Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 12

International Symposium on Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering

Ohrid/Macedonia, 1-5 September 2009


Paper: A32

Experimental Study on Flow Structure in Strongly


Curved Open Channel 90-degree Bends

Ehsan Bahrami Jovein, Seyed Mohammad Ghaneeizad, Ali Akbar Akhtari

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, e-mail: s.m.ghanei@gmail.com

Abstract. This paper reports on a laboratory study that was performed on an


experimental model in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. This study examines
flow structure for the control of erosion in strongly curved open channel bends.
Lateral momentum and secondary flow induced in bends, causes maximum ve-
locity transfer from center line, super elevation, which results in erosion in
outer bank and depositing sediment in inner bank. Experiments were conducted
in a flume, 6 m long, 0.4 m wide, 0.45 m high and 0.6 m radius of center line of
bend, made up of compacted plastic materials. Study has been done at 4.5, 6, 9,
12, 15 cm depths of flow. The results showed that the transverse slope of water
surface in bends is not linear. Results aim to predict depth of flow, position of
maximum velocity and the place which must be protected from erosion in
strongly curved bends.
Keywords: Open channel, bend, flow structure, velocity, separation effect

1 Introduction

So far, many researches have been done to explain the stage of flow in bend at open
channels and rivers. This subject has more importance when we find out that the
complex structure of flow and great turbulence existing in bends causes characteris-
tics such as erosion, deposit, super elevation; score of bed, meander of river and sec-
ondary current are arisen. Researchers believe that secondary currents in bends that is
created due to eccentric forces and pressure gradient are important factors in chang-
ing the above characteristics.
Lien et al. (1999) said “James Thomson (1876) was one of the pioneers in investi-
gating velocity component in bends. He observed helical flow at bend boundaries by
adding pigments to water” [1].
98

The other pioneers such as Yen (1942) [2], Mockmore (1943) [3], Shukry (1950)
[4] and Rozovski (1961) [5] were the researches that studied flow at the bends.
Odgaard (1989) found out that the velocity and depth of flow in the axis of curve in
the channel was constant and the change of the surface of water was linear reasonably
[6].
Rodi (1978) [7], Shimizu (1989) [8], Yang G lai (2003) [6] represented the model-
ing of secondary flow.
Rodi (1987) illustrated the flow in strongly curved with 180º in turbulence condi-
tional by using of the k- numerical model. Resultant surveys presented that flow
model is affected by longitude pressure gradient [7].
With respect to the importance of this issue this present survey is focused on 90º
strongly curve and distribution of velocity and change of depth is studied.
When flow encounters bend, the water surface increases on outer bank and de-
creases on inner bank because of the centrifugal force. As a result of continuity of
flow and subcritical flow, the velocity decreases near the external wall, and it in-
creases near the internal wall. Changing of water slope, presence of pressure gradient,
formation of secondary flow and other characteristics of flow in bends complicate the
flow pattern in curved open channel. Object of this study is examining of flow struc-
ture in strongly curved open channel 90-degree bends.

2 Illustration of Laboratorial Model

Laboratorial studies on existing setup in hydraulic laboratory at Ferdowsi University


of Mashhad. The implemented details and characteristics at set up are shown in Figs.
1 and 2.
Reservoir -1 Flume

Weir

Reservoir -2

Main Reservoir

Fig. 1. Scheme of laboratorial model

The section of channel in dimensions 40.3*40.3 cm and beds and walls at channel
are made of Plexiglas. At the channel entry, there is an entrance iron reservoir in
99

dimension 150*100 cm and the height 50 cm that conveys the pumped water into the
channel in order to uniform the flow in entrance it is used from 7 screen layers.
The sector of setup with a central angle 90º is a strongly curved bend (R c b = 1.5)
where Rc is the radius of curve and b is width of channel. At end of bend exists a
straight channel that is long 180 cm. The aim of creation of this channel is to prevent
turbulences arisen from the weir at the end of channel. After passing the top, the weir
flow pours into the reservoir (Reservoir 2). The dimension of this reservoir is
1x1x1.25 meter. That it connected to the original reservoir by 11 flexible pipes with
internal diameter 10 cm. original reservoir is divided in to two parts. Between two
parts of reservoir a sharp edge triangle shaped weir is mounted. The discharge is
measured by this weir.
In the second sector of the reservoir, the flow is conveyed to entrance reservoir by
centrifuging pump.

A
Inlet
40.30

360.00
R40.30

40.30

180.00
40.30

Section A-A

Outlet

Fig. 2. Characteristics of geometrical set up

Just after the pump a gate valve with internal diameter 15 cm controls the dis-
charge of flow.
In order to read tangential velocity, a one dimensional velocity meter is used.
To measure the depth, a verniet ruler is used that measures the width and height of
channel with respectively 1 and 0.1 mm accuracy. In present survey, the experiments
are performed on 5 discharges including 4.96, 6.7, 13.55, 19.36, 25.27 liter per sec-
ond.

