
Only one onn can exist in any given Aether unit at a given moment. In
addition, each onn must take a very specific spin position, depending on
its mass and direction of spin.
As an onn spins in its particular hther spin position,

the angular momentum activates the electrostatic
charge. For example, electron angular
momentum occupies the blue spin position and
thus picks up a negative electrostatic charge
(elementary charge squared). A positron would
take the yellow spin position and pick up positive
electrostatic charge. All onta spin only in the
forward direction of time .
In the Standard Model of physics, charge expresses

with a single dimension. However, since all
charge always appears as distributed", the hther
Physics Model expresses all charge in distributed
dimensions. The elementary charge has been
measured and has a value of 1 .602xlO-19 coul .
The symbol for elementary charge is e .
Elementary charge expressed in the hther Physics Model expresses as

e' and named "electrostatic charge". Thus the value for electrostatic
charge in the hther Physics Model is:
'
e = 2.567 X 10-38 coul'
Expressing all electrostatic

charge as e' does not
In cg units, e' is ff{Utll fa change its relative value.
gm . c,;,3 All units involving charge
'
e = 2.307 xlo-19 adjust accordingly.
sec
The onIsa: dirrensims are sirr"ihr to
theA ether dadde azrdiad unit. Cbanging elementary charge
to distnbuted units is not
an atbitraty decision.
First, it reflects reality as observed by Charles Coulomb. Second,
195
distributed charge implies from Aether geometry (as explained by angular

momentum spinning in Aether conductance). And third, expressing all
charge as distributed is the key to the Unified Force Theory. It is
interesting to note that (baries Coulomb made the correct observation
that all charge distributes, even though charge units did not express in
distributed dimensions. If he and his peers had expressed charge as
distributed dimensions, they would have discovered the Unified Force
Theoryover 100 years ago.
strong Charge
O!arles Coulomb came very close to discovering the electromagnetic (strong)
charge:
._" .....cWI_ ��
I wished to use the same method to detennine the attractive

force between two balls charged with a different nature of
electricity but by using this same balance to measure the
attractive force, I found an experimental difficulry that did
not occur when measuting the repulsive force. The
experimental difficulty arises when the two balls are drawn
near to each other. The attractive fon:e which increases, as
we have clearly seen, according to the inverse square law of
distances, frequently increases at a greater rate than the
I
to�ional fon:e, which increases only directly as the angle of
twLst.. . 114
Had Coulomb considered that there are two different types of charge, he
would have noticed that the second charge is electromagnetic in nature
(as opposed to the electrostatic charge). In addition, he would have been
able to express the force law for this other type of charge in tetnlS of a
modified inverse square law of distances (as done in the Aether Physics
ModeQ.
As it is, modem physics recognizes only one type of charge, and consequently
the strong force poorly describes in tetnlS of particles called gluons125•
Before quantifying strong charge, we note the conductance of the Aether

derives from Coulomb's constant and its relationship to the other known
constants of the "vacuum":
,2< Coulomb, Charles Augt6tin Instiu4 de Fnzm:, Mbroire; de /' Acadinie de; Scienr; (1785) 569ff, 578ff [as
published in Shamos, Morris H GrearExperimentsin Pby;ics, FirsthandAccotmrs from Galileo to Einstein

(New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1987) 65]
125 GIllOn, an elementary" particle that mediateS, or carries, the strong, or nuclear, force. In qyantum
chromod,vnamics (QCD). the QJiannun field theor,v of strong interactions. the interaction of quam (to fonn
�, �, and other elementaryparticles) is described in teuns of gluons- so called because they
"glue" the quarks together. Gluons are massless, travel at the speed of light, and possess a property called
color. The Cpiurnbia Electronic EnQ}'Clopedja,Sixth Edition Copyright C 2003
186
U N I F I E D F O R C E T H E O R Y
k ·
Cd = c eo (9.1)
c . fl.o
Cd = 2. 1 12x10-4
sec. cou ; 2
(9.2)
kg · m
Scant literature exists describing the conductance of Aether (vacuum, free
space, quantum foam), if any, in modem physics. Conductance is the
"measure of a material's ability to conduct electric charge." l26 Electrons
do "conduct" through the Aether, as observed when electrons travel in
the space between the Sun and Earth. Electrons also pass through
Aether in a vacuum tube. The conductance constant is a specific
measure of the Aether's ability to conduct strong charge.
Planck's constant is equal t0127:
kg · m2
h = 6.626 X 1O-J4 (9.3)
sec
Planck's constant generally defines in modem physics as "The constant of

proportionality relating the energy of a photon to the frequency of that
photon." 128 The Standard Model has missed the fact that Planck's
constant is acruallythe quantification of the electron.
Strong charge then calculates as:
(9 .4)
(9.5)
2
e
,�
where is the strong charge. The strong charge, like the electrostatic
charge, is distributed
Unlike electrostatic charge, each onn has a strong charge value proportional
to its mass. This is because the strong charge is dependent on the angular
momentum of the onn, and the Aether length and frequency dimensions
2
e for
,m=
are quantum measurements. Strong charge notates as the
' 2
e e
pm= ,m=
electron, for the proton, and for the neutron.
126 The American Heri�@ Dictionaryofthe English Iangua.ge.Fourth Edition Copyright C 2003 by
127 The NISTReferenceon G:msfMts Units and Uncertainty http://physics.nist.gov/cgi
binicuulValue?h I search_for-planck+constant
128
The American Heritage'" Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright 0 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton
Mifflin Company.
197
S E C RETS O F T H E A ET H E R
'Weak Interaction"
The proportion of electrostatic charge to strong charge is equal to 8Jr times
the fine strucnJre of the onn.
'
e
--'
= 8Jra (9.6)
e'm�
The significance of this proportion is that it represents the "weak interaction"

of the onn. Because each onn has its own strong charge, it will also have
its own "weak interaction" constant.
'
e
-- = 8Jrp (9.7)
e
pm�
2
(9.8)
Equations (9.6) through (9.8) represent the unijin1 chtrg! trjUtdims for each
onn. Taken together these equations are the basis for a mathematically
correct Unified Force Theory.
The Aether Physics Model shows the weak interaction is merely the
proportion of the electrostatic force to the strong force. -when analyzing
the relative strengths of distributed charge carriers, electrostatic charge is
10,000 times weaker than the electromagnetic charge is. However, since
the Standard Model views charge in single dimension, it appears as only
100 times weaker.
The unified charge equations dictate a general geometry for the onta.
Charge Solid Angle Proportions
Elementary Charge
Solid Angle of 1
"-
Equivalent Spherical
Strong Charge
Clmge Proportions
198
The graphic on the previous page illustrates the two charges of the electron as
their solid angles proportionally relate to each other. It is important to
keep in mind that the graphic is only for conceptualizing the solid angles,
it does not represent the true shape of an electron.
Electrostatic charge has the solid angle of 1 (small }ellow sphere in center of
light green sphere) while the strong charge has the solid angle of a
steradian (projected as the dark green band).
From Aether perspective, the actual electron shape

would appear as in the blue loxodrome image at
right.
The strong charge has a solid angle equal to 1 of the

__
4n
spherical electrostatic charge. What this means is
that the distribution of the electrostatic charge is
spherical, whereas the distribution of the strong
charge is 1
__ of an equivalent strong charge, 1-
4n
spin sphere.
Again, the electrostatic charge has 1-spin due to its relation to the Aether
spherical distributed frequency. The strong charge has >2 spin, due to the
>2 spin of the angu1ar momentum, so multiplying >2 spin by 2 converts >2
spin to 1-spin. Now multiplying the steradian solid angle of strong
charge by 4n- converts the steradian solid angle of the strong charge to a
solid angle sphere.
To keep track of the geometry of the charge, we could introduce a

geometrical symbolism
e2 = 0
Synblsforg:army ifdJarg: eemax2 = Q
o Sphencal g:army
=
Q = 0 spin steradiang:army
e = l-spinsteradiang:army e 2 · 2 · 4n- = 0
,m�
The proportion of the electron electrostatic charge sphere to the electron

electromagnetic charge sphere is a, the fine structure constant of the
electron.
199
e'O a (9.9)
e,max
'0
Equation (9.9) is the same as equation (9.10).
(9.1 0)
Force Laws
There are three recognized forces, the gravitational, electrostatic, and strong
force. The weak interaction is not a force at all. The gravitational force is
proportional to the strong force by way of the mass to strong charge
ratio. The electrostatic force, weak interaction, and strong force all work
together. The electrostatic force law works for electrostatic charge at a
relatively long distance, but not at a very close distance. Also, the strong
force law works for electromagnetic charge at a very close distance, but
not at a relatively long distance. The two forces actually trade off,
depending on the distance between the charged bodies.
After completing the nuclear binding energy equation, we can predict it will
include elements of both the electrostatic and electromagnetic force laws.
It will also likelyinclude the weak interaction as a telTIL
Electrostatic Force Law

The Coulomb law is the law governing the force between electrostatic
charges. Coulomb's experiments with the torsion balance (above
photo"') involved spherical surfaces to maximize electrostatic potential.
As electrostatic charge applied to the spheres, the force between the
spheres would increase. The spheres would then attract (If opposite
charged) or repel (if like charged) and thus move the charged spheres a
specific distance. Experiment showed that the distance squared was
inversely proportional to the amount of the electrostatic charges:
e·e
kc ' = F (9. 1 1)
L
In equation (9.11), where kc is Coulomb's electrostatic constant, e
represents the electrostatic charge, L is the distance between the charges,
and F is the resultant force.
Coulomb noticed that the above law does not hold when the charges become
very close to each other. This is because the strong charge begins to take
over. The boundary between the electrostatic charge dominance and the
electromagnetic charge dominance is gradual. The balance between these
two forces results in the weak interaction.
129 PhotO from http}Iwww.wpcmath.comlarts/coulomb.gif

200
Gravitational Law
I Since the gra�tational force is� �rienced by all ma�r in
the universe, from the largest galaxies down to the smallest
, particles, it is often called universal gravitation. Sir Isaac '
I
Newton was the first to fully recognize that the force holding I
any object to the earth is the same as the force holding the
, moon, the planets, and other heavenly bodies in their Olbits.
According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the force
between any two bodies is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them. The constant of
proportionality in this law is known as the gravitational
constant; it is usually represented by the symbol G and has
the value 6,672xIO-ll

mJ 2 in the meter-kilogram-
kg ' sec
I second (mks) system of units. Vety accurate early '
measurements of the value of G were made by Henty ,
cavendish.l3o
MI , M2
G F (9.12)
13
In equation (9.12), G is the Newton gravitational constant, MI and M2 are
two masses, L is the distance between the masses, and F is the force
between the masses.
It is not necessaty to elaborate further on the gravitational law since

information is widely available concerning its nature.
strong Force Law

The strong force law is unknown to modem physics. According to the
Standard Model, the strong force is "In physics, the force that holds
particles together in the atomic nucleus and the force that holds quatks
together in elementaty particles." 131 There is no practical equation for
calculating the strong force in the Standard Model because there is no
practical strong force cartier.
However, the strong force cartier in the Aether Physics Model is the
electromagnetic charge, or strong charge. The strong charge quantifies as
the angular momentum of the onn times the conductance of the Aether.
Thus, the strong charge of the proton is equal to:
(9.13)
130 "Gravitation," TheCphunbia EOQ'dopedia 6th ed.

,
131 The New Dictionaryof O.!tural Litera<;y Third Edition Edited by ED. Hirsch, Jr" Joseph F. Kett, and
James Trefil Copyright 0 2002 byHoughton Mifflin Company,
201
The strong force of the proton calculates using the strong force law. The
strong force law is similar to that of the electrostatic force law and the
gravitational laW. As in the case of the electrostatic law, the product of
two strong charges calculates from a single dimension of each charge.
Since the binding force causes the protons and neutrons to have large
"small radii" and small "large radii," the onta appear spherical. Thus the
Coulomb constant is the force mediator instead of the Aether unit
constant.
e ep
kc pmaxL•' max F (9 . 14)
The strong force of the neutron is similarly calculated:
e e =
kc nmaxL•' nmax F (9 . 1 5)
The strong force law for free protons and free neutrons would probably
integrate the Aether unit constant with the Coulomb constant. This is
because free protons and free neutrons are more toroidal in shape, but
once theybind, they become spherical in shape.
Since the Aether is always acting upon strong charge, whether or not there is
another ann present, the strong force per ann is actually the strong force
of a single ann. In other words, the Aether is acting on onta to produce
force even when there is no other ann around to interact with the force.
This must be so since the onta have no proximity system that can sense
when another ann is nearby, and then react to it.
The total nuclear binding force is the sum of all force acting upon onta in an
atomic nucleus. The total force acting upon a single neutron at one
quantum length, even though there are no other neutrons or protons
nearby, is:
�=; = 1 .839xlOJ fore

e '
Au (9.16)
c
The total strong force for an atomic nucleus of deuterium, however, is:
e ' ,
kc P,,",; + kc e�,,;, = 3675fore = 124newton (9.17)
Ac Ac
Coulomb's constant appears in equation (9.17) due to the spherical structure
of the resulting nucleus. The nuclear strong force equation then
expresses as:
F (9.18)
202
where Z is the number of protons and N is the number of neutrons in

the nucleus. The nuclear strong force equation quantifies nuclear binding
force. We can modify (9.18) to produce a nuclear binding energy
equation, which predicts the nuclear binding energy for all isotopes.
(page 229)
As shown in the section on particle radii, the free proton has a very small
"small radius" and a very large "large radius." Thus, a single hydrogen
atom is both very thin and very wide. However, as soon as protons and
neutrons bind, the strong charge causes the onta to contract. The large
radius becomes much smaller and the small radius becomes much larger.
This causes the geometry of the strong charge to change from toroidal to
spherical in geometry.
In the "two toroids"

graphic, both the blue
object and green object
are toroids. The green
toroid has a small radius
that 1<; larger than the large
radius. Two Toroids
The two onta adjoining each other tend to squash into a single sphere as in
the graphic of the deuterium atom below.
Intrinsic Shape of the Deuteron
Nuclear Highlights, Jefferson Labsm
As long as the total surface area of the onn remains exactly one quantum
length squared, the onn can assume any shape without violating
conservation of angular momentum, mass, energy or any other perceived
conservation law.
When
. onta are relatively far apart, the Coulomb electrostatic constant
mediates the spherical geometry charge. When protons and neutrons are
contacting, Coulomb's constant still mediates spherical geometry charge.
The change of shape from toroidal to spherical does not appear to occur
to bound electrons within atoms, which have a mass of about 1836 times
less than a proton and neutron.
132 Intrinsic Shape of the Deuteron, Ieffemon Labs (Nuclear Highlights)

http}lwww.jlab.orglhighlights/nuclear/Nuclear.html
203
S E C RE T S OF T H E A E T H E R
The Standard Model attempts to describe force carriers in terms of particles.
E;;cl;-fu� is carried by an elementary particle. -Th�

electromagnetic force, for instance, is mediated by the I
photon, the basic quantum of electromagnetic radiation. The ,
strong force is mediated by the gluon, the weak force bythe I

W and Z particles, and gravity is thought to be mediated by I
the graviton.!33
"'__ • l_
To begin with, the Standard Model photon is not truly quantum. There is a
different "sized" photon for each frequency of electromagnetic radiation.
In addition, all force carriers in the Standard Model incorrectly express in
terms of particles. If force carriers were truly particles, then binding
energywould be equal to the force of the force canier times the distance
it travels. This is not the case. The concept of a force being a particle is
meaningless.
In the Aether Physics Model, the force carriers are the electrostatic charge,
electromagnetic charge, and mass. The so-called "weak force" is really
just a proportion of electrostatic charge to electromagnetic charge. The
true source of force in the Universe is the Gforce, which acts through
Coulomb's electrostatic constant, the strong charge constant (quantum
Aether unit), and the Newton gravitational constant.
Here we will determine the relative strengths of Gforce as it acts on

electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass. But since the
Standard Model experiments that determine the relative strengths of the
forces are expressed in single dimension charge, we will have to compare
the square root of APM charges to the Standard Model charges in order
to obselVe the relative strengths.
We will begin with the electrostatic charge [equation (9.19)J, taking it to be

equal to 1 elementary charge in the Standard Model. The strong charges
will now compare in terms of electrostatic charge. The proton and
neutron strong charges are each nearly 100 rimes greater in magnitude
than the elementary charge, as determined by the Standard Model The
electron strong charge is only 2.335 times stronger than the elementary
charge, while viewing the strength of single dimension charge. The
Standard Model does not recognize the strong charge of the electron, but
if it did, we would likelyobselVe it in electron plasmas.
133 "ElemenraryPanicles ," The Columbia Em;yclopeclia 6th ed.

,
204
- ---- --
# = Ie (9.19)
�ep�2 = 100.058e (9.20)
�e"_2 = I OO.l27e (9.21)
�e'm=' = 2.335e (9.22)

Unified Force Theory
Standard Model Relative Force
Relative Cltarge
Carrier Strengthsl34
Strengths
Elementary
Cltarge I I
Strong Cltarge
Proton 100.058 1 00
Neutron 1 00.127 100
(Strong nuclear force of electron not
Electron 2. 335 recognized)
Weak Interaction
Proton 9 .988x I 0-5 I Ox 1 0-5
Neutron 9.975x I 0-5 IOx10-5
(Weak interaction of electron not
Electron 0 . 183 recognized)
The weak nuclear mteractton calculates for the proton and neutron as:
8np = 9.988xI0-5 (9.23)

8nn = 9.975 X 1 0-5 (9.24)
Since both results are already ratios comparing the electrostatic charge to
strong charge, they remain just as they are. So in comparing the
electrostatic charge, strong charge, and weak interaction, the Aether
Physics Model makes a direct hit when it predicts the relative strengths of
the force caniers as seen by the Standard ModeL For a more detailed
comparison of the relative strengths of the forces see our paper,
Calculations of the Unified Force Theory:
httpjlwww.16pi2.comifiles/Calculations_UFT.pdf
More on the Strong Force

The strong force compared to the electrostatic force between the protons is
1,581,000 times stronger. The strong force compared to gravitational
134 The relative strengths of the forces differ widely from source to source. The values shown here are from
tables I had grown up with, but no longer have reference to. Most sources todayquantifythe relative strength
between the strong force and electrostatic force as being equal to me fine structure constant, which is totally
baseless. Some sources also show the relative strength between all the forces in tenns of the electron fine
strucrure constant.
205
SECRETS O F T H E A E T H E R
force between the protons is in the order of 10" times greater.
e
mw: · e max
rm.I"
J'd p A 2 p
C
1 .581xl06 (9.25)
e ·e
rm.I'
,.J pmax
JU pmw:
AC 2
1 .954xl042 (9.26)
As in the case of the electron, the ratio of strong force between protons at
one quantum distance, to the gravitational force between protons is equal
to the ratio of the mass associated with the Aether to the mass of the
proton:
ma
= 1 .954xl 042 (9.27)
mp
At one quantum distance, the strong force clearly rules. From the above
equations, it is possible to find the distances where the forces are
relatively equal to each other. In the case of the proton strong force
compared to the proton gravitational force, to equal the gravitational
force between two protons at one quantum distance, two protons would
have to be 3.3 91 x 1 09 m apart to experience the same magnirude in the
strong force. But in order for the strong force to be in effect, the two
protons would also have to be magnetically aligned with each other. The
south pole of one proton must face the north pole of the other proton in
orderto effect a complete strong force attraction.
There is a popular myth that the strong force does not reach be}Qnd a very
short distance; however, this short reach is in appearance only. The
strong force is so strong, that after a certain distance, an onn must
contend with the strong force that carries by all other onta within force
range. The effect is a t}pe of magnetic suspension in space. Gravity
would have a similar problem if it were both repulsive and attractive.
However, since gravity is linear and always attractive (except to anti
matter), it penetrates uniforrnlythrough all strong charge and electrostatic
charge.
However, when a group of onta has all or most of its strong charge
magnetically aligned (such as in a crystal), then the strong force emerges
more noticeably than the gravitational force and manifests as permanent
magnetism Mlst magnetic effects are due to electron magnetic
alignment, but there are likely special cases (such as neutron stars) where
the magnetism is due to the magnetic alignment of protons and neutrons.
208
Casimir Effect
"The Casimir effect is a small attractive fon:e which acts
between two close parallel uncharged conducting plates. It is
due to quantum vacuwn fluctuations of the electromagnetic
field. .. ," from "What is the Casimir Effect?" by Philip
Gibbs1l5.
The equation for calculating the attractive Casimir fon:e between two plates
of area Aseparated by a distance L is shown below. We chose the
quantum distance to be the length and area for quantum measurement
analysis purposes.
If · h · e -4
A = 2.208 x 1 0 newton (9.28)
480 . L4
The Dutch physicist Hendrick Casimir developed the form of the above
equation in 1948. In 1996, Steven Lamoreaux conducted an experiment
that verified the Casimir effect equation to within 5%"'.
Looking at equation (928), we see the h · e in the nwnerator. In the Aether

Physics Model, h ·e is equal to the unit of the photon.
"Casimir realised that between two plates, only those virtual

photons whose wavelengths fit a whole number of titres into
the gap should be counted when calculating the vacuwn
energy," Gibbs said.
It is no error that the equation for the Casimir Effect contains the APM unit
for the photon in the nwnerator. But as will be seen shortly, the so-called
"virtual photons" are mathematically shown to be the result of the strong
charge of the electron being acted upon bythe strong fo=.
Let us modify Casimir's equation by replacing h · e with the phtn unit and
express the fon:e in units of fore from the Aether Physics Model.
If . phtn�A
= 6.545 x 1 0-3 fore (9.29)
480 · £
us The Physics and RelativityFAO, as a collection, is C 1992·-2002 by Scott Chase, Michael Weiss, Philip
Gibbs, Ouis Hilhnan, and Nathan Urban. http'! /math.ucr.edulhomelbaezlphys�/ Quantwnlcasimir.html

136 Lamoreaux, Steven K., DemoQstmtjonofthe CasimirForceinthe06ro6 mmRange (physical Review
I.e""", VOLUME 78, NUMBER I, 1996)
207
Because we have chosen the quantum distance for £ and the quantum
distance squared for A , the numerical terms produce an identity.
� = 6. 545 x10-3
(9.30)
480
The numerical 7[ divided by 480 is too close to -.!,

167[
= 6.333 XIO-3 to
ignore. Qmld it be that the Casimir equation was calculated or inferred
incorrectly? Perhaps it should be:
phtn · A 6 . 333x10-3 fore (9. 3 1 )

1 67[2 . £4
A comparison of the numerical tenn in the original Casimir equation to the
asswned 1 67[2 numerical tenn gives:
6 . 545
= 1 .033 (9.32)
6.333
The Casimir value is just 3.3% greater than the 167[2 value. In 1996 Steven
Lamoreaux empirically measured the Casimir Effect to within 5% of the
Casimir equation. Therefore, the assumed 167[2 value could be correct.
What's the point of this exercise? 167[' is the geometrical constant of the
Aether in the Aether Physics Model. According to an article about the
Casimir effect research of U. Mohideen and Anushree Roy, published in
the Physical RevieW''',
.." .the�most
---""!':"'- -
puzzling aspect of the theoryis that the [Casimir]
force depends on geometry: If the plates are replaced by ,
hemispherical shells, the force is repulsive. Spherical surfaces
somehow "enhance" the number of virtual photons."
! II'l .su.... r.
The shape of 1 67[2 is a double loxodrome and it is equal to the spherical

constant squared As shown in the neutron equation for the neutrino
(page 180), Aether folds according to its spherical geometry in order to
trap �e angular momentum known in the Standard Model as the anti
neutnno.
Of further interest is that phu: is equal to the strong charge of the electron
1 67[-
times Coulomb's constant.
'" The Force of EmptySpace (Focus, Phy.;ical Review, 1998) http'!lfocus.aps.orglstory/v2/st28

208
phtn
= kC .e 2
emax (9.33)
16n2
So the Casimir equation can transpose as:
kc ,m=24 ' A
e
6.333x10-3 fore (9.34)
L
And so it appears that the Casimir effect is the result of the electron strong
charge of the electrons in the metal plates affecting each other through a
faun of Coulomb's law. But Lamoreaux clearly states in his paper,
"There was no evidence for a -..!,

a
force in any of the data. . . ."136 But
even though the force is not an inverse square force, it does increase
rapidly with the closer distances, as he writes, "The Casimir force is
nonlinear and increases rapidly at distances less than O.5f.Lm ." This is
entirely consistent with the strong force law as it increases according to
2
the inverse square law, but at a rate 1 67[ times sharper than the
electrostatic force.
Taking the area and lengths to be the quanrum length, the adjusted Casimir
equation transposes and simplifies as the Aether Phy.;ics Model strong
force equation forthe electron:
� eem�'�emax fore (9.35)

c
So the success of the Casimir effect experiments is evidence of the existence
of the strong charge of the electron, as well as the electron strong force
law. It also provides evidence to support the Aether Phy.;ics Model's
assertion that the photon is equal to the angular momenrum of the
electron times the speed of light.
To calculate the force between two Casimir plates, measure the strong charge
of each plate, divide by the distance between them squared, and multiply
by the Aether cons=t. The strong charge is easy to calculate, because it
is alway.; proportional to the mass. In the Casimir effect experiment, the
mass is that of the free electrons placed on each plate.
Another observation about Lamoreaux's experiment:
With the Casimir plates separated but externally shorted

together, there was an apparent shockingly large potential of
430 mV; there are roughly 40 separate electrical connections
I in this loop and a potential this large is consistent with what
, is expected for the various metallic contacts. This potential
was easily canceled by serting an applied voltage between the
plates to give a minimum OV; this applied voltage was taken "
as "zero" in regard to the calibration.
209
The "apparent shockingly large potential of 430 mY" seemed anomalous

because only 300mV had applied to the plates. Instead of interpreting
the increased potential as an artifact of the Casimir effect, Lamoreaux
sought to dismiss it as the result of various metallic contacts. Lamoreaux
did not explain exactly what physical principle he thought it was that
produced the increased potential. It seems he would have been careful
is
enough to avoid thermoelectric effectS, so it unclear just what process
he thought caused the extra 130mV of potential across shorted plates.
An alternative to the "40 separate electrical connections" explanation is that

photons emerged from the Aether between the plates. The angular
momentum for the photons would have come from between the Aether
units (dark matter) as described in the neutrino section (page 1 82), thus
there is conservation of angular momentum.
It may have been that the short between the plates provided a resistance load.
That mayhave converted the photons into electrons via the photoelectric
effect, and the electrons flowed in order to balance the opposite
potentials of the plates.
General Relativity Theo'Y

From the preceding sections, we have seen the importance of the weak
interaction constant (8n) in relating the electrostatic charge of Aether
( e' ) with the electromagnetic charge of matter. We have also seen that
electrostatic charge influences the spin behavior of onta through
magnetic moment. Therefore, it is that Aether (Einstein's space-time)
interacts with onta (mass-ene�. Einstein's field equation for this
relationship reduces to:
G = 8nT (9.36)
where G is the space-time curvature tensor and T is the mass-energy
ten5or.138
According to General Relativity Theory; light bends because of the effect of

gravity on the surrounding space-time curvature. The problem with this
concept that gravity needs two masses to exert its effect. There is
is
nothing in space-time for the gravity to act on with regard to the mass of
the object that curves space-time. It simply assumed, without rationale,
is
that the presence of a massive body will somehow affect space-time
simply because it has a lot of gravitational mass.
In the Aether Physics Model, the bending of light around a massive object
has nothing to do with gravity. We recall that mass is directly
proportional to the soong force. As neuoons form from soong force
138 CDarles w. Misner, Kip S. Thome, John Archibald Wheeler Gravitation (WH Freeman and Compaw
.
.l2W-407
210
U N I F I E D F O R C E T H E ORY
binding, Aether units fold and stretch the surrounding fabric of space
inwrud towrud the binding. On a massive scale, such as around stars, the
stretched space causes a lensing effect for passing photons.
The strong force mediates by the strong charge, or electromagnetic charge.

