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Condition for formation of hydraulic jump
• Jump will not occur when Froude number is less than 1.0
Figure 14.3
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y1 – supercritical flow
y2 – subcritical flow
y 2 = ( y1 / 2)( 1 + 8 N F2 1 − 1)
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Figure 14.4
Loss of energy
E1 − E2 = ( y2 − y1 ) 3 / 4 y1 y2
Theoretical depth after jump – alternate depth
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Problem 14.6
Q = 18m3/s
Determine –
• Velocity before jump
• Depth after jump
• Velocity after jump
• Energy dissipated in the jump
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Solution –
y1 = 1m
A1 = 3* 1 = 3m2
V1 = 18/3 = 6m/s
v
NF =
gyh
yh = A/T
y 2 = ( y1 / 2)( 1 + 8 N F2 1 − 1)
y2 = 2.26 m
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E1 − E2 = ( y2 − y1 ) 3 / 4 y1 y2
E1 – E2 = 0.22 m
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Practical applications of hydraulic jumps:
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You could also use it for thrills!!! (not recommended)
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Types of hydraulic jumps
v
NF =
gyh
• Slight undulation
• Two conjugate depths are close
• Transition is not abrupt – slightly ruffled water surface
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(b) Weak jump (1.7<Fn1<2.5)
• Eddies and rollers are formed on the surface
• Energy loss is small
• The ratio of final depth to initial depth ~ between 2.0 and
3.1.
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(c) Oscillating jump (2.5 <Fn1<4.5)
• Jet oscillates from top to bottom – generates surface waves
that persist beyond the end of the jump
• Ratio final depth to initial depth ~ between 3.1 to 5.0
• To prevent destructive effects this type of jump should be
avoided
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(d)_Stable jump (4.5<Fn1<9)
• Many advantages
• Position of jump fixed regardless of downstream conditions
• Good dissipation of energy
• Considerable rise in downstream water level
• Ratio of final to initial depth ~ between 5.9 and 12.0
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(e) Strong or rough jump (Fn1 > 9)
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Uncontrolled Hydraulic jump – erosion !
http://www.rollanet.org/~conorw/cwome/article6&7.htm
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In 12 minutes after failure, 1.5 billion gallons of water roared
down an un-named tributary of the East Fork and straight
towards the upstream portion of Johnson's Shut-ins State Park.
Although the peak flow of the flood isn't known and may or may
not be uncovered by the official investigation, the average flow
was 280,000 cubic feet per second, larger than the average flow
of the Mississippi River just upstream from its confluence with
the Ohio River! The peak flow was likely larger.
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The flow released during the failure stripped the upper slopes of
Proffit Mountain down to bare bedrock. This picture shows the
~600 foot wide break, stripped area of Proffit Mountain, and the
upper portions of the lower scour zone.
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A large scour hole was formed by the hydraulic jump marking the
transition between the upper steep portion and the lower, more
gradual slopes of Proffit Mountain.
The hole is at least 20 feet deep and was likely much larger
before the diminishing flows near the end of the flood filled much
of it with debris.
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Weirs & Flumes
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Weirs –
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Rectangular weir –
Q = 3.33 LH 3/ 2
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Contracted weir –
Q = 3.33 ( L − 0.2 H ) H 3/ 2
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Cipolletti weir –
Q = 3.367 LH 3/ 2
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Triangular weir –
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• Especially used for low flow rates – since a higher head can
be generated compared to rectangular weirs
• Angle of the weir affects the discharge equations
• Angles – 35 to 120 degrees
• Typical angles used – 60 and 90 degrees
Q = 4.28C tan(θ / 2) H 5/ 2
C ~ 0.58.
Q = 1.43H 5/ 2
Q = 2.48 H 5/ 2
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Flumes –
Parshall flume -
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You size the flume based on throat width (6 inches in this case)
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One of the suppliers of flumes –
http://www.globalw.com/products/flumes.html
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Table of Dimensions
Part # W A 2/3A B C D E F G J K N Price
01-006 1 14-9/32 9-17/32 14 3-21/32 6-19/32 9 3 8 9-1/4 3/4 1-1/8 $568
01-007 2 16-5/16 10-7/8 16 5-5/16 8-13/32 12 4-1/2 10 12-7/8 7/8 1-11/16 $746
01-008 3 18-3/8 12-1/4 18 7 10-3/16 24 6 12 25 1 2-1/4 $921
01-009 6 24-7/16 16-5/16 24 15-1/2 15-5/8 24 12 24 27 3 4-1/2 $1,550
01-010 9 34-5/8 23-1/8 34 15 22-5/8 30 24 18 33 3 4-1/2 $1,978
01-011 12 54 36 52-7/8 24 33-1/4 36 24 36 39 3 9 $3,561
Prices listed are for United States and Canada only. Call or e-mail us for pricing in other countries.
Terms and Conditions
Table of Flow Data
Size 1" 2" 3" 6" 9" 12"
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Max MGD 0.14 0.44 1.88 3.98 8.09 14.01
Trapezoidal
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H-type flume
Cutthroat flume
Montana Flume
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