Documentation of the

Dutch refinery model

SERUM

G.J. Stienstra

ECN-E--06-029 November 2006

Acknowledgement
This report was written as part of the project ‘NEV-instrumentarium’ (project number 7.7753)
for the Ministry of Economic Affairs of The Netherlands.

Abstract
The refinery model SERUM is part of a wider array of models that are used for modelling the
Dutch National Energy Outlook. This combination of models and their common database is ap-
plied for projections and scenarios for future energy use and emissions.

The Dutch Refining industry is modelled with an LP model for the techno-economic analysis of
refining operations. Its applications lie in scenarios for future energy use, and assessing the ef-
fects of new regulatory standards for fuel emissions or new refining technologies. The effects on
refining energy requirements and emissions are the main goals in these analyses.

This report gives a model overview of SERUM, and its interactions with other models as well as
it provides some detailed information on the architecture of the refinery model.

2 ECN-E--06-029
Contents

List of figures 4
1. Introduction 5
1.1 Purpose of this Report 5
1.2 Model Summary 5
1.2.1 SERUM GAMS model 5
1.2.2 The operational MS Excel Shell (SERUM.XLS) 6
2. Model Purpose 7
2.1 Model objectives 7
2.2 Relationship to other Models 7
3. Model Overview 10
3.1 Existing documentation on SERUM 10
3.2 Theoretical approach 10
3.3 Inputs and outputs of SERUM GAMS model 10
3.4 Overview of model operations 11
3.5 Fundamental Assumptions 12
4. Model Structure 14
4.1 Introduction 14
4.2 Flow of Data 14
4.3 GAMS Model 15
4.4 Excel shell 15
4.4.1 Additional calculations 16
References 18
Appendix A SERUM GAMS model 19
A.1 Final products 19
A.2 Intermediate products 19
A.3 Masterlist of the energy producer labels 21
A.4 Masterlist of energy production plants 21
A.5 Masterlist of energy production units 22
A.6 Masterlist of energy production processes 23

ECN-E--06-029 3
List of figures
Figure 2.1 Overview of the Dutch National Energy Outlook Modelling System (NEOMS) 8
Figure 3.1 Typical Inputs and Outputs of the SERUM-GAMS model for scenario studies 11
Figure 3.2 Operational structure of the SERUM model 12
Figure 4.1 Flow of data in individual files for the SERUM model 14

4 ECN-E--06-029
1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose of this Report

The purpose of this report is to define the objectives of the refinery model SERUM, describe its
basic approach, and provide some detailed information on its architecture. This report is in-
tended as a reference document for model analysts and users.

First this report describes the model generally. In chapter two the purpose of the model and its
relationships with other models is described. Chapter 3 presents a model overview and discusses
the basic assumptions. Finally in Chapter 4 the model structure is presented in detail.

1.2 Model Summary

SERUM stands for ‘Static ESC Refinery Utility Model1’, and it is a techno-economical model
of the petroleum refineries in the Netherlands. The model is able to calculate the effects of vari-
ous changes in the refineries environment: e.g. technical changes like different crude types,
feedstocks, and available technology, as well as more economically and policy driven changes
such as: product specifications, product demand, and energy use and emission standards.

The model can be divided into three parts: an operational shell in Microsoft Excel, a linear op-
timalisation model written in GAMS, and the communication with the other databases of the
scenario studies. In this report, the term ‘SERUM-model’ applies to the elements combined.

The SERUM model is one of several models used for Dutch National Energy Outlook Model-
ling System. This collection of models is called the NEOMS2, and has a combined database for
model inputs and results.

Historically the SERUM model was developed to address policy issues related to the introduc-
tion of lead-free gasoline in the early 1980s. The Dutch Ministry of Economic affairs was inter-
ested in an independent source of quantitative information on energy related issues concerning
refining technology and operation. In 1986 Lead-free gasoline was introduced in the Nether-
lands ahead of EU-policy.

1.2.1 SERUM GAMS model

The SERUM GAMS model is an LP model that forms the operational backbone of the SERUM
model. LP stands for linear programming, a mathematical technique for optimization for finding
the best solution (in an economic sense) to complex problems involving the allocation of scarce
resources across many competing activities. In refining analysis, the scarce resources are the
production facilities of the refineries of interest and the competing activities are the various
processing operations in the refineries.

1
ESC stands for Energy Study Centre, and is the former name of the organization that is now one unit within the
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, and continued its work under the name ‘Policy Studies’.
2
NEOMS stands for National Energy Outlook Modeling System (Dutch Acronym: NEV-RS).

ECN-E--06-029 5
The SERUM GAMS model describes the conversion of three crudes (Brent Blend, Iranian Light
and Arabian Heavy) into oil products. In three modules the model distinguishes three separate
refinery functions, viz. refining, blending and heat and power generation (utility function). The
refining module specifies the processing of crudes in different processing units such as distilla-
tion, catalytic cracking and hydrocracking, hydrotreating and other refinery processes. For each
process data is available on cost, product yield, energy requirements, type of fuel used, emis-
sions and qualities of the different output streams.

Equations in the blending module represent the blending of intermediate product streams into
oil products, conform the product specifications identified in the model.

Finally the utility module specifies different types of furnaces, boilers, gas turbines and ad-
vanced fuel conversion technology and the fuels used to generate the required energy for refin-
ing (i.e. steam, heat and electricity). This module includes data on generation costs, energy con-
version efficiencies and SO2 and NOx emissions.

1.2.2 The operational MS Excel Shell (SERUM.XLS)

SERUM.XLS is a MS Excel Workbook that consists of several worksheets containing the basis
assumptions, constraints and input data. It automates the generation of input-files for the
SERUM GAMS model, and provides a user interface for the operation of the SERUM model.