The spherical resonance of Aether is the source of electrostatic charge.
Therefore, the electrostatic charge of Aether acts upon the strong charge
of matter. The strong charge is the effect of the angular momentum
(dark matter) of the onn spinning within the conductance of the Aether.
The Aether Physics Model analysis of the unit of magnetic moment proves
that Aether electrostatic charge can affect the strong charge of matter.
Furthermore, simple experiments exist that provide empirical data that
Aether electrostatic charge directly interacts with the strong charge of
onta.
For several years, Jean Louis Naudin has been experimenting with
electrostatic propulsion via asymmetric capacitors, often called "lifters,"
or "asymmetric capacitors." Posted on his web site are over 300
independent replications of the lifter in vatious manifestations.1J'
According to the Aether Physics Model, the lift occurs when the Aether
dipoles align due to the electrostatic charge of the thin conductor
compared to the broad conductor. The surrounding gross medium
(atmosphere, oil, etc) amplifies this effect.
Simultaneously, the strong charge of the larger conductor atrracts to the

electrostatically aligned Aether units. The key to electrostatic propulsion,
it would seem, is in designing a thin, lightweight material with
magnetically aligned crystal structure, or at least a material with electrons
that realign freely.
Just as the unified charge equations show the relationship of electrostatic to

electromagnetic charge in asymmetric capacitors, the same mechanics
holds true for larger objects.
Special Relativity Theory

There are comments made in previous pages concerning the lack of evidence
for the equivalence of energy and mass. The mathematical foundation of
mass/energy equivalence clashes with established definitions of equalities,
and the background noise of relativistic experiments buty any data that
might support SRT. Although scenarios involving photons WQIk well
with SRT, scenarios involving gross matter, do not.
However, the Lorentz transformations adopted by Special Relativity theory

developed around the fluid Aether concept, in the first place. Therefore,
any mechanical references to moving frames is essentially the same thing
139 http'!/jnaudin.free1r/
211
as relative movements of regions of Aether moving relative to other

regions of Aether and remain valid in the Aether Physics Model
As the Aether Physics Model was developed, there was a careful review of the
data and theoty supponing Special Relativity. All other conventional
physics theories could find a countetpart or connection in the Aether
Physics Model This author cannot detennine that mass/energy
equivalence was ever a proper theoty and can find no analog for it in the
Aether Physics Model
Natura/ Log
John Neiby wbiJe investigating the Aether Physics Model observed an
interesting curiosity. He noted the square of the natural log e could
approximately express in terms of the strong charge, electrostatic charge,
electron fine structure, and pi.
(1 + a) � 1T = (log e)'
e
(9.37)
e
212
�- -�- --
ATO M I C M E C H A N I CS
ATOMIC MECHANICS
T he nuclear binding force quantifies according to equation (10.1), for

reasons explained in the previous chapter.
2
pmax
e + enmax2
kc ' 23 .271forc (10.1)
Ac2
In the atom, the total binding force (nuclear binding plus electron binding)
calculates from the sum of all electromagnetic charge in the electrons,
protons, and neutrons. For example, the total force applied by the
Aether to hold deuterium together is:
23.278forc (10.2)
where Zis the number of protons and electrons in deuterium, and N is

the number of neutrons.
The distributed G>mpton wavelength is the surface between charges because

it provides the quantum surface area of anyspin position of the Aether.
In addition, since the onn primary angular mo=ntum is spinning in an

Aether unit, two onta together would require an overlap of the Aether.
The only time Aether space overlaps is when two onta bind together
through the strong force, causing the Aether to fold over onto itself.
Two Aether units without angular mo=ntum existing in them cannot
overlap.
Length exists as only two dimensions within the Aether unit; the third
dimension of length in volutnetric space is due to the distance between
Aether units, which is one quantum distance. Therefore, in an atom, the
213
shortest distance available for photons to travel from one Aether unit to
the next is usually one Glmpton wavelength.
However, due to the binding force of onta, the Aether units either slighdy
pull toward each other or else push slighdy away, depending on the
magnetic orientation of the onta.
AI. the Quantum level, Glulomb's law can be modified to direcdy calculate
the amount of energy that it should take to separate a nucleus, based on
the number of onta in the atom So the total energy it would take to
separate the nucleus of Helium 4 if the distance between onta were one
quantum distance is equal to 23.783MeV:
(Z ·epm�' +N·e m�' )

kc n ' Ac = 23 ·783MeV ( 10.3)
Ac'
Physicists have tested all known atomic isotopes for their actual "binding
energy" over the years. A complete list of atomic masses for calculating
binding energies for isotopes is available at the National Institute for
Standards and Technology (NIS1)140.
It is important to remember that atoms do not bind with energy; they bind
with force. The "binding energy" is the actual amount of energy that
would be required to pull the atom apart, if such a thing occurs.
The actual "binding energy" never agrees with the calculated "binding energy"
because Aether units slighdy change their distance from each other
depending on the configuration of the nuclear strong charges. In the
Standard Model, the difference between the calculated binding energy
and the measured binding energy designates as "mass defect." The term
"mass defect" implies that something has happened to the mass.
However, since mass is merely a dimension, nothing ever happens to the
mass. It defies logic to suggest that the dimension or measurement of
mass converts to a unit of energy.
Using helium 4 as an example, the NIST measured binding energy is

28293MeY. In equation (10.3) the calculated binding energy for helium
4 is 23.783MeY. The ratio of actual to calculated binding energy is:
28. 293Me V
1 . 19 (1 0.4)
23.783Me V
Therefore, Helium 4 has caused an average change of distance between
Aether units that is equal to 1.19Ac ' The difference between the
measured binding energy and APM calculated binding energy IS
140 Atomic Weights and Isotopic Q,mpositions for All Elements http://physics.nist.gov/cgi
bini Q,mpositions/stand_alone.pI?
214
A T O M I C M EC H A N I CS
4.510MeY. If the APM binding energy equation and NIST measured

binding energy are correct then the difference must be due to a change of
distance between Aether units.
Energy is stored as magnetic tension between the Aether units. When the
nuclear binding releases, the extra tension also releases. Therefore, there
is not only energy released due to the oma unbinding, but also there is
energy released due to the Aether unbinding. Further, due to the Casimir
effect, the process of producing photons from dark matter also adds
energy to the nuclear reaction. Thus, we generally explain the energy
release observed in fission.
Nevertheless, there is also an energy gain from fusion. That is, while there is
extra energy when the onta unbind (fission), there is also extra energy
when the oma bind (fusion). When two onta come near each other, the
Aether causes the strong force that magnetically attracts the strong
charges. This is just like two magnets that get too close to each other,
which suddenly gain energy, align their poles, and accelerate until contact.
Like fission, the nuclear binding not only exerts force between onta, but
also between Aether units. The force between Aether units results in a
change in distance, which stores energy. In addition, the Casimir effect
comes into play once more as onta magnetically align at the correct
distance to create photons.
The constant process of assembling and disassembling atoms creates photons

from the interaction of dark matter and Aether, which manifests as
energy. The design of Liquid-Metal-Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors to
produce more fuel than they consumeso is an interesting curiosity. The
scientists must have known something about atomic reactions in order to
design nuclear power plants in such a manner.
There is no conversion of mass into energy. The apparem conversion of

mass to energy in atomic nuclei is due to the binding of space-time along
with the binding of matter. In addition, photons produce through the
Casimir effect, which provide even more energy. The Aether is doing
work regardless of whether the atoms fuse or fizz. The process of
assembling and disassembling matter to get "free energy" is similar to a
pumping action, except that it pumps angular momentum from dark
matter into the visible Universe. The extra angular momentum that
pumps into the visible Universe ultimately returns to dark matter when
black hole implosion events occur and evaporate. Thus, angular
momentum is truly conserved and recycled
With regard to internal nuclear lengths (distances between Aether units), not
all atoms have a net distance between Aether units of greater than one
quantum distance. Of all the stable atomic isotopes, only Lithium 7 bas a
net distance between Aether units of less than one. W'hat does this
mean? It means Lithium bas more potential than other stable isotopes to
manipulate the Aether and cause it to work.
215
It follows that if Lithium combines either with another element or

disassembles and reassembles through a resonant oscillation, then it may
induce the Aether to generate photons, which could contribute to the
amplitude of the oscillation. The excess amplitude manifests as heat and
radiates photons. The photons may then conven to electrons via the
photoelectric effect. In addition to electron-sized photons, the process
may also generate proton-sized photons. Tapping the energy of the
Aether through Lithium may be as simple as bombarding Lithium with
X-rays or microwaves.
There are repons that Lithium baneries explode with more energy than
expected,,!. Such explosions occur near X-ray machines, in medical
equipment, and near ailpon security systems. Even internal excitation
from heat causes Lithium batteries to explode. The lithium itself is not
explosive, but it tends to acquire excess energy that must be released
somewhere.
Lithium is not the only isotope that would appear to draw energy from the
Aether. Below is a table of all the isotopes with a net distance of less than
one quantum distance between Aether units. From the table we can see
that deuterium (H2) and tritium (H3) are also excellent candidates for
drawing energy from the Aether. Although there are other excellent
candidate isotopes, the quantities of those isotopes in nature are limited
EL = element, A = atomic number.
B[J
GDI
M==<i Binding
Enew
2224M<V
�B Energy
11.895M<V
C
0.187
G[�] 8.481M<V 17.849M<V 0.476

IEJLIJI 5579M<V 23.802M<V 0235
GOI 2.743M<V 29.756M<V 0.092
GOI 5.784M<V 35.709M<:V 0.162
§lOI 7.717M<V 17.837M<:V 0.433
§lui 27.406M<:V 29.744M<:V 0.923
§lOI
I
29260M<:V 35.698MeV 0.821
§lOI 28.822M<:V 41.65IMeV 0.693
§l[�] 31.404M<:V 47.605M<:V 0.661
§l01 30256M<:V 53558M<:V 0.566
-
§lGI 30.J35M<:V 59.512M<:V 0510
,
141 "Lithium batteries don't emit strong enough bursts of energy to run power tools or computer hard drives
and, because of lithium's reactivity, they are prone to explode." John Carpi, nGreen Batteries: Powering
Innovation," E Apr. 1994, Questia, 11 June 2004 <http.!/www.questia.com/ >.
218
A T O M I C M EC H A N I C S
BD�
@]�I 4.620M:V
I
c.IcuIa"d Binding
Ene'K}'
23778MeV
II
B 0.195
@]Ol 26J26M:V 29732M:V

II 0.887
� @]DI 31.992M:V 35.686M:V

II 0.898
@][2:JI 39240M:V 41.639M:V 0.944
! @]DI 41273M:V 47593M:V 0.868

I
� @]01 45.336M:V 53546M:V 0.848
· @]GI 45JllM:V 59500M:V 0.763
@]01 45.637M:V 65.453M:V 0.698
@]01 44.408MeV 71.407MeV

I 0.623
�DI 26.921M:V 35.674�V 0.756
�01 37596M:V 41.627MeV 0.904
�01 68.642M:V 71395M:V 0.963

I
�01 68.1l6M:V 77J49M:V 0.882
I
�01 69.975M:V 83J02M:V 0.841
I
1 001 24715M:V 4!h15M:V
I 0.595
I
0DI 37.734M:V 47569M:V
II 0.794
001 88.182M:V 89244M:V

II 0.989
001 88.1l7MeV 95.197MeV

II 0.927
001 89576M:V 101.151M:V

II 0.887
0�11 89.041M:V 107.104MeV

I 0.832
001 90.070M:V 11l.058M:V 0.798
@J�II 24780M:V 47557MeV 0.522
@JeDl 39.030M:V 5351 1M:V 0.730
@J�II 118.831M:V
I 124.953MeV 0.952
@J�II 120.279M:V 1l0.907M:V 0.920
G�II 35.533M:V 59.452M:V 0.598
G�II 58.338M:V 65.406M:V 0.893 I

.
G�II 141.180M:V 142.802M:V 0.990
@l01 58543M:V 71.347MeV

I 0.822
@l01 75550M:V 77J01M:V

II 0.979
001 72J41M:V 83243M:V

II 0.870
Photon Mechanics
In 1923, Arthur Compton noted that J.J. Thomson's model of the electron
did not account for the lower frequency �onger wavelength) associated
with "electron scattering." To account for this, Compton imagined the
photon as a billiard ball that passed through the atom and dislodged
217
electrons from a force within the atom according to the Doppler

principleI".
energy hv' \�,,�:,:::;��/

.........,. _..-'
.
.... ·
e
Compton R ""oil
Electron
-
Photon sClucling $unrurd ;vlodd 143
Compton's theory, like so many other theories in the Standard ModeL

accounts for the momentum of an imaginary, miniature billiard balL as
though the momentum were something real and the billiard ball was
something imaginary. It explains the scattering of radiation in terms of
cOlpuscular photons, but not how the photons always manage to miss
the nucleus of the atom
Futther, Compton's theory of a cotpuscular incident photon assumes that the

light emits as bullets that happen to shoot directly at the target.
Imagine an experiment setup where the researcher is going to measure the

Compton Effect at 90 degrees from the angle of the incoming "billiard
ball" photoIL Only one photon emits. The photon scatters at 135
degrees, instead of toward the sensor, which resides at 90 degrees. The
experiment should show a null result. In fact, if the experiment is
repeated many times over, it should show a null result almost 100% of
the timebecause the odds of the photon being reflected exactly toward
the sensor is about 1/360 (assuming that the sensor is set up to receive
photons over an arc of 1 degree).
Nevertheless, aside from the defects in logic in the billiard ball explanation of
panicles, Compton's equations are still applicable to the Aether Physics
Model's explanation of incident ratliation. This is because Compton's
equations based upon the empirical data. We will look at the same
empirical data but give a different intetpretation of it.
=)(,0( --
142
"It is of interest to note that according to the classical theory, if an x-ray were scattered by an electron
given by the Doppler Principle as v.
l+ /3 ' sm -
2
2
e)"
moving in the direction of propagation at a velocity �'c , the frequency of the ray scattered at an angle e is
2/3 ' . Monis H Shamos, Great
1-
Experiments in Ph�ics "Firsthand Accounts from G.ilileo to Einstein" (New York, Dover Publicatioru Inc.,
1987) 353
143 Gmphic from Nuc!c.u· R,ldi.ltion Phy;ics. 1949
2111
Looking at a polar plot of Compton's equation for the scattering x-rays, we

can see the general shape of what the electron should look like. The
graph on the left represents the general shape of the electron since it
radiates photons at these shapes. If the electron were circular, the plot
would be circular, and if the electron were square, the plot would reflect
the square-ness of the electron.
t\e) := (1 - co,(e)) In the Aether Physics 11odel, the onta

model as loxodromes through space
90
120 60 resonance. When we look down the time
axis we can see that an onn would look like
30
a cardioid as perceived through human
nO) eyes (from within the forward time
180 o
direction of half-spin onta).
330
240 300 The image produced by Compton's

!
2 0
equation for the scattering x-rays of
electrons looks like the cardioid shaped electron
as modeled in the Aether Physics 110del as seen
in the image at right. However, even though the
APM loxodrome and Compton cardioid look
alike, they are quantifiably different in
proportion, as Dr. lester Hulett explained to me
in conversation. The Compton function extends
at twice the rate of expansion at 180 than the loxodrome function.
According to the Aether Physics 11odel, photons are true quantum

"particles" and have no inherent frequency as they do in the Standard
ModeL Light is a unit to describe photons emitted at a frequency.
ligt phtn . freq

= (10. 5)
Light is essentially, then, acceleraring angular momentum.
ligt = h · acel (l0.6)

When light strikes an atom, angular momentum from the light is absoroed
and transferred to the valence electron. The absorption is a process of
deceleraring angular momentum.
Light Radiation
It ofoen states that light travels in straight lines, such as a ballistic particle.
This is not entirely true. A line has two directions, light travels specifically
from the source, outward, and only in one direction (the forward
direction). Therefore, light travels as a ray, not as a line.
Further, if light were a particle, and several rays were cast from a source, then
at some great distance there will be gaps between the light particles. At a
great distance, the source would become invisible for some observers and
219
not for others, or there would be a flickering as light panicles randomly

amved at a target.
However, in reality, a light source seen from a great distance does not flicker
and spaces do not appear between light panicles. A decrease in light
intensity observes with distance, indicating that light is spreading as it
travels. The simple explanation is that light emits as a cardioid band of
angular momentum from the source and expands radially. Part of the
photon always remains connected to the source, as suggested by Cynthia
Whimey. In most cases, the bands.of light emit in all orientations as the
emitting electrons arrange in all orientations, thus giving the appearance
of spherical emission. However, in polarized crystals light emits with all
the bands horizontally aligned
The observed lengthening of the wavelength produced by the target atom can
be accounted for when we take into account the full angulat momentum
of the source atom valence electron.
A valence electron in an excited system will give off photons at a certain

frequency.
Zigt = phtn . freq (10.7)

The wavelength of this emitted light is variable and satisfies Compton's
wavelength function of 1 - cos(B) . Since the frequency of light can
express in tenns of wavelength, the light unit can notate as:
ligt = phtn � (10.8)

Ac
According to Compton, the wavelength of the light will depend on the angle
from which it views.
The wavelength of light is a function of the viewing angle:
--
f(B) = l - cos(B) (10.9)
. C
bgt = phtn (10.10)
Acf(B)
What this means is that light is transmitted petpendicular [ (� % )]

B= n, n
to the direction of electron flow through a radiator at the same frequency

of the source oscillation, and at different frequencies from other angles.
It also means that there is no light transmitted in the direction from
which the photons or electrons are coming.
220
------ --
A T O M I C M E C H A N I C S
Absorption
The Aether units of the visible Universe cycle to the rhythm of the quantum
frequency. This means tbe Aether units cycle between forward and
backward time. In each cycle of forward and backward time, all the
processes of the Universe that are going to occur do so in that moment.
Physical matter, for whatever reason, can only see the forward time
portion of the cycle. Thus, onra exist only as half-spin.
So in one quantum cycle all the processes that are going to take place, take
place in forward time , and they remain dormant through the backward
time phase.
At the atomic leve� angular momentum among atoms transmits in the form
of photons and electrons. We will look at the case of photons already
transmitted and that are now being absorbed
Photons emit from different atoms at a wide range of frequencies, meaning

that photon angular momentum arrives at atoms at various times and in
various quantities. In one quantum moment (r;, ) there are a given
number of photon "fronts" arriving at an atom The photon front has a
certain amount of angular momentum available to transfer to the atom
In order for that angular momentum to be absorbed, the frequency of
the arriving light synchronizes to the frequency of the atom or molecule
receiving the light, otherwise it reflects. If the frequency of the atom or
molecule is a frequency of the arriving light, or even a harmonic
frequency, the light will instantly decelerate, thus being absorbed into the
atom or molecule.
ligt = h (10. 1 1 )
acel
The amount of angular momentumthat will be absorbed into the system will
depend on the distance between the source and the target, and on their
frequencies. The further the distance between the two, the weaker the
angular momentum becomes, due to divergence. (The angular
momentum is not lost; it spreads over a greater area and thus less angular
momentum is contacting the atom or molecule.) The further out of sync
the two frequencies are, the less angular momentum will be absorbed
Emission
In our first two editions, we published hypothetical views on how emissions
might take place in the Aether Physics ModeL Nowthat we are gerting a
clearer view on some aspects of the Aether, it is apparent that photon
structure is far more complicated than originally thought. The photons
expand yet remain connected to their source. There seems to be several
different processes for absorbed angular momentum to be stored in the
atom, and thus several different methods for the stored angular
momentum to re-errnt.
221
Consistent with the rest of the APM, VIe would like to recant our emissions
explanations until VIe have specific data to work with.
The Dimensions of Light

In the Aether Physics Model, a photon is a nue quantum "particle." In the
Standard Model a quantum photon can have any value of inherent
frequency. A quantum photon with frequency is meaningless because it
is not possible for a single quantum particle to exhibit frequency. It is like
one hand clapping, or an ocean consisting of one water molecule.
In the APM, the photon quantifies as the angular momentum of the electron
times the speed of light.
=
phtn h · c (10. 1 2)
The Aether Physics Model describes light as photon times frequency.
=
ligt phtn · freq (10.13)
Since angular momentum and the speed of light are constant, the unit of
light changes only by the frequency. So light with a frequency of 50MHz
is equal to:
50MHz · phtn = 4.047 X 1 0- 13 ligt (10. 14)

The unit of light (ligt) pertains to the mechanics of a single atom or molecule.
The intensity of light is equal to the unit of light times the number of
active atoms or molecules that produce light.
Power
To find out how much poVler emits by light at a given distance from the
soun:e, divide light bythe distance:
r t
...!L = powr = 1.012x10' watt (10. 1 5)
leng
The powr unit is the quantum unit of pOVler. At a distance of one Compton
wavelength, the light of one atom outputting 4.047xW-13 ligt radiates
4.047xW-13 powr, or4.094xW-6 watt.
Irradiance
To obtain the irradiance of light of a given frequency, divide the light by the
volume of illumination:
ligt = irrd = 1 .7 1 8x1030 kg

(10.16)
volm sec'
where irrd is a quantum unit of irradiance.
222
ATO M I C M E C HA N I C S
Gravitation Generated Photons

The gravitational constant is also responsible for producing a photon among
onta. Just as the Aether unit (rotating magnetic field) produces a photon
between strong charges, the gravitational constant (gravig? produces a
photon between masses.
rmfd .
eemax . eemax = phtn (10.17)
G · m, ' m, = 2.788xl0-46 phtn (10.18)
The production of photons from mass is much stronger in the heavier
proton and neutron (although still considerably smaller than the strong
charge generated photon):
G ' mp · mp = 9.398xl0-40 phtn (10.19)

The creation of photons between strong charges verifies in the experiments
that prove the casimir effect. The strong charge and mass of an onn are
directly proportional, as they are two characteristics of the same thing.
HOwever, mass is single dimensional (a line) whereas strong charge is
two-dimensional (surface-like) so that it is highly inefficient to produce
photons from mass.
Fields
The Aether unit is a dynamic rotating magnetic field It appears to be a living
fabric that provides the space-resonance in which onta exist. As shown
in the Aether Physics Model, all three physical manifestations of force
(electrostatic, electromagnetic, and gravitational) trace back to the Gforce,
which in tum emanates through the Aether unit. The Gforce acts upon
electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass in different ways,
hence the appearance of three different manifestations of force.
The influence of Gforce, as it acts upon dimensions, is the APM equivalent

of what the Standard Model considers a "field" In the APM, the Aether
is the field Since the Gforce acts through the Aether on mass, it
produces a gravitational field Similarly; the Gforce acting through the
Aether on electrostatic charge and electromagnetic charge produces the
electrostatic and electromagnetic fields. All three fields are different
views of the same Aether acting upon the different "carriers" of
electrostatic charge, electromagnetic charge, and mass.
The Columbia En<;yclqpedia describes the field as:
"'
� .
Fields are used to describe all cases where two bodies

. separated in space exert a force on each other. The
alternative to postulating a field is to assume that physical
influences can be ttansmitted through empty space without
any material or physical agency. Such action-at-a-distance,
223
S E C R E T S O F T H E A E TH E R
especially if it occurs instantaneously, violates both common

sense and certain modem theories, notably relativity, which
II posits that nothing can travel faster than light.
.�1=___
'
'- , __
The hther Physics Model quantifies the Aether as a fabric of quanrum

rotating magnetic fields, which in rum is also the electrostatic field and
gravitational field when seen from different perspectives. The Standard
Model postulates the existence of the field, but denies the existence of the
hther. Denying the hther violates common sense, since the hther
mathematically demonstrates as the substance of the fields. With the
Gforce acting simultaneously throughout the Universe to maintain
hther units, we eliminate the objection of the apparent "action at a
distance" argument.
The rest of this section touches upon the topic of electrodynamics from
within the paradigm of the hther Physics ModeL Certain
electrodynamic units undefined in the Standard Model can exist in the
hther Physics Model because the APM has the correct distributed
dimensions of charge. Nevenheless, there is a need for more research
before a complete electrodynamics results from the APM
Magnetic Field
-
A-;;;� �;�; ri;e to a magnetic field, and if the-I
motion is changing (accelerated), then the magnetic field
vaties and in rum produces an electric field These
interacting electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to
one another and also to the direction of propagation of the
In the hther Physics Model, a magnetic field is literally the flow of

electromagnetism:
mfld = flow· mchg (10.20)

where mchg is electromagnetism expressed as the universal mass to
charge ratio.
Strong charge produces the magnetic field as it drags through the hther.
The unit of drag (page 124) is equal to resistance times length:
drag = resn ·!eng (10.21)

The magnetic field is then equal to charge times drag:
mfld = chrg . drag (10.22)

Recognition of the mechanics of magnetic fields, caused by a dragg1ng of
electromagnetic charge through the hther, will yield greater insight into
144 "Electromagnetic Radiation ," The Cphunbia Enk)IClopedia , 6th ed.
224
ATO M I C M EC HA N I C S
magnetic fields.
Magnetic Field Intensity

The conductance of the hther is responsible for creating strong charge as
angular momentum spins in it. The conductance of the Aether, when
exerted as a force, produces magnetic field intensity.
mfdi = fore · eond ( 1 0.23)

The magnetic field intensity acting on other magnetic fields does WOlk
mfld . mfdi = enrg ( 10.24)
Electric Field
Just as the magnetic field is the flow of electromagnetism, the electric field is
the flow per strong charge:
flow
efld = ( 1 0.25)
ehrg
The electric field, however, is not as important in modem electrodynamics as
its strength.
Electric Field Strength

