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eTHINKING 8

10
Transformations

In traditional patchwork or
block quilting, a template of
a design is created to form
the block pattern. A large
number of these block
patterns, usually squares, are
then sewn together to form
straight rows or columns.
Finally, the rows or columns
are sewn together to form the
finished quilt. For each of the
patchwork quilts shown,
draw the block pattern used
as the template.
Patterns in art or objects
like a quilt are often
produced using
transformations. The base
pattern or ‘object’ is
translated, reflected, rotated
or dilated to produce a
number of ‘images’. This
chapter looks at each of these
transformations.
areyou 446 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Are you ready? READY?


Try the questions below. If you have difficulty with any of them, extra help can be
obtained by completing the matching SkillSHEET. Either click on the SkillSHEET icon
next to the question on the Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM or ask your teacher for a copy.

Use the grid shown at right for questions 1, 2 and 4. A B C D E F G H


1
10.3 Translation of a point
2
1 In the grid shown, the point at position C4 is moved
3 units right and 2 units down. What is the final position 3
of the point? 4
5
6
7
10.4 Reflection of a point
8
2 In the grid shown, the point at position C4 is reflected
in the red line. What is the final position of the point?

10.5 Reflection of an object


3 What would the following letters look like in a mirror?

F R P Z A
10.6 Rotation of a point
4 If the point at position C4 in the above grid is rotated a half turn about a point at position E4,
what is the final position of the point?

10.7 Rotation of an object through 180°


5 Which of the following letters are the same when you look at them upside down?

O S H N B
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 447
Transformations
Have you ever looked at your reflection in a mirror and found it difficult to do some-
thing, like fix a spiky bit of hair? When you look at your image, you will see that what
was left is now right. You have been transformed!
Shapes can be shifted by an ordered set of moves from one place to another. Such
ordered sets of moves are called transformations.
Prior to transformation, the shape is usually called the original object; after the trans-
formation, the shape is called the image.
When dealing with various transformations, it is customary to denote the image with
the same letters as the original shape, but with an added apostrophe. For example, if the
original object is a rectangle, named ABCD, then its image after the transformation is
usually named A′B′C′D′.
If, after the transformation, the image has exactly the same size and shape as the
original object, such a transformation is called isometric.
Isometric transformations discussed in this chapter include translations, reflections
and rotations. They result in congruent figures.
If, after the transformation, an object does not retain its size and/or shape, such a
transformation is called non-isometric. In this chapter we will investigate non-isometric
transformations, called dilations. We will look at specific cases of dilation: enlarge-
ments and reductions, where objects are made bigger and smaller. We see enlargements
when we go to the movies and view the image on the screen enlarged from the film
without distortion. Dilations result in similar figures.

Translations
A translation is the movement of an object up, down, left or right (U, D, L or R)
without flipping, turning or changing size.
It is as though the object has been carried across a plane in any direction, parallel to its
original position. Translations are also known as ‘slides’.
448 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

WORKED Example 1
State the translation of shape a to a′.
a

a'

THINK WRITE/DRAW
1 Select any point on the boundaries of the A
original object, a (any vertex is good to
choose) and name it A. Locate the a A'
corresponding point on the image and
name it A′. From point A draw a horizontal a'
line, until it is directly above A′; then draw
a vertical line, so that it meets A′.
2 Count the number of units that the Translation: 8R 6D
object has moved across (to the right)
and down and, hence, record the
translation that took place.

If an object has been translated several times in both horizontal and vertical directions,
its final position (relative to the original one) can be described by the total horizontal
and the total vertical translations.
When finding the total horizontal translation, we treat translations (that is, the
number of units) to the right as positive numbers and translations to the left as
negative. The number of units the object has been moved to the right and to the left
(with appropriate signs) can be added together to give the total horizontal translation.
Likewise, to find the total vertical translation, we add together the number of units
the object has been moved upward and downward, treating upward moves as positive
numbers and downward moves as negative.

WORKED Example 2
State the final position of an object (relative to its original position) after the translation:
4U 2L, 2D 5L, 6U 2R and 3D 2L.
THINK WRITE
1 Find the total vertical translation. 4U + 2D + 6U + 3D
Note: Think of upward movements as =4−2+6−3
positive and downward movements as =5
negative. So, the vertical translation is 5U.
2 Find the total horizontal translation. 2L + 5L + 2R + 2L
Note: Treat movements to the right as = −2 − 5 + 2 − 2
positive and movements to the left as = −7
negative. So, the horizontal translation is 7L.
3 State the final position of the object, The position after translation, relative to the
relative to its position prior to original position, is 5U 7L.
translation.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 449
When drawing the image of an object after a series of translations, the following
steps might be of assistance.
Step 1 Find the total vertical and the total horizontal translations.
Step 2 Select a point on the boundaries of the original object. (The vertices are usually
the most convenient points to choose.)
Step 3 Translate the selected point as required.
Step 4 If the shape is complicated, translate a few more points.
Step 5 Complete the image of the object, using the points translated previously as a
guide.

WORKED Example 3
Translate the object at right 5 units up, 2 units left,
2 units up and 8 units right.

THINK WRITE/DRAW
1 Find the total vertical move. Vertical move: 5 up and 2 up = 5 + 2
Vertical move: 5 up and 2 up = 7 (up)
2 Find the total horizontal move. Horizontal move:
2 to the left and 8 to the right = −2 + 8
2 to the left and 8 to the right = 6 (to the right)
3 State the total translation (that is, the Translation: 7U 6R
simplified version of the required
translation).
4 Select any point on the object and call it
point A. Translate point A 7 units up and
a'
6 units to the right. Call the translated
A'
(image) point A′. Complete the image of
the object, using point A′ as a guide. a
Label the original object a and its image A
a′. (You may wish to highlight the image,
using a different colour.)

remember
1. A translation is a movement up, down, left or right without changing size,
flipping or turning. We can specify the translation that has occurred by stating
how many units the object has moved vertically (up or down) and horizontally
(left or right).
2. When finding the total translations, movements (the number of units) to the
right and up are considered as positive, while movements to the left and down
are treated as negative numbers.
450 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