The Excel Shell also contains several calculation steps that are an addition to those within the
GAMS-model; e.g. for the overall CO2 balance. Also several calculation steps are available to
convert results in a format that is consistent with the other NEOMS models. SERUM.XLS is
also the operational user interface of the model.

The following steps can be discerned when executing the model. The input data is gathered for a
specific run using Visual Basic routines; data-files are pre-processed; and SERUM GAMS op-
timalisation is started; results are imported in excel-worksheets, and additional calculations are
made. In a separate operational procedure results can be transferred to the NEOMS database. A
more detailed description of the model operations can be found in Chapter 3.

6 ECN-E--06-029
2. Model Purpose

2.1 Model objectives

The primary objective of SERUM is to calculate energy use of the Dutch refineries. Secondary
to calculate the CO2 and SO2 emissions related to refining. Additionally, the SERUM model can
be used specifically to estimate energy saving in refineries3, and for parametric analysis of the
Dutch refinery sector.

Model results are typically used in National and European scenario studies such as the ‘Referen-
tieraming4’ (Van Dril, 2005) or ‘WLO - Four European energy scenarios5’, as well as for analy-
sis of the allocation of the CO2 emission rights for the refining sector.

2.2 Relationship to other Models

An overview of the model interaction of SERUM is depicted in Figure 2.1.

Every rectangle in this figure stands for a specific model, which calculates a part of the Dutch
energy demand and production system:
• SAWEC/SAVE-HH: The energy use of households.
• SAVE services: The energy use of government and services.
• SAVE production: The energy use of the industry and the agricultural sector (mostly green-
houses), it also calculates the potential of combined heat and power production (CHP).
• POWERS: Electricity production and electricity market including import and export to other
countries.
• SELPE: Model that compiles the total energy picture for the Netherlands.
• MONIT: In this system energy scenarios can be combined with energy statistics for analysis.
• PIE: Here are data combined for used of the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
(MNP).
• Tariff gas & electricity: Calculates among others the gas and electricity prices.
• Renewables: Electricity production with renewable energy sources.
• Natural Gas: Production of natural gas in the Netherlands.
• Transport: Energy Use data on transport from MNP are converted into model input6.
• Special Fuels: Delivers model input for the production of methanol, ethanol and hydrogen in
the Netherlands.

3
The method for this type of calculation is described separately in the report ECN-E--06-005.
4
See ECN-C--05-018 for the Dutch version.
5
To be published in autumn 2006.
6
Results of the ‘transport model’ and the ‘SAVE Production’ model in the field of oil demand growth are not
directly transferred into SERUM input. Combined with oil expert estimates this is done by hand.

ECN-E--06-029 7
 Tariffs gas &
electricity

SAWEC/ SERUM
Renewables SAVE-Services
SAVE-HH Refineries

Natural Gas

Transport SAVE-Production
CHP -Industry-Agro

SpecialFuel

Powers

SELPE

Monit/PIE
conversion

IEA MNP/PIE Protocol savings MONIT Output Tables

Figure 2.1 Overview of the Dutch National Energy Outlook Modelling System (NEOMS)

NEOMS
The model is generally used in combination with other sector-models in the NEOMS7. For sce-
nario modelling of the Dutch national energy use and the related emissions a number of techno-
economic models are used. Their results are combined for further analysis, or can be used as in-
put for other models.

NEOMS has a central database which handles the storage and distributing of the data between
the models. An overview of the NEOMS models and their interaction is given in Figure 2.1.

If al sub-models are ready, the SELPE model starts from this database and compiles the total
Dutch energy picture.

Input data such as electricity, gas and oil prices are obtained from the database before each run,
and model results are stored in the NEOMS database. Database tools distribute the results from
specific SERUM runs to the NEOMS database. These results can be used as inputs to other
models: e.g. the refinery gas that is delivered to the chemical industries in the SAVE industry
model; and the MONIT model that calculates amongst others the sector specific energy use and
saving. These interactions take place through the SELPE model as indicated in Figure 2.1.

7
NEOMS stands for National Energy Outlook Modeling System.

8 ECN-E--06-029
Energy Prices
An iterative calculation with POWERS, the tariff model and the SAVE models results in the
electricity and gas prices used in the NEOMS models. Although SERUM is part of this loop, the
influence of the SERUM model on the updated final electricity price is small within this loop.
This is to be expected since in practise the electricity price has limited influence on refining op-
erations. Other energy intensive industries have a much stronger dependency on electricity and
gas prices. Moreover the allocation of CHP in the refineries is modelled in the ‘SAVE produc-
tion’ model (see next paragraph). Therefore this model is most important in the loop for gas and
electricity prices.

SAVE Production
SERUM also interacts directly with an other model within the NEOMS, the so-called SAVE-
Production8 model, which models the development of energy use and generation in the Dutch
manufacturing industry as well as that of Dutch agriculture. In particular the interaction with the
SAVE production model is present for the Combined generation of Heat and Power (CHP). The
steam demand of the refinery model is used in the SAVE production model to allocate the co-
generation capacity in the whole Dutch power sector, including those in the refineries. This in-
teraction for CHP calculations is illustrated by the dotted line in Figure 2.1.

8
SAVE stands for Simulation and Analysis of Virtual energy use in Energy scenarios.

ECN-E--06-029 9
3. Model Overview

3.1 Existing documentation on SERUM

A clear description of the SERUM GAMS model, its operations and a sensitivity analysis for
scenario calculations is given in Kok (1996). An overview of the SERUM GAMS model, its as-
sumptions and the basic process data can be found in Van Oostvoorn (1989). The background
data for the GAMS model is collected in Technika (1985). The latter dataset was externally au-
dited by the Dutch refining industry in 1988. Recent modifications are documented in internal
reports and documentation.

SERUM interacts with several other models in the Dutch National Energy Outlook Modelling
System. An overview of this systems can be found in Volkers (2006) (in Dutch). The interaction
of SERUM with other SAVE models is described in more detail in Daniëls (2006).