In the Aether Physics Mode� the reciprocal of the electric field strength is
equal to capacitance times length:
eape · leng 1
( 1 0.26)
4n- elft
Thus, the electric field sttength of a capacitor is reciprocal to the capacity of
the plates and the thickness of the dielectric.
The electric field traditionally explains as force per charge:
fore
elft = ( 10.27)
ehrg
Electric field sttength relates to the electric field when the electric field has
momentum per volume of effectiveness.
efld . mom!
elft = ( 1 0.28)
volm
In Maxwell's electrodynamics, the electric field sttength is more important
than the electric field itself. The electric field sttength worl<s orthogonally
to the magnetic field to produce transverse electromagnetic waves.
225
When the electric field strength is applied to other electric fields, we get an
insulation unit, which is equal to resistance times temperature:
ejZd . elfs = resn . temp ( 10.29)

Field Interactions
According to the wOlk of Qerk Maxwell, the mechanics of the electric and
magnetic fields are normally expressed in terms of the B field (magnetic
flux density?, the H field (magnetic field intensity?, the E field (electric field
strength - or electric field intensity?, and the electric flux density (0)"5.
The variable W is the unit of energy (or wolli]. The actual units of
magnetic and electric fields rarely appear.
In the Aether Physics Model, these variables conven to quantum units:
B = mfxd
H = mfdi
e = elfs (10.30)
D = eftd
W = enrg(tshankha)
The Aether Physics Model includes the units of magnetic field, rotating
magnetic field, and several others, thus providing a wider range of units
foir analyzing electrodynamics'....
The equations related to magnetic field are:
mjZd = drag · ehrg (10.3 1)

mjZd = mftd . volm (10.32)
nrg
mjZd = e (10.33)
mfdi
phtn
mjZd = (1 0.34)
eurr
mjZd = 4ff . Jio swep
. (10.35)
The equations related to electric field strength are:
fore
elfs = (10.36)
ehrg
elfs = mfxd . vele (10.37)
,<5 Warren B. Boast PhD Principles of Electric and Magnetic Fields (Harper &Brothers, New York, 1948) 399
146 "ELECIRODYNAWCi The srudy of phenomena associated with charged bodies in motion and varying
electric and magnetic fields" "Electrodynamics," The Cp]umbja En�lopedia. 6th ed.
-
228
T. _
elft = mfdi . resn (10.38)

elft = irrd (10. 39)
mfdi
elft 4Jr (10.40)
eo ·area
The magnetic field and electric field quantum units are:
elft
The magnetic field can be seen as fomi:rf, (volume times frequencY)
d«trrr[ffX1is
ru m (mass to charge ratio). The electric field strength can be
seen as aa-Jer� or d:ukr� �ength times frequency squared)
d«trrrf!fE1ism
ru (mass to charge ratio). Thus the magnetic field would
preponderate during rnaximum current flow and the electric field
strength would preponderate during the maximum acceleration and
deceleration of current.
The magnetic field and electric field strength are different manifestations of
magnetic flux density. The magnetic field is the product of volume times
magnetic flux density (10.32) and the electric field is the product of
velocity times magnetic flux density (10.37). As the magnetic field
increases, the volume associated with the magnetic flux density increases,
while its velocity decreases. As the electric field strength increases, the
volume associated with the magnetic flux density decreases, while its
velocityincreases.
The magnetic field is orthogonal to the electric field strength. And since the
magnetic field and electric field strength depend upon changing (or
alternating) current, the magnetic field acts as a resistance to current and
the electric field strength acts as the work (energy) of current. From
equations (10.33) and (10.38) we get this relationship:
mfld . elft = resn · enrg (10.41)

The photon can be seen as magnetic field times current (10.34). The
irradiance of the photon can be seen as electric field strength times
magnetic field intensity (10.39).
From equations (10.35) and (10040) we get:
mfld . elft = 16Jr f10 freq

2•
•
(10.42)
eo
Using equation (6.31) (page 119) we can rewrite equation (10.42) as:
227
mfld · elfs
eddy (10.43)
freq
Equation (10.43) then indicates that the magnetic fteld times the electric field
strength divided by the frequency of the alternating current yields the
eddy currenL To reduce eddy current in the core of a transformer, one
would take steps either to reduce the magnetic field or electric fteld
strength, or else to increase the frequency. By creating capacitance using
laminated core sheets, the electric field strength reduces. In addition, the
laminations have the effect of reducing the speed of magnetic field
propagation. Changing the properties of a conductor will affect eddy
current loss, but engineering a reduction in magnetic field through
external S}&ems would also reduce eddy current.
Nuclear Binding Force

The Standard Model of particle physics explains the nuclear binding force in
terms of particles, called pi mesons"'. Standard Model themy states that
these particles cany a force that keeps the nucleus bound together. The
pi meson hypothesis does not explain how force carries by a particle.
One could reasonably expect that if pi mesons were true carriers of force,
then binding energy would be composed of pi mesons. For if such a
nucleus split, the pi mesons would fly apatt and move a distance. (Force
times length is equal to enetm?
In the hther Physics Model, the hther unit mediates the strong force by
acting on the strong charge (unless the strong charge takes on a spherical
geometry, in which case GJulomb's constant would mediate the force
acting on the strong charge). In cases where the strong charges keep a
small distance apart, the hther unit of rmfd mediates the force
manifesting between the strong charges.
rmfd eem�'�emax fore (10.44)

c
Strong force between electrons is equivalent to the expression:
phtn
-,- = forc (10.45)
Ac
147 "Pion or pi meson, lightest of the meson family of elementary panicles . The existence of the pion was
predicted in 1935 by Hideki Yukawa, who theorized that it was responsible for the forre of the strong
interactions holding the atomic nucleus together. It was first detected in cosmic rays by e F. Powell in 1947.
The pion is acruaUy a multiplet of three particles. The neutral pion, :nO, has a mass about 264 times that of the
electron. 'Ille charged pions, 1[+ and 1[-, each have a mass about 273 times that of the electron. The neutral
pion is its own antiparticle , while the negative pion is the antiparticle of the positive pion. It is now known
that each pion (and, more generally, each meson) consists of a quark bound to an antiquark. Free pions are
unstable. The charged pions decay with an average lifetime of 2.55 x 10-8 sec into a muon of like charge and a
neutrino or antineutrino; the neutral pion decays in about 10-15 sec, usually into a pair of photons but
occasionallyinto a positron-electron pair and a photon." "Pion ," TheColumbia EnQlClopedia , 6th ed.
228
A T O M I C M E CHAN I CS
In this expression, we can see how photons can propagate through Aether.
The same phenomenon that produces force between any two
electromagnetic charges is the phenomenon of photons per area. In
other words, the opposite spinning, double cardioid nature of photons
caused by the angular momentum within the electron and positron spin
positions manifests the same mechanics as an Aether unit acting on
strong charges. In cases where the strong charges are bound, or remain
far apart, the strong force mediates bythe (})ulomb constant.
k eemax ' eemax

(10.46)
c
AC2
F
Also, the photon per area that yields a force is reflected in the operation of
Crookes' radiometer. A photon is equal to force times area. As photons
are absorbed, a force manifests over an area. If photons are reflected, no
force will manifest since the photon does not become part of the
material. 1he Crooke's radiometer demonstrates that photons are not
particulate and that it is not necessary for mass to manifest as angular
momentum (electrons, protons, or neutrons) in order to convey force.
1he Crooke's radiometer also demonstrates that force is not just a static
unit of mass times acceleration, but rather is a true, non-material
manifestation of reality. A true, non-material manifestation of force in
the Crookes' radiometer is consistent with the dynamic, living Gforce
identified as the source of all forces in the Universe.
1he physics of photons directly imparting force are also observed in the
YORP effect'" and shining light on soap bubbles"'.
In one of our papers, A New Foundation for Physics, we emmeously stated

that a Crooke's radiometer operated by producing positrons, which
annihilated with electrons. Although this mechanics might wOlk if the
vanes constructed from tungsten, ordinary materials do not routinely
produce positrons. We thank Dr. Lester HUlett for inviting us to a
demonstration where he proved this to us frrst hand Dr. Hulett is one of
the foremost authorities on positrons who worked at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory.
Nuclear Binding Energy

1he phrase "nuclear binding energy" actually refers to the amount of work
required to disassemble or assemble a nucleus. 1he protons and
neutrons bind together via the strong force. Work results when the
strong force moves onta and the Aether a distance, such as occurs in
nuclear binding an unbinding processes.
148 Stephen C Lowry, Alan Fitzsimmons, Petr Pravec, David Vokrouhlick, H"ennann Boehnhardt, Patrick A
Taylor, Adrian GaLld, Mike Irwin, Jonathan Irwin, Peter Kusnicik, Direct Detection of the Asteroidal YORP
Effect (Science DOl, 10.1126/science.I139040, Published Online, March 8, 2007)
149 Robert D. Schroll, Regis Wunenbtuger, Alexis Casner, Wendy W. Zhang, and Jean-Pierre Delville, Liquid
Transport due to Light Scattering (phys. Rev. Lett, American Physical Society; 2007) vol. 98, mun. 133601
229
The Aether Phy.;ics Model is agreeable with the mechanism of atomic energy
release as explained in the Standard Model when it comes to the rmJxmUs
of fIssion and fusion reactions. That is, the total number of nucleons
must be the same both before and after the reaction. Protons can
capture electrons to produce neutrons, and neutrons can release electrons
to produce protons.
The method for understanding the release of energy, however, is different in

the Aether Phy.;ics ModeL The Standard Model of panicle phy.;ics has a
strange method for calculating binding energy. In the Standard Model,
protons and neutrons are the constituents of the nucleus. The proton
and neutron present as two manifestations of the same panicle, called a
nucleon"'. The nucleons measure in an atbitrary unit called Atomic Mass
Unit (AMU). The atomic mass unit defines as 1/12 the mass of the
Carbon 12 isotope. Except for carbon 12, the amu has nothing to do
with any of the atomic isotopes. The amu is an atbitrarily averaged value
for nucleons and has no one-to-one relationship to actual nucleons. Yet
the Standard Model calculates the mass defect (binding ene� of an
isotope by subtracting the measured mass of the nucleus from the total
amu of the protons, neutrons, ani electrons. In the APM, the electrons
have nothing whatsoever to do with the nuclear binding.
In the Standard Model, the difference between the measured mass of the
atom and the sum of the masses of its parts is called the "mass
defect" (run), which can be calculated using Equation (10.47). 150
(10.47)
where:
t'!.m = mass (amu)

defect
mp mass of a proton (1.007277amu)
=
m, mass of a neutron (1 .008665amu)

=
m, mass of an electron (0.000548597amu)

=
ma'am mass of nuclide z X(amu)

= A
Z atomic number (number of protons)

=
A mass number (number of nucleons)

=
In other words, the above equation is fictional There is no phy.;ical hasis for
subtracting a nucleus value, consisting only of the proton and neutron
masses, from a total mass including the mass of the electrons.
The idea that there is a "mass defect," and that this mass defect is proof of
150 Atomic and Nuclear Physics DOE·HDBK-iOi911·93 MASS DEFECT AND BiNDING ENERGYp1 7
230
A T O M I C M E C H A N I CS
Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula, E me' , is a trick resulting

=
from the choice of arbitrary calculation techniques. However, when one

looks at the history of nuclear physics!5l, the choice is forgivable. During
World War II, scientists were under enormous pressure to succeed in the
development of a nuclear bomb, and any kind of equation that could get
ballpark results would do. Nevertheless, the pressures of former times
are not an excuse to settle for less than accurate descriptions and
quantifications in quantum physics today.
Concerning the energy released during fission and fusion processes, scientists
admit that energy releases in both fIssion and fusion, but they do not
explain the paradoxes that arise from their theories.
If we were able to fuse together or synthesize two neutrons

and two protons to form an alpha particle, the resulting
nucleus would actually be lighter than the total mass of the
original nucleons. In this fusion process, mass would be lost.
Actually, the mass lost is radiated in the form of energy and
this is equal to the binding energy that holds the nucleons
together in the helium nucleus. Conversely, if a means were
available to disintegrate an alpha particle into two neutrons
and two protons, it is clear that 28MeV of energy would be
. required for the reaction.!52
The last statement is ambiguous, consistent with the method of the Standard
ModeL The authors of the above quote take care to avoid clearly stating
that the energy radiates during fission as well153• In fission reactions, such
as that for uranium 235, it is well understood that energy is radiated, not
absorbed The Standard Model claims that nuclear reactions of both the
fission and fusion varieties radiate energy, although fusion releases more
energythan fission!;'.
In the fusion reaction, the resulting nucleus is lighter than the sum of its
components, presutnably because some of the mass radiates away as
energy. If this were true, then one or more of the subatomic particles
would no longer be quantum and would have a different mass and
angular momentum than it had as pat! of the nucleus. Energy is also
radiated when the nucleus is split, meaning that more mass from the
subatomic particles is lost (if we are to believe that energy is equivalent to
151 Gerard H Clarfield and W illiam M Wtecek, NuclearAmerica: Militaryand Gvilian Nuclear Powerjn the
UniredStates 1940-1980, lst ed. (New York Harper & Row, 1984)
152 Lapp, RE. PhD and Andrews, HL PhD, Nuclear Racliation Physics, Prentice Hall, NewYork 1948 p.141
.
153 Fission A nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus, especially a heavy nucleus such as an isotope of
w
uranium, splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, releasing from 100 million to
several hundred million electron volts of energy. The American Heriyge� Dictionaxy of the English
I,auguagt; Fouah Edicism Copyright Q 2003 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
154 "The energy released during fusion is even greater than that released during fission." "Nuclear Energy ,"
The ColumbiaEn�ydopedia , 6th ed.
231
mass). However, what would be the explanation for this mass loss, if the
atom were already deficient in mass?
If there is truly a conservation of energy and mass, then it should cost almost
twice the fusion binding energyto separate the helium nucleus in a fission
process. This is because some of the subatomic mass was already lost
during the fusion process (the mass lost during fusion must be replaced
to conserve angular momentum, mass, and energy in the subatomic
particles). However, the data shows that there is net energy radiating
from both fission and fusion processes; and the Standard Model theory
clearly clairns that the "binding energy" for both is positive.
In the Aether Physics Mode� onta bind to each other when Aether folds.
Each independent Aether unit has a spin position available for a proton
and an anti-proton. When the proton spin position is � the anti
proton spin position is not. The anti-proton spin position is equivalent to
a proton spin position in another Aether unit at 180 degrees. When two
protons come close enough, their Aether units fold over each other in
such a way that each proton fills the anti-proton spin position of the
other proton.
The same mechanism holds true for the neutron. Since the neutron is
essentially a proton, except with a bound ele=n, it shares the same
mechanics.
The proton and neutron have slighdy different angular momenta. This tends
to cause protons to join onlywith protons, and neutrons to join only with
neutrons, through folded Aether units. Thus, both protons and neutrons
generate the same "magic number" patterns independendy of each other
in various isotope confIgurations.
A proton and neutron can bind via electromagnetic charge (strong force) by
adjoining their magnetic orientations. The neutron, having a neutralized
electrostatic charge, assists the adjoining process.
The pattern of binding takes the exact form identified by Linus Pauling in his
Spheron Model of atomic structure.
The Aether Physics Model presents an alternative view to the Standard

Model regarding "binding energy." The "binding energy" equation
wntes:
Z · epm�' + N · enm�' "' = BND

k
C 'I' (10.48)
AC
where Z is the total number of protons and N are the total number of
neutrons in the isotope. rp is a variation in the quantum distance
between Aether units. The folding of Aether causes this variation.
232
A T O M I C M EC HA N I C S
The variation of distance times the binding force is the source of energy
when a subatomic binding or unbinding occurs. Equation (10.49) shows
the binding force times the variation of distance due to the Aether
folding.
Z . e 2 +N.e 2 A.A
pmax nmax
BND (10.49)
AC2 '('- C
k, =
The empirical range of ¢ is from .092 (hydrogen 5) to about 1.479 (nickel

62).
In the fusion or the fission reactions, the distance between Aether units
changes relative to the quantum length, the onta binding force moves,
thus work occurs. The Gforce within the Aether units is the source of
the "binding energy' when atomic nuclei compress or expand the
Aether.
Again, Coulomb's constant applies instead of the rmfd constant in the

nuclear binding energy equation. It would appear that the net effect of
bound nuclei strong charges causes the onta to behave as spherical
entities. Equation (10.49) appears to represent the turning point, where
primary angular momentum forms what begins to appear as the physical
Universe, since atoms are the first level of physical matter. This is
because the two dimensional surface areas of the onta now have a third
dimension of length (distance from each other) byway of binding. These
three length dimensions are at right angles to each other, thus forming a
volume with a more or less spherical structure.
In equation (1 0.48) , the binding energy per nucleon varies considerably. The
maximum binding energies per nucleon tend to coincide with the more
stable atomic isotopes. In the Standatd Model, this means that it would
take more energy per nucleon to separate a stable isotope such as iron 56
than it would a less stable or weaker isotope such as deuterium!".
In equation (10.49) the binding energy per nucleon varies with average
variation of quantum distance between Aether units. In the case of
deuterium (hydrogen 2) the average variation of quantum distance
between onta is equal to 0.187 Ac .
BE 2.225MeV (10.50)
BF .785newton
where BE is the empirical binding energy of the isotope and BF is the
calculated binding force. The average variation the force moves
expresses in terms of the quantum distance. It turns out that after about
155 "This energy is called the binding energy of the nuclide, and is a direct measure of nuclear stability."
Stephenson, Richard Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1954 p13
233
S E CRE TS O F T H E A E T H E R
the oxygen isotopes, the distance the strong forces move per nucleon
(produced by Aether units) remains between 1 Compton wavelength and
1.5 Compton wavelengths, as shown in the graph below.
2.0
#- 1.5
� a 1.0
U
i5 .� 0.5
> 0.0
The graph of the internal nuclear lengths looks familiar. In fact, the internal
nuclear lengths of the isotopes are very similar to those shown in the
graph of the isotope binding energies per nucleon, as seen below.
�c 10M,V
• 0
c•
w "ll
5MeV
c01 Z==
:a lii
iii Go OMeV
Electl'On Binding Energy

Scientists have attempted to quantify the electron binding energies of atoms.
Lindgren15' repotts on probabilistic methods for deriving the electron
binding energies using the Koopmans Theorem, MCF , many-body
perturbation (MBPI), Coupled-Ouster Approach (CCA), Greene's
funcrion, and the density funcrional theory (DF1) approach. Whime},,"
158 uses a new two-step variant of special relativity theory to uncover an
underlying similarity between all elements and Hydrogen, and

algebraically characterizes all variations from that norm. The present
work results directly in an accurate binding energy equation predicring for
all ground state electrons.
Up to now, the Aether Physics Model only quantified quantum strua:uJe, as

opposed to quantum rrIIlxtnU5. Despite the properly quantified Unified
Force Theory contained within the Aether Physics Model, the model has
not � received significant attention from physicists and mathematicians.
'" Lndg"m, Ingvar, CalaJatim ifEi«tnnBirdirgE� andAjJinibes (ph)'. Scr. TI20 15-18, dodO.1088/0031·
8949/2005/TI20/002, 2005)
", Whitney, Cyndlla,AIg;bmic OoansbyPmts I 'l'hm«J> V (HadronicJournal, voL 29, no. I, Febn=y2006) pp I·...
15S Whitney, Cynthia, A l#raic C1Jenistry Baswi on a PIRT (phy.;ical lnterpretat.ions of Relativity TheoI)' conference, London,
UK, 2006)
234
AT O M I C M E C H A N I CS
This lack of interest is partly due to the necessity of learning revised

definitions for the dimensions, understanding that electrical units should
always be expressed in dimensions of distributed charge (charge squared),
and understanding the two distinctly different manifestations of charges.
Further, the Aether Physics Model is a paradigm of Aetherl angular
momentum, as opposed to the mass/energy paradigm presently in use.
Meaning of Kinetic Energy

All energy transactions occur in two parts. There is the source of the energy
and there is the receiver of the energy. To put it in common language,
there is cause and effect. Whether an electron is seen being acted upon,
or doing the acting, it is only half the energy transaction. Therefore, the
binding energy equation will represent onlyhalf the energytransaction.
Toroidal Structure of the Electron

While researching the evidence for electron rulii, we carne upon the research
of David McGItcheon and his Ultrawave Theory15', which gave an
interesting view of the classical and Bohr electron radii:
(10.51)
It is likely others have noticed this relationship, but such work was not
located The above relationship reveals that a toroid with a minor radius
equal to the classical electron radius and major radius equal to the Bohr
radius has the surface area equal to the Cllmpton wavelength squared
Further, Planck's constant easily demonstrates the quantum of action (for the
electron) is equal to the mass of the electron times the Cllmpton
wavelength squared times the quantum frequency.
h = m, ' ).c" F; (10.52)

We used the above quantum analyses in developing the Aether Physics
ModeL It turns out the electron models as a toroid, which can have
variable radii as long as the quantum surface area remains the same.
Therefore, the electron is not a fixed-point particle, but is a flexible
toroidal entity. The fleXIbility is possible due to the Aether, which gives
the electron its structure. Ontologically, the Aether unit pre-exists matter
and contributes to the material structure of the angular momentum
encapsulated by it.
Hydrogen Binding Energy

Because of the relationship between the classical and Bohr electron radii, the
proportion of the two is equal to the electron fine structure constant
squared
159 Web site fotmerlylocated at bttp·/vidmac Dol tripodcomiJlt paulI, archived at

http·llmb archjve org/webI2070409230z0 4Z1http·/davjdmac noltripodcom/.
/da
235
= ('(2
r,
- (l0.53)
('(0
An equation, once posted on a Vanderbilt University philosophy pagel60, and
by David McG.ttcheon, expressed the h)drogen Is (ground state) orbital
electron in terms of the electron fme strucrure and kinetic energy of the
electron:
2
2 m ·c
HI, = ('( -'- = 13.606eV
. (10.54)
2
In the Aether Physics Model, this would interpret as the ground state,
unbound ratio of the electron radii times the strong force of the electron
at the range of one quantum length:
HI, =�A,. e,m} = 13.606eV (l0.55)

('(0 2,1,c
(Electron volts express energy above, although the same value written in
quantum measurements units is 2.663xlO-Senrg .)
Helium Binding Energy

Dueto the nature of cmved Aether, when multiplying charges the square
root of each charge is used IT there are two electron strong charges
involved, then the strong force between them is equal to:
(l0.56)
We could similarly calculate the kinetic energy as:
A 2ewax ' 2e,max E

u k (10.57)
2A,C
In the section about Aether Strucrures (page 67), the Aether strucrure
building steps involve quantifying the spin differences of matter and
Aether. Although the quantum Aether unit has 2-spin, subatomic
particles only inhabit one fourth of the Aether, or half spin.
The "spin" of the subatomic particles is a direct result of the two dynamic
frequency dimensions of the Aether. One of the dynamic frequency
dimensions manifests as forward/backward rime, the other manifests as
rightlleft spin direction. There is actually a third "static" frequency,
which results in positive/negative electrostatic charge.
All matter in our observed universe exists in only the forward rime direction.
160 Inactive page: http://ransom.isis.vanderbilt.edu!philosophy/FineStIUCtU.reConstant.htm
23&
1his obsetved matter further divides into matter and antimatter,

depending on which half of the spin di:rwim cycle it exists. Matter also
divides into positive and negative charge depending on which half of the
static charge cycle it exists.
The primary angular momentum composing subatomic particles can only

spin in either the forward or backward time direction, and either the right
or left spin direction, and exist in either the positive or the negative of the
static charge dipole. Since static charge is not part of the dynamic two
spin structure of the Aether, and angular momentum only exists in half
the forward/backward time frequency and half the right/left spin
direction, matter appears to have half-spin.
Therefore, when half spin subatomic particles bind they are missing the
backward time direction, yet the Aether sees this backward time direction.
The result is that subatomic particles do not pair exactly opposite or
adjacent to each other, as square building blocks seem to do at the macro
level of existence. Instead, the subatomic particles (being CUlVed toroidal
structures to begin with), build up in a twisted pattem
1his twisted construction affects the minor and major radii of the toroidal
electrons. As electrons bind to each other and fill the Aether spin
positions around an atomic nucleus, the effect is additive.
In the case of the is otbital electrons, the minor radius decreases with the
total number of electrons (which is equal to the number of protons in a
neuttal atom). Designating the number of protons as Z, the minor radius
decreases in steps of half spin.
�-1
(10.58)
2
The major radius increases in steps of half spin:
�+ 1
(10.59)
2
The above stepping patterns are the phi and Phi numbers. In the case of the
first binding, where there are two electrons, we get:
� -1
phi = .618 ...
2 (10.60)
.J2' + 1 + 1
Phi = 1.618 ...
2
The above numbers are the Golden Ratio (Phi) and its reciprocal (phi) .
237
With the increase in the number of protons in the atoms, there is an increase
in the number of electrons. The total electron radii defOIm accordingly.
As the minor radius shrinks and the major radius grows, there is a
deformation as the Aether units stretch and thus the distance between
them shrinks. The distance empirically induces in terms of the quantum
length as (the nth root is a capital Z squared):
AC (10.61)
z12
There is no electron strong force binding in the neutral hydrogen atom
because there is only one electron, but when we look at helium and all
other neutral atoms, the electron binding energy equation for the 1s
"otbital" electron becomes:
r, �
-1
_--,,�2==-_ � Z . eemax . Z . eemax · z'v�2L (10.62)
� +1 lAc
ao 2
In the case of the neutral helium atom, we can calculate the 1s otbital electron
binding energies as:
24.721eV (10.63)
The empirically measured 1s otbital electron binding energy for helium is