10A Translations
WORKED 1 State the d' d
omet Example j j'
i Ge ry translation
1
Cabr

g'
that has f f' h i
Translation a'
occurred to i'
each of the b l'
c
d shapes k b' e'
hca a
labelled a
Mat

Translation to l in the h'


g
figure at c' e
k' l
right.
object image
2 State the final position of an object (relative to its original position) after each of the
WORKED

HEET 10.1 Example


following translations:
2
SkillS

a 4L 2U, 3R 4U
Addition of b 6R 3D, 4L 5D
directed
numbers c 8L 2U, 4R 3D, 6R 4U
d 10R 3D, 4L 5D, 6R 8U
HEET 10.2 e 12L 4D, 2L 3D, 8R 4D, 6L 2U
SkillS

f 3U, 4D 3R, 4D 6L, 2R, 7L 2U, 3L


Moving up g 8L 2D, 4R 9U, 6L 2D, 4R 3U, 2L 9D
or down and
left or right h 6R 2U, 3L 5U, 3R 4D, 6L 3D, 2R 4U, 6L 3U
3 Draw the following translations to the shapes shown.
a b c d

2L 7U
8R 1D
6L 2D
2R 3U
WORKED 4 Translate the following objects as specified under the figures.
Example
HEET
10.3 3
a b
SkillS

Translation
of a point

6L 2D, 8R 3D
4L 2D, 3R 4U
c d

2R 4D, 6R 3D, 2R 2D 7R 5U, 2R 3U, 8L 2D, 7L 1D


C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 451
5 Specify each of the following translations of the labelled
arrows at right. B
A
a A to C b A to F c F to E
D
d E to F e D to B f E to A C E F

6 Using the diagram in question 5, state which arrow has moved where (that is, which
letter represents the object and which one represents the image), if the following trans-
lations have occurred.
a 2U 5R b 2D 5L c 2U 9L d 2L 8U e 4U 10L f 14L

7 multiple choice
If an object is translated 3U 2L, 5R 4D, 6L, its final position (related to the original
one) is:
A 7U 3R B 1U 3L C 7U 3L D 1D 3L E 1D 3R

8 multiple choice
GAME
If, relative to the original position, the final position of an object is 3L 4U, then the

time
series of translations that could have occurred is: Transformations
A 4R 2U, 3L 2U B 4R 1U, 7L 3U C 4R 1U, 7R 3U — 001
D 4R 2U, 3L 3U E 4R 1U, 4L 3U

QUEST
S
M AT H

A B C D
E

1 In a game of draughts, a counter is removed 1


NG

from the board when another counter jumps 2


E

CH LL over it. Four counters are arranged on the


A
corner of a draughts board as shown. Use three 3
horizontal or vertical jumps to remove all three
4
red counters, leaving the single black counter.
Copy and complete the table to show your
working. Jump From To
1
2
3
2 In another game, any counter can jump any
other counter. Use seven horizontal or vertical Jump From To
jumps to remove all seven red counters, leaving
the single black counter. 1
A B C D E
Copy and complete 2
1
the table to show
3
your working. 2
4
3
5
4
6
5 7
452 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Reflections
A reflection is the image of an object, as seen in the mirror.
Reflections are often called ‘mirror images’ and the lines in which the objects are
reflected — ‘mirror’ lines. Mirror images always have reverse orientation; that is, left
appears to be right and vice versa. The points of the image and the corresponding
points of the object lie on the same line, which is perpendicular to the mirror line. Each
point of the image is the same distance from the mirror line as is the object on the other
side of the mirror. Reflections are also known as ‘flips’.
When reflecting shapes in the given line, the following steps can be of assistance:
Step 1 Select some key points on the original object (the vertices are usually con-
venient to choose).
Step 2 From each point draw a line, perpendicular (that is, at right angles) to the
mirror line. Extend each line beyond the mirror line.
Step 3 For each selected point, measure its distance along the line from the mirror.
Then measure out exactly the same distance along the line on the other side of
the mirror to find the position of the corresponding point of the image.
Step 4 Complete the image, using the previously reflected points as a guide.

WORKED Example 4
For each of the following shapes, find the reflected image in the line given.
a mirror b
A
C mirror

A B
C
B

THINK DRAW
a 1 From each vertex of the given a
triangle, draw the lines
perpendicular to and extending
beyond the mirror line.
2 Points A and B are both 2 units from
A A'
the mirror to the left of it. Since the
image is reversed, the vertices A′ and
B′ are 2 units from the mirror on the
right side of it. Furthermore, point C is C B B' C'
8 units to the left of the mirror. The
corresponding point of the image C′ is
8 units to the right of the mirror.
3 Join the vertices A′, B′ and C′ to
A A'
complete the image.

C C'
B B'
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 453

THINK DRAW
b 1 Draw the lines from points A and B b
so that they extend beyond the
mirror line and are perpendicular to
it. (Point C of the given triangle is
already on the mirror line, so
nothing needs to be done to it.)
2 Any point of the object that is on the A'
mirror line will reflect onto itself. So
C′ will coincide with point C, since C'
C
point C is on the mirror line. Points B'
A′ and B′ are the same distance from
the mirror as points A and B A B
respectively, but on the other side of
it. (The distances must be measured
along the perpendicular lines.)
3 Join the vertices A′, B′ and C′ to A'
complete the image.
C'
C
B'

A B

Sometimes the line in which the object is to be reflected is placed over the object so
that the object is divided in two parts. Since the image is reversed, the part of the object
that is to the left of the mirror line when reflected will appear to the right of it. The part
of the object to the right of the mirror line will appear to the left of it after the
reflection.

