Materi Kuliah

Data link control protokol – pertemuan 13

• Multiplexing
– FDM - Frequency-Division Multiplexing
– Synchronous TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing)
– Asynchronous / Statistical TDM
• Multiple Access
– FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
– TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
– CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
– Random Access
• Communication Network
– LAN – Local Area Network
– WAN – Wide Area Network
– MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
 Multiplexing
• Multiplexing provides a mechanism to share the use of a common
channel or circuit by two or more devices. It minimizes number of
transmission lines required to connect communication devices.
• Share a use of common channel

Multiplexer is connected by a single data link to a demultiplexer. This multiplexer

combines (multiplexes) data from the n input lines and transmits over a higher-
capacity data link.
The link is able to carry n separate channels of data.
The demultiplexer accepts the multiplexed data streams, separates (demultiplexes)
the data according to channel, and delivers them to appropriate output lines
 Multiplexing
Major multiplex techniques can be categorized into two types:
• Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Time Division Multiplexing
– Synchronous TDM
– Statistical or asynchronous TDM
 Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing - FDM
 Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Possible when the usefull bandwidth of the medium exceeds the
required bandwidth of signals to be transmitted
• Each data signal is modulated onto a carrier with a different frequency
and all signal travel simultaneously over a channel
• To prevent interference, the channels are separated by guards bands,
which are unused portions of the spectrum
• A broadband analog transmission technique; for example broadcast and
cable television
 Multiplexing
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Multiplexing
Synchronous TDM
• A baseband technique
• Possible when the achievable data rate (or bandwidth) of the medium
exceeds the data rate of digital signals to be transmitted
• Its individuals input is identified by their position in a stream
• Analog inputs are digitized using PCM and the digitized information are
insert into the fixed timing called time slot
• It calls synchronous not because it uses a synchronous transmission, but
it uses a preallocated and fixed time slot; each time slot will be allocated
even there is no data transfer
 Multiplexing
Asynchronous TDM (= statistical TDM)
 Multiplexing
Asynchronous / statistical Time Division Multiplexing
• Dynamically allocate time slots on demand. The statistical multiplexer
does not send empty slots if there are any other data to send
• On input, the function of the multiplexer is to scan the input buffers,
collecting data until a frame is filled, and then send the frame
• On output, the multiplexer receives a frame and distributes the slots of
data to the appropriate output buffers
• Frame format:
 Multiplexing
Asynchronous / statistical Time Division Multiplexing
• Frame format:
Statistical TDM
FLAG Address Control FCS Flag
Sub frame
a. overall frame

Address Data

b. one source per frame

Address Length Data Address Length Data

c. multiple sources per frame

In a & b only one source of data is included per frame; identified by an

address. The length of the data field is variable, and its end is marked by
the end of the overall frame
In c, the subframe consists of a sequence of data fields, each labeled with
and an address and a length. One technique is by reducing the address
field using relative addressing, where each address specifies the number
of the current source relative to the previous source, module the total
number of sources
 Multiple Access
• Multiple Access
– FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access
– TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
– CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
– Random Access
• Multiple access techniques in wireless communication:
Cellular System Techniques
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) FDMA / FDM
Global System for Mobile (GSM) TDMA / FDM
US Digital Cellular TDMA / FDM
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) FDMA / TDM
US Narrowband Spread Spectrum (IS-95) CDMA / FDM
 Multiple Access
Logical separation of FDMA

FDMA/FDM

forward channel
user 1
reverse channel

.. f FDMA/TDM
.
forward channel
user n user 1
reverse channel
forward channel reverse channel
t
.. f
.
user n
forward channel reverse channel

t
 Multiple Access
FDMA
• One phone circuit per channel
• Idle time causes wasting of resources
• Simultaneously and continuously transmitting
• Number of channels in a FDMA system:
Bt - Bguard
N=
Bc

N = number of channels
Bt = total spectrum allocation
Bguard = guard band
Bc = channel bandwidth
 Multiple Access
FDMA
• Example: AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone System
– Using a FDMA/FDM technique
– Analog cellular system
– 12.5 MHz per simplex band = Bt
– Bguard = 10 kHz; Bc = 30 kHz

12.5E6 - 2*(10E3)
N= = 416 channels
30E3
 Multiple Access
Logical separation of TDMA

TDMA/FDM

forward forward
channel channel
user 1 .. user n f TDMA/TDM
reverse . reverse
user 1 user n
channel channel

t forward reverse .. forward reverse f

.
channel channel channel channel

t
 Multiple Access
TDMA
• A single carrier frequency for several users
• Time slots, with one user per slot
• Buffer and burst method
• Noncontinuous transmission with a very high transmission rate
• Digital data & Digital modulation
• Number of channels in a TDMA system:
m*(Btot - 2*Bguard)
N=
Bc

N = number of channels; m = number of TDMA users per radio channel

Btot = total spectrum allocation; Bguard = guard band; Bc = channel bandwidth
 Multiple Access
TDMA
• Repeating frame structure:

One TDMA Frame

Preamble Information Message Trail Bits

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 … Slot N

Trail Bits Sync. Bits Information Data Guard Bits

The frame is cyclically repeated over time.