24.6eV.
other Binding Energies

As the bindings continue into complexity, it is clear another factor comes into
play, which does not yet properly quantify. The elements lithium through
neon comprises the second otbital layer around the nucleus. It may just
be coincidence, but these eight out of the fIrst ten elements calculate to
eight tenths of their measured values. From sodium to uranium, the
calculation variations are linear with respect to the measured electron
binding energies indicating a simple physical explanation.
W'hen a linear adjustment applies to the equation, the calculations are

remarkably close to the measured values:
(10.64)
238
ATO M I C M E C HA N I CS
The above equation may be simplified, but it remains in its presem form to
remind the reader of its physical inteIP=tion. The empirical data used
in this paper draws from Gwyn Williams'!61 compilation of electron
binding energies. Table 2 shows the measured and calculated is orbital
binding energies in e V per atomic elemem and the deviation between
them based upon equation (10.64). Figure 1 depicts the deviation of the
calculations from the empirically measured electron binding energies of
the is orbital position for each element for equation (10.64).
Table 3 lists the measured is orbital binding energies in e V per atomic

element in comparison to the calculations of equation (10.62) (without
the linear adjustmem). Figure 2 shows the deviation of the unadjusted
(10.62) calculations from the empirical electron binding energies of the is
orbital positions for each atomic element. The unadjusted data presents
for those interested in discovering the final physical componem of the is
orbital binding energy equation.
161 Williams, Gwyn http://xray.uu.selhypertextiEBindEnergies.html Values are taken fromJ. A Bearden and A F. Burr,
"Reevaluation of X-RayAtomic Energy levels," Rev. Mod. Phys. 39, (1967) p.12S, except values marked are fromM
Cardona and L ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978) with additional
'*'
corrections, and values marked with '+' are from}. C Fuggle and N. Martensson, "Core-level Binding Energies in Metals,"
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom 21, (1980) p.27S. [reference copied from web page]
239
�--
S E C RE T S OF T H E A E T H E R
Table 2 - Empirical and Calculated Binding EM'!;;" with Em>" [equation(10.64)]
z
54.75 �
��
' nl �
138.51 4.4. a-:;;;--7.'- 30077. �2:" 9� - -0.1� 347";'
1 1
I
111. In - �
�2�
Cd
794 - ic-
1 --'. � .
56 -'CB:O---c� 284188 235.I� 0333 --=3.�"..75,35% 5051 --=
SnSb -- -�29200
Be
I--=- t.O2----'='
358 2 Q' -
0 % -';"- 3,QC� 491---- -== �---"S2'l
7 409.9 508.62 3.1.757% 52 Te 31814
33169 36812.1677 354iQ
..
8 F
�
543. 1 685. 9 8 8% 53
696.
870.72 1122. 890.4056 -1.21% 0.03% 5455 Xe 34561 38240.77 -0.49'
109 Ne
C 1
i - Cs 35985
37441 41179. 6 1 -0.-0.4590/.
1.
�:--"'iIQ'f-----7.;��O;3a (--i-8 38925 0°;'
-0. 5 2%
' 3a
:::
:-: 40443 4422� .
1415 SI 2145. 18395 2687.68 -0.-0.409%
�w
5% 5960 NdPr 43569

,
41991 4579'
JO
4738 : ..
16 S P
2472
2822 3082. 3504.2357 0.0.002% 9% 6162 Sm Pm 46834 45184 50649.21 -0.-0.64°;'
1718 ArCI 3205. 9 0..44% 6463 Eud 48519 52322.72 -0.65°;'
19 K b
. 1 54% G ��
55751. 3 6 :�:��
��__� �
:a
�. ��===� 537� 89 =�5;� 7'500�i.� 50 =-�0� .68%
p�=�t.��-=-"�5� 989-� 72�1,L � 70 Vb ! �",,:�!c---;;:�� :� ;, %%Ol
2526 Mn Fe 6539
7112 7858.
8525. 664 0.0:61%
3 5 3% 71 Lu
m
61332 6479 . -0-0.
63314
2728 CoNI 7709 9219.
8333 9940.3440 0.0.345% 3% 7273 Ta 65351 Hf
67416 68608.77 -0.61% -0.63%
29 8979 0688.
9659 1464. � 72527.21
7 1
' 6�7 :
6 - -- o 7
� 452 : ';'
7
, ;;
.; O- -0.-01.55S"\
-� � 8%'\
4°
25
��-�1�1J367 1�0C�3 �112267.
309�7'..�09 -�0�
11867 13954.28 0.12% 7879 Au 80725
§II��--'
'l-!i.��:':-
.. 14%��7:r7��
e - -
lr --�
�r:�
78395
7-��
7761381 1+
·-';
1 � - 78 ��
�-��
SeBr 12658 14838. 6 7 0.10%
'5 Pt
! 36 Kr
13474 16689.10
14326 15750.28 0.0.000% 7% 80 TI 85530
81 83102
-0.18
Hg
! 37 Rb 15200 17655.12 0. 0 4% 82 88005 -0.10°,\

�13rE 8 �� s r ==1E117038
16j1'OE 5 �1m8648.�1.3E 6 =!0m ·02%9HE3�E � =1 Pb
9053i 2605 391507.17
9 75 2 . 11 -0.01°, \
,\
0
I 39 Y �----CCf-v_---;� 157301
;;
' --� -- ;
;;- - :2 3
S : 7' *, � 0
o'.
", . 0
1�9,
� 2179': )6%: 86 In 16404
�
�---;�----;-;. � -� 2'I
143 20000
21044 . -0.11°
-0. 1 6% ;' 87 Fr
88 Ra 100755 101137
103922
Tc
1 44 Ru 23220
10
22117 25179.19 -0.-0.225"1.

I
1';'I 90 AcTh 109651
I 89 0.0.5680/.
5%
Rh 107793.19 0.0.896°;'
2°;'
11454746 APd 24350 -0.31"1.II 91 112601 1
15606 11269' .23 .11°;'
a 25514 28811.95 -0.34"1.1 92
Pa
1 U
Figme 1 - Binding Enel'gy Devlatioll f1'01l1 100% ACCIIIJC'j per Atomic Bement
6."'" , Zl
.,. ,
= , , �= -
I'
�..
"'" • �
c
4."'" A
�
1
2."'" "II
..
0."'" \ ----
·2"'"
IQ �� :e N � i'i Ii! ::l i'! Iil
N
•
�
•
w
• In :1; <;; "' "' ''' w � �
m
� m 0\ :;; SI
Atomic Element Z
240
- - - - - -- �----- --
ATOM I C M E C H A N I C S
Table 3 - Empirical and Calculated Binding Energies with Errors [equation (lO.62)] via MS Excel
Figure 2
Binding Ene rgy Deviation from 100'>;" Accuracyper Atomic Element
10 00%
without Correction (equation 6.S)
c
0 ooo�
-=::1
1< - 1 0 00% .
� � � '!1 '" N 11 i'< Ii!
.
,
M l'I II: "l !!I 'I :;; ;;\ ;� � � " :i\ [;; :. '
.,
•
·d)OO%
0
.::000% l....-..- - -_._,-,----_.- -

Atomlt: EI&ment Z
Sample Detailed Calculations

We can apply equation (10.64) to any element from lithium to uranium
241
---- --------=--====--�
OXYGEN
Calculating the 1s orbital for o�en we get 534.534eV (all values are off
from table due to rounding):
�-1
r,
2 A" 8 · e,� ·8·e,m� · 'ifi · (·757+ .0028· 8)
01, �+ 1 2Ac
ao
2
a =
2.818xl0- 15 m · 3.531 kg · m3 64 . 1.400 X 10-37 caul' ·1.01 1· .779
,I 5.292xl0-ll m . 4.53 1 1.419XlO12 sec' . caul' 2 . 2.426xl0 I' m
01, 4. 150xlO-5 ·1.419xl 0I' kg · m3 , �

=
7.055xl0-36
,
coul'
=-
.:.. .::;:
::..:.:..:.=--- :
sec . coul 4.852xlO-I'm
ai' = 8.564x 1 0- 1 7 joule = 534.534eV
I RON
The ground state electron for iron is similarly calculated:
.J26' + 1 - 1
r, 'ifi
2 A 26 ·e,_ · 26 . e,_ ·' · (.757 + .0028 . 26)
.J26' + 1 + 1 u 2Ac
ao
2
Fel, 2.818xl0- 15 m ·12.510 1 .419xlOI' kg · m3 676 . 1.400 x 10-37 caul' · 1 .001· .830
5 .292xlO-Ilm·13 . 510 sec' ·coul' 2· 2.426xI0-I'm
Feb = 4.931xI0 ·1.419xl0I' kg" · m3 7.86IxlO-35 coul'

_,
sec . coul 4.852xl0-I' m

Fel, = 1.134xlO-I' joule = 7.077xl03 eV
URANI UM
The calculation for uranium is:
.J92' + 1 - 1
r,
UI, _----;=="2== � 92 ·eema:x: ·92·eemax 90 ( 757 + 0028 ·92)

__
. ·
• •
.J92' + I + I ZAc
ao
2
2.818xI0-I'm . 45 . 503 1.419XI0I' kg · m3 8.464xl03 ·1.400xI0-37 coul' ·1.000· 1.015
UI, 5 .292xI0- ll m · 46.503 sec' ·coul' 2· 2.426xlO I'm
242
U" = 1.832xlO-14 joule = 1.144xlO' eV

Conclusion
The Aether Physics Model electron binding energy equations for the 1s
orbitals are not exact, but very close, especially considering that all the
elemental ground states are calculated from first principles. There is the
possibility the data could be faulty, however it is more likely there are
aspects of the Aether structure, -which the equation is not yet addressing.
These aspects may surface as future modifications to the equation
calculate the remaining electron orbital positions.
The electron binding energy equation is the first unique quantum mechanical
expression of the Aether Physics Model and demonstrates the model is
viable. Unlike the quantum mechanics of the mass/energy paradigm, the
Aether Physics Model is discrete and devoid of probability functions and
paradoxes, -which should make it superior to the Standard Model when
fully developed.
Now that the Aether Physics Model quantifies the quantum structure and we
have produced our first set of equations, the analysis must develop
further until it explains all aspects of the atom We should then be able to
quantify the structural aspects of associated molecules. We also need to
quantifyand explore the mechanics of light very thoroughly.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cynthia Whimey of Galilean Electrodynamics!62 for providing

references and background infmmation on prior electron energy binding
equation research. We also thank Dr. Gerald Hooper of Leicester, UK
and Dr. Phil Risby of DES Group, UK for their guidance when
submitring this paper.
Addendum
Richard Merrick, who mathematically analyzes the harmonics of sound,
suggested the missing parameter in the electron binding energy equation
and also the subatomic g-factors might be due to harmonics. We
discussed the possibility that the missing parameter might be similar to
the Pythagorean comma meantone. Depending upon the reference, the
Pythagorean comma meantone is a small variation of frequency between
the harmonic derived from a progression of fifths and the harmonic,
-which is twice the original frequency. Richard also pointed out the Phi
twist porrion of the electron binding energy equation (10.60) is equal to:
!62 http.;/www.galileanelectrodynamics.coml
243
fZ2+l - 1
2 Z(last)
( 10.6 5)
fZ2+l + 1 Z(next)
2
In an attempt to capture the «comma,» the value of Z (current) per

Z(last) was found effective:
Z(current) comma ( 10.66)

Z(last)
Due to the distnbuted nature of quantum structure, it was noted that the
Phi twist and comma would also be distributed This resulted in the
following electron binding energy equation:
( 1 0 67)
.
Equation (10.67) is considerably more accurate than equation (10.63) for

elements lithium through uranium. More irnponant, equation (10.67)
provides a smooth curve for all the elements, except nitrogen.
Agur. 3 • Bhdlng EMtgy o.\4;IUonrtom 1001, Acc�;acy I*' Atomic a.mfiltwil'hout CorrKtIon
A closer view reveals nitrogen has a slightly erratic ground state binding
energy compared to the rest of the values. Assuming the electron
binding energy equation is close to representing the true ground state
binding energies, then we can offset the empirical nitrogen ground state
binding energy of 409.9 eV by 1.46%, which gives a nitrogen ground
state binding energy of 403.9 eY.
A T O M I C M E CH A N I C S
Nitrogen Appears Slightly Off
0.3
0.25 Li
0.2
c: 0.1 5 Be
.2
.,
0.1
B
-
.:;;
..
0.05
c o . N
-0.05 o
-0.1 .J\Ie ''' .. �, n
-0.15
Bement
245
We consulted Gwyn Williams to verify the calculated nitrogen ground state

binding energy. In his reply, he stated:
...
"" ........,�
p-_.......,.
In Cardona and Ley's boo�63 it's definitely 409.9. In
Beardon and Burr, rev. Mod. Phys. 39, 125 (1967) it's given
as 401.6 + 0.4, and in a paper I have by Wolfgang Lotz,
dated February 1970",', and for which I can't find the
reference, it's given as 403.
_._""ilIllI!Ia!ilIlD"�"'.'"�.
"� It!" _ _II
So even if the latest version of the electron binding energy equation is not
quite finished, it may stiJl have scientific value in verifying the empirical
electron binding energies.
Energy from the Aether

Technically, it is not possible to get energy from the Aether. This is because
energy is not onra. Only photons, electrons, and protons are onta that
come from the Aether into the physical realm. Nevertheless, by
generating onra, and putting the onta to work, then it is possible to
produce "energyfrom the Aether."
In the Aether Physics Model, photons are onta with an inherent velocity.
Photons convert to electrons through the photoelectric effect. Thus if a
device is properly constructed to genemte photons from dark matter, and
if a circuit that converts photons to electrons is incorpomted, a steady
flow of electric current can be put into motion without the need for a
battery or a dynamo.
Each unit of Aether is dynamic and independent of all other Aether units.
The Aether has reciprocal angular momentum per charge (conductance),
which can manipulate into producing the angular momentum of a
photon via the Casimir effect. The method involves no sleight of hand
math or invented concepts; this theoryrests on empirical data.
The Casimir effect is widely considered to hold the key to the extraction of
energy from the Aether. Taking the quantum case where the length L
and area A have the Compton wavelength, the Casimir equation writes
in tertns of quantum measurements and units:
L = AC
A = Ac' (10.68)
�
-n--
·h·c
--: A = 2.208 x 1 0 newton
480 . £4
The Planck constant h times the speed of light c produces the photon unit
163 M Cardona and L. Ley, Eels., P!xm:mssim inSdids l' General Prirrip/Rs (Springer.Verlag, Berlin, 1978)
164 Lorz Wolfgang, Electron Binding Energies in Free Atoms a. Opt. Soc. Am, voL 60, 1970) 20("210
ATO M I C M E C H A N I C S
in the Aether Physics Model Expressing the force in fore units we get:
7r ' phtn · Ac' 6.S4SxI0-J fore (10.69)

480Ac4
where fore is equal 0.034newton .
to
Hendrick Casimir derived equation (10.68) from empirical data Steven

Lamoreaux proved the Casimir equation correct within 5 % in 1996.
Then;fore, there is a margin for adjusting the numerical part of the
equanon.
Notice that the number 480 appears in Casimir's equation. In the Aether
Physics Model all quantum related equations depend on quantum
measurements. Earlier it appeared that 47r and 167r' have quantum
dimension properties. When examining the � component of

480
equation (10.69) we note that it is very close to
I Adjusting
167r"
Casimir's equation accordingly, we get:
phtn ' Ac' 6.333xI0-J fore (10.70)

167r" Ac4
Now we can cancel out the 167r' terms:
phtn ' Ac' fore (10.71)

AC4
The Casimir equation can also transfOiTIl into the Coulomb expression for
the electron strong charge. From equation (10.70) we can replace
pht7
167r
167r = emax " c

phtn e , k (10.72)
--2
and ultimately produce the strong force law for the electron:
rmfd eem " em

A,c� ax fore (10.73)
where rmfd is the quantum unit of the Aether and is equal to
Coulomb's constant times 167r' . 1bis form of the equation tells us that
the Aether exerts a force between strong charges that is proportional to
the distance between them squared The strong force is dependent on
247
the strong charge.
So far, from the Casimir equation, we have shown that photons between
is
plates can create force, and that photon-created force identical to the
strong charge created force. Therefore, it would follow that the Casimir
effect is an example of the strong force law.
Capacitance defines as a unit using capacitor plates with quantum

measurements:
;2
A.
capc = eo (10.74)
c
where eo is the permittivity constant, the capacitance between two plates

is dependent on the Aether constant of permittivity; the common area of
the plates, and the distance between the plates.
If we wanted to produce energy from the Aether, we would produce photons

between strong charges. The ideal configuration would be strong charges
arranged in a spherical form Two spherical objects (of strong charge)
held a certain distance apart produce a capacitance. The ratio of the
spherically arranged strong charge to capacitance determines the amount
of energy that results.
However, since electricity is a quantum process, with photons and electrons

of a specific magnitude, the spherical objects must adhere to a specific
design and position to produce a specific capacitance. When properly
tuned, the Aether between the plates will resonate and generate photons,
which can directly convert to electrons via the photoelectric effect.
The quantum unit of energy in the Aether Physics Model is enrg and it is
equal to:
enrg = rmfd e�'"'2 = m, c2 . (10.75)

C
If we want to know the energy available between two plates, we use this
equation:
41Z' eemax2 enrg

.
(10.76)
cape
So equation (10.76) shows that the spherical constant times strong charge
divided by the capacitance of the plates is equal to the energy produced.
The strong charge is inherent to the electron; the capacitance is a function
of the Aether. There no input to this system designed to get energy, as
is
the system draws on the inherent resonance in the quantum Aether unit
248
ATO M I C M E C H A N I C S
(rmfd ). Thus, equation (10.76) shows how energy can tap from the
Aether. Some call this Zero Point Energy.
The equation suggests that photons generate at a veryspecific frequency.
In order for energy to come from this system, there must be a dielectric
between the strong chatges. The dielectric can be "free space," but then
the load placed across the plates must not short out the miniature
capacitor. Due to the 41t spherical constant times the strong chatge, it
would seem that spherical capacitor plates would work better than flat
capacitor plates. In actual experiments, there is some validation of this
supposition. Perhaps a good experiment to test the Zero Point Energy
hypothesis would be to use very fine spheroid aluminum particles
suspended in a dielectric solution with a surfactant, and to arrange for a
load to occur across the "plates.»
A paper with similar theory is Lecture No. 27, Our Future Energy Source,
The Vacuum, 2002 byHarold Aspden.
Expanding Universe
As a direct result of strong charges coming into proximity with each other
within atoms and molecules in stars, photons create continually. This
causes a constant stream of new primary angulat momentum to flow into
the Universe. Atoms continually absorb these new photons and convert
them into electrons, positrons, and photons via the photoelectric effect,
Compton Effect, and pair production. The same process likely occurs
between protons and neutrons to produce some types of gamma rays.
Can new protons be created by a process similar to that, which creates

electrons? Probably, but experimentation is needed in order to prove it.
Just on the evidence of the Casimir effect and the Zero Point Energy
equation there is sufficient proof to conclude that the Universe is capable
of expanding. Research into the possibility of creating protons from
Aether (in fusion reactions) could provide even more insight into the
expanding Universe.
There is evidence that the angulat momentum that produces neutrinos exists
outside the Aether units and in large quantities. This hidden angulat
momentum is datk marrero Astrophysicists hypothesize its existence.
Thus, it is possible visible maner increases in mass and chatge as datk
maner absorbs into the Aether via the Casimir effect.
The cosmological red shift could similarly be due to the addition of new
Aether units into the Universe. The amount of space-time between two
points would also continually increase, giving the appearance of objectS
moving away from each other. This expansion would manifest as a red
249
shift. It should be possible to calculate the rate of hther unit growth in

the Universe using red shift data, if such a process exists.
Big Bang - Slow Bang

Was there a Big Bang? Perhaps. Maybe after the Universe expands to a
cenain point it collapses back onto itself, causing primary angular
momentum to reach increchble density and to compact as a "big crunch,"
returning the angular momentum to the place where dark matter is stored
outside the hther. In this case, black holes would not release
infonnation back to the visible Universe. Once the hther units are
crushed, theyare gone.
H it is shown that Aether units are capable of duplication, like 1iving beings,
then the survival of even just a few hther units somewhere in the
Universe would allow for the rejuvenation and expansion of Aether once
again. However, it makes more sense to look at the Universe as a
continual process of growth and decay where some areas of the Universe
are going through the growth phase and others are going through the
decay phase. It would mirror a standard population scenario such as
humans see today. Everywhere there are people in their growth phase
and others in their decay phase. Every now and then, a major
catastrophe hits the Earth, wiping out large portions of the population,
and then the survivors repopulate.
If the populating hther theory were correct, the concept of a single event
type of Big Bang would need reassessment. Slow Bang would more
accurately describe the ever-continuing cosmological birth.
Magnecules
The electric force associated with spherical structures tends to be weaker than
the electric force associated with toroidal structures. This is apparent in
the nuclear binding energy equation where a nuclear binds in a spherical
shape and mediates by Coulomb's constant. In electron bindings, the
electrons are toroidal when binding and mediate by the hther constant.
:Most molecules have a spherical structure, but not all. Since there is a strong
charge in all onta, atoms construct from onta, and molecules construct
from atoms, it is possible for some atomic and molecular structures to
take on a toroidal geometry. When the toroidal geometry constructs due
to the magnetic alignment of the strong charges among proton, neutrons,
or electrons, then the overall magnetic structure of the onta survives into
the macro structure. This is the source of permanent magnetism in
atoms and molecules. The more onta polarized in the same orientation,
the greater the net magnetic strength of the macro structure.
When subjecting atoms to an intense magnetic field, suitable temperature and

proper cooling environment, they may form molecules with magnetic
properties. Dr. Rnggero Santilli first observed and identified such a
250
ATOM I C M E C H A N I C S
molecule while investigating a t}Pe of gas first patented in 1898165• He has

subsequendy named the t}Pe of molecule a "magnecule," as it has
magnetic bindings between atoms rather than the standard electrostatic
bindings.
Since the Standard MOdel does not recognize the stong charge of the
electron, it is at a loss to quantify the electronic, atomic, and molecular
magnetic properties. When fully developed, the Aetber Ph}Sics MOdel
will likely provide a simple quantification of the magnecule and lead to
many similar discoveries. Since the strong charge binds with more force
than the electrostatic charge, materials made with toroidal molecular
structures will likely be stronger and lighter. This should be true not only
for solids, but also for gases and fluids.
Already, the MagneGas'" molecule composed from a chain of H, and

CO molecules observes to be magnetic in nature and clings to the surface
of its container. When ignited, the MagneGas� will not bum a human
hand but will quickly melt a tungsten rod and brick. These unique
properties anribute to both the strong charge of the onta and the toroidal
macro structure of the magnecule.
165 Hilliary Eldridge, Electrical Ketoer, patent# 603058 filedJune 28, 1897 and issued April 26, 1898.
251
252
P H I L O S O P H Y
PHILOSOPHY
Self-sufficient, self-reliant, and dynamic, the mind expresses

knowledge not as content but as capacity.166
- Tarthang TuIku
What is Reality?
.Ax the most fundamental level of reality the Gforce is a dynamic, highly
inenial existence that gives rise to the fabric of Aether. Distinct from the
Aether is a vast sea of apparently finite quantity, primary angular
momentum, which when absorbed by the Aether becomes onra Aether
rearranges onta to produce different physical forms. Through motion,
the forms change. Within the process of change are various
manifestations of "flow,» which add to the quality of our experience.
G>inciding with the mechanics and electromagnetism of the Universe is a

quality we inherently recognize as mind The capacity of the mind
directly experiences the physical manifestations of Aether and onta and
through a body senses heat, touch, smell, taste, sight, hearing, and
emotions. The mind also has the capacity to create and store impressions
of the sensations. Moreover, through various agencies, the mind can in
tum manipulate the Aether and onra
In reality, there are no individual beings living independent lives, but a grand
entity with incredible abilities to fragment itself and regroup in an endless
cycle of becoming. There is no separation of the mind from space, time,
and form. The skin conductance of the human body is a measure of its
emotions; the conductance of Aether is the collective emotion. All
experience what happens to one.
Through various agencies, the mind can directly influence the muscles of the
body, which in tum can manipulate matter. However, anomalous events
such as the bending of metal by some yet unknown non-matetial force,
166 Tanhang Tulku Knowledge of Time and Space (Dhanna Publishing, Dhanna Press Berkeley, CA, 1990)
327
253
and the use of biofeedback machines demonstrate that there are multiple
venues for the mind to interact with the material world There may yet
be venues previously undiscovered
There is a mind quality associated with individual existence. Yet there is also
a collective mind quality associated with groups of individuals. Each
small community has a mental quality of its own, as do the countries
these communities comprise. Does it stretch the limits of knowledge too
much to suggest that there is a mind quality bebind all forms of
existence? A scientist might think so, but an artist might think otherwise.
Similarly, the environment in which a body exists affects the body as much as
the body affects its environment and other bodies. We are as much
slaves of our environment as our environment is slave to us.
Just as many drops of rain come together to form a river and ultimately a
mighty ocean, it seems the purpose of science and spirituality is to retum
our awareness to the Source. Our reality is in the truth of our unified
exIStence.
The whole of material existence is based on just four or five specific

dimensions; mass, charge, length, frequency, and possibly sphericity. The
presence of four or five specific dimensions, however, suggests that even
these dimensions have a common Source. MOreover, if the dimensions
pre-exist time and space, they must come from a Source that shares that
timeless and space-less nature. Western civi1ization might train a new
type of "explorer" who would follow in the traditions of Eastern )Ugis
and mystics. Practitioners employing the tools of meditation, involving
reflection and contemplation, might funher explore the physics of
dimensions leading toward the Source.
Nevertheless, in this book we have already accepted the premise that the
dimensions have a common Source. From there we progress toward the
realm where we exist as human beings (away from the Source) in an
attempt to understand as much as we can about our present existence.
Qeating taxonomy of reality helps in our understanding. In table 1 below,

we will arbitrarily call the level of dimensions "level 1." H in the future
we learn to quanrify the level preceding level one, we will call it level J,i.
The level preceding that will be level l/3 and so on.
Therefore, level l is the level of dimensions. From the dimensions of level l,

the existence of units develops, which is level 2. The units include
velocity; potenrial, angular momentum, and all others. At level 2 the
concept of quantity is also introduced so that each dimension, and thus
each unit, has a quantum measurement. The dimension of length
produces a quantum measurement equal to the Compton wavelength.
Similarly, the quantum measurement of frequency derives from the
2M
P H I LO S OP H Y
empirical speed of light divided by the quantum distance. The quantum

mass has two specific quantities, the mass of the electron and the mass of
the proton. The quantum charges are the electrostatic charge and the
strong charges, -which derive from the onta angular momentum times the
conductance constant.
In level 2 there are sublevels. The quantum distance and quantum frequency
have just one measurement. The quantum mass has two measurements
(electron and proton masses), and the quantum charges have several
measurements.
From the units of level 2, the existences of atoms come into being as level 3.
The atoms themselves have several sublevels of existence. From the
atoms of level 3 the molecules come into existence as level 4. The
molecules themselves have a complex system of sublevels.
From the molecules of level 4 there are several more levels of existence
before reaching the human level Then even beyond the level of humans,
there are several more levels of existence dealing with the structures made
by humans. This book is not particularly concerned with what precedes
level l, or what develops after level 4. It is specificallyconcerned with the
quantum realm where physical existence comes into being.
Existence
Level Description
1/3 ... closerto God
1/2 pre·dimension
1 Dimensions
2 Units
3 Atoms
4 Molecules
.. . further levels leading to humans
x Humans
... further levels extending from humans
Tru,]e.l
As part of our physical existence, we experience the phenomena of mind,

consciousness, and life "force" (or spirit). Some sensitive people can
directly experience the auras around living beings. There are also
documented cases of such things as the poltergeist!67 effect.
Undoubtedly, many people have not directly experienced the poltergeist