WORKED Example 5
Find the reflected image for each of the following shapes.
a A mirror b A F

D
E
B C
B C
mirror

THINK DRAW
a 1 Extend line BC (it is perpendicular a
to the mirror line). From point A,
draw the line extending beyond the
mirror and perpendicular to it.
Continued over page
454 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

THINK DRAW
2 The mirror line is placed over the object, so A A'
one part of the image will appear to the left of
the mirror and the other part to the right of it.
Points A and B are both 5 units to the left of B C' C B'
the mirror, so A′ and B′ will be 5 units to the
right of it. Point C is 1 unit to the right of the
mirror, so its image, C′, will be 1 unit to the
left of the mirror line.
3 Complete the image by joining the reflected A A'
points appropriately.

B C' C B'

b 1 From every vertex of the object, draw the lines b


extending beyond and perpendicular to the
mirror line.
2 The mirror is placed over the object, so parts of A' B'
the image will appear on either sides of the
mirror line. Points A, B and E are to the left of
A F'
the mirror, so their corresponding images (that E'
F
is, A′, B′ and E′) will be the same distances from D
E
the mirror line, but to the right of it. Points D
and C are to the right of the mirror, so their B C
D' C'
images (D′ and C′) will appear to the left of the
mirror line. Finally, F′ will coincide with point
F, as F is exactly on the mirror line.
3 Complete the image, using the reflected A' B'
vertices as a guide.
A F'
E'
F
D
E
B C
D' C'

remember
1. A reflection is the image of the object as seen in the mirror.
2. A reflection always has reverse orientation: left appears right and vice versa.
3. The lines joining each point of the image with the corresponding points of the
object are perpendicular to the mirror line. The image points are the same
distance as the original points from the mirror along the perpendicular lines but
on the opposite side of it.
4. Any point of the object that is on the mirror line will reflect onto itself.
5. If the line in which the object is to be reflected is placed over the object, part of
the image will appear to the left of the mirror line and part to the right of it.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 455

10B Reflections
WORKED 1 For each of the following shapes, find the reflected image in the line given. 10.4 SkillS
Example
4

HEET
a b c
Reflection
of a
point

mirror Cabri Geo

met
ry
mirror mirror Reflection
d e f

WORKED 2 Find the reflected image for each of the following shapes.
Example
5 a b c

mirror mirror

mirror

d e f

3 Reflections in mirrors transform objects. Complete each of the patterns by finding 10.5 SkillS
images of the objects reflected in a single mirror, as shown in the following.
HEET

a b Reflection
of an
object
456 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

c d

4 A kaleidoscope uses more than one mirror to


create wonderful patterns. To help design a
kaleidoscope, reflect each object in each of the
mirrors to complete the pattern in each of these
figures.
a b

c d

5 Find the image for each of the following objects, using the transformations specified
under the figures.
a b c

Reflected in the mirror and Translated 3U 4R and Translated 1U 4L,


then translated 2 units then reflected in the reflected in the mirror
down and 3 units left mirror and then translated
6U 2R

6 multiple choice
The diagram shows an object and its image after a'
a certain set of transformations. The object was:
A reflected in the mirror; then translated 3R 2D
T 10.1 B reflected in the mirror; then translated 4R 2D
SHEE
C translated 3R 2D; then reflected in the mirror
Work

D translated 4R 2D; then reflected in the mirror a


E translated 3R 2U; then reflected in the mirror
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 457

1
1 Translate the point, Q, shown at right 2 units up and 3 units right.
Q
2 Translate point R, shown at right,
2 units to the left, 3 units up,
4 units to the right and 1 unit down. R

3 Translate the shape shown at


right 2U, 3R.

4 If an object is translated 5U, 3R, 6D, 4L, 3R, 2D, what is its final position?
5 What translation has occurred to obtain the image (green)
of the blue object shown?

6 Draw the image of the objects


reflected in the line given.

7 Complete the reflection of this object in the mirror line


given at right.

8 True or false? The object is


unchanged after a reflection
in a mirror line.

9 Complete the reflection of the object in the mirror line


given at right.

10 Reflect each object in


each of the mirror lines
to create a pattern.
458 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Rotations
A figure can be rotated about a point called the centre of rotation. To specify the
rotation, we need to give the angle through which the object is to be turned and
the direction of the rotation (clockwise or anticlockwise).
Rotations are also known as ‘turns’.
To perform a rotation, the following steps could be of assistance:
Step 1 Select any point on the object (vertices are most convenient to choose).
Step 2 Join the selected point and the centre of rotation with a straight line.
Step 3 Using a protractor and a ruler (or a pair of compasses), find the image of the
selected point after the required rotation. The image point is as far from the
centre of rotation as is its corresponding point on the object.
Step 4 Rotate some other points if necessary.
Step 5 Complete the image, using previously rotated points as a guide. Label the
image appropriately.

WORKED Example 6
Show the image of the shape, after a rotation of 90°
(quarter turn) anticlockwise about point P.
a
P

THINK DRAW
1 Select any point on the object and label
it A. Join point A with the centre of
rotation, point P. (In this case the points
are already joined by the side of the a
P
shape.) Place the protractor so that its A 0°

centre is on P, its zero is on the line AP 90°

and its scale increases in an


anticlockwise direction. Measure the A'
90° angle. The image point A′ is as far
from the centre of rotation, P, as is
point A (5 units in this case).
2 Repeat step 1 for some other points.
Use these points as a guide to complete
the image. Label the image a′.
(You may wish to highlight it, using a a
P
different colour.) a'

Figures which have exactly the same shape and size are said to be congruent.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 459
C' A'
B C D' C'
B
a'
A D
a

B' A' B'


A C Rectangles ABCD and Shape a is congruent
ABC is congruent to A' B' C'. A' B' C' D' are congruent. to shape a'.

During a rotation the figures do not change their shape or size and, therefore, the
images are said to be congruent to their object.
Instead of the lengthy word congruent, the sign ≅ is used. For example, in the above
diagram, ∆ABC ≅ ∆A′B′C′.

WORKED Example 7
a Show the image of the shape at right after a rotation
about point P by 180° (half turn) in a clockwise direction.
Label the image appropriately.
b State whether the image is congruent to the object. P F

G E D
A
THINK WRITE/DRAW B C

a Rotate the vertices of the object 180° in a C' B'


a clockwise direction. Label the image A'
of point A, using A′, the image of point D' E' G'

B with B′ and so on. Join the vertices F' P F


appropriately to complete the image.
G E D
A
B C

b Determine whether the two figures are b Yes, the object and its image are congruent;
exactly the same size and shape, and therefore, ABCDEFG ≅ A′B′C′D′E′F′G′.
answer the question.