3.2 Theoretical approach

The functional goal of the GAMS model is to minimise the total cost of the allocated refinery
processes needed to produce certain amounts of several oil products at a specified quality, to-
gether with an elaborate set of constraints. The constraints for modelling energy use can be di-
vided in the following groups:
• Capacity constraints on Process, Unit, and Plant Level
• Energy balance constraints
• Volume restrictions on intermediate streams
• Quality constraints for oil products and intermediate streams or feedstocks
• Other oil blending restrictions
• Environmental constraints (e.g. SO2)
• Crude oil and feedstock quality
• Energy Efficiency.

3.3 Inputs and outputs of SERUM GAMS model

More specifically, when the SERUM model is used for scenario studies, part of the constraints
are inputs of the modelled refineries, while others are constraints on the outputs of the modelled
refineries. The model outputs, e.g. total energy use and crude oil intake, are the result of the cost
optimisation for producing the final product demand. Figure 3.1 gives more into detail the in-
puts and outputs of the use of the SERUM GAMS model specifically for calculations for sce-
nario studies.

10 ECN-E--06-029
Data: Individual Processes
costdata
conversion data
utiliatation factor
crude oil / feedstock use
energy requirements
environmental effects
Data: Unit-level
capital cost
fixed cost
capacity
Data: Refinery-level
change in energy efficiency
Goal function:
Minimal cost for producing the
final product demand
GAMS Model
compiling data
compiling model assumptions
Constraints:
Crude oil / feedstock quality
Energy intake utilities
Product Quality
Capacity on Unit-level
Capacity on Plant-level
Intermediate Flows
Energy and Mass balances

Prices: Outputs:
crude oils / feedstocks Checks on consistency Production of oil products
primary energy carriers Feedstock demand
Intermediate streams
solve
Data: Product Quality: Capacity data
octane number; E100 point;vapour Cost data
pressure; pourpoint; viscosity; generate outputs Energy requirments
carbon content; cetane number; ...
sulphur content; density.

Figure 3.1 Typical Inputs and Outputs of the SERUM-GAMS model for scenario studies

3.4 Overview of model operations

The SERUM model can be run for one set of input data, parameters and constraints at the time.
The typical time frame that is calculated is one year. For scenario models, this operational cycle
is repeated for a complete set of view years (for instance 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 etc).

The energy system of the model is calibrated with data of historical years. In this procedure a
model run is created with a detailed set of model inputs, outputs, and constraints of a specific
year and the model results are matched with historical data.

The dataflow of one operation cycle of the SERUM model is made up of the subsequent steps:
First the input data is gathered in the XLS shell. Upon opening the XLS shell a dataset from
NEOMS is imported, and overwrites existing data on e.g. prices, constraints and energy effi-
ciency of processes. If needed the imported data can be adapted and stored as input data for later
use. Secondly, upon execution, a Visual-BASIC script generates the necessary input files for the
GAMS model. In this step the GAMS software compiles the data and the model; checks for in-
ternal consistency; solves the model for the goal function; and generates a number of outputs to
file and screen.

If a feasible solution is reached, a specific evaluation data file appears on screen. If not, error
messages appear with indications of the origin of the problem(s) encountered. It is also possible
to open the SERUM.lst text file that contains details of the model solutions. After closing the
screen, results are transferred tot the XLS shell at which results can be examined. If needed the
data in the XLS shell and the model SERUM model can be rerun. In the next step the results can
be saved and a selection of the results can be stored in the NEOMS database.

The SERUM model is generally operated from within the NEOMS shell. After finishing a run in
the NEOMS environment, the files are automatically stored in a separated directory. NEOMS
automatically handles the status of run (user, time and whether the results are written into the
database). Every time the user starts or returns from the NEOMS shell a new directory is opened
to facilitate storage and comparison of runs afterwards. Runs and/or complete projects can be
stored on CD or DVD. Old runs, which are no longer useful, can be deleted by hand using the
NEOMS shell.

ECN-E--06-029 11
 XLS - shell operations GAMS Model
Run specific data compiling data
on constraints
compiling model assumptions
Executing
SERUM GAMS Model
Input Checks on consistency
Changing Constraints/
Rerun Model solve

Saving
Results generate outputs

Output

Input Data Results

NEOMS SELPE other

Database model models

Figure 3.2 Operational structure of the SERUM model

3.5 Fundamental Assumptions

Crude Price
The global oil prices used by ECN Policy Studies in different scenarios are generally based on
oil scenario’s from the CPB or international sources like IEA. The Brent Blend prices are as-
sumed to be indicative of global prices, and price differences with crudes with different qualities
(Iranian Light and Arabian Heavy) are a parameter in the model (i.e. in the XLS-shell of the
model).

Gas and Electricity Price

The wholesale electricity prices for the refinery sector are imported from the NEOMS database.
These prices are the result of a market prices model for electricity9. Gas prices are based on
an expert analysis of gas markets. The SERUM model can add the influence of a CO2 tax on
fossil fuel prices for crude oil and natural gas.

Product Quality
For the different oil products, a set of specifications is used. The different properties are speci-
fied for gasolines, kersosene, diesels, other gas oil, heavy fuel oil and bunker oil.

Environmental constraints
The Dutch government uses a target ceiling level for SO2 emissions on individual installations,
as well as maximum exhaust concentration of SO2. In SERUM constraints are present for the
sulphur content of emissions of individual processes and plants, as well as for the total SO2
emission.

Demand for final Oil products

The demand for oil products for historical years is derived from several sources:
• CBS oil statistics of the Netherlands
• VNPI historical production
• Expert knowledge.

9
The wholesale electricityprices are the result of the POWERS model (Seebregts, 2005). See Chapter 2.2.

12 ECN-E--06-029
The future developments in the demand for oil products are based on expert knowledge obtained
form partly confidential discussions with oil companies and general literature. Furthermore sce-
nario data of the transport sector, petrochemical sector and space heating are used.