effect. Others would deny that there is a life force, consciousness, auras,
167 "POLTERGEIST [Ger.,=knocking ghost], in spiritism, cenain phenomena, such as rapping, movement
of furniture, and breaking of crockery, for which there is no apparent scientific explanation. " "Poltergeist ,
The Cplumbia En�ydQpedia , 6th eeL
"
255
S E CRE TS O F T H E A ETH E R
or even mind. Likewise, respectable people also once thought that the
world was flat, and that human space travel was impossible. "This chapter
avoids the useless effort of oying to make believers out of skeptics,
rather, it caters to those who have directly experienced the paranormal
and are seeking a rational explanation for their experiences.
For example, the author has occasionally bent keys (photo of

bent keys at right) without any conscious effort to do so.
in
In one case, a key bent my hand as I was looking at it.
It felt like the key momentarily turned to soft plastic and
after it finished bending it solidified in place. Similarly,
other researchers have wimessed other anomalous events
in their everyday lives, events that must have a cause.
And since both the Aether and physical reality begin with
level 2, the cause must be explainable at level 2, if the
event is real.
The Aether Physics Model predicates on the assumption that dimensions

truly exist and that all known phenomena can be quantified with
dimensions. "This also means that since the "life force" is real, it is
quantifiable. Similarly, if auras or minds exist, they too will express in
dimensions and there will be equations with units to describe them That
is, of course, if "life force," auras or mind originate level 2. If such
in
things exist prior to level 2 then we will need a new physics based on the
qualities of the relevant level(s).
It must be true that any reasonable unit of dimensions has a real world
analog. For example, length times frequency is equal to velocity. The
reverse logic should also be true. If we have the dimensions of length
times frequency we should be able to deduce that this particular
combination of dimensions would represent velocity. Velocity is not a
material entity, and yet it has real dimensions. Therefore, if we stand by
the assumption that dimensions are real, then velocity (or motion) must
also be real, except that motion is one level of reality removed from its
dimensions. Of course, in this case there is also the possibility that
motion is primary to the dimensions of length and frequency, and that
motion is the source of those dimensions, which would explain why there
is an absolute speed of light.
We must remain open to the possibility that Gforce, primary angular

momentum, charge and the speed of light may be primary causes for all
eXIStence.
On a more macro level, we think of our body as real. However, if our organs
could talk to us they would say that the body is an illusory construction
based on the organs functioning together. And at a lower level the cells
could say that the organ is an illusion, that the real function is the cells
worl<ing together. Then we might hear the molecules say that cells are
illusions because they are the function of molecules working together.
258
P H I L O S O P H Y
The atoms would point out that molecules are the function of atoms
working together. And subatomic panicles would say that atoms are
apparitions caused bythe congregation of angulat momentum. And then
the dimensions would point out that the angulat momentum is merely
the appearance of dimensions working together.
Each order of reality would consider the higher order to be an illusion with
regard to the grouping of its members. Even at the level of humans we
consider the concept of community to be an illusion created by the
congregation of humans. Yet there may be some form of more complex
consciousness among human communities, which communicates with
each other and considers humans to be mere components.
It is interesting to look at the level of dimensions and reflect on what a

dimension is. The only way we can experience dimension directly, it
appears, is in our mind How is it that the most fundamental form of
knowable existence experiences onlybythe mind?
At this point we can conjecture that the more complex a level is from the
Source of reality, the further that level is from being real in an absolute
sense. The underlying substance of dimensions is very rea\, but the forms
made from these dimensions are much less real, becoming more
tranSitory in nature with each level of complexity. Further, it is the
perception of the forms, which is the source of their unreal nature. The
dimensions are still there, but instead of seeing the dimensions for what
they are, we are seeing them for the bound forms we would rather see.
An in-depth analysis of the nature of perception is the subject for other
books and explains quite well in some religious and philosophical
traditions.
Motion
Motion is not merely a characteristic of Aether, It glVes the Aether
functionality.
The Aether Physics Model shows that onta are contained within a quantum.
unit of Aether. Aether is what gives the Universe its fabric of space-time,
and onta is the visible matter that occupies it. The onta do not leave the
Aether unit they reside in. So technically, matter never moves in space or
time. Material matter is as a panicle suspended in water. In order to
move the particle, the fluid must move.
All motion is of the Aether. The onta influences the Aether, but at all times it
remains encapsulated by Aether. That is how Aether donates its
electrostatic charge to onta. It is also how primary angulat momentum
can interact with Aether to produce strong charge. So when atoms and
molecules move, the Aether encapsulating them also moves. And since
the Aether is formed of force carrier dipoles, which interact with other
Aether units, the Aether units between and around atoms and molecules
also drag with it.
257
So wherever an object is perceived, that object has its own Aether associated
with it That object could be as dense as a gold nugget, the rarefied
atmosphere, or even a magnetic field or gravitational field, and the Aether
will remain grouped just the same. Dense objects have more onta than
rarefied objects, therefore dense objects also have more Aether density
than rarified objects.
Aether behaves like a solid, fluid, and gas all at once. Because the Aether
constructs from reciprocal mass, it is the aI:iIity to manifest reality. If
there is nothing denser moving through a region of Aether, it will move
with the densest sy;tem closest to it For example, magnetic, electrostatic,
and gravitational forces hold our galaxy together. The Aether of the
galaxy moves as a whole. Within the galaxy are solat sy;rem and dust
clouds. Each of these objects are more dense than the galaxy as a whole
and influence the Aether local to these objects.
The solat sy;terns are essentially made of a star, planets, and minor bodies. ,
The density of the solat sy;tem determines how much local Aether it
influences. A planet withinthat sy;tem will be the densest object in the
local area and will influence the Aether local to it even more so. At a
given place on the planet, there will be objects denser to the local Aether
and they will preponderate. This panem of influence continues down to
the quantum level of existence.
The Aether associated with each object likely moves similar in nature to a
Rubik's cube. To move through the Aether would require the
displacement of other Aether units. Rene Descartes called this type of
movement a vortex. The vortices are not limited to the three axes
available to a Rubik's cube, however, and have much more freedom A
spaceship passing through the emptier regions of the solat sy;rem will
push the Aether front, which will curve back around to fill the wake.
in
The flow of Aether would look similar in pattern to the magnetic field
lines of a magnet, moving from one pole and curving back around to the
other pole. In fact, the relative movement of Aether would appear as a
magnetic field in relation to the ship.
Flow
Flow extends from motion and gives it structure. A river can be a flow of
raindrops. The Gulf Stream is a flow of ocean current and a segment of
Thermohaline Cin:ulation. An economy is the flow of money and
industry is the flow of goods. The body relies on the flow of air (breath)
and blood circulation among other instances of flow. Reading is the flow
of words; traffic is the flow of cars. There is flow happening everywhere
and at all times.
All flow relates to the general concepts of health and sickness. If the breath
or blood circulation is poor, the health suffers. If the money does not
flow, the economy suffers. Alternatively; if the flow is too strong, such as
for a river, then flooding occurs. Proper regulation is essential to the
258
P H I L O S O P H Y
health of all aspects of the Universe.
The Aether is no exception. 'The space-time around us and within us must

also flow properly to maintain health. Western medicine has so far
denied the flow of Aether through the body and environment. This is a
natural consequence of denying the existence of Aether in physics.
Nevertheless, ancient literature acknowledges the flow of Aether, which
the East acknowledges even today. Of course, the flow does not name as
Aether, but em, Ki, Qi, Ku, and pram, among others. In the West, a
similar line of study ahnost carne into existence calling it Orgone.
Controlling the flow of Aether has found its way into the esoteric martial
arts, the WOlk of psychics and mentalists, and alternative healing
methods.
Orgonomy
The study of orgone (orgonomy) is one of those "sciences" where qualified
researchers have invested their hard-earned degrees trying to quantify
something they could not clearly measure.
Orgone: �
. A universal life force hypothesized by Wllhelm Reichl",

' supposed to emanate from all organic material that
putportedly can be captured with a boothlike device and
used to restore psychological well-being. I"
Aether units have mass and charge, but it is reciprocal mass and charge. Just
as frequency manifests differently than its reciprocal of time, the
reciprocal dimensions of mass and charge also manifest differently than
mass and charge.
The Aether is dynamic in that its quantum unit is a rotating magnetic field.
The Gforce being the cause of this rotating magnetic field gives the
impression that the Aether is alive and somehow self-petpetuating. The
description of orgone seems to be similar to the description of the Aether
unit in that both are associated with "aliveness," appear massless, and are
not directly measurable.
168 REICH, WILHElM, 1897-1957, Austrian psjclllatrist and biophysicist. For rnanyl'=' a chief associate at
Freud's Psychoanalytic Polyclinic in Vienna, he later broke with Freud and the psychoanalytic movement.
Forced to leave Nazi Germany, he resettled in New York Gty in 1939 to continue independent research in
biophysics. He taught (1939-41) at the New School for Social Research, and in 1942 he founded the Orgone
Institute. According to Reich's theories the universe is permeated by a primal, mass-free phenomenon that he
called orgone energy; in the human organism the lack of repeated total discharge of this energy through natw:al
sexual release is considered the genesis not only of all individual neurosis but also of irrational social
movements and collective neurotic disorder. Reich invented the orgone box, a device that he claimed would
restore energy but that VIaS declared a fraud by the Food and Drug Administration. In 1956 he was tried for
contempt of court and violation of the Food and Drug Acr and sentenced to two years in a federal
penitentiary, where he died.
169 Definition quoted from The American tleritage@ Dictionaryof the English Lan�mge Fourth Edition
Copyright C 2003 by Houghton Milllin Company.
259
No preplanned conception preceded the Aether Physics Model Its

developrnem resulted from following one empirical lead after the next.
The concepts discussed here are natural consequences of the science.
The discovery of the Unified Force Theory, insights into the atomic binding
processes, the true nature of charge, the geometry of the Aether and
other key discoveries concerning the physical and non-material world
were completely unexpected When I was approached by Jim Bourassa
to research and write a book on this new theory he suggested we also
write about orgone. I flatly told him that I had no data or other evidence
to suggest orgone was real, at tlxrt tiTrE.
Then as I put the raw notes into book form and began organizing topics and
developing the theory, it became clear that every physical process in
nature appears to be accounted for in the Aether Physics Model It
became clear at this point that the mind, the life force, the emotions,
consciousness, and other non· material aspects of experience may also be
quantifiable, even if not directly measurable.
It also became clear that some aspects of the physical world, such as time, are
not directly measurable, but are still quantifiable. Tune infers by
observing the frequency of certain regular processes (rotation of the
Earth or oscillation of Cesium atoms). If time measures indirectly, but
precisely from its inferred reciprocal of frequency, then there are likely
other units of the Universe that measure indirectly.
As I started interacting with orgone researchers and questioning their «data"

and instrumentation, I began to suspect that mind might be related to the
reciprocal of mass, orgone might be the same thing as Aether, and the
aura of the body might be a form of reciprocal strong charge or
conductance. It could also be that there are other dimensions in greater
space-time that correlate to these non· material aspects of existence.
Whatever it turns out to be, the Aether Physics Model provides a valid
paradigm in which these long unanswered issues might resolve.
I have had many metaphysical experiences of which precognitions, out of

body experiences, and lucid dreaming are just a few. So at a level of
direct experience I can relate to the concepts being put forth by
researchers such as Wllhelm Reich. However, this does not mean I
necessarily agree with conclusions or observations anived at without
properly acquired data. If we are to include the non·measurable aspects
of experience into our physics, we are still obligated to establish a reliable
method for quantifying these experiences.
If there truly is a life force, then it must be quantifiable. We can make this
statement even without first vetifying the method for quantifying the life
force. It is a consequence of logic. If keys truly bend without directly
applied mechanical force, then there must be a quantifiable mechanism to
explain the phenomenon. If objects accelerate upward off the floor such
280
P H I L O S O P H Y
as in John Hutchison's demonstrations!70, then there must be a

quantifiable explanation for this effect, too. The fact that we observe
these phenomena before understanding them is part of the natural
progression of learning.
Health and Healing

It is this authors insight that qualities such as consciousness, mind, and health
are quantifiable with the proper intetpretations of quantum data. After
all, the Aether Physics Model yields the world's first and simplest Unified
Force Theory. It is logical that if the physical world sorts out
mathematically and geometrically through the Aether Physics Model,
then the best chance for quantifying all other characteristics of living
experience (consciousness, mind, health, etc) will also followthrough this
modeL
Dale Sumbureru, DrPH, MD, has proposed extending the present health
system, which treats only pathogenic disease, to a system also
incotporating salutogenic treatment'''. The essence of Dr. Sumbureru's
theory is that good health quantifies and has cause; just as bad health can
be quantified and has cause. Good health quantifies according to the
Cellular Cosmic Signature (CCS) of cells, organs, or organisms, which is a
measurement of biophotons. According to Dr. Sumbureru, the
biophotons generate by living beings through the same or similar process
as the photons generated by strong charge. This is just a working
hypothesis at this time, but it is the beginning of a much-needed
proactive approach to health and healing.
Dr. Sumbureru further suggests that Aether is "accumulated" through sleep

and that "the Aether is used bythe human organism to facilitate memory,
the placebo effects, and spontaneous healing through the autonomic
nervous system" Perhaps Aether needs to condition through proper
flow and accumulate to maintain the life force. It would appear that the
water vortices work of Vlktor Schauberger involved the conditioning of
Aether in water, Feng Shui is the conditioning of Aether in our
environment, and generating a rotating magnetic field would condition
the Aether directly.
From the view of the Aether Physics Model, it would appear that health of a
body is due in part to the proper flow of Aether through and around it.
This Aether flow can replenish our body through deep breathing,
walking, driving, or bathing in Aether conditioned water. Magnets realign
the Aether units of air as the magnetic field passes through it. Stretching
body tissue, as in yoga, would increase the presence of Aether by
170 The Hutchison Effect http://v,rww.hutchisoneffect.org/

171 "The construct of Salutogenesis is proposed as a unifying theory for medicine, health and healing. It is
posited as a spectrum from the most subtle nuances of health to the most adverse medical issues where all
interventions at our disposal would fit within this model. The primordial aether is assumed to be the
underpinning function and the model relies on and rnaxirnizes the placebo effect for efficacy.n D Swnbureru,
Salutogenesis I: A Unified Theory on Medicine, Health and Healing, Subtle Energies & Encrgy Medicine, vol
14, # 2,pp175-199
281
increasing its flow. Individuals who have raised the level of Aether in
their body could transfer this hther to others through touch or
closeness.
Such healing techniques have been around for thousands of years, but
modem Western science does not understand the mechanism of these
techniques. Indeed, how does one measure the presence of properly
flowing empty space? Without acknowledging the existence of hther,
how could modem science ever know about its function in health and
healing?
In recent times, Victor Schaubetger discovered the process whereby nature

uses natural vomces to rejuvenate water. Nkola Tesla and Geotges
lakhovsky experimented with rotating magnetic fields generated by high
frequency, using high potential apparatus as a healing mechanism
Wtlhelm Reich developed otgone therapy. Others have found similar
healing techniques involving Aether conditioning. However, in the West,
all went to the dustbin of history because scientists did not know how to
quantifythe hther.
The healing techniques of the East, on the other hand, do quantify and
understand the need for hther. In Eastern systems of medicine, hther
acknowledges as an or Qi (Ollnese), Ki (Japanese), Prana (Hindu), and
Ku (TIbetan). Other cultures acknowledge hther in one fonn or
another. The methods for cultivating the flow of hther are highly
developed in Eastern cultures.
It is ironic that for several hundred years WeSterners considered Easterners

barbaric, primitive, and uncultured, thinking it necessary to send its
missionaries into Eastern cultures and pU!)?;e them of their knowledge
and systems of healthful living, which were supposedly based on
superstition and ignorance. Yet, it might now appear that the dead and
lifeless culture of the West was at times the disease and plague to ancient,
balanced cultures. Our inability to measure what others could directly
sense is the result of our own ignorance. WeStern culture must have
caused tremendous suffering for "primitive" cultures by our destruction
of natural and healthyways of living.
Perhaps now that we can quantify hther, scientific research on it will begin.
Perhaps our advanced technology can identifythe causes of imbalance in
the daily lives of living beings and our environment, and suggest ways in
which to improve living. As we learn that no single culture has a
monopoly on God, perhaps all people will unite as a network of distinct
cultures in a greater community of planet Earth, and indeed of the
Universe. Moreover, perhaps the discovery that our ancestors knew
more than we gave them credit for will humble us.
Fonn and Beauty

The Standard Model cannot describe the simple shape of the electron. But
282
P H I L O S O P H Y
the Aether Physics Model = not only describe the simple shape of the
electron, it = also show how the entire physical realm is a symphony of
fonn, just as Beethoven's Fifth is a symphony of melody.
In chapter 4 the reader was introduced to Aether numbers. Examples were

given that shows how spin position produces various forms. However,
this was just an introduction to a vast field of study that will delight artists
of all media
158 16lf2
We showed that - If and -- If ranges were relevant to forms
2 2
produced by half-spin ann in the Aether. Below, different sequence
numbers produce a table of selected forms according to the Aether
x + . _-
function G(X,Y) = -_ x + ill. the cylindrical coordinate system
1 3
2 2
53
- If
3 · 53
-- If
2 2
39 4 · 39
•
- If -- If
2 2
31
-If
5·31
-- If
2 2
27
- If
6 · 27
-- If
2 2
23
- If
7 · 23
--If
2 2
19
- If
8·19
--If
2 2
Notice that when the number of sides or points the shape has multiplies the
base number of the image, it produces a seed or "bell pepper bottom"
shaped image. It is as though the seed geomeny or "bell pepper bottom"
geomeny is a primaty form of some kind As far as the seed shape goes,
nearly all plant and animal life begins as a seed or ovum
It would seem that the "bell pepper bottom" geomeny is peculiar to an even
number of sides or points in the shape, and the seed geomeny is peculiar
to the odd number of sides and points.
More of the primaty set images follow below. Notice the near perfect
symmetry of the stars. Perhaps it would not be smprising if all the stars
had an even number of points. However, most of the stars have an odd
number of points.
263
63
-Jr 5 · 63
--Jr
2 2
45
-Jr 7 · 45
--Jr
2 2
59
-Jr 8 · 59
--Jr
2 2
35
-Jr 9 · 35
--Jr
2 2
43
-Jr 1 1 ·43
--Jr
2 2
73
-Jr 13·73
--Jr
2 2
The fact that so many non-repeating images could appear in the primary set,
and with such precision of form, is astounding. It is further awe inspiring
that these forms are, in fact, the forms of living things as reflected in
flowers in particular, plants in general, and sea creatures to name a few.
16Jr'
--Jr 16Jr'
--Jr
2 2
8Jr'
-Jr
2 'X 8Jr'
-Jr
2
4Jr'
--Jr 4Jr'
--Jr
2 2
In the above images, using the Aether constant of 16Jr' and its divisions, we
further generate interesting images.
The 4Jr'constant, which is the constant of a toroid, indicates that the

perception of three angular dimensions of length in the form of a cube is
the result of toroidal onra This would explain why the Cartesian
coordinate system best explains our human perception of space, while the
cylind?cal and spherical coordinate systems best explain the way onta
expenence space.
This book also demonstrates the effect of Phi and phi numbers and their
relationship to physical constants such as the g-factors. We can set G to
be a function of the Phi

and phi
numbers:
G(x,y) = 1�I+l 1 v'Y 1 + 3 (1 1.1)

2 ' 2
'--
'---
214
P H I L O S O P H Y
In this case, since 5 is already known to be a full cycle -with Phi and phi
numbers, we set the range to be 5" and the surface plot appears as
nearly a sphere:
Not covered here are manyother interesring observations made from the
Phi and phi
contour plots.
The Gforce manifests through the Aether unit. Presented earlier was the
reduction of reality down through to the level of dimensions. Now we
see the profound relationship of Aether spin positions to the general
forms of living and growing things. Taken together, a picture is emerging
that shows the method and harmony of all things as evolved from an all
pervading God Of course, there is a need to expand the detail of the
method and harmony, but this is a start.
God
The physical vacuum is a manifestation of conscious Spirit,
and material science has correctly recognized that it is all
pervading and full of infInite energy. However, physicists are
at a loss to explain how the vacuum came to exist in the first
place, so it is viewed - like God - as eternal. The new physics
. is on the right track, but unfortunately it is considering the
physical vacuum to be the final cause of existence rather than
what it actually is; the last link in a causative chain that
extends from God, through the action of Spirit, to the
; material creationJ72 • Brian Hines
-
Since Aether units are independent units of 2-spin rotaring magnetic field,
-without any solid substance of their own, and eternally dynamic in nature,
then there must be more to Aether than mere empty space. The
existence of an all-powerful, all pervasive God supports by the presence
of the Gforce in the Aether constants, by the existence of the dimensions
and the principle of reductionism
One cannot studythe Aether -without developing an appreciation and awe for
the beauty of the Geator and the Geator's manifestations in all that
exists. Even if the world were some son of elaborate illusion, we still see
the -wimesses to God all around us. With all the evidence for an ordered
existence arising out of the mind-like qualities of dimensions, even the
most skeptical among us could understand the rational logic for the
172 Brian Hines, God's Whisper, Geation's Thunder (Threshold Books, Brattleboro, VT, 1995)148
265
existence of God
With the Aether Physics Model, we can also Ieam how to separate the truth
of what God is from the myth imbued by the culture surrounding a given
religion. For example, the physics do not support the concept of male
superiority (or female superiority for that matter), neither does the theory
single out a specific name or a specific geographic location for God
Nevertheless, the science clearly supports the qualities of the Oeator as
an all powetful, all pervading, living and dynamic force.
Perhaps by undemanding physical existence with the assistance of the Aether

Physics Model, humans will better be able to appreciate God and learn
that we all share the same universal heritage and the same destiny.
Perhaps we will see the benefit to all life that comes from balancing the
flow of Aether and all physical existence.
Consciousness
In chapter 3 the Gforce was shown to be the single force from which all
forces arise. The Gforce is enormous and acts through each quantum
Aether unit. Whatever the Gforce is, and wherever it comes from, the
Gforce pre-exists physical existence and gives rise to it.
It is probably not possible to quantify something that pre-exists the physical

Universe. In addition, whatever it is that pre-existed the physical
Universe, it must have a non-material quality. Several of the world's
major religions and cultures generally refer to enlightened mind as some
kind of non-material, pre-existing, all-powetful, and creative force of the
Universe. In this book, we accept this non-material, creative Gforce as a
postulate and accept it as "pure, enlightened Mind," or « God" Each
quantum Aether unit is structure of a more complex order of God, or
mind The sum of all quantum Aether units or any quantity of Aether
units has the identical properties of its parts. This " God Mind" thus
postulates to be present throughout the visible Universe and to apply
equally to all objects, regardless of their size, constitution, and structure.
Having postulated a Universal Mind of God, based in part on empirical

observations, we can now attempt to quantify the individual
consciousness of this Universal Mind as perceived through a human
body's senses.
Each order of physical reality is matter, bound within an environment, but in

a more complex form than the previous level Just as the Gforce evolves
into the electromagnetic, electrostatic, and gravitational forces, and
ultimately into various other manifestations of force, the living God Mind
evolves into complex manifestations as well. Masaru Emoto shows
evidence that water possesses a quality of mind We suspect that cells
possess a quality of mind We accept that our complex human form
possesses a quality of mind If the Gforce is the God Mind, and water
and cells possess a quality of mind, as do humans, then what logic would
266
P H I L OS O P H Y
allow for the other levels of existence to not possess a quality of mind? It
is reasonable to conclude that the God :Mind evolves (or devolves) into
the consciousness we are familiar with, just as onra evolves into the
human form.
From the physical perspective, the Aether as seen through "God's e}es"
exists as a 2-spin, space-resonance domain. The physical body,
composed from onra, exists in a \6 spin, space-time domain. God
consciousness thus exists in at least one more dimension than physical
based consciousness.
As far as this discussion goes, God consciousness only describes as the basis
for physical consciousness (ego). One can only kmw or foi the direct
meaning of God consciousness since the source of God consciousness
pre-exists the physical Universe. The methods for setting aside physical
consciousness so that God consciousness can be known and felt are well
documented in Buddhism, Hinduism, A Course in Miracles, and other
systems of thought. This section is concerned primarily with quantifying
the physical consciousness in such a way that we can develop an
understanding of how physical consciousness relates to the physical
Universe. In general, when refening to consciousness, we will be
refening to individual consciousness (or ego) and not God
consCIousness.
Ps}cilophysiology is the branch of physiology dealing with the relationship

between physiological processes and thoughts, emotions, and behavior'''.
The primary tool for measuring the thoughts, emotions, and behavior
with regard to our physical body and physical environment is a device
that measures electtOdenna1 activity (EDA). EDA is another way of
saying "skin conductance." Therefore, it is intended that the devices used
by psychophysiologists today measure skin conductance.
According to the Standard Model, the reciprocal of the conductance unit is

the resistance unit. However, data clearly shows that skin conductance
does not have a linear relationship to the skin resistance. According to
the Aether Physics Model, the reciprocal of conductance is the magnetic
flux unit. Moreover, as presented earlier, evidence exists that shows a
linear relationship between conductance and magnetic flux. Thus, there
is already sufficient evidence to show that the reciprocal of conductance
is magnetic flux, and not resistance.
If the Aether Physics Model is correer, then conductance is not equal to

current divided by potential, as the Standard Model shows. In the APM,
conductance is equal to frequency divided by potential:
17) The American Heritage" Dictionary of the English Language, Founh Edition Copyright Q 2003 by
Honghton Mifflin Company.
287
Cd =
freq ( 1 1 .2)
potn
Conductance is also equal to charge per angular momentum:
Cd =
chrg (1 1.3)
h
Properly designed equipment will calculate conductance based on tbe
frequency per potential between a pair of electrodes. The conductance
between two points can produce useful data, but the ultimate device for
measuring and observing conductance would produce a surface color
map of all cell conductances (or conductances for anypanicular order of
reali�. The Aetber Physics Model predicts this is possible. Essentially, a
device that produces a color map of conductance over tbe surface of a
body would give a view of tbe body's aura. We could tben explore tbe
reading of tbe aura as an accurate medical diagnostic tooL
H we wanted to see tbe body's aura in terms of light (ligt) tben we would have
to accelerate tbe strong charge per conductance of tbe measured body:
t. .
19t chrg acel (1 1.4)
Cd
Is tbere such a process that could map tbe body's conductance by

accelerating the strong charge and presenting a map in tbe form of light?
In 1939,�the ;;; year that Reich claimed to have discovered i