THINKING In a spin
In the photograph shown, a spoke of a wheel
undergoes rotation about the centre of the wheel.
What angle has spoke A rotated through to move to
the position of spoke B? A

B
460 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

WORKED Example 8
The rectangle at right has been rotated 90° about one of the points C D
A, B, C, D, E or F in an anticlockwise direction. State the centre of
rotation that has been used to form the shaded image. F E
B A

THINK WRITE/DRAW
1 As the image has not moved from point
C D
A, test rotation about this point. That is,
copy the rectangle ABCD and perform
E
the rotation of 90° in an anticlockwise
direction about point A. B A
D'
2 Answer the question.
Note: The image obtained by rotating C' B'
the object about point A is exactly the
same as the given one. Therefore, A is The rectangle has been rotated about point A.
the centre of rotation that has been
used.

omet You can investigate rotation further by opening the Cabri Geometry file ‘Rotation’ on
i Ge ry
the Maths Quest 8 CD-ROM.
Cabr

Rotation
remember
1. A rotation is the process of turning an object around a fixed point without
changing its shape or size.
2. The fixed point about which the shape is turned is called the centre of rotation.
3. To specify the rotation about the given point, we need to state the direction
(clockwise or anticlockwise) of rotation and the angle through which the object
is to be turned.
4. Figures that have the same shape and size are said to be congruent.
5. The image formed by rotation is congruent (≅) to the original object.

HEET
10.6 10C Rotations
SkillS

Rotation WORKED 1 Show the image of the following shapes, rotated about point P.
of a Example
point 6
a b c

HEET
10.7
SkillS

P P
Rotation of an P
Rotated 90° clockwise Rotated 90°
object through anticlockwise Rotated 180°
180° anticlockwise
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 461
d e f Cabri Geo

met
ry
P P Rotation
P

Rotated 270° ( 3--- turn) Rotated 270° Rotated 450° (1 1--- turns)
4 4
clockwise anticlockwise clockwise

WORKED 2 Show the image of each of the following shapes after rotation about point P. Label the
Example
7
images appropriately. In each case state whether the image is congruent to the object.
a b c
A P A E A D
P
B C

E B C B C
D
F G D P
Rotated 90° Rotated 270° clockwise Rotated 180°
anticlockwise anticlockwise
d e f
B C P B C
A E
G
A
A P P
B C F
D E D
Rotated 90° clockwise D Rotated 450° clockwise
Rotated 270°
anticlockwise

WORKED 3 The rectangle at right has been rotated 90° about A, B, C, C D


Example
8
D, E or F in a clockwise direction. State the centre of
rotation that has been used to form each of the images F
E
(shaded) at the top of the next page.

B A
a b c

d e f
462 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

4 Patterns can be made by rotating images. For each of these shapes, show the pattern
after a 180° turn in a clockwise direction about point P.
a b c

P
P P

5 Some patterns can be made by rotating images several times. For each of the
following, rotate the object three times about point P, 90° in a clockwise direction.
That is, rotate the object first, then rotate the image of the object and, finally, the
image of the image, so that you have 4 shapes altogether.
a b c

P P
P

6 Create your own designs by drawing an interesting shape and rotating it several times.

7 Show the final image after the following sets of transformations.


a b c
B B B

C A C
C A A
Translated 2U 2R,
rotated 90° about the
image of C in a Reflected in the mirror Rotated 270°
clockwise direction line and then rotated anticlockwise about C
180° clockwise about and then reflected in the
the image of C mirror line
d e f
A B B

C B C A C A

Rotated 90° anticlockwise Translated 3D 4L; then Rotated 180° about C,


about C, then translated rotated 180° clockwise translated 5R 3U and
2D 5L about the image of C then reflected in the
mirror line
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 463
8 Which of the following pairs of shapes are congruent?

a b

c d

9 State whether the following statements are true or false.


a A shape that has been translated is congruent to the original one.
b A shape that has been rotated is congruent to the original one.
c A shape that has been reflected is congruent to the original one.
d A shape that has been translated and then rotated is not congruent to the original one.
e A shape that has been enlarged is congruent to the original one.
f A shape that has been reduced is not congruent to the original one.

10 multiple choice
The diagram at right shows the object and its image after a
certain transformation(s). The object was: Image
A reflected Object
B translated
C rotated
D reflected and then translated
E reflected and then rotated
GAME
time

11 multiple choice Transformations


— 002
To obtain the image, shown in the diagram at right, the object was:
A reflected Image
Object
B translated
C rotated
D rotated and then reflected
E rotated and then translated
464 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

DESIGN Designing a patchwork quilt


Look back at the patchwork quilt on page 445.
1 Draw the block pattern used in the quilt on the left starting with the centre of a
square.
2 Describe what transformations have taken place to produce the overall design of
the quilt.
Now you can design your own patchwork quilt.
3 Begin with a square. Draw lightly dotted lines in
pencil on the square to divide it into 9 equal-sized
smaller squares. Create a simple block pattern of
your own by using straight lines to join vertices of
grid.

4 Make a second block pattern that is a


reflection of your original design.

omet
i Ge ry 5 Make multiple copies (at least 16) of your block pattern and its reflection.
Cabr

Transformations 6 Be creative and arrange the copies by using translations, rotations or both.
7 Colour in your design and tape the blocks together to form the design of your
patchwork quilt.
8 If you were to make this patchwork quilt, work out the area of each of the
different coloured fabrics you would need for your design.
You may wish to experiment further and form another design from your block
pattern.
Here are a few examples to give you some ideas.

