HEV, PHEV and EV Batteries

ECEN 2060
 Batteries for HEV, PHEV and EV
• Battery
B tt types
t
 NiMH
 Li-Ion (many variations)
• Technology
 Chemistry
 Electrical characteristics
• Key parameters
 Energy density [Wh/kg] and [Wh/l], and power density [W/kg]
 Life: # of charge/discharge cycles as a function of depth of discharge
discharge,
i.e. the SOC window (SOCmax  SOCmin)
 Safety
 Cost [$/kWh]
• Other topics (not covered here)
 Construction of battery packs, the need for cell or module balancing
 Battery charging from the AC grid (for PHEV or EV)

ECEN2060 2
 Reminder:
Deep-discharge Lead-Acid batteries for stand-alone PV systems

Porous lead Lead dioxide

Pb PbO2
 +

Sulfuric acid
0.356 eV H2SO4 + H2O 1.685 eV

• Open-circuit cell voltage (Nernst eq): 1.685V + 0.356V + Vt ln(electr.conc/1 mol)

• SOC directly determined by acid concentration (6 mol at 100%, 2 mol at 0%)
• Capacity [Ah] depends on rate of discharge (Peukert’s law)
• Energy efficiency: 75%
• Energy density: 30-40 Wh/kg, 60-75 Wh/l
• Cost: $(0.1-0.2)/Wh Life cycles (DOD)

HEV requirement: 10-15 years

ECEN2060 3
 Battery cycle life comparison

ECEN2060 4
 Nickel-Metal Hydride: NiMH
Metal alloy Nickel oxyhydroxide
MH NiOOH
 +
MH + OH > M + H2O + e- Potassium NiOOH + H2O + e > Ni(OH)2 + OH
0.83 eV hydroxide 0.52 eV
KOH + H2O

• Open-circuit cell voltage: 0.83V + 0.52V + Vt ln(electr.conc/1 mol)  1.4 V

• SOC directly determined by electrolyte concentration (6 mol at 100%)
• Energy efficiency: 65-75%
• Energy density: 70 Wh/kg
Wh/kg, 170 Wh/l
• Cost: $(0.5-1)/Wh

ECEN2060 5
 Example: Prius battery
19.6mm(W)×106mm(H)×285mm(L)

NiMH Module
6-cell ((7.2 V)) NiMH modules, 6.5 Ah at C/2
46 Wh/kg
1.3 kW/kg
http://www.peve.jp/e/hevjyusi.html

Battery pack
28 modules
VDC = 201.6 V
Ebat = 1.3 kWh
Pack weight: 30 kg
SOCmin = 35%
SOCmax = 75%
$3K retail replacement cost

ECEN2060 6
 Lithium-Ion: Li-Ion
Carbon compound Lithium
graphite cobalt oxide
 +

LiPF6 Li-Ion cell in cell-phone

• Nominal cell voltage:  3.6 V

• A separator (e.g. microporous polyethylen membrane) is required
• Energy efficiency: 95%
• Many chemistry variations
• Energy density: 150-200 Wh/kg, 250-500 Wh/l
• Cost: currently about $(0.7-1.5)/Wh

ECEN2060 7
 Lithium-Ion Chemistry

A. Pesaran (NREL), “Battery Choices for Different Plug-in HEV Configurations,” Plug-in HEV Forum, July 12, 2006

ECEN2060 8
Comparison of Battery Technologies

Many competing technologies, no clear winners

 Battery System Example

Conventional Battery System

A123 Systems (www.a123systems.com) + +

n
automotive battery pack cells
ll
(+protection) Battery DC bus Electric drive
Management DC-DC VDC propulsion
LiFePO4 cells in series in
series System (BMS)
Vbat
converter components

_ _

Control bus Vehicle

controller

• Battery management system (BMS):

cell balancing
 Vehicle Costs (NREL analysis)
Projected Retail Powertrain Costs - Midsize Sedans
1) including manufacturer and dealer markups
2) all component costs assume projected status

$18 000
$18,000
charger/plug $663
$16,000 battery
motor/inverter
$14,000 transmission
$663
engine
i
$12,000 $8,433

$10,000 $5,117

$8,000 $2,433

$6,000 $2,407 $2,454

$2,079
$1,998
$4 000
$4,000 $1 992
$1,992 $2 004
$2,004 $2 020
$2,020

$2,000 $4,005
$2,865 $2,919 $3,002

$-
CV HEV PHEV20 PHEV40
 Vehicle Cost Analysis (NREL)
Cumulative Vehicle plus Energy (Fuel/Elec.) Costs

$60,000

CV
HEV
$50,000
PHEV20
PHEV40
Cumulative cost (2006 $)

$40,000
$ ,

$30,000

$2 00/
$3
A
$2.41/gal.
$3.00/gal.
Assumption:
41/ til (t
(2005
(today)
$4
$4.00/gal.
d 00/
)avg)) l
$20,000

$10,000

$-
0 5 10 15
Time after purchase (years)

T. Markel and A. Simpson (NREL), “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid

Electric Vehicle Technology,” WEVA 2006