bioenergy in tbe form of orgone, a Russian scientist, Semyon
Kirlian discovered a novel form of photography tbat, for tbe
I first time, appeared to show unmistakable evidence of just
such a field - a field that Russian scientists called bioplasmic
energy. Kirlian's invention makes use of tbe Tesla coil - a
high-voltage, high-frequency electrical device - to
photograph living tissues. Experimenters have used
frequencies between 20,000 and 3,000,000 cycles per second,
and voltages between 20,000 and 50,000 volts, to generate
electric fields that cause electrons to be pulled out of tbe
surface of living tissue such as human skin. The process is
not destructive or painful but it does enable tbe pattern of
electrons, in tum, to generate light that can expose a
photographic plate174•
Kirlian ph��hy appears to be a valid science, or at least tbere are
equations tbat predict it. Pemaps we need to do more research to better
develop the Kirlian photographic metbod.
In tbe Aetber Physics Model, as we simplify within tbe various orders of

reality, we pass from molecules, to atoms, to units, to dimensions, and
ultimately to God. As the order of reality reduces in complexity, we get
174 Richard Milton, Alternative Science: Cl1allenging the Myths of the Scientific Establishment {Rochester,
Vennom, Park Street Press. 1996) 70.71
288
P H I L OS O P H Y
closer to the ultimate truth. Progressing toward the more complex levels
of reality, we get further away from God, but the level of sophistication in
our experience becomes more detailed Therefore, the two aspects of
our mind, the God consciousness and the ego consciousness, tend to
evolve mutually exclusive of each other, even though we view ego
consciousness through the God consciousness. Furthermore, it would
appear that there are other measurable and knowable levels of
consciousness allowed, based upon the different orders of reality.
We can postulate that the God consciousness is a given, but ego

consciousness must exist due to physical laws since it perceives the
physical world ManyphiJosophers, ancient and modem, have wondered
how it is that the mind interfaces with the physical world The Aether
Physics Model offers a solution to the problem
The physical matter making up a human body can identify more or less as
something isolated from its environment, although this is a
misperception. The distinction between what constitutes the body and
its environment is not entirely clear because we are constandy exchanging
molecules with our environment through breathing, drinking, eating,
defecating, urinating, and perspiring. Furthermore, Aether always
encapsulates onta Yet at any given time we can say "this is my body and
it has certain characteristics apart from other objects and apart from the
environment." The characteristics we are prirnarily concerned with are
the molecules in the brain and blood, though ultimately all the molecules
in our body contnbute to our present state of ego consciousness.
At the quantum level, we have defined the Aether unit and postulated that
the God consciousness dwells within it. We also know that as angular
momentum spins through the conductance of the Aether unit, the
Aether produces strong charge. Angular momentum interfacing with
Aether conductance presents a physical experience to the Aether
consciousness. At the quantum leve� the Aether consciousness
experiences all electrons and protons in the same way. However, at the
atomic leve� the total geometry of the atom presents a different
experience to the Aether consciousness for each type of atom Similarly,
at the molecular lev� that geometry is much more complex. The Aether
consciousness experiences the complex geometrical structures quite
differendy. Therefore, it seems that the consciousness of a given
collection of molecules is associated with the total molecules of the entity,
even though there is also consciousness at the level of each individual
onn. In other words, there are different levels of consciousness in a
complex entity, each occurring at the various levels of reality. Hence, at
the human level of reality. we perceive individual human consciousness,
but awareness also exists of group consciousness and global
consCIousness.
Truth
For some, truth is what we believe in This sounds good at first, until we
269
question what is doing the believing. In this book, we show the various
orders of reality within the physical world We also show evidence that
each order of reality animates by a living force, a living substance, and in a
living environment. More specifically, the self associated with our body is
a level of consciousness peculiar to our experience at the level of the
body.
The self we are familiar with is the consciousness of a particular group of

organs, cells, molecules, atoms, and onra, which compose the body and
its environment. When the self says, "I believe," it is the group
consciousness of that limited portion of the Universe, which is making
the statement. Therefore, the perception and belief in that truth reflects
those limitations.
There is another kind of outh, which reveals to us. We do not have to

interpret it to make it true, although we may have to interpret our
sensations in order to understand it. The Gforce and dimensions are
what they are. Since we are thinking with consciousness associated with
the body, our knowledge of the Gforce and dimensions comes through
our senses. Knowledge that comes through the senses needs
interpretation since it anives to our awareness as sensations.
Nevenheless, the underlying truth, which the body senses, is what it is.
Therefore, there is an absolute truth, which we can know and interpret
correctly.
War and Peace

When the Standard Model was developed, the United States was at war
Scientists were under pressure to produce more powerful and destructive
.
weapons. Thus, the "mass equals energy" paradigm was quite attractive
to the militaty industtial complex. After all, the winner of a war is the
one wllO strategically commands the most energy.
Ironically, the G:11/Se of the wars was also about strategically commanding
energy. Energy, like money, has corrupted individuals and entire cultures.
There is nothing wrong with money or energy. They are good, and they
are essential to the structure of civi1ization. However, money and energy
are not the only foundation of civilization.
Gvilization is a collection of living beings, each of which exists at various

levels of existence. Science should not only be about killing beings, if it
even should be about killing at ail Science has an obligation to funher all
aspects of society so that health, hannony, and individual satisfaction are
the purpose for the existence of science.
The needs of living beings are not met merely by the provision of comforts
for the body; and a safe community; with fairness for ail These are
essential, yes, but the need for purpose in life is just as important. Each
living individual must have a purpose, a reason for existing in the first
place, if any of the creature comforts are to be meaningful.
270
P H I LO S O PH Y
The «mass equals energy" paradigm is not only fallacious; it is also empty.
How will science ever truly fulfill the needs of living beings with a
paradigm, which enlists false equalities and false logic? Even though the
data behind the Standard Model is good, that does not mean the theory
that explains the data is good. If we expect our citizens to abide with
common sense and fidelity, then our science and religion must set the
example.
VIsualize a paradigm, based on the empirical data, which clearly shows the
development of the physical Universe from a living God. Imagine a
model that children can understand and conceptualize, which illustrates
for them a simple and common sense explanation of how an all
pervading, eternal Gforce gave rise to the world into which they were
born.
A physics model that gives a clear conduit of development from God to the
learner creates a link between the Creator and the creation. This link
gives a sense of belonging, and develops a sense of purpose in life. And
what could our purpose be other than to create the conditions that will
further our understanding of the Source of all life and all existence?
There are generations who are thankful they won their wars, regardless of the
cost, and perhaps rightly so. However, the present generation's gratitude
is better spent being thankful that no more wars need be fought. We
have before us now a new opportunity to establish balance and harmony
within civilization through the man1age of science and spirituality. We
now have a tool that not only increases the knowledge of our physical
world, but also can help us find common ground in our spiritual paths.
Perhaps for the frrst time ever, pure knowledge reveals, not this time to the
priests and their chosen initiates, but now to all humans. And even more
fortunate, this knowledge is not about technologies of war, but of
technologies of peace.
The Aether Physics Model is about truth in science, but it is also undeniably
about truth in spirituality. Whatever spirituality may be, and whatever we
call it, nearly everybody acknowledges that it exists. Pethaps spiritual
reality is merely a quality of mind; pethaps it is much more than that.
However, whatever truth is, we must all seek it together, not in war, but
m peace.
:l!71
272
- ---- - ---
--------------------
------------------==
=
B I RTH O F T H E A E T H E R P H Y S I C S M O D E L
BIRTH OF THE APM
W hen I was in high school and was first introduced to Einstein's Special
Relativity Theory; I questioned my science teacher as to the accuracy of
'
the equation, E = me . I pointed out that E and m were just dimensions
and c was a constant with a value and dimensions. I explained that in
algebra we were not allowed to write such an equation because it was not
a true equality. Then my science teacher told me something that would
change my attitude toward science for the rest of my life. He told me
that he had asked the same question in college and was told that if he did
'
not accept E = me as an equation, he would not pass his class. He
followed up by telling me that if I wanted to go to college the same held
true for me, that if I did not accept the established science doctrine I
would not pass either.
That was one of a few experiences that taught me early in life to question
everything. I'm skeptical about any knowledge not founded in logic or
math and where I'm expected to believe something just because
somebody else says so. As life tumed out for me, I did not go to college
except for a few classes of particular interest. But since I was willing to
read up on any subject that interested me, I managed to get by without a
college degree.
Although I studied religion, philosophy, history, politics, electronics,

computer sciences, auto mechanics, cooking, organic gardening, and
many other subjects over the next two decades, I was in my late thirties
when I finallydecided to study quantum physics.
My studies began with the building of Tesla coils. I then started a business,
buying and selling military surplus, and did well on eBay for a couple of
�ars. During that rime I acquired test equipment and materials for my
experiments. I also studied every piece of literature available on the work
of Nlkola Tesla.
Intrigued by Tesla's deep interest in flat spiral and conical secondary coils, I
studied his Wardencliffe patents and literature carefully. I deduced that
273
he finally settled on a combination flat spiral and tall solenoid secondary

coil system for oscillating the Earth's electrostatic field
In building and testing flat spiral Tesla coils, I discovered that there were two
distinctly different manifestations of electricity simultaneously coming
from the same coil In the photo below, I am holding a fluorescent tube
near the terminal and ground of a flat spiral coil The sparks
wire
between the tube and the terminal (copper balI) are thin, ptuplish, and
jagged The sparks between the tube and ground wire
are thick, whiter,
and smoother. The camera barely caught what V\I"aS a cleady visible
phenomenon.
I didn't fmd a sacisfactory explanation for the two different manifestations of

electron current in the literature or from knowledgeable Tesla coil
builders, so I decided to put aside the experiments and take a closer look
at the physics involved
The Aether Physics Model got started as a "what if" proposition. According
to the Standard Model, the constant c' has
no physical meaning and is
merely a constant of convenience or constant of proportionality. So I
started looking at the constant and after a while I realized the c constant
actually involved steradian geometry.
Then I staned looking at charge, Coulomb's constant, the Newton

gravitational constant, and others. In my mind, I had speculated that if
electrons and protons had quantum mass and quantum charge, then
there must also be quantum distance and quantum time. I searched for
candidates for a quantum distance and after trying the Compton
wavelength, the theory started developing rather quickly. Soon after, I
stumbled upon the conductance constant. In addition, when multiplying
the conductance constant by angular momentum of the electron
(planck's constant) I came up with a value of charge that V\I"aS not the
274
B I RTH O F T H E A E T H E R P H YS I CS M O D E L
elementaty charge.
Everytlring was fitting in nicely except this strange value of charge. I was not
ready to give up on this newly developing theory ;.et, so I pla;.ed around
with the constants until I found the relationship between this new charge
(strong charge) and electrostatic charge. The relationship involved 81t
times the fme structure.
I had to reflect on this strange appearance of elementary charge, new charge,

and 8JZ' times the fine structure for a few days before it donned on me
that I had found the other type of charge I had been looking for. Then
suddenly the concepts illuminated in my mind and I realized I was
looking at the foundation for a mathematically correct Unified Force
Theory. The new charge I had found was the charge associated with the
strong force and which had been incorrectly attributed to the pi meson
particle in the Standard Model.
For two full years, I continued developing the theory and called it the
Quantum Physics Model. Everytlring I was discovering involved the

quantum physics of particles.
I tried sharing my discoveries on USENET in the sci.physics level of

newsgroups with very limited acceptance. Mostly I received ridicule and
contempt for breaking ranks with the Standard Model. A very small
percentage of my posts were ever accepted to the sci.physics.research
newsgroup and most were retumed with a canned response staring the
content of my message was too speculative for the group. I had several
engaging discussions with knowledgeable folks on the USA-Tesla and
Free_Energy mailing lists at Yahoogroups.com Moreover, while the
folks at those groups were at times more accommodating, nobody was
willing to publicly admit that the math was correct and the theory self
consistent. There was a stolid kind of fear present when it came to
jumping ranks with the Standard Model in favor of the Quantum Physics
Model.
Then in a fortuitous encounter, I answered the challenge Jim D. Bourassa

posted online to produce a mathematically correct Unified Field Theory,
which he was willing to pay for. I showed him that I had already
discovered it. Jim and I corresponded for a couple of months and then
he decided to generouslyfund my research.
Until I met Jim, I only susprttrlthe Aether exists. I had anributed Coulomb's
constant and the other non-material constants to properties of the
Aether, but it was more out of poetic license than having direct evidence
of Aether.
However, after a few exchanges with Jim and listening to his intuitive insights,
and having access to a substantially greater library of literature and lab
275
equipment due to Jim's generosity, it gradually became clearer that Aether

was much more than a bunch of constants and was a dynamic,
geometrical structure of space and resonance.
The biggest leap toward understanding Aether came when I enlisted the help
of Tom Gutman to design MathCAD worksheets
o
to represent the constant of 167!2 . I could
visualize a geometrical progression from 27! to
47! , to 47!2 , to 167!2 and wanted to know what 2 .
167!2 would look like.
After figuring out the geometry of 167!' the process of

discovering the Aether and its equations was
intuitively easy. The discoveries came so fast after
0 4.
that that I could not see an end to them, and still

cannot.
It was during this time that Jim and I realized, undeniably, that a vety real
Aether existed. It was then that Jim suggested we change the name of
the theoty to the Aether Physics MOdel I was reluctant only because I
had been the one to think of Quantum Physics MOdeL However, Jim
was right. What sets the Aether Physics MOdel apatt from the Standatd
MOdel is just that, the Aether. And so it became.
This is an abbreviated histoty of the Aether Physics MOdel It is presented

for those who are curious about how this theory came to be. But it is
also presented for those who spurn specu1ation in a scientific docwnent.
I wanted to show the importance of speculation in luring out vital clues,
which could sometimes lead to significant discoveries. This book is
based rnosdy on solid empirical data. In some instances throughout this
book I feel I'm close to another discovery, but haven't quite hit home
with it. So I have printed in these pages my speculations, leaving open the
possibility that someone else more skilled in the computer sciences,
mathematics and physics would see what I was missing and close the
gaps.
Discussions
The following are excerpts from discussions I've had with others while
developing the Aether Physics Model
From: DavK:I Thomson

Newsgroups: sci.physics.relativity, sci.physics
Date: 20Q2.09.28 15:03:03 PST
. �
Science claims to be based on facts and empirical evidence.
But science does not claim to have truth. Science is merely a
collecrion of theories used to explain facts and empirical
evidence. On these newsgroups, it is not the measured facts
we question, it is the often lame theories that use
278
B I RTH O F T H E A E T H E R P H Y S I CS M O D E L
we questiOn, it is the often lame theories that use

Iretaphysical terminology and oxymorons to explain
observations.
Those of us who provide alternative views and equations for
ordering and predicring known data often rely on common
sense as part of a healthy skeptical atritude. Common sense
tells us that if a theory sOWlds wrong, is expressed in
metaphysical terms, and defies logic, then it is suspect and we
shouldn't invest too heavily in the theory. I for one don't
believe in the metaphysical wave-particle duality and
Wlcertainry principle. Common sense tells me that an object
cannot be both a solid and a "Wave at the same time.
Common sense tells Ire that if something exists, it exists in a
specific manner, in a specific place and at a specific time.
From: David Thomson

Newsgroups: altphilosophy.zen, sci.physics.particIe
Date: 20()2.{)9.06 12:05:28 PST
> Can anyone out there please clarify exactly what TIME is
and how it is manifested? If it is completely distinct from the
material world then how does it manage to affect the material
world...or doesn't it? Do things age because of time or is
time simplya way of measuring the aging process?
My view is that time, space, and mass are united in an
indivisible nature called angular momentum. Angular
momentum of the type that produces electrons, protons,
neutrons and photons (and other subatomic particles) is of
the dimensions: mass times length times velocity
This can be visualized as a line of fixed length (Compton
wavelength) moving laterally at the rate of one Compton
wavelength each 8.039 x 10A-21 seconds. The area scanned
by this angular momentum contains the full mass of the
subatomic particle.
In effect, the particle of angular momentum begins in one
moment and ends in the next quantum moment and covers
an area of one Compton "Wavelength while impaning a mass
of one subatomic particle.
So time, space and continuity of matter are a fWlction of
angular momentum. Tune, space, and mass come to a
common, indivisible reference point in angular momentum.
It is because subatomic particles have the same angular
mOIrentum throughout the universe that tiIre, space and
mass appear consistent throughout the universe. This is also
why the speed of light is constant. Photons are angular
momentum and as such they can only propagate through a
vacuum at the rate of one Compton wavelength per
quantum time period (8.039 x 10A-21 sec).
277
From: David Thomson

Newsgroups: sci.phy.3ics.relativity, sci.phy.3ics.eIectromag
Date: 2002-1 1 -1 8 1 0:30:36 PST
> > What's more, the complete unit of the electron is its
angular momentum, not just its mass. There is no such thing
as physical matter with dimension of mass but no dimension
of length.
> Two photons. Zero dimension, but non-eo-moving... so
I the velocity vectors of each would have a dimension of
I length!time... Besides, how did they determine the "size" of
, an electron?
Apparendy size by mass and length is not a necessity for
determining the dimensions of an electron. The electron is
angular momentum. It is not a "thing" per se. You are used
to chunks-of-matter thinking. The dimensions and values of
subatomic particles do not support the concept of size-in
terms-of-length. The mathematics describes the "radius" of a
subatomic particle as a fine structure constant. The fme
structure constant is a spherical ratio between elementary
charge and strong charge. The "size" of an electron (proton,
neutron) is determined by distributed charge, not distributed
length. This is why modem science cannot grasp the
intricacies of subatomic physics. The Standard Model
adherence to hbar is testimony to the lack of understanding
that the subatomic physics nature of "size" is predicated on
"mass and charge" and not "mass and length."
Modem physics does, however, get credit for accurate
measurements of subatomic mass, charge, length,
permeability, permittivity, Coulomb's constant, gravitational
constant, electron fme structure constant, electron angular
momentum, and light speed From these knowns it is very
easy to develop the correct physics based on the concept that
distributed charge determines "size" at the subatomic level
instead of dismbuted length.
I ' .. usn. -
I had asked a question on sci.physics.research and the moderator tagged the

message with the note below.
From: David Thomson

Newsgroups: sci.physics.research
Date: 2OQ2.{)8.1 1 12:53:42 PST
,.. .
It is well known that the electron has a fme structure
"
constant and that it manifests as spectral lines in energy

patterns. Has any research been done to measure a fme
structure constant for the proton and neutron?
Dave
278
B I RT H O F T H E A E T H E R P H Y S I CS M O D E L
[Moderator's note: the fine structure constant is eA2/hbar C;

it doesn't really have anything special to do with the electron,
despite the fact that people like to call e the charge of the
elecuDIL - jb1
As I show in the Aether Physics Model, the angular momentum of the

electron is quancified as h (planck's constant). In the Standard Model,
hbar is used to represent the angular momentum and is equal to
hi21t. (As far as I can tell, Niels Bohr was the first to divide h by 21t as it
appeared to be his belief that angular momentum was a circu1ar path and
therefore dividing it by 21t would give the location of the electron as a
point somewhere on the circle. The concept of balls-in-orbit angular
momentum was subsequently dropped in quantum physics, but the
constant used by NJeis Bohr continued in use. There is no sciencific basis
for dividing the angular momentum by 21t). Therefore, since the angular
momentum is shown to be equal to the electron in the Aether Physics
Model, the fine structure expression used by the Standard Model does
specifically apply to the electron.
The frustrating aspect of this exchange is that the moderator has authority to
judge what he thinks is correct and prevent alternative explanations from
being presented Most of my posts to this newsgroup were rejected
based on the judgment by the moderators that my theories were too
speculative, even though the math agreed petfectlywith the data
Partnership
As a self-taught scientist uying to revamp 100 years of physics developed by
thousands of the world's leading authorities, I have had difficulty finding
understanding ears for what is now known as the Aether Physics Model.
Apparently, presenting a consistent dimensionally correct mathematics,
which is petfectly symmeuica1, petfectly reductionist, and a georneuically
correct system of physics is not enough. What good does it do to share
knowledge with people who choose not to understand new concepts?
SometinJes the greatest conuibutors to society are not the professionals, but
the people with vision, hope, a sense of adventure, and the resoun:es to
manifest dreams. There is no reason these people couldn't work at the
National Science Foundation, but apparently they don't, as my earlier
request for funding was inadequately reviewed and unceremoniously
denied Fortunately, however, there are visionaries who succeed on their
own merits and have the fortitude to apply their success through
anomalous reseatchers such as myself, for the benefit of others.
I approached Jim Bourassa in July of 2003 with the tilen Quantum Physics
ModeL Jim had already been working on quantifying the Aether when
we met over the Internet. His approach to presenting his tileory was to
provide graphic examples of what the Aetiler must be, based on his
understanding of the prevailing sciencific literature. Jim then
commissioned Jon Lamberg, a world-renowned artist whose work has
279
appeared at the Smithsonian Institution for Science for ten ye.u:s. Jon is
also regularly commissioned by obselVatories and national space agencies
to produce artistic renderings of new astronomical discoveries. Mr.
Bourassa then used the artwork commissioned through Jon Lamberg on
his web site (www.quantumaetherdynarnics.com) to expound his concept
of the Aetber and its function. Below are relevant excetpts from our
communications, edited lightlyfor granunar.
From: Jim Bourassa

To: David Thomson
Sent: Sunday, August 03, 2003 3:51 PM
Subject: Re: Dave Thomson I Bourassa-Thomson Theory of Everything
By pooling resources, I see us accomplishing much more together than we can do

separately. It is especially difficult when trying to "buck the system," since science is
frequently driven by egos and careers vs. any kind of scientific method.
We will have quite an uphill battle, but together we can do more.
Thanks,
Jim D. Bourassa
From: Jim Bourassa

To: David Thomson
Sent: Thursday, August 07, 2003 8:08 AM
Subject: Re: Dave Thomson I Bourassa-Thomson Theory of Everything
Good morning, Dave!
Of course, I completely agree with your assessments below. When I had independently
arrived at most of your conclusions (minus the math) and then saw your website, I
"knew" you were right. As I always say, reality is the final judge.
The average person is going to wonder how generations of scientists missed what we
see is so obvious (structure of first generation particles as toroidal geometry with 2
opposing streams, a dynamic Aether instead of empty space, a simple explanation of
the forces and of the photon).
In my opinion, the only famous scientist in the 20th century to grasp a little of this was
the late Dr. Wilhelm Reich and his Orgone. The best successor to his work is James
DeMeo. His site is at: http://www.orgonelab.org/about.htm
I have a copy of his "ORGONE ACCUMULATOR HANDBOOK," and own a small

accumulator, which I have been experimenting with.
A great article on Dayton Miller's Ether-Drift Experiments is at:

http://www.orgonelab.org/miller.htm and http://www.orgonelab.org/MilierReich.htm
Unfortunately for Reich and his followers the focus was on the sexual energy aspects
of his theories at the expense of pure physics. The physical Orgone (or Aether, as I
prefer) explains so much of how reality works. I believe Wilhelm Reich's greatest
accomplishment was to measure the Aether and define some of its properties.
Obviously, some group wanted him stopped, and was very effective in discrediting him
and ultimately terminating him and his work (for a time).
Thanks,
Jim D. Bourassa
280
From: David Thomson

To: Jim Bourassa
Sent: Wednesday, August 06, 2003 1 0:07 PM
Subject: RE: Dave Thomson I Bourassa-Thomson Theory of Every1hing
[Jim asked the opinion of other scientists for their views of my theories. My
commentaries to Jim are between and ---.J
•••
> As you asked, I took a rather quick look at Thomson's model on his site. Without a
detail study, it is difficult to make a conclusion. But my first impression is that I am not
impressed.
> Since I am very busy recently, I don't think I have a desire to dig further into
Thomson's model at present.
" 'You have to expect most folks with a PhD are rather busy. And if they can't take the
time to fully understand the foundation, there is nothing there that can impress them.
My web site is not full of graphics, and the theory is truly revolutionary. I introduce
many new concepts, such as quantum dimension analysis, two types of quantum
charge, geometrical structure at the quantum level, primary angular momentum, the
conductance constant of free space, and a mathematical Unified Field Theory. These
are all essential to understanding the theory and without taking the necessary few
hours to study it, not even a PhD will see its value. Yet, even a person with high school
physics can understand the theory as it is coherent, visual (that is it can be
graphically modeled by software), and only uses the simplest of mathematics.---
> I have reviewed part of the Quantum Physics Model by David Thomson. It is great
that people like you and David Thomson are actively trying to explain all of physics in a
single model. You both seem to be trying to write a book, which explains all of physics,
so perhaps you could collaborate, or at least read each other's drafts for errors.
Normally, when writing a textbook at the graduate level, one must use references from
refereed journals. There are hundreds of very talented Ph.D. physicists working in this
field, and I don't think it likely that they are all not contributing anything that should be
referenced. That is how physics research progresses. A good textbook would reference
about one journal paper per page.
" 'I'm able to reference several good journal papers per page. There are a lot of recent
physics discoveries due to advanced measuring techniques that yield results that
match the QPM. I have referenced some of the work on the web site. But before I go
to publication I'll do a thorough search for papers relevant to the theory.
My strategy has been to look at raw data and allow the theory to emerge. When
something pops up that matches known experimental data, I start honing in to develop
the theory. In the process I discover the works of others that support the theory.
Essentially I'm discovering quantum physics all over again just so I can see if there was
something missed, or not, by someone else. ---
> Both your model and David Thomson's model are intriguing, and, if ever a book
comes out, I may very well read it. The problem I have is that if either of you were right
with your theory, you would be explaining a dozen or so fundamental, unknown to date,
physics problems or questions. Thus, you would be eligible for a dozen or so Nobel
Prizes all at once, which is impossible. No one is that talented or lucky.
" 'No one? Why not? The theory is completely revolutionary. It starts out with a
completely different set of assumptions. If these assumptions happen to be correct,
then it would follow that there would be much more than a dozen new fundamental
equations and explanations, not previously known. Maybe it's rather more amazing
that so few scientists made just a single discovery. It would seem that if they had the
correct foundation to begin with that one solution would quickly lead to several more
solutions, as it did with me.---
> I encourage you to continue your research and collaborate, if you wish. Remember,
however, that a small positive contribution is a good goal, too. You do not have to
281
explain everything all at once.
"'I appreciate that advice. Any contribution to the good of humanity is a good
contribution. But I'm not going to sit back with false modesty and pretend there isn't a
whole new approach to physics here. There is. And the opportunities for many new
discoveries are plentiful and easy to obtain, if someone would just take the time to
study the theory so far. I'm certain I'll have the nuclear binding energy equation this
year. And I hope to have the atomic spectra equation by next year. If nobody else
jumps in to claim some of the prize, we're going to be collecting the Nobel Prize in
physics for five years or so.
There is so much this theory can do for nanotechnology, DNA research, chemistry,
nuclear physics, electrical engineering, and every other branch of science. You know
how people missed the opportunity to get in on eBay stock, Apple Computers, and
other perceived underachievers? There will be many physicists who will also miss the
boat here, too. For the little time it takes to understand this theory (a few days for a
PhD perhaps) these guys could be inspired to make their own contributions and be
among the first specialists to have a crack at making significant discoveries. They
could even beat me to the punch with the nuclear binding energy equation and the
atomic spectra equation. These two equations, either of them alone, is worth a Nobel
Prize in physics due to their immense utility. ---
> Briefly perused David's website -- very impressive! I'll have more time to look over
the information when I return from the San Francisco architecture conference around
August 1 2th.
"'If he has any questions, let him know I'm available to answer them. There will be
one PhD who will investigate this theory and see its value. That one break is all that is
needed.---
Dave
In addition to sharing a vision and providing resoun::es, Jim also shared some
of his views in our exchanges. The theory was still in the process of
development (and it still is) and so we bounced ideas back and forth
looking for inspiratiOIL Not all the ideas we discussed made it into the
hther Physics Model, but the sharing of ideas did sometimes lead to
significant discoveries. One such success was when Jim asked me if the
Golden Ratio had anything to do with the atom
From: Jim Bourassa