 Multiple Access
TDMA
• Example: GSM – Global System for Mobile
– Using a TDMA / FDM technique
– Forward link at Btot = 25 MHz
– Radio channels of Bc = 200 kHz
– If m = 8 speech channels supported, and
– If no guard band is assumed, then:

8*25E6
N= = 1000 simultaneous users
200E3
 Multiple Access
Logical separation of CDMA

CDMA/FDM
user 1
forward channel reverse channel

..
code CDMA/TDM
.
user n
forward channel reverse channel user 1
forward channel reverse channel
f
.. code
.
user n
forward channel reverse channel

t
 Multiple Access
CDMA
• All CDMA users use the same carrier frequency and may transmit
simultaneously
• Unlike TDMA or FDMA, CDMA has soft capacity limit. Increasing the
number of users in the system raises the noise floor in a linear manner
• There is no absolute limit on the number of users; however, the system
performance gradually decreases for all users as the number of users is
increased, and improves as the number of users is decreased
 Communication Network
• Three primary categories of network
– LAN – Local Area Network
– WAN – Wide Area Network
– MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

LAN – Local Area Network

• Covers limited geographic area, e.g. 1 or 2 buildings
• Usually privately owned, under single management
• Links devices (PCs, Printers, File servers, …) in a single office, building
or campus
• Relatively high data rate
• Medium: twisted pair, coaxial fiber optics, wireless
• Medium access techniques: protocol to coordinate the sharing of media
 Communication Network
LAN – Local Area Network
• To improve performance, a LAN may need segmentation; and later
LAN segment interconnections with Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and
Gateways

WAN – Wide Area Network

• Covers larger geographic area (cities, continents)
• when computers are located in different establishments (sites), and then
used public carrier facilities

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

• A new network with the interconnection of ATM LANs; and data-only
LANs are distributed around a town or city
 Communication Network

• Topology – defines the physical or logical arrangement of links in a

network
• Five basic topologies:
– Mesh: every device has dedicated point-to-point link to every other device
number of links = n(n-1)
number of ports per device = n-1

• Advantages: eliminates traffic problems associated with shared links;

robust; privacy or security; easy identification and isolation of faults
• Disadvantages: require large amount of cabling and I/O ports;
expensive
 Communication Network

Five basic topologies:

– Star: each device has a dedicated point-to-point only to a central controller,
called hub

• Advantage: less expensive than a mesh topology

• Disadvantage: single point of failure – hub
 Communication Network

Five basic topologies:

– Tree: variation of a star with multiple hubs

• Central hub in the tree is an active hub (contains a repeater that

regenerates the received bit patterns before sending them out)
• Secondary hubs can be active or passive (only provides a simple
physical connection between the attached devices
 Communication Network

Five basic topologies:

– Ring: each devices has a dedicated point-to-point link only with the two
devices on either side of it

• Advantage: relatively easy to install and reconfigure

• Disadvantage: a break in the ring can disable the entire network
 Communication Network

Five basic topologies:

– Bus: multipoint line configuration, where all nodes connected to a common
medium (bus cable) by drop lines and taps
• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all devices

• Advantages: simple; easy to add stations; although only one station

communicates with others at any given time; less cabling than other
topology
• Disadvantages: difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation; a fault in
the bus cable stops all transmission
 Communication Network

Hybrid:
– Often a network combines several topologies as subnetworks
 Categories of networks

LAN – Local Area Network

– Links devices (PCs, Printers, File servers, …) in a single office, building or
campus
 Categories of networks

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

– Designed to extend over an entire city
 Categories of networks

WAN – Wide Area Network

– Provides long-distance transmission of data over large geographical area
that may comprise a country, a continent or even the whole world
 Categories of networks

Internetwork or internet
– Interconnection of two or more networks by the use of internetworking
devices
 Categories of networks

Summary

Inter-host distance Hosts located in the same

10 m Room
100 m
1 km
Building
Campus
} LAN

10 km City MAN
100 km
1,000 km
Country
Continent
} WAN
10,000 km Planet The internet