Translations Rotations and reflections


C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 465

2
Use the diagram at right for questions 1, 2 and 3. A R R

1 Select letter(s) from A to G which identify the figures RR


B
that have been translated.
R
2 Which letter(s) identify figures that have been rotated? C

3 Which letter(s) identify figures that have been reflected? PP


D
X
E X
b
F b
Q
G Q

4 Find the image of point R if it has been translated 2L 3D. R


5 If an object is translated 9R 3U, 7L 5U, 6L 4D, 2R, what is its
final position?
6 True or false? The figure at
right is unchanged after
reflection in the mirror.

7 Reflect each object in each of the mirrors to create a pattern.

8 True or false? The shape at right is


unchanged after rotation through
P
180° clockwise about point P.

9 Find the image after rotating the shape at right through 180° P
clockwise about the point, P.

10 Find the image after rotating


the shape 90° clockwise
about point P, and then
P
reflecting it in the mirror line.
466 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Congruent figures
Congruent figures are identical figures; that is, they have exactly the same shape
and size.
As mentioned earlier, congruent figures often result from reflections, rotations or
translations.

B Mirror line B' A B Q P

E T
D C R S
A C C' A'

When writing congruence statements, the vertices of the figures are named in corre-
sponding (or matching) order. Recall the symbol used for congruence is ≅. This is read
as ‘is congruent to’. In the above diagrams ABC ≅ A′B′C′ and ABCDE ≅ PQRST.
Notice the vertices are always written in corresponding (or matching) order.

WORKED Example 9
Select a pair of congruent shapes from the following set.
a b c d

THINK WRITE
Figures a, b and c have the same shape (that Shape a ≅ Shape b
is, a semicircle). Figure d is not a semicircle
and thus is not congruent to any other figures.
Figure c is larger than figures a and b and so
is not congruent to either one of them. Figures
a and b are identical in shape and size (they
just have different orientation) and, therefore,
are congruent to each other.

WORKED Example 10 A
P
Find the value of the pronumerals in the pair of 5 cm x
congruent triangles at right. 65°
m
B 80° z
35° R y
THINK WRITE Q
C
1 Read the question carefully.
Note: Since ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR, the corresponding
angles are equal in size. Corresponding angles
are included between the sides of equal length.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 467
THINK WRITE
2 Rotate the images so that the corresponding C 35º R
angles and sides may be compared.
Note: By looking at the markings on the sides z
of the triangles, we can conclude that:
∠BAC corresponds to ∠RPQ
∠ABC corresponds to ∠PQR x 80º y 65º
A B Q P
∠ACB corresponds to ∠PRQ. 5 cm m
Match the pronumerals with the corresponding x = 65°
angles whose sizes are given. y = 80°
z = 35°
3 In congruent triangles, the corresponding sides m = 5 cm
are equal in length. Using the markings on the
sides of the triangles, observe that the
unknown side PQ corresponds to side AB.
State the value of the pronumeral (which
represents the length of PQ).

remember
1. Congruent figures are identical figures; that is, they have the same shape and size.
2. When stating one figure is congruent to another, the vertices should be listed in
corresponding (or matching) order.

10D Congruent figures


WORKED 1 Select a pair of congruent shapes from each of the following sets.
Example
9
a i ii iii iv

b i ii

iii iv
468 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

c i ii iii iv 1 cm
1 cm 1 cm
3 cm
1 cm
3 cm 3 cm

1 cm

WORKED 2 Name the congruent triangles in these figures and find the value of the pronumerals in
Example
10
each case. (Remember: the vertices must be listed in corresponding order.)
a A C P R
25° x
1 4 1 4
B Q
b A P
y
40°

70° 70° x
B C Q R
c A d A e A
D
y 40° x y
30°
B z D B 100° z D
55°
x y 30° x
B C
C C
f A P

x
35°

y
B C R
Q

3 multiple choice
Which of the following is congruent to the triangle shown? 8 cm

40°
5 cm
a b c d e
5 cm
8 cm 8 cm
40° 40° 16 cm
40° 85° 40°
5 cm 40º
10 cm
T 10.2 A a only B a and b C d only D b and d E a and e
SHEE
Work

4 Give an example to show that triangles with two angles of equal size and a pair of non-
corresponding sides of equal length may not be congruent.
469 C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s

What was Dalton's 1808 Atomic Theory?


The lettered angles in each
of the following pairs of congruent triangles
will give you the puzzle answer code.

7
120˚
5
R 120
˚
I 7
˚
5 25 P 35
30 120
˚ ˚

˚
L 110 35
A

S
40˚

35˚

˚
30
W

˚
30

˚
O 130
100˚


14 30˚ 30˚
10˚

4 4

M
E

T D
2 2

40˚ 110˚ 110˚ 140˚ 40˚ 90˚ 90˚ 35˚ 30˚ 10˚ 40˚ 20˚

25˚ 100˚ 140˚ 45˚ 100˚ 20˚ 35˚ 60˚ 100˚ 130˚

20˚ 140˚ 40˚ 110˚ 110˚ 45˚ 40˚ 30˚ 90˚ 120˚ 25˚ 110˚ 35˚ 20˚

25˚ 40˚ 110˚ 110˚ 35˚ 60˚ 40˚ 90˚ 100˚ 140˚ 20˚
470 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Dilations
In the previous sections we discussed isometric transformations; that is, the transform-
ations that do not change the size or the shape of the object. In this section we will look
at the non-isometric transformation called dilation (also known as stretching).
An object can be dilated (stretched) by either a horizontal or a vertical factor, or
both. For example, dilating a shape by a horizontal factor of 2 means that all the hori-
zontal distances become twice the original size, while vertical distances remain
unchanged. Dilating the shape by a vertical factor of 1--- means that the image will have
3
each vertical distance one third the size of the object and each horizontal distance the
same size as the object. When we dilate an object in only one direction (either hori-
zontally, or vertically) as in the following worked example, or when the horizontal
factor and the vertical factor of dilation are different, both the size and the shape of the
object are changed. Our object and image are no longer congruent.