To: David Thomson
Sent: Sunday, August 1 0, 2003 12:23 PM
Subject: Dave Thomson / equation that predicts the nuclear binding energy
Hi, Dave:
My intuition tells me that Phi (or Golden Mean or the Fibonacci sequence) is "hidden"
within the atom, so you might want to try that. I am no mathematician, but does the
number 1 .6 1 8 . . appear in comparing any two binding energy numbers?
.
An equation that predicts the actual measurement of the nuclear binding energy may
contain Phi. The spiraling of the additive process of Protons (and possibly Neutrons)
would seem to be a perfect example of what Fibonacci visualized in the "Rabbit
Riddle," the self-replicating growth in geometry and nature.
Good luck,
Jim D. Bourassa
282
From: Jim Bourassa

To: David Thomson
Sent: Saturday, September 20, 2003 1 2:35 PM
Subject: David Thomson - atomic structure / "paired vortex" arrangement
H i , Dave:
Your work on the atomic structure is nothing short of brilliant! I wanted to take the time
to really read it before responding. I think we are very close to having enough
information to publish these combined works. We need to meet when you are ready...
It is interesting that the Magic Numbers are all even. One theory that I have not put on
the website yet is the belief that a "paired vortex" arrangement is preferred in the
nucleon structure. In other words, the structure looks like those old-fashion ashtrays
you find i n public places. It is two cones with the mouth facing outward and the apexes
joined. The "mouth" is the halo orbits of the toroidal vortex. Nature likes balance.
Does that make sense?
Thanks,
Jim
From: David Thomson

To: Jim Bourassa
Sent: Sunday, September 21 , 2003 9 : 1 8 AM
Subject: Blow your mind
Hi Jim,
This is something you might easily relate to. I discovered the numbering system used
by the Aether. This numbering system is related to nuclear spin, nuclear structure, the
Golden Ratio, and the four-phase sine wave.
You wanted to know if the Golden Ratio showed up in the Quantum Physics
Model. Now I can tell you it does.
Dave
[Later on I went on to discover equations for the electron and proton g-factors that also
involved Phi and phi.]
From: Jim Bourassa

To: David Thomson
Sent: Sunday, September 28, 2003 10:31 AM
Subject: David Thomson / The Triple Helix
Hi, Dave:
As I was watching my "Roo mba" clean (a robotic floorvac) in a perfect logarithmic

spiral, an interesting solution came to me. IF we make the assumption that the basics
of QM, QED, QeD, QFT, and GR are all fundamentally correct... AND that our Aether
theories are ALSO correct (a dynamic Aether instead of empty space, the structure of
first generation particles is a toroidal helicoid geometry with opposing streams, and the
Aether is a simple explanation of the forces and the photon) . . . THEN we have an
interesting constraint in the ultimate design of particles. This is the conclusion I came
to:
283
S ECRETS O F T H E A E T H E R
Photons are single linear helical propagations (the Photon Wave of Spiro:
http://www.geocities.com/spyzaf/lnertia.htm)
Electrons are single circular propagations

(the Toroidal Helicoid Model)
Note: This explains QED, the strong link
between Photons and Electrons
Mesons are double helix toroidal helicoids

(this is the model we both see - with
opposing streams tightly linked). Note: All
Mesons are unstable.
Protons and Neutrons are triple helix toroidal helicoids (this was the surprising
conclusion I reached, which is required if one assumes QeD is a correct sub-model of
particles and fields). The double and
triple helix explains the quark
confinement theory, because each helix
is tightly bound, with an opposite next to
it: UDU for a Proton or DUD for a
Neutron. The triple helix results in
extreme stability. There are no "Gluons,"
the force that binds the particles
together is none other than your Aether
Force (or GForce).
This
single
, double, model can explain all the
interactions that physicists measure, but within the
confines of Aether theory. The key to the entire
theory is the Toroidal Helicoid Model of particles.
One can almost "see" the simple beauty of it. The
most amazing thing is the correspondence between
a living cell (DNA in the Nucleus) and a atomic
Nucleus. It is almost as if Nature is reusing the same
patterns on different planes of existence. Pure Zen!
Well, back to babysitting the Roomba! Let me know

what you think.
Thanks,
Jim
From: David Thomson

To: Jim Bourassa
Sent: Sunday, September 28, 2003 1 1 :41 AM
Subject: RE: David Thomson / The Triple Helix
Hi Jim,
I like the sound of your theory. The possibility of a triple helix could make sense with
regard to the phenomena of 1/2-spin and 3/2-spin, which appears to be significant for
the structure of matter within Aether. I'm glad you're giving thought to the photon,
because I'm not satisfied with my own progress on the photon.
The photon definitely has a surface area, but it also seems to have a spiral of some
sort associated with it. The math clearly shows that angular momentum is a line of flux
with a given length moving sideways at the speed of light. But with the photon, it would
appear that this line of flux stretches as it expands outward. Something has to shrink in
order to conserve angular momentum. If the area is expanding, then the mass must be
thinning out. And what about the time dimension? Does the time dimension change,
214
B I R T H O F T H E A E T H E R P H Y S I C S M O D E L
or is it constant? I don't know.
I suppose it is possible that the line of flux would shift its angle as it left the source
electron, thus giving it a spiral appearance. And if that is the case, then the angle must
be quantifiable through some simple equation.
But the whole concept of a circle of flux as being the basis for angular momentum is
merely a mathematical concept to assist in visualizing subatomic processes. My guess
is that there is another interpretation of the dimensions that produces a more workable
geometry (a geometry that doesn't look like an open ended cylinder bent to a half toroid
shape). I would be more comfortable with completely closed surfaces with a specific,
fairly simple geometry.
You may be on to something with the spiral lines. But until it is quantified, I can't be
certain. We need to find a way to quantify what you are saying. The number three
shows up in the Aether as 1 -spin. Even though subatomic particles each have half
spin, the edts of the Aether seems to have one spin.
If you remember from the last post I sent, zero spin is equal to the integer 1 , half-spin is
equal to the integer 2, and one spin is equal to the integer three. If the Aether has one
spin, but the subatomic particles each have half-spin, then we need to find out where
the zero spin went to and form an equation. The equation may have the form
half-spin + zero spin = one spin
subatomic particle + X = Aether edts
or
Aether edts - subatomic particle (h) = X
But that can't work because edts and h are in different dimensions.
If we divide edts by h, we get a velocity per charge. If the velocity pertains to the speed
of the precession (of the magnetic moment), then
edts c
--- --
- --------------
;::
h e.emaxl\2
or
phtn
edts = -------------
e.emaxl\2
for some reason, h has half-spin, but h times c has one spin, as it is known that a
photon has one spin. As you can see from the equation, edts has one spin and phtn
has one spin, which is in agreement. But how did h change from half-spin to one spin
by becoming a photon? Perhaps c has one spin? Perhaps the precession has one
spin? Perhaps spin is added when dimensions are multiplied and subtracted when
dimensions are divided? This is something to contemplate for a while.
I've just had an insight. Maybe we need to modify the math?
edts.3 c.3
------ ;:: -
-- --------
---
h.2 e.emaxI\2. 2
becomes
phtn.5
edts.3 = ----------------
e.emaxI\2.2
285
The spin is represented after the period with its integer value. Looking at only the spin
component...
3 3
-- = - - -----> 3=3+2-2
2 2
Notice that 5/2 appears on the right side of the equation? The denominator is part of a
squared dimension. If we simplify the denominator we get
sqrt(5}
By simply adding and subtracting 1 /2 from this value we get Phi and phi, or the Golden
Ratios. I know it seems a bit of a stretch, but it is interesting to look at.
I'll have to find other situations with different spin values to check it against. Charge is
given 2 integer (half-spin) because it has half-spin in the Unified Field Equation.
Dave
[note: edts is the same as rrnfel, edts stands for electrodynamic toroidal spin1
From: Jim Bourassa

To: David Thomson
Sent: Sunday, September 28, 2003 1 2:04 PM
Subject: Re: David Thomson / The Triple Helix
Hi, Dave:
I will review your calculations. Bear with me, math is not my strong point! (humor).
Meanwhile, this may answer your question as far as visualization . . .
In the standard model of particle physics, particles are points moving through space,
tracing out a 'World Line." To take into account the different interactions observed, one
has to provide particles with additional degrees of freedom beyond position and
velocity, including mass, electric charge, color charge and spin. In String Theory, all
particle types are replaced by a single fundamental building block called a string.
The goal here is to try to visualize a basic string-like theory as developed by Kaluza
and Klein. Kaluza first developed this method in 1 9 1 9. In his original work it was shown
that if we start with a theory of general relativity in 5-spacetime dimensions and then
curl up one of the dimensions into a circle we end up with a 4-dimensional theory of
general relativity plus electromagnetism. If we assume that the electron has a degree of
freedom corresponding to a point on a circle, and that this point is free to vary on the
circle as we move around in spacetime, we find that the theory must contain the photon
and that the electron obeys the equations of motion of electromagnetism (namely
Maxwell's equations).
In 1 926 Oskar Klein ex1ended this idea.

Instead of assuming total independence of
the ex1ra dimension, he assumed it to be
compact. This means the fifth dimension
would have the topology of a circle, with a
radius of the order of the Planck length. The
Kaluza-Klein mechanism simply gives a
geometrical explanation for this circle: it
comes from an actual fifth dimension that
has been curled up:
288
B I RT H O F T H E A E T H E R P H Y S I C S M O D E L
We shrink the helix along the z-axis letting it becoming a rotating circle on the w-x axis,
by the use of the Lorenz contraction. This will give point P the required linear velocity
no matter what direction it rotates as long as the linear velocity is c, but if we contract
space we must also contract time, thus slowing down the Photon Wave rotation. This
then will not work. The only other thing then is to allow the rotation of the helix to be
only in the direction in which the point seems to move along the helix opposite the
direction that the Photon Wave is traveling as shown in this figure. In doing so the
linear velocity of point P will be O. What we would observe then would be a standing
wave traveling a c. The wave passing through the bar area would have a measured
velocity of c. This will also be true if the velocity is measured from any other frame of
' ' '� ,w.,. "58

reference.
A C
, '
.
,
,� I)
t'ig. 1 x 0 t'ig. 2 \" C
.�
Fi� J
,1tl" ' •
c '
'w
The object represents a superimposition of three objects if viewed in 3-D slices. A helix
in the w-x-z coordinates, a sine wave in the x-y-z coordinates, and a circle in the w-x-y
coordinates, as shown in this figure. Being viewed in these three-dimensional slices the
object can be defined as both open and closed-ended. We will define the 4 di mensional
object as representing light. Maxwell's wave theory will be shown to be defined by the
sine wave in the x-y-z coordinates, while the quantum nature of light will be defined by
the helix's end points rotating on the circle in the w-x-y coordinates.
287
288
T H I S IS O N L Y T H E B E G t N N I N G
THE BEGINNING
Your focus detennines your reality! Quai Gon Jing, Star

Wars Episode 1
-
Our culture is presently being bombarded with a continuous stream of

fictional stories ranging through spaoe wars,fabled epic adventures,
alternate realities, virtual realiries, and magical adventures. Much of it is
high tech filmography, "eye candy" as some call it. There are people
flying on broomsticks, flying in Delorean flying in faster than light
cars,
speed spaoe ships, or even just plain flying without anything at all to
support them Objects fly to one's hand by mere will, sparks fly out of
wands, computers build a virtual reality for humans, and rings hold the
power of the most evil force. Imerspersed with the fanciful thinking are
plots of varying strengths conveying human values and hopes, as good

triumphs over evil while overcoming inevitable human shortcomings and
fears.
In each stotythere is a scientific aspect (mostly science fiction) and a religious
aspect (mostly portrayed by exceptionally good and exceptionally evil
characters). It seems humanity as a whole has a need to understand the
world from both a philosophical viewpoint and a realistic one (even if it is
an illusion of realism). The scripts of the more successful stories confirm
the stotytelling industty either consciously or unconsciously understands
these human needs.
But our presem scientific and religious institutions apparently do not
understand the needs of the human psyche. In its effort to keep religion
out of science, science itself has become a religion. In addition, the
teachings of science, particularly in the quantum physics departmem,
seem to have more farfetched theories than some of the most
improbable movies. Physicists with PhDs spend 8 to 12 years of their
lives studying so that they proudly boast that physics is not
can
understandable. They tell the world about wave/particle duality, color
force, particle flavor, up/down characteristics, energy-mass equivalence,
tiny bullets of light, particles existing as probability functions, Higgs
289
Bosons, time travel via Special Relativity, and other things equally as
strange as people flying on broomsticks, computer generated virtual
reality, and the rest of Hollywood fare. Tty to dispute the equivalence of
energy and mass and you receive half a dozen flawed arguments and not
one good one to support it. If you attempt to dispute these wild and
improvable hypotheses you are branded a crackpot, and that is the end of
the discussion, because the prevailing theories claim to predict the data.
Religion has fared no better. There must be over 1000 variations of a dozen
major religious institutions. Evety one of them preaches its version of
the truth and most point to the failings of the others. 'Within each
organization, there are the few "privileged ones" who think they know
more about truth than the multitude. Some withhold this knowledge
either for personal gain or because they believe that others aren't ready to
know.
Fommarely, we currently live in a society with freedom of speech and have

Hollywood to fulfill the scientific, and religious, needs of the masses for
relatively lirtle cost per person.
Wouldn't it be nice if theories of quantum ph}Sics were comprehensible, and

mathematically and geometrically correct? Wouldn't it be nice if science
could unequivocally show the nature of the true Oeator of the Universe?
Wouldn't it be nice if quantum ph}Sics could be taught in high school
because it was so sitnple to understand?
Knowledge as clear and simple as the Aether Ph}Sics Model could be the
beginning of a new era. This could be the era where science and religion
finally merge. This could be the beginning of a new enlightenment, an
enlightenment where everyone shares in the most fundamental
knowledge of ph}Sical experience.
The Aether Ph}Sics MOdel is easy to understand and so far it is the most
accurate theoty of quantum structure ever presented, because it reveals a
Unified Force Theory. Our understanding of atoms, molecules, and
DNA will soar far beyond our wildest dreams because we can now
understand the mechanics at the most primary levels of ph}Sical
existence. This book presents the elementaty concepts of quantum
ph}Sics. In just under three years, mostly one person with only a high
school GED developed this theoty, and it reveals much new and
fundamental knowledge about the Universe and God What will happen
when other ph}Sicists, chemists, biologists, naturalists, philosophers,
sociologists, movie producers, and theologians understand this theoty?
What will happen when the nanotechnology sector understands the
Aether Ph}Sics Model? The advancements in materials, medicines,
processes, and other technologies will accelerate at an astounding rate.
MOreover, if people around the planet can see there really is just one
God, and if people could learn how the Living God manifests in flowers,
shells, seeds, growth patterns, and all of existence, just maybe we can see
290
T H I S IS O N L Y T H E B E G I N N I N G
that God did not speak to only one group of people. Just ma}he we will
discover that God speaks equally to male and female, all races, all
ethnicities, and all living beings.
H there ever was an opportunity for humanity to gather together peacefully

under a single umbrella, the Aether Physics Model is that umbrella
I hope that this first book has succeeded in showing the broad and solid
foundation of the Aether Physics Model If yuu found the theoty to be
coherent and understandable, and if yuu see the value in the message of
this book, then please make an effort to share it with someone. Tell yuur
friends or share yuur copy. The knowledge in these pages belongs to
everyone and transcends anyone person or group.
More importantly, if yuu have any relevant training, then find a unique way to
build on this theory. There are numerous opportunities for significant
discoveries yet to materialize based on this theory. You could have
insights into a new physical or mental process, knowledge for further
developing the mathematics, or insights into how consciousness can be
quantified and incotporated into the theory. The possibilities are
limitless!
The Quantum AetherDynarnics Institute has been founded to develop and

disseminate the Aether Physics Model (previously known as the
Quantum Physics Moden. We welcome reports and insights from
others. Our plan is to develop a research center that will specifically
develop the theoty and test new technologies.
Thank yuu for yuur interest in the Aether Physics Model and for the
opportunity to share this vivid aspiration for science. :May yuur life be
enriched with unbounded happiness and the desire to share happiness
with all other living beings.
David W. Thomson ill
291
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 - Known Constants

Constant Value and Dimensions Quantum
measurements
Compton wavelength Ae = 2.426xlO-I'm Ae

Coulomb's
k, = 8.988x 109 kg ·m' maA/E'. '
electrostatic constant
sec' ·coul' k,
16n'ea'
Elementary Charge e' = 2.567 xl O-J8 CQul' e'
Fine Structure a = 7.297xlO-1 a e'
Constant ,
8n · eemax
Mass of Electron m, = 9. l09xlO-11 kg m,
Mass of Neutron m, = 1 . 675xlO-27 kg m,
Mass of Proton mp = 1.673xlO-27 kg mp
Newton's gravitational
G = 6. 673xlO-ll
m' AC'Fq'
constant G
kg ·sec' ma
--6 kg · m mA
flo 4na· ee'
Permeability
flo = 1 .257xlO coul,
--
, I'
a
Permittivity sec . co� 4n · ea'
80 = 8 . 854xlO-I' 80
kg · m maAe' E'.'
Planck's Constant
h = 6.626xlO-14
kg · m' h = m,Ae'E'.
sec
Speed of Light
c = 2 .998xlO' � c = AeE'.
sec
282
A P P E N D I X
Appendbc " - New Constants

Quantum
Constant Value and Dimensions
measurements
Acceleration ace! = 3.704X1O" -.!!!.., ace! = AcE'"2

sec
Area area = 5.887xI0-'4m' area = Ac'
sec2 · couI'
Capacitance capc = 2. 148 x 10-23 , capc = C:oAc
kg · m
2
Charge chrg = 1.400x 1 0-l7 coul' chrg = e,max

,
sec . co�l' Cd = emax
e
Conductance Cd = 2 . 1 12xI04
kg · m m,Ac' E'"
curr = 1 .729 x 10-17 --

coul' eurr = eemax2�
Current
sec
coul' eemax 2 Fq
Current Densityl7' cdns = 2.938x106 cdns =
m 2 · see Ac'
Double Cardioid ml
(page 48)
dcrd = 2 . 181x10' --, dcrd = AcIF'
q
sec
Drag kg · m' m,AclE'"

drag = 8.207xI0" drag =
(page 124) sec · coul4 eemax4
Eddy Current89 kg' · m4 m 'A 4F '

eddy = 2.241x107 eddy = , C q
(page 1 19) sec' · coul4 e 4 emax
;
'
Electric Charge cou ' e
chgd = 9.799xI0-l chgd = ...E!!I!L
Density m ACl
Electric Field kg · m meAcE',,'
Strengthl76 eijS = 2.41 1x1OJ5 elfs = ,
(page 225) sec' . coul' eemax
175 WRRENf DENSITY. (1) A vector representing the time rate of flow of electric charge per unit area. The
direction of the vector is the direction of positive charge flow; the magnitude is the limit of the flow rate per
unit area as the area approaches zero. The area considered is perpendicular to the direction of flow. Walter C
Michels. International Dictionary-of Physicsand Electronics (New Jersey: Van Nostrand, 1956) 206.
176 "Electric Field Strength (Elec. Eng) .. The strength of an electric field at anypoint; measured bythe force in
dynes exened on a unit charge at the point. " C F. Tweney and L. E. C Hughes, eels., Otambers's Technical
Dictionary (Englewood Oiffs, NJ, W.&R. Chambers, 1958) 285.
293
Quantum
measurements
Electric Flux efxd = 2.378xl 0-14 COU;

2 efxd = e�";2
Densityl77 m c
2
Energy (Tshankha) enrg = 8. 187x l0-14 kg ·m2 enrg = m'Ac2p 2 q
sec
Flow flow = 1 .765xl0-15 -m' flow = Ac'F;,
sec
Force forc = .034xlOo kg · m, forc = m,AcF;,2
sec
--
Frequency freq = 1.236 x 1 0'0 1 /req = F;,

sec
-
'P.'
Friction fric = 1 .014XI049 kg · m' fnc. = m,Ac
(page 123) sec' ·coul4 eemax4
m, . At:' ' F;,'
Gyration
(page 123) gyro = 4.179xl06o kg ·m' gyro 4
sec' · coul' eemax
Inductance indc = 3. 049xl0-18 kg .m,' indc = J.loAc

coul
lrradiance
(page 129) irrd = 1.718xl0'o kg, irrd = m,P.'
sec
Length leng = 2.426 x 10-12 m leng = Ac
3
Light Zigt = 2.454xl0-s kg ·� Zigt = m,Ac'F;,'
sec
3 m,Ac'F;,
Magnetic Field mfld = 1 . 149xl0-8 kg ·m mfld =
sec · coul' eemax,
m,Ac'F;,
Magnetic Flux mjlx = 4.734X10' kg ·m' mjlx =
sec · coul ' e '
��
177 "Electric Flux Density (Elec. Eng) . The integration of the electric field intensity per unit area, the
integration being taken over an elementatyarea nonnal to the direction of the field intensity. It is the same as
.
displacerrent (q.v. Did. ) C F. Tweney and L. E. C Hughes, eels., CAambers's Technical Dicrjona{y
(Englewood Oiffs. Nl W.&R o,amben;, 1958) 285.
."
294
A P P E N D I X
Quantum
measurements
Magnetic Flux kg m,F.

mjXd = 8.042xIO'6 mjXd = --
Density sec ·coul' eemax,
e F
Magnetic Flux
mftt = 7. 128xIO-6 coul' mftt = ema/ q
Strength m·sec .1.c
Mass mass = 9.l09x10-31 kg mass = me
m-
Mass Density masd = 6.377xl04 k� masd =-'
,1.c3
m
Mass to Charge Ratio m-'-
(Electromagnetism) mchg = 6.508xI06 kg , mchg = -
eemax,
(page 48) coul
Momentum momt = 2.73 IxlO-22 kg · m momt = m,.1.cF.

sec
--
Photon
phtn = 1.986xIO-25 kg ·m3 phtn = m,.1.c3P,'
(page 188) sec,
m,.1./P,'
poln = 5.849xlO23 kg.· m' poln
eemax,
Potential
sec' coul'
Power powr = I.012xlo7 kg · m' powr = m,.1./F.3

sec3
m,Pq '
Pressure (Energy
pres = 5 .732xlO' l kg 2 pres = ---
Density) m·sec .1.c
m,.1.c'F.
Resistance resn = 3.382xlO4O kg · m' resn =
eemax4
sec · coul4
1
Resonance rson = 1.527xl040 -- rson = F.'
(page 124) sec,
m '
Rotating Magnetic
Field (page 63) rmfd = 1.419xlO1' kg · m3 rmfd = ,.1./ F.
,
sec' · coul' eemax
Shock Frequency shkf = 4.169xlO18 kg · m shkf = m,.1.cF.3

sec3
--
295
Quantum
measurements
Il '
Specific Charge spch = 102.052xl0o m' , spch = �
ee_
caul
--
Specific Volume
m'
spcv = 1.568xl0-5 - Il
spcv = � l
kg me
Ilc-
'
Stroke
(page 50) strk = 4.206xl01J m' , strk = -
eem�'
caul
--
Surface Charge sfch = 8.240xl0-61 m' . caul' sfch = Ilc'eem�'

me
Surface Density sfcd = 1.547xl0-7 k� sfcd =_
Ilc'
m
Surface Tension sten = 1.391xl0lo kg, sten = me�2

sec
Sweep m'
swep = 7.274x 1 0-4 - swep = Ilc'F;,
(page 152) sec
Temperature m'
temp = 8.988x1016 -- temp = Ilc'F '
(page 129) sec, q
Time time = 8.093 x 1 0-'1 sec time = r;,

Torque torq = 2.210xl0-4' kg · m torq = mellc
Velocity
velc = 2.998xI08 -m velc = IlcF;,
(page 150) sec
m Fq
Viscosity visc = 46.389x1Oo kg visc = -'-
m · sec Ilc
Volume volm = 1.428xI0-J5 mJ volm = Ilc'
1
Wave Number
(page 95)
wavn = 4.121xlO -1 II
wavn = -
Ilc
m
298
=
A P P E N D I X
Glossary
Aether unit - The primary unit of physical and non-material existence equal
to 1 6,,' times Coulomb's constant.
Anti-proton - The antiparticle of the protOlL"
Charge - [Dimension] The intrinsic propeny of Aether, inherited by angular
momentum, and responsible for all electric phenomena-* [Measurement]
The measure of the dimension of charge.
Conductance, Aether - A measure of the Aether's ability to conduct electric
charge.
Constant - A quantity assumed to have a fixed value in a specified
mathematical context.* Quantum measurements and quantum units are
also constants.
Constant of proportionality - A phrase used to obfuscate the true nature of a
constant.
Dimension - an expression of the character of a derived quantity in relation to
fundamental quantities, without regard for its numerical value.* In the
APM the spherical constant of 4" is also considered a dimension, along
with mass, length, frequency, and charge.
Double cardioid - A natural geometrical construct of space-resonance, which
characterizes as two parallel cardioids with opposite spilL
Double loxodrome - Similar to loxodrome except that it extends over the
surface of two adjoining spheres.
Electron A stable onn having the angular momentum equal to Planck's
-
constant.
ElementaJy charge - The charge imparted by the Aether unit when an onn
occupies one of the four Aether spin positions. The elementaJy charge
has the same magnitude for all charged onta, but it can be negative or
positive depending on which Aether sphere the onn occupies.
ElementaJy charge has a solid angle of 1.
Energy A unit with the dimensions of mass times velocity squared Energy
-
is a unit for quantifying the amount of wolk performed by onta, but

energyis not an object of itself.
Frequency - [Dimension] The propeny or condition of occurring at regular
intervals. [Measurement] The number of times a specified periodic
phenomenon occurs within a specified interval. ",
Friction - A unit in the Aether Physics Model equal to resistance times
velocity.
Gforce - An enormous, all-pervading force that drives the physical Universe,
equal to 1 .21 x 1 044 newton .
Hutchison effect - The phenomena produced when bombarding materials
with microwaves and electrons at a specific combination of frequency
and charge density. Effects witnessed are objects accelerating upward
and the rearranging of molecular structure without affecting atomic
structure. First reported byJohn HutchisolL
length - [Dimension] The state, quality, or fact of being long. "
[Measurement] The measurement of the length dimensiolL
Light A unit in the AetherPhysics Model equal to the photon unit times the
-
frequency of photon reproductiolL

Loxodrome - The path on a sphere that maintains a fixed compass direction,
shown on a sphere as a line crossing all meridians at the same angle.
287
Mass - [Dimension1 The quality that identifies inertia. [Measurement1 The

measurement of inertia Mass is not equal to matter, mass is merely a
dimension, or a measurement of that dimension.
Measurement - Determination of the magnitude of a quantity by comparison
with a standard for that quantity.* In the APM, a quantum measurement
is also a dimension with a specific value: mass of the electron, (bmpton
wavelength, etc.
Neutrino (also anti-neutrino) - The quantity of stray angular momentum
ejected from a neutron in a beta decay process. It is not a true onn.
Neutron - An onn composed of a proton, captured electron, and captured
stray angular momentum. The neutron has v.; spin.
Onn (Onta) - Neither a particle, nor a wave, but the state of stable matter
vvhich includes the electron, positron, proton, anti-proton, neutron, anti
neutron, and photon.
Orthogonality - Dimensions and units at right angles to each other.
Photon A quantum unit of expanding electron angular momentum with 1-
-
spm.
Positron - The anti-onn of the electron having positive chatge and 'h spin.
Primary angular momentum - The most primary state of stable matter.
Proton - A stable onn having the angular momentum equal to
1 .2 1 7 x 1 0-30
kg · m' and half-spin.
sec
Quantum Structure - A new branch of physics complimentary to Quantum
Mechanics, vvhich describes the st:rucl:JJJe of quantum existence as opposed
to its rruhctniIs.
Reach - The constant of length per Aether mass coexisting with the Gforce
acting through the gravitational constant.
Space-time - Referring to the product of three dimensions of length at 90
degrees to each other and one dimension of linear time.
Space-resonance - Referring to the product of three dimensions of length at
90 degrees from each other and two dimensions of distributed frequency.
Spherical charge - The geometty of elementary charge caused by the
geometry of distributed frequency.
Spin position - The location within a quantum Aether unit where angular
momentum resides. Each Aether unit contains four spin positions with
the characteristics of positive-right spin, positive-left spin, negative-right
spin, and negative-left spin.
Steradian - A unit of measure equal to the solid angle subtended at the center
of a sphere by an area on the surface of the sphere that is equal to the
radius s quared: The total solid angle of a sphere is 4n steradians. *
Stroke - The constant of length per Aether strong chatge coexisting with the
Gforce acting through the rmfd constant.
Strong chatge - The electromagnetic chatge possessed by all onta and directly
proportional to the mass of the onta
Tune - [Dimension1 The dimension in vvhich all references to intervals occur.
[Measurement1 The measurement of intervals.
Tshankha - The electron quantum unit of energy.
Unit - A specific combination of quantum measurements that yields a
specific physical propeny: velocity, friction, magnetic field, potential, etc.
Quantum units are also constants.
Weak interaction - A fundamental interaction between onta that is several
298
A P P E N D I X
orders of magnitude weaker than the electromagnetic interaction and is

responsible for some particle decay, nuclear beta decay, and neutrino
absorption and emission.*
If. Definitions quoted from TheAmerigmHe
ritage- Djerjonal)'oftheEnglishl.
anguage FourthEdam
CoPJ"Wlt C ZOO} byHoughton Mifflin Company.
299
APM Highlights
The Aether Physics Model includes many new physics concepts to explain
Quantum Structure.
New from Aether Physics Model

• Unified Foree Theory · Unifies all fundamental forees
• Geometrical model of space and frequency - Space gets its CUlVature from frequency
• Space-resonance is more fundamental than Space-time
• Identification of Aether as rotating magnetic field
• Evidence of God through anall"is of Gforee and dimensions
• Quantification of consciousness
• Identification of dark matter as primary angular momentum
• Neutrino quantified as folding of Aether units in onta binding.
• Proton and neutron fine structure constants quantified
• Matter and antimatter are gravitationally repulsive
• Electron binding energy equation
Corrections to Standard Model
• Strong force catrier quantified as manifestation of charge instead of gluon or pi meson
• Weak nuclear "force carrier" quantified as proportion of elementary to strong charge
• All charge is distributed, not single dimension (as obselVed by Charles Coulomb)
• Precise definition of fine structure constants
• Proton and neutron angular momenta quantified
• Massienergy equivalence theory not required
• Energy and mass are not "things" and cannot be converted to each other
• Subatomic "particles" identified as primaryangular momentum
• More precise definitions of dimensions and units
• Photon quantified as a true quantum "particle" and capable of being modeled
• Photons can be created from outside of space-time
• Expanding Universe quantified as photon constrUction via law similar to Casimir effect
• Casimir equation corrected
• Corrected value of neutron g-factor
• Corrected value of neutron magnetic moment
• All energy has two phases, positive and negative
New System of Quantum Units
• Rotating Magnetic Field is a unit
• Conductance is a constant of "free space" (Aether)
• Photon is a unit
• Light is a unit
• Eddy current is a unit
• Friction is a unit
300
A P P E N D I X
CREDITS
Not everyone listed in the credits are supponers of the Aether Physics Model
Some people were (and may still be) active opponents of the Aether
Physics Model, but their questions and criticisms led to the explomtion of
physics topics that might not otherwise have been explored Others have
simply asked the right questions at the right time. While seeking answers
to these questions, the authors gained further insights into the Aether
Physics Model
Yet others are open-minded and qualified physicists and engineers who have
the patience to entertain a new theory of Quantum Structure. These
people have provided constructive criticism, asked logical questions, and
provided useful data or other material to foster the development of the
equanons.
Then there are those who saw the value of the Aether Physics Model and
outright supported our efforts through financial and other material
contributions. In thanks for the financial suppon, I acknowledge vel}'
generous contributions from Jim Bourassa, Angelyn Ray, Carole
Morrissette, Lonnie and Becky Pritchard, Social Lodge # 38 F&AM,
Dana Thomson, and Colleen Thomas. This is not to belittle the other
meaningful donations, which helped move us forward.
Thanks to the following persons for contributing to the Aether Physics

Model through guidance, suggestions, good questions, or criticisms.
Tanhang Tulku, Don Palermo, EL Hemetis, Terry Fritz, Vmcent

Thomson, Guy Gmntham, Roben Lanigan-OKeeffe, Phillip Scribner,
Greg Dunn, Norman Bollinger, David McClltcheon, Peggy Sue
Manierre, Ben Hickman, Droke Bailey, Tom Gutman, Harry Hubbard,
Paul Kelly, Phil Risby, Dan Marquez, Dr. James G. Gilson, John Sefton,
David L. Bergman, Glen C Collins, O1arIes W. Lucas Jr., Atom Scott,
Dale Sumbureru, Jim Farrer, Frederick McGalliard, Jet Black, James
Moore, Ed Phillips, Floyd Purcell, Fred Diether, Bilge, Leo Cabana,
Richard Hull, Colin Quinney, Gwyn P. Williams, Angelyn Ray, Valdeane
W. Brown, Tom Collura, Vlad Tokarev, Norman Talsoe, Cynthia K.
Whitney, Colleen Thomas, Tom Hmelson, James T. Lee, Richard
Merrick, Gerald Hooper, David Thomson Sr., Jack Houk, Lester Hulett,
Loys Nunez, Michael Duffy, Mike Hollingsworth, Norman Talsoe, Tom
Hmelson, Warren Siege� Br. Kevin Ryan, and George Bass.
And of course, we must all thank the great mystics, philosophers and
scientists throughout history, whose
shoulders we stand on.
301
INDEX
.6.SCF .••.............................................. 234 Compton wavelength.... 22, 23, 25, 46, 112,
16'" ....•..••.... 31, 35, 36, 64, 68, 76, 247 177, 178, 254
acceleration midpoint ........................... 142 Compton, Arthur ....................................217
Aether experiment...................................31 conductance. 22, 25, 31, 99, 107, 108, 112,
Aether folding .................. 59, 151, 232, 233 113, 148, 157, 1 58, 159, 197, 260,
Aether is "field" .......................................37 267
Aether numbers .69, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 263 consciousness ....... 255, 257, 260, 261, 266
Aether unit .... 15, 17, 31, 36, 45, 46, 67, 78, conservation of energy.......................... 142
99, 108, 109, 118, 123, 147, 148, Coulomb, Charles A.45, 107, 1 1 5, 1 1 6, 195,
149, 174, 180, 191, 223, 228, 249, 196, 200
265 Coulomb's constant .. 25, 45, 107, 148, 149,
American Scientist ................................ 186 150, 158, 160, 200, 202, 203
anti-galaxies .......................................... 192 Coupled-Cluster Approach ....................234
anti-neutrino ..................180, 1 8 1 , 183, 208 Crookes' radiometer..............................229
anti-neutron ........................................... 192 cube .................................................264
anti-proton ........................... 18, 37, 60, 192 dark matter........ 42, 93, 188, 210, 249, 250
Aspden, Harold ...................................... 249 de Broglie, LOuis ..............................39, 162
atomic mass unit ...................................230 density functional theory ....................._234
aura .................................................268 Descartes, Rene .................................... 151
Berardelli, Phil .........................................40 dimension, definition 01........................... 89
Bernoulli, .John ...................................31, 37 dimensional analysis ................. 19, 90, 1 1 8
beta decay ....................... 28, 183, 184, 185 distributed charge 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 116, 1 1 7 , 158,
Big Bang ..................................42, 174, 250 164, 196
biophotons .............................................261 distributed frequency ............................ 100
Bohr radius ............................ 177, 178, 235 distributed time .......................................99
Bohr, Niels .......................................28, 279 Doppler principle ...................................218

Bourassa, .Jim ................................ 260, 280 Doppler, Christian .................................. 218
c2 See quantum measurements, rdtn double cardioid 35, 149, 163, 189, 195, 229
calculus ...................................................1 9 E=mc2 ................. 24, 28, 30, 92, 189, 231
Calvert, D r. .James B ...................... 120, 121 Einstein, Albert ... 14, 15, 16, 24, 28, 29, 30,
cardioid .........................4 1 , 48, 49, 96, 170 32, 38, 62, 93, 162, 163, 173, 1 89,
Carman, Albert P. ....................................66 196, 218
Casimir effect.93, 1 1 2 , 188, 207, 208, 209, electrodermal activity ........................... 267
210, 223, 246, 248, 249 electrodynamics ............................ 224, 226
Casimir, Hendrick .......................... 207, 247 electromagnetiC charge ..... 22, 25, 37, 108,
Cavendish, Henry................................... 201 1 1 2, 1 13, 114, 115, 117, 129, 147,
Cellular Cosmic Signature..................... 261 159, 160, 165, 166, 196, 197,201,
Chukanov, Klril ........................................ 65 204
classical electron radius ....... 1 77, 178, 235 electron binding energy equation ... 69, 234
Classical Mechanics........................ 19, 105 electrons. 14, 17, 19, 21, 24, 28, 37, 57, 83,
Cockaday, Laurence M ............................ 56 114, 122, 161, 167, 175, 176, 1 85,
collision effects 246
muons..... 14, 18, 184, 186, 188, 192, 228 electrostatic charge..............................204
quarks13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 27, 28, 39, 1 74, electrostatic force... 38, 149, 193, 202, 205
179, 194, 1 96, 201 electroweak theory ........................... 13, 14
tau ................................................ 18, 192 elementary charge22, 38, 39, 61, 105, 108,
color force ............................................... 16 112, 114, 1 15, 117, 165, 178, 1 95,
complimentarity principle .......... See wave- 204
particle duality energy ................................................. 140
Compton effect ......................................218 expanding Universe ............................... 249
Compton function ..........................169, 171 faster-than-Iight scenario ...................... 151
302
A P P E N D I X
Fibonacci sequence...........................78, 79 Lorentz, H. A. .........................................161
fine structure constant•••25, 109, 165, 166, loxodrome function .................................36
199 Lykken, D. T...........................................158

fine structure, neutron ............•.....•...... 166 magnecule .............................................251
fine structure, proton ........................... 166 MagneGas™ ...........................................251
flavor ................................... 16, 174, 194 magnetic moment ... 60, 112, 1 1 3, 114, 115,
force "particles" 116, 1 67, 168

gluons ................. 13, 17, 28, 39, 1 94, 196 many-body perturbation ........................234
graviton ................................36, 191, 204 mass defect ...................................214, 230

pions (pi mesons) ......................... 14, 228 mass to strong charge ratio .... 48, 160, 200
W and Z particles ................... 13, 14, 204 mass-energy equivalence ... 14, 16, 28, 102,
Foucault, .Jean Bernard Leon ............... 1 1 9 231
Fresnel, A. .J ............................................ 62 mathematically correct, meaning of .......37
Fresnel, Augustin ......................... 30, 59, 62 Maxwell, Clerk............................... 1 1 7, 226

Galilean Electrodynamics .................... 243 McCutcheon, David................ 1 78, 235, 236
g-factor, electron .... 77, 114, 167, 168, 170, Merrick, Richard ....................................243
171 metaphysics .................................... 16, 260
9-factor, neutron .................... 1 1 5 , 168, 169 Michelson, Albert A. .................... 30, 62, 63
Gforce .... 37, 43, 44, 45, 48, 52, 150, 164, Miller, D. C. ........................ 62, 63, 179, 280
194, 204, 265 Millikan, R. A..........................................175
Gibbs, Philip .......................................... 207 mind .... 16, 94, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260,
Gilson, Dr. .James G. ............................. 165 261, 265
gluons .....................5ee force "particles" Mohideen, U ...........................................208
God 29, 43, 44, 47, 76, 94, 255, 262, Morley, Edward W. .......................30, 62, 63
265, 266, 271 muons ..................... See collision effects
Golden Ratio ..............................77, 79, 168 Murphy, .James ..............................1 6 1 , 162

gravitational constant ............. See Newton nature of time ..........................................47
gravitational constant neutrons...... 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 60, 93, 174,
gravitational force ......... 193, 194, 201, 206 1 8 1 , 196, 230
graviton .....................5ee force "particles" Newton gravitational constant ..25, 45, 51,
Greene's function ................................. 234 163, 164, 201, 223
Gutman, Tom ........................................ 276 Newton, Isaac......................43, 45, 52, 201
half spin .................................................. 47 nuclear binding energy equation...........203

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle .......... 28 nuclear strong force equation ...............202
Hertz, Heinrich...................................56, 61 Ohm, Georg Simon ..................... 17, 23, 1 1 9
Hines, Brian .......................................... 265 Ohm's law .......................... 1 7 , 23, 1 1 9, 158
Ho, Ghim Wei .......................................... 86 only the present.......................................66

Hooper, Gerald...................................... 243 onn, definition of (pl. onta) ...................... 17
Hulett, Lester........................... 35, 219, 229 onta as "clouds" ......................................40
Hutchison effect ................................64, 65 onta gap number............................174, 175
Hutchison, .John...................58, 62, 65, 261 orgone .................................259, 260, 262
Keely, .John Worrell .........................58, 101 orthogonality, description 01 ...... .............71
Kepler, .Johannes.................................... 99 Pauli, Wolfgang ........................................83
Kimball, Connie ...................................... 81 Pauling, Linus ................ 67, 83, 84, 85, 232
kinetic energy ....................................... 140 permanent magnetism...................206, 250
Kirlian photography .............................. 268 permeability...... 25, 99, 107, 108, 112, 117,
Kirlian, Semyon .................................... 268 148, 160
Klein, Oskar .......................................... 286 permittivity25, 99, 107, 108, 112, 148, 160,
Koopmans Theorem.............................. 234 161
Lakhovsky, Georges ............................. 262 phi 79, 1 68, 170, 1 7 1 , 264, 265
Lamb shift ............................................. 1 1 4 Phi 77, 79, 168, 170, 1 7 1 , 264, 265
Lamoreaux, Steven207, 208, 209, 210, 247 photoelectric effect.39, 188, 210, 246, 248
Lee, Tsung Dao ....................................... 67 photons 13, 14, 17, 40, 42, 93, 1 1 8 , 119,
life force................. 255, 256, 259, 260, 261 163, 184, 208, 223, 228, 229, 246,
ligamen circulatus ............. 41, 98, 104, 124 248

Livio, Mario ............................................. 79 pi mesons...................5ee force " particles"
Lomberg, .Jon ........................................ 279 Planck, Max ...................................1 6 1 , 162
longitudinal waves.......................56, 58, 62 Planck's constant ... 25, 104, 1 1 8 , 161, 162,
303
197 Rlsby, Phil .............................................. 243

poltergeist effect..... ........... ........ ... ........255 Roberts, .loe ................ ............................82
positron .. ............... 18, 28, 37, 60, 191, 228 Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad .................... 161
potential energy .................. ....... ...... ..... 141 Roy, Anushree........................................208
primary angular momentum ..... 17, 40, 102, Santilli, Ruggero .................................... 250
104, 118, 174, 175, 177 Schauberger, Viktor ......................261, 262
proton g-factor....... ... ...... .. ..... 114, 1 68, 171 skin resistance ................. ....... .............. 267
protons ...... 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 37, 174, solid angle geometry...... 17, 106, 1 07, 1 08,
179, 1 8 1 , 196, 246 117, 149, 153, 154, 166, 183, 1 93,
Pythagoras................ ................... 79, 80, 83 194, 199
Pythagorean scale .............. .............. . 77, 79 space-resonance ..... . 41, 48, 101, 149, 1 6 1 ,
Pythagorean triples .................. ............... 81 180, 223
Q factor ....... .. .... ...... ........... ...... ............. 128 space-time ..... 17, 35, 63, 96, 188, 249, 260
quantum constants..........................23, 147 space-time, more primary ....................... 59
quantum frequency.22, 23, 46, 47, 99, 112, Special Relativity Theory .. 14, 93, 102, 189
147 speed of light 16, 22, 23, 25, 28, 46, 62, 96,
quantum length...... 22, 46, 52, 99, 1 1 2 , 147 99, 102, 1 08, 112, 1 18, 148, 1 50,
quantum mass ......................... 22, 1 1 2, 255 152, 153, 191, 196, 255
quantum measurements....................22, 46 spherical constant........... 22, 108, 109, 208
acc' • acceleration .............................152 Spheron Model .......... .. .... ..... ............B4, 232
curr • current ...................... ...... ............23 spherons ................... ...... ......................... 83

dcrd • double cardioid ..........................35 spin positlon37, 60, 61, 67, 68, 71, 80, 1 55,
drag · drag ...... ... ...... ........................... 124 172, 176, 181, 189, 195, 263, 265
dvef • diverging electric field ............. 129 Standard Model, definition ...................... 1 3
eddy · eddy current . .. ....... ..... . . ... 1 1 9 , 120 steradian, deSCription .

................... ... .... 153
efld - electric field ..... ......... ..... ...........226 Stokes, Sir George Gabriel ...................... 62
efxd • electric flux density ......... ........226 Stoney, G• .I . .
... ................................ 57, 175
egmr · electron gyromagnetic ratio... 171 stroke ....... .. ........ .................... ............ 150
enrg • energy ................................. .......24 strong charge See electromagnetic charge
fore - force.......................... 149, 207, 247 strong force ...... 13, 37, 181, 193, 196, 201,
,ric · friction . .
.......... ..... .... ...... ... ......... 123 202, 204, 205, 206, 209, 214
gyro - gyration .................................... 123 Sumbureru, Dale ........... ......................... 261
irrd · irradiance .................. ........ 129, 222 Super·Kamiokande experiment... .. ........ 186
ligt . light . . ................... ............... 119, 163 symbols lor geometry 01 charge .......... . 199
mchg • mass to strong charge ratio ....48 taxonomy of reality ... ............................254
mfdi · magnetic field intensity.... .......226 Tesla, Nikola ........ 56, 62, 65, 148, 175, 262
mfld • magnetic field .......................... 139 Thales 80

Theory of Everything ............................. 193
...................................................
mfxd magnetic flux density ...... ... .... 226

Thomson, .I• .I.
•
ngmr · neutron gyromagnetic ratio .... 172 ......... ......... . ... .... ..... 1 75, 217
pgmr • proton gyromagnetic ratio......1 72 three force carriers, the ..........................45
pht" • photon .... .......... ................ 118, 163 Tibetan Buddhism.... .... .... ... .... . . ....... ........ 24
potn ' potential .............................23, 125 time diode ............ .......................... . ... 66, 96
rdtn - radiation ................................... 152 tshankha ....... See quantum measurements
resn · resistance ..................23, 120, 158 Tulku, Tarthang . . .. 87, 253

... ...................... ..
rmfd · rotating magnetic field . 31, 48, 63, twCHIimensional onta ................ 49, 96, 223
64, 65, 101 , 1 08, 109, 1 50, 160, two-step variant of special relativity
228, 233, 247, 249 theory . ........ ...... ............ ...........234
rson • resonance .......................... 35, 124 Ultrawave Theory ..................................235

swep • sweep ............................. ........ 152 Unified Charge Equation .
. . ............ 166, 198
tshankha . .
.............. ..... ... 23, 24, 155, 156 unified charge equations.......................198
velc · veloclty....... ......................... .......23 Unified Force Theory 29, 38, 165, 193, 194,
Quantum Mechanics ........ ... ........ .28, 39, 40 196, 198, 204, 205, 261
quantum structure xi, 13, 15, 234, 243, 244 Van der Waals force ............ ............88, 1 1 2
quantum units... 23, 25, 1 1 1 , 112, 114, 147, Vanderbilt University.............................236
226 Venables, P. H. . .................................... . 158
quarks ..................... See collision eHects violation of parity theory ................... . .....67
reductionism . . ......................... ... 16, 18, 265 virtual photons.......................................207
Reich, Wllhelm ........... .... 259, 260, 262, 280 W and Z particles.......See force "particles"
304
,)
A P P E N D I X
wave-particle duality ..•.•••.•••.••••••• 16, 28, 40 Whittaker, Sir Edmund................. 31, 58, 62
weak interaction •••• 39, 183, 193, 194, 198, Williams, Gwyn 239
•••.•.•.•••....•••••...•••.•...••••.•.
204 Yang, Chen Ning ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••67

Weiland, Mark ..... .................................... 86 Zeno's Paradox .••••.....••••••.•••••...•••••.•••••••••1 8
Whitney, Cynthia Kolb ... 1 1 8, 220, 234, 243 zero point energy•••••.•.•••••....•••.•••.•••.42, 249
305
, -)
We present many neY' scientific discove,ries within these pages. Quantum

Structure is discovered with easy to understand equations. The physics
model i ntroduced in this book is the next greatest scientific advancement
for the human species. New from the Aether Physics Model:
Unified Force Theory - Unifies all fundamental forces

Geometric Model of Space and Time - both space and time
f(-'j are curved
.I\�, • �
�",J' Space-resonance is more fundamental than Space-time
. Identification of Aether as quantum rotating magnetic field
I, Evidence for non-material, creative Gforce as source of
If AetherDY11.amics
," Quantum existence
Quantification of Consciousness
�--
Identification of the nature of dark matter
Neutrino quantified as folding of Aether units in onta binding
Two d istinct manifestations of charge
Geometry essential to all aspects.of existence
Those who learn the Aether Physics Model soonest

wil l be positioned to make many additional scientific discoveries
in the fields of
nanotechnology. neuroscience. electrodynamics. chemistry
and many other branches of science.
Contains more than 70 brilliant four-color illustrations and many other graphs and charts.
All statements are (ully explained with precise mathematical equations that you can proof out (or yourself
u.s. $64.95
9 780972 4

Secrets of Aether

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BY DAVID W. THOMSON III AND JLM D.

Unified Force Theory, Dark Matter and Consciousness

Pictured here is the Aether Unit. The

Secrets of the Aether

Unified Force Theory, Dark Matter and Consciousness

Third Edition 2007 -

A special thank you goes to Angelyn Ray forher

We also thank ColleenThomas

Three Dimensional Length .............. 96

Quantum Constants .. .... . . . . 24 .... . . .. . .

ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION 27 UNITS ....................... 11 •••••••••• 111

The Aether . .... ... .. ... ..

New Units ................................. 118

Unified Force Theory. . .. 38

Zero Point Energy ... .. . .. . 42

Diverging Electric Field . . 129

Gravitational Structure. .. .. . . ...... ..... . 51

Electric Units 1 ..............................133

Aether Unit.. ..... .. . . . ..

Inertial Units 3 ...............................136

Golden Ratio .............................. 79

DIMENSiONS .......................... 89 Coulomb's Constant . 148 ....................

Constant Speed of Light.. . . 150 .... ... ....

Nature of Dimensions ................. 93 Permeability Constant... ................160

Planck's Constant.. . .. 161

Newton Gravitational Constant.. 163

Fine Structure Constants .. 165

g-factor Constants " ........... 166

Aether Pressure and Density . 172 ...... .

General Structure...................... 175 Orgonomy ................................ 259

THE BEGINNING 289

Elementary Charge ...................195 APPENDICES ........................ 292

Electrostatic Force Law............. 200 Glossary................................... 297

Corrections to Standard Model 300

New System of Quantum Units 300

More on the Stron g Force .............

Casimir Effect 207

Special Relativity Theory ... .

ATOMIC MECHANICS ••••••••••• 213

Photon Mechanics .................... 217

Toroidal Structure of the Electron .235

Helium Binding Energy 236 .................

Other Binding En ergies 238 . ................

Sample Detailed Calculations 241 .......

Energy from the Aether .. . .. .. 246 .. . . ..

Expanding Un iverse ........... ........... 249

The Crisis in Physics

Re-discovering the Aether

Vacuum Energy is being explored for potential as a source of endless energy.

The major paradigm shift is that space-time is a thing. Space-time is like a

Einstein's Question Answered

designed an experiment (the MMX} to find this Aether. They used an

QADI's Aether Physics Model

Welcome to the Aether Age!

Tlx: A akrPhy;i£s Mali is a dislYf!te rm:Jd ifquaniWns/:iu(JJf:(I?

standard Model Definition -

A model of fundamental forces and parricles that explains

• Strong interactions due to the color charges2 of

• A combined theory of weak and electromagnetic

Houghton Mifflin Company.

TJx: Standard Mall is a ailaticn

This book is a foundational introduction to the Aether Physics Model, which,

So one needs to question whether the Standard :Model interpretation of so