3 The Situation of Section

In order to perform these studies, quantities of velocity and depth in different sections
in channel was measured. The situation of these sections contain 40 cm before the
100

bend, 40 and 80 cm after the bend, the beginning and the end of the bend and the
sections at the central angles 22.5º, 45º, 67.5º in the bend.
For every layer of these sections in 13 points, tangential velocities were measured.
According to the catalogue of velocity meter the center of velocity meter in interval
of boundary is equal to 1.5 cm, therefore, a distance of 2 cm from walls and 1.5 to 3
cm from top and bottom was determined. The characteristic of flow depth at down-
stream of bend and collected layers from surface of water when discharge was
changed are represented in Table 1.

Table 1. Distance of collected layers from surface of water


Discharge (l/s) 4.96 6.70 13.55 19.36 25.27
Depth in downstream (cm) 4.5 6 9 12 15
Collected layers from surface 1.5 2 2.25 3 3
of water (cm) 3 4 4.5 6 3
6.75 9 9
12

1 2
3

Inlet 4
22°30'
22°30'

22°30' 5

40.00
22°30'
6

Section 40.00
Number
7

40.00

Outlet

Fig. 3. Situation of section that is studied


101

4 Experimental Results

Tests are conducted in five discharges, but result of one of those is mentioned here.
The discharge that is selected to discuss is 19.36 l/s.
Others are discussed on the analyses section. Figs. 1–3 show velocity on sections in
bends (0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, and 90°) and in three layers (3, 6 and 9 cm from the
surface of water).

Fig. 1. Main velocity on in bend sections in upper layer (3 cm from the water surface)

Fig. 2. Main velocity on in bend sections in middle layer (6 cm from the water surface)
102

Fig. 3. Main velocity on in bend sections in lower Layer (9 cm from the water surface)

It is shown in these figures that the velocity increases in all layers from the internal
wall to the external wall. What is interesting is the intense decrease of the velocity on
90-degree section in two layers (3 and 6 cm). This is like the separation effect.
The velocity of out of bend sections (40 cm before bend, 40 and 80 cm after bend) is
illustrated in Figs. 4–6.

Fig. 4. Main velocity on out of bend sections in upper layer (3 cm from the water surface)

Fig. 5. Main velocity on out of bend sections in middle layer (6 cm from the water surface)
103

The longitudinal velocity on first section is uniform in all layers, but it is intensely
decreased near the internal wall on seventh and eighth sections in two layers (3 and 6
cm). After the bend, the profile of velocity changes to become uniform. In other
words, more distance from the bend, the velocity is more uniform.
Figs. 7-8 show the depth-averaged velocity for in the bend and out of the bend sec-
tions respectively.
As it is shown in Fig. 7, depth-averaged velocity increased from the external wall
to the internal wall. In addition, this velocity intensely decreases on 90-degree section
near the internal wall.

Fig. 6. Main velocity on out of bend sections in lower layer (9 cm from the water surface)

Fig. 7. Depth-averaged velocity on in bend sections


104

Fig. 8. Depth-averaged velocity on out of bend sections

It is clear in Fig. 8 that on the first section, depth-averaged velocity profile is uni-
form widthwise, but on two sections after the bend there is intense decrease of this
velocity in the internal half of channel. This decrease disappears by going far from
the bend.
Maximum of depth-averaged velocity and its location are obtained by the test on
all sections. Its location is displayed in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 shows that maximum velocity moves from about center line of channel in
the first section to near the internal wall in the middle of bend (45 degree), and after
this section it moves to the external wall.
Water depth is measured on all sections, and it is presented in Figs. 10-11 in order
for in bend sections and out of bend sections.

inlet

Discharge
(lit/s) Color

4.96

6.70

13.55

19.36

25.27

outlet

Fig. 9. Location of maximum of depth-averaged velocity along the channel on different dis-
charges
105

Fig. 10. Water depth on in bend sections

Fig. 11. Water depth on out of bend sections

As it is obvious in Fig. 10, water depth on in bend sections increases near the ex-
ternal wall, and decreases near the internal wall. Moreover transversal slope of sur-
face increases from the first section to the middle of bend, and decreases after this
section.
Fig. 11 shows that the slope is approximately zero on the first section. The slope
decreases after the bend to become zero again. Table 2 indicates the quantity of de-
crease or increase of water depth near the internal and external walls.

Table 2. Decrease or increase of water depth near the internal and external walls in comparison
with center line water depth on in bend sections
Section position Decrease on Internal Increase on external
wall (cm) wall (cm)
0° 0.29 0.24
22.5° 0.58 0.41
45° 0.58 0.43
67.5° 0.46 0.39
90° 0.33 0.37

The trend of water depth along the channel is shown in Fig. 12.
106

Fig. 12. Transversal-averaged water depth along the channel

It is visible in Fig. 12 that water depth before the bend is higher than it is on out
flow. It decreases along the bend to 45-degree section, and after that it increases to
reach 12 cm at final section.