The CBS oil statistics of final refinery products are converted into the more detailed SERUM
input format. This conversion requires additional expert knowledge that is partly confidential.
For instance the division of heavy oil products in heavy oil and bunker oil, and the division of
middle distillates between different gas oil qualities is confidential.

Technology and Processes

The process descriptions originate from a 1989 report, and numerous processes that have been
added in the years. Examples of new processes are (deep) desulphurisation, energy conversion,
other FCC-catalysts and several (co-)generation technologies in utilities. The current model10
consists of 201 processes, which are bundled in 74 units and 32 plants. This collection of proc-
esses is representative of the unit operations encountered in the Dutch refining industry. In a
typical model run the number of allocated processes is around 160. This allocation is needed to
describe the Dutch refining activities in 2010.

The constraints for the individual processes and plants are derived from VNPI publications
VNPI (2005), expert knowledge from confidential discussions with the Dutch petroleum indus-
try and international publications11.

Energy Efficiency
All processes in the SERUM model have defined energy requirements, in terms of the quantity
of steam heat or electricity that is net consumed or produced. These individual requirements de-
fine the technological baseline for the overall energy use. The energy efficiency of the com-
bined refining processes is an input parameter in the model, and can have different values for
the energy categories of steam heat and power. The total energy use in the model is a combina-
tion of the overall energy efficiency and the energy requirements of the allocated processes.

10
Model Version 5.2, March 2006 specific run for WLO calculations (GE5, 2010).
11
E.g. Oil and Gas Journal, Hydrocarbon processes, Petroleum Economist.

ECN-E--06-029 13
4. Model Structure

4.1 Introduction
The SERUM model consists of several layers: The Excel Shell, the GAMS model, and the in-
formation exchange with the NEOMS database.

In this chapter the model structure is presented, starting with the flow of data through the opera-
tional cycle of the model, followed by an overview of the model structure of the two layers.

4.2 Flow of Data

The model structure makes use of a number of individual files that contain both model equa-
tions, input data, and output. Figure 4.1 illustrates the flow of data through the different files in
the SERUM model. The input files with a capital font are similar for each model run, whereas
the other input-files are unique for each model run. As part of the procedure in NEOMS a model
run is created in a separate directory for each simulated year.

It is possible to simulate the refining sector with one refinery type (for instance ‘trad’), or with
three refineriy types (‘trad’, ‘hycon’ and ‘coker’). In case of three types of refineries, the
SERUM GAMS model runs three times and the XLS shell calculates the total of the three runs.
Figure 4.1 shows only the flow of data for the traditional (‘trad’) run.

XLS - shell Model Files: GAMS Model Model results:

trad.inc MESSAGE.txt
compiling data
Run specific data hycon.inc eval.txt
on constraints coker.inc Process
compiling model assumptions
results:
Model Files: trad.txt
Executing Checks on consistency
SERUM.GMS List output:
SERUM GAMS Model
DISPLAY.INC SERUM.lst
solve
Additional Calculation MESSAGE.INC
& Saving Results RAFEVAL.INC
INDEX.INC generate outputs

Results tables:
tab#.txt
Results:
serumuit.txt
MODEL.ini Other models
model status:
info.ini
Data Files: NEOMS SELPE Other models
elekprijs.txt Database model
gasprijs.txt
olieprijs.txt Other models
serumin.txt
ser_jaar.txt

Figure 4.1 Flow of data in individual files for the SERUM model

14 ECN-E--06-029
4.3 GAMS Model
The layout of the SERUM GAMS program is as follows

part 1: model structure (data dimensions and their relationships)

part 2: data structure (data values and their relationships)
part 3: algebraic model specification (equation specification)
part 4: solve specification
part 5: output reports

The model is structured in four hierarchical levels:

Level 1 : Energy producers

this level will be used for the description of energy-flows,
(it includes intermediary flows as well as import-flows).
a 'producer' is any organisation that handles energy and
consists of one or more plants.

Level 2 : Energy plants

this level is used for the description of the ''real-used''
production capacities in the Netherlands.
each plant is assigned to a producer and contains one or several units.

Level 3 : Energy production units

this is a classification that will be used for the description of
investment costs and nominal capacities with their
utilisation factors.
each unit is assigned to an energy plant and covers one or more
energy production processes.

Level 4 : Energy production processes.

this classification will be used for the description of
unique combinations of inputs and outputs in an energy production
process, with or without several abatement technologies.

On each level, a set of sub-models is defined in master lists that contains the label for energy
producers, process characteristics, energy carriers and for blending specifications. Furthermore,
the relationships between sub-models are defined over the different hierarchical levels. The
process data, blending relationships and quality data are defined and compiled into the model.
Appendix A includes several lists of Final and Intermediate Products, as well as the list of the
submodels within the SERUM GAMS model.

A description of the SERUM GAMS model and model calculations can be found in several re-
ports (Kok (1996), Van Oostvoorn (1989), and Technika (1985)).

Upon execution in the Excel shell, several files are generated and included in the GAMS code
(see Figure 4.1 for details). In this step existing code is over written with data and constraints
from the excel shell, and the final model with run specific data is compiled.

4.4 Excel shell

The Excel workbook SERUM.XLS is the operational shell for the SERUM model. It imports
and lists the inputs and allows for changes thereof, and it operates the execution of the calcula-
tions. With a set of visual basic scripts the input data are imported from the NEOMS database,
the SERUM GAMS model can be executed and additional calculations are automated. With a
separate visual basic script the results, as well as the input data can be stored in the NEOMS da-
tabase.

ECN-E--06-029 15
4.4.1 Additional calculations
The results from the SERUM GAMS model are post-processed for use in the NEOMS data-
bases. Several additional calculations are needed to maintain the consistency format used in the
database.

CO2 emissions
The CO2 emission of the refineries is derived from an overall mass balance of all streams to and
from the refineries. For individual streams, CO2 emissions factors are used from the Dutch Cen-
tral Bureau for Statistics (CBS). The perimeter of the refinery is used as the border in the CO2
balance. Scenario studies use a different border in the CO2 balance, where Co-generation of heat
and power is excluded from the refinery-sector. Also a mean CO2 emission factor for its own
fuel use is calculated and stored in the NEOMS for further use by other models, which is e.g.
used in the monitoring tool MONIT12.

SO2 emissions
The two desulpherisation plants in SERUM emit the remaining SO2. This amount of SO2 emis-
sion is related to the total H2S input of these Claus plants and exported as process emission to
SELPE.

Feedstocks
In practise, next to crude oil, the feedstocks for refineries are also gas condensate and interme-
diate products. Light feedstocks are corrected on the bruto-production. In SERUM the heavy
feedstock intake was therefore modelled as a synthetic crude that is a combination of the crude
oil intake and heavy feedstocks. Since the primary goal of SERUM is to model the energy use
of refineries correctly, the synthetic crude properties are constructed based on energy content of
the constituents. Because this leads to a difference between the model and statistics, it was later
on decided to correct for heavy feedstocks as well. As a consequence of the corrections the
throughput of SERUM is lower than the CBS statistics indicates. Because of a thorough calibra-
tion, this has no consequence for the amount of CO2 emissions calculated with SERUM.

Oil gasifier
In SERUM an oil gasifier is defined that produces both hydrogen and electricity, and steam as a
by-product. Several adjustments are made to transfer the correct electricity and steam demand,
and heavy fuel oil production to the SELPE model. Details are described in sheet 1 of the
SERUM.xls file.

FCC gas
The energy content of FCC-gas is defined differently in SERUM and CBS statistics. To main-
tain consistency in both energy output, demand and emissions, corrections are made before ex-
porting the results to SELPE, in the following streams: the energetic content FCC gas, the heat-
demand of the FCC-processes and the CO2, NOx, and SO2 emissions.

Crude oil intake

The amount of crude oil imported is calculated from the crude oil import and the onshore and
offshore production.

Steam demand for COGEN model

In a separate model ‘SAVE production’ the cogeneration capacities are calculated. Save-
production describes the development of energy use and generation in the Dutch manufacturing
industry as well as that of Dutch agriculture. Contrary to the previous model version, ‘SAVE
production’ also includes the CHP of these and other sectors, such as the refineries and the ser-
vices sector.

12
MONIT is an monitoring and analytic tool for energy use, emissions and energy saving.

16 ECN-E--06-029
Inputs for this model are the steam and heat demands in different sectoral models, and the gas
and electricity prices. For refineries the amount of steam that can be supplied by cogeneration is
limited and is calculated as follows: The total amount of steam supplied by utilities, subtracted
by the steam production of the refining processes.

ECN-E--06-029 17
References

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VNPI (2006): The Netherlands Petroleum Industry Association. www.vpni.nl, accessed May
2006.
Volkers, C.H. (2006): NEV-RekenSysteem: Technische beschrijving. Internal ECN report, in
preparation.

18 ECN-E--06-029
Appendix A SERUM GAMS model

A.1 Final products

PG-COKE PREMIUM GRADE COKE
EVC-GASOIL EXPORT VACUUM-GASOIL
PREMIUM-LD LEADED PREMIUM
PREMIUM-LL LOW-LEADED PREMIUM
PREMIUM-UL UNLEADED PREMIUM
REGULAR-LD LEADED REGULAR
REGULAR-LL LOW-LEADED REGULAR
REGULAR-UL UNLEADED REGULAR
AUTODIESEL AUTO DIESEL
OTH-GASOIL OTHER GASOIL
H-FUEL-OIL HEAVY FUEL OIL
BUNKER-OIL HEAVY BUNKER FUEL OIL
KEROSENE KEROSENE
P-NAPHTA NAPHTHA FOR THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
REF-OIL REFINERY FUEL OIL (FOR OWN USE ONLY)
REF-GAS REFINERY GAS (MOSTLY SELF-CONSUMPTION)
ASPHALT ASPHALT
LPG LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS

A.2 Intermediate products

CRUDE CRUDE
CONDENSATE NATURAL GAS CONDENSATE
ATM-R-FEED ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUE USED AS FEEDSTOCK
NATURALGAS NATURAL GAS
S-KEROSENE STRAIGHT-RUN KEROSENE
D-KEROSENE DESULPHURISED KEROSENE
S-KERO-DD STRAIGHT-RUN KEROSENE DEEP DESULPHURISED
NAPHTA+LE STRAIGHT-RUN NAPHTHA & LIGHT ENDS
SL-NAPHTA LIGHT STRAIGHT-RUN NAPHTHTA
SH-NAPHTA HEAVY STRAIGHT-RUN NAPHTHTA
CK-NAPHTA COKER-NAPHTHTA
VB-NAPHTA VISBREAKER NAPHTHTA
CR-NAPHTA1 CRACKED NAPHTHA SEVERITY 1
CR-NAPHTA2 CRACKED NAPHTHA SEVERITY 2
CR-NAPHTA3 CRACKED NAPHTHA SEVERITY 3
CR-NAPHDS1 CRACKED NAPHTHA DESULPHURIZED SEVERITY 1
CR-NAPHDS2 CRACKED NAPHTHA DESULPHURIZED SEVERITY 2
CR-NAPHDS3 CRACKED NAPHTHA DESULPHURIZED SEVERITY 3
CK-GASOLIN COKER GASOLINE
VB-GASOLIN VISBREAKER GASOLINE
ATM-RESID ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUE
VAC-RESID VACUUM RESIDUE
ATM-RES-D DE-SULPHURISED ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUE
VAC-RES-D DE-SULPHURISED VACUUM RESIDUE
RHC-RESID RESIDUE-HYDROCRACKING RESIDUE
VBA-RESID VISBREAKER RESIDUE FROM ATMOSPHERIC FEED
VBV-RESID VISBREAKER RESIDUE FROM VACUUM FEED
SL-GASOIL LIGHT STRAIGHT-RUN GASOIL
SH-GASOIL HEAVY STRAIGHT-RUN GASOIL
DSL-GASOIL DESULPHURISED LIGHT STRAIGHT RUN GASOIL
SL-GO-DD LIGHT STRAIGHT-RUN GASOIL DEEP DESULPHURISED
DSH-GASOIL DESULPHURISED HEAVY STRAIGHT RUN GASOIL
SH-GO-DD DEEP DESULPHURISED HEAVY STRAIGHT RUN GASOIL
VAC-GASOIL VACUUM GASOIL
DVC-GASOIL DESULPHURISED VACUUM GASOIL
VAC-GO-DD VACUUM GASOIL DEEP DESULPHURISED
FLX-GASOIL FLEXICOKER GASOIL

ECN-E--06-029 19
 FLV-GASOIL FLEXICOKER VACUUM GASOIL
DEL-GASOIL DELAYED COKER GASOIL
DLV-GASOIL DELAYED COKER VACUUM GASOIL
DCK-GASOIL DESULPHURISED COKER GASOIL
DCK-GO-DD (COKER) GASOIL DESULPHURISED
HCR-GASOIL HYDROCRACKER GASOIL
HCR-GO-DD HYDROCRACKER GASOIL DEEP DESULPHURISED
HCR-KEROSE (RESIDUE) HYDROCRACKER KEROSENE
HCR-KER-DD (RESIDUE) HYDROCRACKER KEROSENE DEEP DESULPHURISED
RHC-GASOIL RESIDUE HYDROCRACKER GASOIL
RHC-GO-DD RESIDUE HYDROCRACKER GASOIL DESULPHURISED
RDS-GASOIL RESIDUE HYDRODESULPHURISED GASOIL (RESID-HDS GAS OIL)
VBA-GASOIL VISBREAKER GASOIL FROM ATMOSPHERIC FEED
VBV-GASOIL VISBREAKER GASOIL FROM VACUUM FEED
DVB-GASOIL DESULPHURISED VISBREAKER GASOIL
L-CY-OIL LIGHT CYCLE OIL
DL-CY-OIL DESULPHURISED LIGHT CYCLE OIL
L-CY-DD LIGHT CYCLE OIL DEEP DESULPHURISED
H-CY-OIL HEAVY CYCLE OIL
L-CRACKATE LIGHT HYDROCRACKATE
H-CRACKATE HEAVY HYDROCRACKATE
ASPHALT-R ASPHALTIC RESIDUE
DA-OIL DEASPHALTED OIL
REFORM93 REFORMATE 93 RON
REFORM100 REFORMATE 100 RON
LUBR+WAXES LUBRICANTS + WAXES
ALKYLATE ALKYLATE
ALKYL-TAR ALKYLATION TAR
ISOMERATE ISOMERATE
RAFFINATE RAFFINATE
COAL COAL
FG-COKE FUEL GRADE COKE
FCC-GAS FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING GAS (ALL CRUDES)
DFC-GAS LOW SULPHUR FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING GAS (ALL CRUDES)
FLX-GAS FLEXICOKER GAS (ONLY IL+AH-CRUDE)
C1C2 REFINERY GASES
C3 PROPANE
NC4 N-BUTANE
IC4 ISO-BUTANE
C3-GP PROPANE-STREAM FROM GAS-PLANT
NC4-GP NBUTANE-STREAM FROM GAS-PLANT
IC4-GP ISOBUTANE-STREAM FROM GAS-PLANT
PRO+BUTENE PROPENE + BUTENE
POWER-P POWER PRODUCED IN THE REFINERY PROCESSES (OUTPUT)
STEAM-P STEAM PRODUCED IN THE REFINERY PROCESSES (OUTPUT)
S SULPHUR
H2 HYDROGEN
H2-P HYDROGEN PRODUCED IN C-REFORMER
H2-PP HYDROGEN PURGE FROM SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION PROCESS
H2S HYDROSULFIDE
METH-TBA METHANOL AND TBA MIX
MTBE MTBE1
MTBE-EXTR MTBE2
REF-OIL-U REFINERY FUEL OIL FOR UTILITIES (PJ)
REF-GAS-U REFINERY GAS FOR UTILITIES (PJ)
PG-COKE PREMIUM GRADE COKE
EVC-GASOIL EXPORT VACUUM-GASOIL
PREMIUM-LD LEADED PREMIUM
PREMIUM-LL LOW-LEADED PREMIUM
PREMIUM-UL UNLEADED PREMIUM
REGULAR-LD LEADED REGULAR
REGULAR-LL LOW-LEADED REGULAR
REGULAR-UL UNLEADED REGULAR
AUTODIESEL AUTO DIESEL
OTH-GASOIL OTHER GASOIL
H-FUEL-OIL HEAVY FUEL OIL
BUNKER-OIL HEAVY BUNKER FUEL OIL
KEROSENE KEROSENE

20 ECN-E--06-029
 P-NAPHTA NAPHTHA FOR THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
REF-OIL REFINERY FUEL OIL (FOR OWN USE ONLY)
REF-GAS REFINERY GAS (MOSTLY SELF-CONSUMPTION)
ASPHALT ASPHALT
LPG LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS

A.3 Masterlist of the energy producer labels

CRUDE-DIST ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL
VAC-DIST VACUUM DISTILLATION OF ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUE
H2FINER PRE-HYDROTREATER FOR COKER PRODUCTS
H2TREATING HYDROTREATER
C-REFORMER CATALYTIC REFORMER
HYDROGEN-P HYDROGEN PRODUCER
C56-ISO C56 ISOMERATION
GAS-PLANT GAS-PLANT (SEPARATES VARIOUS PROPANE & BUTANE STREAMS)
C4-ISO C4 ISOMERATION
CRACKERS CRACKING (HYDRO-CRACKERS AND CATALYTIC CRACKERS)
RESID-UPGR RESIDUE UPGRADING
ALKYLATION ALKYLATION
AM-SULFREC AMINO TREATMENT AND SULPHUR RECOVERY
UTILCLEAN SO2 REDUCTION OPTIONS FOR UTILITIES
UTILITIES ENERGY UTILITIES
BLENDING BLENDING PROCESS
BLEND-CONV CONVERSION OF FINAL PRODUCTS FROM TON TO PJ

A.4 Masterlist of energy production plants

CRUDE-DIST Crude distillation
VAC-DIST Vacuum distillation
H2FINER Hydrogen Finer
HTREAT-NAP Naphtha Hydrotreaters
HTREAT-OTH Other Hydrotreaters
C-REFORMER Catalytic Reformer
HYDROGEN-P Hydrogen Plant
IGCC Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle
H2-SEP-PUR H2 separator purifier
C56-ISO C5 c6 isomerisation
GAS-PLANT Gas plant
C4-ISO C4 isomerisation
CATCRACKER Catcrackers
HYDCRACKER Hydrocrackers
VISBREAKER Visbreakers
FLEXICOKER Flexicokers
DELAYCOKER Delayed cokers
LUBEOIL-PL Lube oil plant
SOLV-DEASP Solvent deasphalters
RESID-HDS Residual Hydrodesulphurization
RES-HCRACK Residual Hydrocrackers
ALKYLATION Alkylation
AM-SULFREC Sulphur Recovery Plant
GASIFIER Gasifier
CLEANCRACK Catalyst cleaner for Crackers
BOILERS Boilers
FURNACES Furnaces
COGENERATE Cogeneration processes
DISTRIBUTE Distribution process
BLENDING Bending process
BLEND-CONV Conversion of final products from Ton -> PJ

ECN-E--06-029 21
A.5 Masterlist of energy production units
CRUDE-DIST Crude Distillation
VAC-DIST Vacuum distillation
HT-FIN-FLX Hydrotreater finisher
HT-FIN-DEL Hydrotreater
HT-SR-NAP Hydrotreater Straight Naphtha
HT-CK-NAP Hydrotreater Coker Naphtha
HT-VB-NAP Hydrotreater Visbreaker Naphtha
HT-KEROS Hydrotreater Kerosene
HT-LSR-GO Hydrotreating Light Straight Gasoil
HT-HSR-GO Hydrotreating Heavy Straight Gasoil
HT-VAC-GO Hydrotreater Vacuum Gasoil
HT-VIS-GO Hydrotreater Visbreaker Gasoil
HT-CKR-GO Hydrotreater Cracker Gasoil
HT-CY-OIL Hydrotreater Cycle Oil
CREF-NAP-1 Catalytic Reformers Middle Destilates
CREF-NAP-2 Catalytic Reformers Middle Destilates
CREF-HCR-1 Catalytic Reformers HydroCrackate
CREF-HCR-2 Catalytic Reformers HydroCrackate
HYDROGEN-P Hydrogen Plant
IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
H2-SEP-PUR H2 separator pure hydrogen
C56-ISO c5-c6 isomerisation
GAS-PLANT Gas plant
C4-ISO C4 isomerisation
CATCRACK-1 Catcracker 1
CATCRACK-2 Catcracker 2
CATCRACK-3 Catcracker 3
HYCRACK-MG Hydrocracker MG
HYCRACK-MD Hydrocracker MD
VB-ATMRES Visbreaker Atmospheric Residue
VB-VACRES Visbreaker Vacuum Residue
FLEXICOKER Flexicoker
DELAYCK-1 Delayed Coker 1
DELAYCK-2 Delayed Coker 2
LUBEOIL-PL Lube oil plant
SOLV-DEASP Solvent De-asphalter
RES-HDS-AT Residual Hydrogen Desulphurisation Unit (Atmospheric)
RES-HDS-VC Residual Hydrogen Desulphurisation Unit (Vacuum)
RES-HCRACK Residual Hydro Cracker
ALKYLATION Alkylation
ATSR Sulphur Recovery Unit
ATSR-TGU Sulphur Recovery Unit Advanced
GAS-RO Gasifier of Refining-Oil
CLEAN-FC SO2 Reduction option for FCC-gas
HYCRACK-KE Kerosene Hydrocracker
BOILER-NG Boiler Natural Gas
BOILER-RG Boiler Refinery Gas
BOILER-RO Boiler Refining Oil
BOILER-FL Boiler Flexicoker Gas
BOILER-CO Boiler Coal
BOILER-PC Boiler Fuel Grade Coke
BOILER-FC Boiler Flexicoker Gas
FURNACE-RG Furnace Refining Gas
FURNACE-RO Furnace Refining Oil
FURNACE-NG Furnace Natural Gas
FURNACE-FL Furnace Flexicoker Gas
COMB-CYCLE Combined Cycle
GASTURBINE Gas turbine
BACKP-TURB Backup Power Turbine
BACKP-RO Backup Power Refining Oil
BACKP-CO Backup Power Coal
COND-TURB Condensation Turbine
DISTRIBUTE Distributing processes
BLENDING Blending processes