WORKED Example 11
Dilate the following shape by a horizontal factor of 4.
B C E F

D
A G

THINK DRAW
1 All horizontal lengths will increase by a
factor of 4. The side AG was 5 units
long, BC 2 units and EF 1 unit long.
Under the horizontal dilation A′G′ will
be 20 units long (5 × 4), B′C′ 8 and
E′F′ 2 units long.
2 The vertical lengths will remain
unchanged. B' C' E' F'

D'

A' B CE F G'

D
A G

If both the horizontal and the vertical dilation factors are equal, the object will change
its size, but retain its original shape. That is, the image will be similar to the object.
If the dilation factors in both directions are the same and equal to a number greater
than 1, we refer to the procedure as enlargement. The result of the enlargement is that
the image has the same shape but is larger than the original object.

Objects which have the same shape, but different size, are called similar.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 471
WORKED Example 12
Enlarge the following shape by a factor of 2.
C D
A B E F

L K G
H
J I

THINK DRAW
Each side length of the image must be C' D'
double the side length of the object. The
C D
original object is a dodecagon in the shape A' B' E' F'
A B E F
of a cross with a side length of 2 units, so
the image is the same cross, but with a side L K G
L' H G'
length of 4 units. K' H'
J I

J' I'

If the dilation factor in both directions is the same and is less than 1, the result of the
dilation will be a reduced figure (the image will be the same shape, but smaller than the
original). In such cases it is customary to find the reciprocal of the dilation factor and
refer to the procedure as the reduction. For example, enlarging a shape by a factor of 1---
2
is the same as reducing it by a factor of 2.

WORKED Example 13
Reduce the shape at right by a factor of 3.
B C F G

D E

A H
THINK DRAW
1
Each side length of the image must be ---
3 B C
of the side length of the original. Sides F G
AB, DE, FG and GH are each 6 units long,
so the corresponding sides of the image D C' E F' G'
B'
will be 2 units long ( 1--- of 6). Sides BC, CD D E'
3 A' H'
and EF are each 3 units long, so B′C′ =
A H
C′D′ = E′F′ = 1 unit. Finally, AH is 15 units
long. Therefore, A′H′ will be 5 units.
472 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

WORKED Example 14
For the figure at right find: B' C'
a the area of the object and area of the image
if the object has been enlarged by a factor of 3
b the factor by which the area has changed. B C

A D
A' D'

THINK WRITE

a 1 The object is a rectangle. Write the a A=l×w


formula for the area of a rectangle.
2 Identify the values of l and w (length Object:
and width) for the object by counting l = 3 units
the number of squares in the w = 5 units
diagram.
3 Substitute the values of l and w into Aobject = 3 × 5
the formula to find the area of the = 15 square units
object.
4 Find the measurements for the image Image:
by increasing each side length by 3. l = 3 × 3 = 9 units
(Alternatively, count the number of w = 5 × 3 = 15 units
squares for the appropriate sides of
the image in the diagram.)
5 Find the area of the image by Aimage = 9 × 15
substituting the values of l and w = 135 square units
into the formula.

A image 135
b 1 To find by how much the area has - = ---------
b -------------
increased, divide the area of the A object 15
image by the area of the object. =9

2 Write the answer in words. The image has an area 9 times that of the
object.

From worked example 14 we can observe that while the side length of the object has
increased by a factor of 3, its area has increased by a factor of 9; that is, by a factor of
3 × 3, or 32. This observation can be generalised as follows.

If the side length of the object is increased by the factor of n, its area increases by
the factor of n × n, or n2.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 473
WORKED Example 15
a Find the volume of the object shown.
b If the object was enlarged by a factor of 2,
find the volume of the image.
c By what factor has the volume changed?

THINK WRITE

a 1 The object shown is a rectangular a V=A×H


prism. Write the general formula for =l×w×h
its volume. (Volume = cross-sectional
area × height.)
2 Identify the values of l, w and h Object:
(length, width and height), using the l = 2 units; w = 1 unit; h = 2 units
diagram.
3 Find the volume of the object by Vobject = 2 × 1 × 2
substituting the values of the = 4 cubic units
variables into the formula.

b 1 State the values of l, w and h for the b Image:


image. (Each side length is double l = 4 units; w = 2 units; h = 4 units
the original.)
2 Find the volume of the image. Vimage = 4 × 2 × 4
= 32 cubic units

V image
c 1 To find the enlargement factor, c Enlargement factor = --------------
divide the volume of the image by V object
the volume of the object. Enlargement factor = 32
------
4
Enlargement factor = 8
2 Write the answer in words. The volume of an object has increased by the
factor of 8.

From worked example 15 we can observe that while the length of each side of the
object has increased by the factor of 2, its volume has increased by the factor of 8; that
is, by 2 × 2 × 2, or 23. This observation can be generalised as follows.
If the side length of an object is enlarged by the factor of n, its volume will
increase by the factor of n × n × n, or n3.
474 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

remember
1. Dilation is a non-isometric transformation, also known as stretching.
2. An object can be dilated by either a horizontal or a vertical factor, or by both.
3. The dilation factor shows the number of times each side length has to be
increased or decreased.
4. If an object is dilated by a horizontal factor only, all vertical distances remain
unchanged. If an object is dilated by a vertical factor only, all horizontal
distances remain unchanged.
5. When dilated, an object is not congruent to its image.
6. If a shape is dilated by the same factor both horizontally and vertically, the
image is similar to the object. Similar objects have the same shape but different
size.
7. Dilating a shape in both directions by a factor greater than 1 is referred to as
enlargement. If the shape is dilated by a factor smaller than 1 both horizontally
and vertically, it is said to be reduced.
8. If an object has been enlarged by a factor of n, its area will increase by a factor
of n2 and its volume by a factor of n3.

10E Dilations

omet WORKED 1 Dilate each of the following shapes by the factor given below it.
i Ge ry Example
Cabr

11 a b c
Dilation

Vertical factor of 3 Vertical factor of 2 Horizontal factor of 4

WORKED 2 Enlarge each of the following shapes by the factor given below it.
Example
12 a b c

Factor of 2 Factor of 3 Factor of 4


C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 475
WORKED 3 Reduce each of the following shapes by the factor given below it.
Example
a b
13

Factor of 2

Factor of 2
c d

Factor of 3
Factor of 2
e f

Factor of 4

Factor of 3
WORKED 4 For each of the following, find: Cabri Geo
Example
i the area of the object and the area of the image if the object has been enlarged by

met
14

ry
the factor given Dilation
ii the factor by which the area has changed. and
area
a b c

Enlarged by a
Enlarged by a factor of 4
factor of 2
Enlarged by a factor of 3
5 Enlarge each of the following solids by the factor given.
a b c

Factor of 2 Factor of 2 Factor of 2


476 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

d e f

Factor of 3 Factor of 3 Factor of 4


WORKED 6 For each of the following solids, using u as the symbol for one unit, find:
Example
15
i the volume of the object shown
ii the volume of the image if the object is enlarged by the factor given
iii the factor by which the volume has changed.
a b c

Factor of 2 Factor of 2 Factor of 2


d e f

Factor of 3 Factor of 3 Factor of 4


7 a Find the volume of each of the boxes 8 cm
at right from the measurements given.
4 cm
b Find the enlargement factor (consider
1 cm 2 cm
the smaller box as the object and the
3 cm 6 cm
larger as the image).
c ind the factor by which the volume changes.
8 a Find the volume of each of the boxes shown.

12.6 m

4.2 m
0.7 m 2.1 m
2.6 m 7.8 m
b Find the enlargement factor, given that the smaller box is the original object.
c Find the factor by which the volume has changed.
9 An object has an area of 4 cm2. If it is enlarged by a factor of 3, the area of the image
is 36 cm2. Complete the following sentence: When the object is enlarged by a factor
of 3, its area is enlarged by a factor of _____.
10 An object has an area of 8 m2. If it is enlarged by a factor of 2, the area of the image
is 32 cm2. Copy and complete the following sentence: When the object is enlarged by
a factor of 2, its area is enlarged by a factor of _____.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 477
11 A small photograph has an area of 15 cm2. If it is enlarged by a factor of 2, what will
be the area of the image?

12 An object has an area of 27 cm2. If it is enlarged by a factor of 3, find the area of the
image.

13 An object has an area of 20 cm2. If it is reduced by a factor of 2, the area of the image
is 5 cm2. Copy and complete the following sentence: When an object is reduced by a
factor of 2, its area is reduced by a factor of _____.

14 An object has a volume of 8 cm3. If it is enlarged by a factor of 2, the volume of the


image is 64 cm3. Complete this sentence: When the object is enlarged by a factor of 2,
its volume is enlarged by a factor of _____.

15 An object has a volume of 25 cm3. If it is enlarged by a factor of 3, what will be the


volume of the image?

16 multiple choice
a If an object has an area of 12 cm2, then its image, when enlarged by a factor of 2
will have an area of:
A 12 cm2 B 24 cm2 C 48 cm2 D 108 cm2 E 192 cm2
b If an object has a volume of 8 cm3, then its image, when enlarged by a factor of 3,
will have a volume of:
A 8 cm3 B 16 cm3 C 32 cm3 D 72 cm3 E 216 cm3
c If an object has an area of 27 cm2, then its image, when reduced by a factor of 3,
will have an area of:
A 3 cm2 B 6 cm2 C 9 cm2 D 28 cm2 E 27 cm2
d If an object has a volume of 128 cm3, its image, when reduced by a factor of 4, will
SHEE
T 10.3
have a volume of:
Work

A 1 cm3 B 2 cm3 C 4 cm3 D 8 cm3 E 16 cm3


478 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

THINKING Braille
Braille is an alphabet of raised dots that can be read by touch. It was developed by
a 15-year-old blind French student named Louis Braille. The Braille alphabet is
based on a cell three dots high and two dots wide.

1 Compare the first 10 letters of the Braille alphabet


with the second 10 letters. What patterns do you see?
2 Which Braille letters are reflections of each other?
3 Which Braille letters are rotations of each other?
4 There are no Braille letters that are
translations of each other. Can you explain
why?
5 A word like MUM has reflection symmetry.
Investigate words that have reflection
symmetry when written in Braille.
6 A word like SWIMS has rotational
symmetry. Investigate words that have
rotational symmetry when written in Braille.

Similar figures
We often need to compare ratios when we are dealing with similar figures.
Similar figures are those which have exactly the same shape, but different size.
As mentioned earlier, similar figures often A' B'
A B
result from enlargements and reductions.
When writing similarity statements, the
vertices (or corners) of the figures are named in
D C
corresponding (or matching) order. The symbol D' C'
used for similarity is ∼. This is read as ‘is similar to’.
In the above diagrams, ABCD ∼ A′B′C′D′.
In similar figures, the ratios of corresponding (or matching) sides are equal.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 479
WORKED Example 16
X A
The diagrams at right show a pair of 4.5 cm
3 cm
similar triangles. Find the value of x. 6 cm 9 cm
Y x cm Z

B 10 cm C

THINK WRITE

Since LXYZ ~ LABC,


1 The unknown side YZ in a smaller
YZ XY
triangle corresponds to the side BC in -------- = ---------
BC AB
the larger triangle. Also side XY in the
smaller triangle corresponds to the side
AB in the larger triangle. Since the
triangles are similar, the ratios of these
corresponding sides must be equal.
2 Identify the values of YZ, BC, XY and YZ = x; BC = 10 cm; XY = 3 cm; AB = 6 cm
AB.
x 3
3 Make sure that all measurements are in the ------ = ---
10 6
same units and substitute the known values
and the pronumeral into the proportion.
4 Solve for x. x × 6 = 3 × 10
ii Cross multiply so that denominators 6x = 30
disappear.
ii Divide both sides of the equation by 6x 30
------ = ------
six. 6 6
x=5
5 Write the answer, including units. The length of side YZ is 5 cm.