5 Discussion

5.1 Maximum Velocity Trend

As it can be seen in Fig. 9 the maximum velocity in all discharges is about the center
line of channel before the bend on the first section. Then, it moves to the internal
wall. After 45-degree section, it changes its trend to the external wall. It reaches near
the external wall on the final section. This is caused by the encounter of the secon-
dary flow and longitude pressure gradient. The slope of surface is caused by the cen-
trifugal force, and it is increases along the bend to the middle of the bend. Therefore,
the slope generates transversal pressure gradient, and this gradient creates a mass
flow to the internal wall. At the end of bend, transversal pressure gradient decreases
because the water surface slope decreases. As a result, centrifugal force and tangent
velocity cause the maximum velocity to move from the internal wall to the external
wall.

5.2 Decrease and Increase of Maximum Velocity

For all discharges, maximum velocity increases from the first section to the middle of
bend. This increase is about 22% for low discharges, 30% for mid discharge and 23%
for high discharges. The reason the maximum velocity changes is that water depth
decreases near the internal wall in this part of the bend, therefore, the maximum ve-
locity increases. In comparison, after the middle of the bend, the water surface slope
starts to decrease, and the secondary flow keeps away the maximum velocity from the
internal wall. As a result, the maximum velocity decreases.
107

5.3 Center Line Velocity

By review of Figs. 1–6, it appears that on the first section and all in bend sections, the
center line velocity is higher in the middle layer (6 cm) than it is in the upper layer (3
cm) and the lower layer (9 cm). In contrast, on the two sections after the bend, this
velocity is highest in the lower layer.

5.4 The Separation Effect

In all discharges, the velocity intensely decreases on the final section of bend near the
internal wall. This matter explains the tendency of flow to separate. This phenomenon
occurs in middle and upper layers.

5.5 Water Depth Changes

Average water depth is higher before the bend than it is in other sections and in uni-
form flow. This results in losses of energy along the bend. Since there are energy
losses in the bend, water depth increases before the bend to provide flow energy to
pass the bend. In fact, the M1 profile is created in the channel before the bend that the
flow depth increases there.

6 Conclusions

This experimental study helps to identify flow structure in strongly curved open chan-
nel 90-degree bends. By review resultant of all discharges, the most important matters
that must be considered in studying of this type of bends are listed below.
First, the water slope is observed before the bend, and it lasted after the bend. In
other words, the effect of bend on water slope is not only in the bend but also before
and after the bend.
Then, the velocity pattern in strongly curved bends is fixed. Maximum velocity in
bends is near the internal wall, and the minimum velocity is near the external wall.
After the bend, the pattern is reversed. It means that after the bend the velocity near
the internal wall is the minimum, and the velocity near the external wall is the maxi-
mum.
Finally, the separation effect occurs in all the discharges, but it is more intense in
high discharges than it is in low discharges. This effect is observed on 90-degree
section between the water surface and the middle of depth. On the bottom, because of
overcoming of hydrostatic pressure, the separation effect is not observed.
108

Acknowledgment

Authors hereby express their thanks for the support they received from directors of
the hydraulics laboratory of Faculty of Engineering of Ferdowsi University of Mash-
had, where this study was conducted. In addition, we would like to thank Dr. J.
Abrishami, professor of Hydraulic Engineering for the fruitful discussions during
doing this research.

References

1. Lien, H.C., Hsieh, T., Y., Yong, J.C. and Yeh, K.C.: Bend-Flow Simulation Using 2D
Depth-Averaged Model. J. Hyd. Eng., ASCE, 125(10), (1999) 1097–1108
2. C. H. Yen, J. W. Howe: Effects of Channel Shape on Losses in a Canal Bend, Civil Engi-
neering Vol. 12, No. 1 (1942, 28-29
3. C. E. Mockmore: Flow around bends in stable channels, Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 109,
(1944) 593-618
4. Ahmed Shukry: Flow around Bends in an Open Flume, Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 115,
(1950) 751-779
5. Rozovskii, I.L.: Flow of Water in Bends of Open Channels. Academy of Sciences of the
Ukrainian SSR, Kiev., (1957); Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, (1961)
6. Lai, Y and Weber, L.J. and Patel, V.C.: Nonhydrostatic Three Dimensional Model for Hy-
draulic Flow Simulation 1: Formulation and Verification. J. Hyd. Eng., ASCE, 129(3),
(2003) 196–200
7. Rodi, w., and Leschziner, M. A.: Calculation of Strongly Curved Open Channel Flow, J. of
Hyd. Div., ASCE, (1978) 105(HY10)
8. Y. Shimizu, T. Itakura: Calculation of Bed Variation in Alluvial Channels, J. Hydraul. Eng.
115(3), (1989) 367-384

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi