THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

MATTER

• PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER - To state the particle theory of

matter
- To differentiate and draw the THREE TYPES OF
PARTICLE i.e. atom, ion and molecule
- To describe the experiment on how to estimate the
size of an oil molecule to prove that particles are tiny
• KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER - To state the kinetic theory of
matter
- To relate the change of physical states of matters
with energy change
- To relate the change of energy in the particle with

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

• HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT:

- To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as
the scientists who discovered electron, proton, nucleus, neutron and
shell.
• SUBATOMIC PARTICLES :
- To compare and differentiate subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and
electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass and location.
- To state the meaning of Proton Number and Nucleon Number based on the
subatomic particle
- To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number
• ISOTOPE :
- To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes
• ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT :
- To know the number of electron shells and electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
shell
- To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or
number of electrons and state the number of valence electron

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 TOPIC 2: THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
2.1: MATTER
1. Particle Theory of Matter: Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles
The tiny particles may be atoms, ions or molecules.

MATTER

ELEMENT:……………………………… COMPOUND:……………………………………………

Types of particles Types of particles

Atom Molecule Molecule

Ion
The smallest neutral A neutral particle consists of A neutral particle Positively or negatively charged
particle of an element similar non-metallic atoms consists of different particles, which are formed from
[Normally pure metals , which are covalently- non-metallic atoms metallic atom and non-metallic
Noble gases and a few bonded. which are covalently- atom respectively. The force of
non-metal elements such Examples: bonded. attraction between the two
as carbon and silicon]. Examples: oppositely charged ions is an ionic
Examples: bond.
Examples:
Figures: Figures:
Figures:

Figures:

ACTIVITY 1: Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Substances Type of Particle Substances Type of Particle Substances Type of Particle

Hydrogen gas Sulphur dioxide Tetrachloromethane
(H2) (SO2) (CCl4)
Copper(II) Iron Zink Chloride
sulphate (Fe) (ZnCl2)
(CuSO4)
Argon Carbon Hydrogen Peroxide
(Ar) (C) (H2O2)

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2. Kinetic Theory of Matter: Matter consists of small particles that always collide among each other. The
particles move faster when energy is provided and slower when they are cooled.

3. The Evidence of Particles Theory of Matter and Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of Matter consists of mobile Particles in matter are

small and discrete particles. constantly colliding
particles Exp2.2 page 19 [text book] - Brownian
-Estimation of the size of -diffusion Movement
oil molecule Exp 2.3 page 22 [text book]
Exp 2.1 page16 -melting and freezing points
[text book] of acetamide

4. Change of states of matter based on the Kinetic Theory:

a) Comparison of characteristics of Solid, Liquid and gas:

State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Draw the particles

arrangement

Particle arrangement The particles are The particles are ……….. The particles are …………
……………arranged ………… arranged.
Particles movement Particles cannot move Particles can move Particles move very
……….. but can ………… ……………… …………..
at fixed positions
Attractive forces between
the particles Very……….. …………….. (Particles Very …………..
are not tightly held)
Energy content Energy content Energy content Energy content
very ……………….. ……………… ………….. ….high

b) - When heat energy is supplied to matter, kinetic energy of the particles Matter experiences change of
in the matter increases and the particles in the matter vibrate faster. state when heat energy is
absorbed or released
When matter loses heat energy, the kinetic energy of the particles also
reduce and they vibrate less vigorously

c)
MELTING BOILING
3
Solid FREEZING Liquid Gas
 CONDENSATION

• The temperature at which a …………. completely changes to become a liquid is called its
……………………………..
Exp 2.3 page 22 [text book] – Description of Experiment
- Apparatus set-up
- Precautions taken

Explanation of the Heating Process F

Temperature/C
D
E

A
Time/s

-When the solid is heated, the particles move faster and its energy content increases. This is because it absorbed heat.
Therefore, the state of matter is changed.

Point State of Explanation

matter
A to B

B to C

C to D

D to E

E to F

• Freezing point: Refer to the temperature when a ……….. changes to ………… . During the freezing process,
the temperature remains unchanged because the heat lost to the environment is ………….. by the heat released
when the liquid particles rearranged themselves to become solid.

Temperature/°C

Q R
4
 S

Time/s

THE EXPLANATION FOR THE COOLING PROCESS OF MATTER

Point State of Matter Explanation
P to Q

Q to R

R to S

Do exercise A on page 24, number 3 and exercise B on page 37, number 2

2.2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1. History of the development of atomic models :

Number Atomic model [draw] Discovery

1 Dalton i. Matter is made up of particles called atom
ii. Atom cannot be created, destroyed or divided into smaller
particles.
iii. Atoms from the same element are the same.
iv. Atoms are hard physical body that cannot be penetrated.
2 Thomson

3 Rutherford

4 Neils Bohr

5 James Chadwick

2. Subatomic particles

Subatomic particles Symbol Charge Relative atomic Position

mass
Electron
Proton
Neutron

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a. Proton Number = number of protons in the nucleus of an atom in an element.
Number of protons = number of electrons in a neutral atom.
b. Nucleon Number: - The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
c. Symbol of element
Examples:
A
Oxygen: O, Aluminum: Al
X
Magnesium: Mg, Calcium: Ca
Z
Nitrogen: N, Chlorine: Cl
X- Symbol of Element
Sodium: Na, Hydrogen: H
A- Nucleon number of atom X
Z- Proton number of atom X

d. Example :
i. 39
K The element: …………. has a nucleon number of ………, proton number of ………,
19 So, the number of neutrons equals……… the number of protons equal ……………… ,
and the number of electrons equals……………….

3 Isotope:

Example: 1 Nucleon number = 2 Nucleon number =

H Proton number = number of proton= H Proton number = number of proton =
1 number of neutron = 1 number of neutron =

Atoms from the same elements with the …….. proton number or the same number of protons but
____________ in nucleon number because of the difference in the number of neutrons.

 Isotopes have the same ……………. properties but different ……………… properties because
they have the same electron arrangement.

Usage of isotopes:
In the medical field - To detect brain cancer.
- To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
- Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.
- Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
- To kill bacteria in the sterilizing process.

 In the industrial field - To detect wearing out in machines.

- To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
- To detect leakage of pipes underground.
- To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.

 In the agriculture field - To detect the rate of

absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants.
- To sterile insect pests for plants.

 In the archeology field - Carbon-14 can be used

to date objects.

5. Electron Arrangement

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 a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For
the elements with atomic number 1-20:-
First shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons.
Second shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons.
Third shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons.
First shell-filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Second shell – filled with 8 electrons (octet)

x
Third shell – filled with 8 electrons (octet)

b) Symbol of Element

1 Number of protons
Hydrogen Atom
H Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
1 Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Helium Atom 4
He
2

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Lithium Atom 7

3 Li 7
 Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Beryllium Atom 9

4 Be

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

23
Sodium Atom
Na
11

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

c) Valence electron: Electron in the outermost shell of a neutral atom.

Activity 2: Complete the following:
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Atom Number of Number of Number of Nucleon Electron Valence
protons electrons neutrons Number arrangement electron
P 6 6
Q 6 8
R 11 12
S 15 15
T 16 31
U 19 20
V 12 24
W 27 2.8.3

• ………atom and …………atom are isotopes because they contain the same number of ………. but
different number of …………...
Exercise
1. An experiment is conducted to study the changes in the state of matter. A black solid is heated from room
temperature until 200 o C as shown in the diagram below. At 180o C the solid T changed directly into a
purple gas.

Ice

Coconut oil
Solid T

Heat

a. Name the process that solid T undergoes.

……………………………………………………………………………

b. Draw the particle arrangement in solid T and gas T.

Solid T Gas T
c. Sketch the graph of temperature against time for the heating of solid T.

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 d. What can be observed at position R of the round bottom flask?

……………………………………………………………………….

e. Why can’t the coconut oil in the experiment be replaced with water?

……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….

2. The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the
diagram below. Then the temperature of acetamide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool at room
temperature.

thermometer
test tube

water bath
acetamide

Heat

a. What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
b. Name another substance that its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown in the
above diagram.

……………………………………………………………………………………
c. Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310oC. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the
water bath as shown in the diagram? Give an explanation.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………..

d. Why do we need to stir the acetamide in the boiling tube in the experiment above?
………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………
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 e. The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.
temperature/oC P
100
90
Q R
80
70

60 S

time/minutes

i. What is the melting point of acetamide?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

ii. The temperature between Q and R is constant Explain.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

f. Acetamide exists as molecules. Name another compound that is made up of molecules.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. a. Explain the following terminologies, giving a suitable example for each item.

i. atom

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ii. molecule

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iii. element

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iv. compound

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4) Complete the following table:

Elements Isotopes Number of protons Number of Number of

electrons neutrons
1
Hydrogen 21
H
1H
3
1H

Elements Isotopes Number of protons Number of Number of

electrons neutrons
16
8O
Oxygen 17
188 O
8O

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