Note: To find the value of x in the previous example, we could use different pairs of
YZ XY YZ XZ
corresponding sides. Namely, instead of using -------- = --------- , the proportion -------- = --------
BC AB BC AC
could have been used. Verify that the result obtained in worked example 16 is the same
as that obtained by using the second proportion.

remember
1. To compare the ratios, write them in a fraction form first, and then compare the
two fractions by writing them with a common denominator.
2. Similar figures have exactly the same shape, but different size.
3. The ratios of the corresponding (or matching) sides in similar figures are equal.
480 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

10F Similar figures


WORKED 1 Each of the diagrams below show a pair of similar triangles. Find the value of x in each
Example
16
case.
a

10 5
6 3

x
b 9 9
3 3

x
c
12
5

7
8

d
3
x

10

2 Determine the enlargement factors that have been used on the following shapes.
a A' B' b
A B
12.5 5
2 cm 6 cm

D 4
3 cm C
D' 9 cm C' 10
c P d
P'

2 cm 7 cm

Q R Q' R'
5 cm 3 cm
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 481
3 In the following, LPQR ∼ LDEF (so that PQ corresponds to DE, PR corresponds to
DF and QR corresponds to EF). Find the length of the missing side in each of the
following combinations.
a PQ = 10 cm DE = 5 cm PR = 6 cm find DF
b PQ = 4 cm DE = 12 cm QR = 5 cm find EF
c DE = 4 cm PQ = 6 cm EF = 8 cm find QR
d DF = 5 cm PR = 8 cm DE = 6 cm find PQ
e QR = 16 cm EF = 6 cm PQ = 12 cm find DE.
4 The rectangles A, B and C are similar. As with triangles, the corresponding sides of
similar rectangles are in the same ratio. The dimensions of rectangle B are 6 cm × 4 cm.

6 cm

B 4 cm
A 7 cm
4 cm
C

a Find the length of rectangle A if its width is 7 cm.


b Find the width of rectangle C if its length is 4 cm.
5 Use similar triangles to solve the following problem. (Hint: Draw diagrams first.) At a
particular time of day a 1 m pole casts a shadow 2.5 m long. At the same time a
building casts a shadow 22 m long. How tall is the building?
482 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.

1 Transformations where an object does not change its size and shape are
called and include translations, reflections and rotations.

2 An object that has moved up, down, left or right without flipping, turning,
or changing size is said to have been .

3 An object that has turned about a fixed point by a certain number of


degrees in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction is said to be
.

4 A fixed point about which a shape may be rotated is called the


.

5 A shape that has an image as seen in the mirror has been .

6 Any point on the object and a corresponding point on the image lie on the
same line, to the mirror line.

7 An object is as far in front of the as the image is behind it.

8 Two objects that have exactly the same shape and size are said to be
.

9 A shape that is congruent to the original shape can be obtained using a


such as a translation, rotation or reflection.

10 When comparing two congruent figures, vertices must be written in


order.

11 An object can be (stretched) by a horizontal dilation factor,


vertical dilation factor, or both.

12 An image of the shape obtained as a result of dilation is to its


original object.

13 Objects that have exactly the same shape but different size are called
.

14 If the horizontal dilation factor is the vertical dilation factor,


the image is similar to its original object.

15 When the dilation factor (in both directions) is , the dilation


is referred to as enlargement.
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 483
16 When the dilation factor (in both directions) is smaller than 1, the shape
is said to be .

17 A 2-dimensional shape that has each side enlarged by a factor of n has an


increase in area by a factor of .

18 A 3-dimensional shape that has each side enlarged by a factor of n has an


increase in volume by a factor of .

19 Similar figures have exactly the same but different


.

20 In similar figures, the ratios of corresponding sides are .

WORD LIST
equal to isometric n2 translated
n3 corresponding rotated transformation
shape dilated reflected size
perpendicular congruent equal mirror line
greater than 1 centre of rotation reduced not congruent
similar
484 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

CHAPTER
review
1 Show the following translations by copying the shapes and producing an image on a grid.
10A a b c

7R 2U 2L 3D
5R 2D
2 State the final position after each set of translations given below.
10A a 3U 2R, 4D 6R, 2U 3L b 2D 3L, 4U 5R, 2D 6L, 3D 2R
c 3L 2U, 9R 5D, 2L 3D, 4R 7U d 12L 3U, 4R 2D, 6L 5U, 2R 2D
3 For each of the following shapes, find the reflected image in the mirror line shown.
10B a b c

4 Find the image after the sets of transformations shown in these objects.
10B a b

Translated 3L 4U; then


reflected in the mirror
Reflected in the mirror;
then translated 3U 5L
5 For each of the following shapes, show the image after the rotation about point P as
10C specified below the figures.
a b c
P

P P
180° anticlockwise 270° clockwise
90° clockwise
C h a p t e r 1 0 Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 485
6 Show the final image after each of the following shapes have gone through these sets of
transformations. 10C
a b c

P
P Translated 2D 4R, rotated
P
180° clockwise around the
Translated 3U 6L; then Reflected in the mirror; image of P and then
rotated 90° anticlockwise then rotated 90° reflected.
around the image of P. clockwise around the
image of P.

7 Which of the following pairs of shapes are congruent?


10D
a b c

8 Name the congruent triangles in these figures and find the value of the pronumerals in each case.
10D
a P D x W
2 cm 135º
2 cm
135º
N 3 cm A R

b B p
x T
30º
m
5c
75º
y z
K q S

9 Copy each of the following shapes and enlarge (or reduce) them by the given factor.
10E
a b c

Enlarge by a factor of 2
Enlarge by a factor of 4
Reduce by a factor of 3
486 Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

10 Using u as the symbol for one unit, find the


10E following for the image rectangle and the B' 21 C'
object rectangle shown at right:
a the area of each rectangle
b the factor of enlargement B
7
C 9
c the factor of area change. 3
A D
A' D'

11 For the boxes shown at right, find:


10E a the volume of each box
b the factor by which the object has been enlarged
c the factor by which the volume has changed.
12 a'
4 a
3 2 6
9

12 Find the value of x in each of the following pairs of similar figures.


10F a b 2 cm
x cm
6 cm
8 cm
1 cm
x cm

6 cm
10 cm

test
yourself
CHAPTER

10

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