22 ECN-E--06-029
 BLEND-CONV Blending and Conversion processes
HT-CR-NAP Hydrotreating of cracker Naphtha
HT-GO-DD Hydrotreating deep desulpherisation of Gasoil
HT-CY-DD Hydrotreating deep desulpherisation of Cycle Oil
HT-KERO-DD Hydrotreating deep desulpherisation of Kerosene
HT-HCR-KER Hydrotreating hydrocracker Kerosene
HT-RESGO-DD Hydrotreating deep desulpherisation of residual Gas Oil
HT-HGO-DD Hydrotreating deep desulpherisation of Heavy Gas Oil
HT-VGO-DD Hydrotreating deep desulpherisation of Vacuum Gas Oil
ATSR-SRU Sulphur Recovery Unit Deep desulphurization

A.6 Masterlist of energy production processes

CR-DIST-SB , CR-DIST-BB , CR-DIST-IL , CR-DIST-AH
CR-DIST-CD , AR-DIST-IL , AR-DIST-AH , VACDIST-SB
VACDIST-BB , VACDIST-IL , VACDIST-AH , HTF-FVG-IL
HTF-FVG-AH , HTF-DVG-IL , HTF-DVG-AH , HT-SRNAPSB
HT-SRNAPBB , HT-SRNAPIL , HT-SRNAPAH , HT-CK-NAPH
HT-VB-NAPH , HT-KER-SB , HT-KER-BB , HT-KER-IL
HT-KER-AH , HT-LGO-SB , HT-LGO-BB , HT-LGO-IL
HT-LGO-AH , HT-HGO-IL , HT-HGO-AH , HT-VAC-IL
HT-VAC-AH , HT-VBA-IL , HT-VBA-AH , HT-VBV-IL
HT-VBV-AH , HT-DCU-IL , HT-DCU-AH , HT-FCU-IL
HT-FCU-AH , HT-LCO-SB , HT-LCO-BB , HT-LCO-IL
HT-LCO-AH , REF-SRNAP1 , REF-CKNAP1 , REF-VBNAP1
REF-SRNAP2 , REF-CKNAP2 , REF-VBNAP2 , REF-HCR-1
REF-HCR-2 , HYDROGEN-P , IGCCVBA-IL , IGCCVBA-AH
IGCCVBV-IL , IGCCVBV-AH , H2-SEP-PUR , C56-ISO-SB
C56-ISO-BB , C56-ISO-IL , C56-ISO-AH , GASPL-C3
GASPL-NC4 , GASPL-IC4 , C4-ISO , CAT1-AT-SB
CAT1-AT-BB , CAT1-VC-SB , CAT1-VC-BB , CAT1-VC-IL
CAT1-VC-AH , CAT1-DA-IL , CAT1-DA-AH , CAT2-AT-SB
CAT2-AT-BB , CAT2-VC-SB , CAT2-VC-BB , CAT2-VC-IL
CAT2-VC-AH , CAT2-DA-IL , CAT2-DA-AH , CAT3-AT-SB
CAT3-AT-BB , CAT3-VC-SB , CAT3-VC-BB , CAT3-VC-IL
CAT3-VC-AH , CAT3-DA-IL , CAT3-DA-AH , HCR1-VC-SB
HCR1-VC-BB , HCR1-VC-IL , HCR1-DA-IL , HCR1-VC-AH
HCR1-DA-AH , HCR2-VC-SB , HCR2-VC-BB , HCR2-VC-IL
HCR2-DA-IL , HCR2-VC-AH , HCR2-DA-AH , HCR3-VC-SB
HCR3-VC-BB , HCR3-VC-IL , HCR3-DA-IL , HCR3-VC-AH
HCR3-DA-AH , VIS-ATR-IL , VIS-ATR-AH , VIS-VCR-IL
VIS-VCR-AH , FLEXICO-IL , FLEXICO-AH , DELAY-1-SB
DELAY-1-BB , DELAY-1-IL , DELAY-1-AH , DELAY-2-SB
DELAY-2-BB , DELAY-2-IL , DELAY-2-AH , LUBEOIL-IL
LUBEOIL-AH , SOLV-DA-IL , SOLV-DA-AH , RHDS-AT-IL
RHDS-AT-AH , RHDS-VC-IL , RHDS-VC-AH , RES-HCR-IL
RES-HCR-AH , ALKYLATION , ATSR , ATSR-TGU
GAS-RO , CLEAN-FCSB , CLEAN-FCBB , CLEAN-FCIL
CLEAN-FCAH , BOILER-NG , BOILER-RG , BOILER-RO
BOILER-FL , BOILER-CO , BOILER-PC , BOIL-FCCSB
BOIL-FCCBB , BOIL-FCCIL , BOIL-FCCAH , BOIL-DFCSB
BOIL-DFCBB , BOIL-DFCIL , BOIL-DFCAH , FURNACE-RG
FURNACE-RO , FURNACE-NG , FURNACE-FL , COMB-CY-NG
COMB-CY-RG , GASTURB-NG , GASTURB-RG , BCKTURB-NG
BCKTURB-RG , BCKTURB-RO , BCKTURB-CO , CNDTURB-NG
CNDTURB-RG , CNDTURB-RO , DISTRIB-ST , DISTRIB-P
BLENDING , BLENCO-RO , BLENCO-RG , HT-CR-NAP1
HT-CR-NAP2 , HT-CR-NAP3 , HT-GO-DDSB , HT-GO-DDBB
HT-GO-DDIL , HT-GO-DDAH , HT-KERDDNT , HT-CY-DDSB
HT-CY-DDBB , HT-CY-DDIL , HT-CY-DDAH , HT-CRK-KER
HT-HCRGO-SB , HT-HCRGO-BB , HT-HCRGO-IL , HT-HCRGO-AH
HT-DCKGO-IL , HT-DCKGO-AH , HT-RHCGO-IL , HT-RHCGO-AH
HT-VGO-DDIL , HT-VGO-DDAH , HT-HGO-DDIL , HT-HGO-DDAH
ATSR-SRU

ECN-E--06-029 23