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Osteoma- bone
TNM Classification Myoma- muscle
T – extent of primary tumor Nomenclature of Neoplasia
N – absence or presence and Tumor is named according to:
extent of regional lymph node
metastasis 2. Pattern and Structure, either
M – absence or presence of GROSS or MICROSCOPIC
distance metastasis Fluid-filled CYST
Glandular ADENO
Primary Tumor (T) Finger-like PAPILLO
TX – primary tumor cannot be Stalk POLYP
assessed
TO – no evidence of primary tumor Nomenclature of Neoplasia
Tis – carcinoma in situ Tumor is named according to:
T1,2,3,4 – increasing size or local 3. Embryonic origin
extent of primary tumor Ectoderm ( usually gives rise to
epithelium)
Regional lymph nodes (N) Endoderm (usually gives rise to
NX – regional LN cannot be glands)
assessed Mesoderm (usually gives rise to
NO – no regional LN metastasis Connective tissues)
N1,2,3 – increasing involvement of
LN BENIGN TUMORS
Suffix- “OMA” is used
Distant Metastasis Adipose tissue- LipOMA
MX – Distance metastasis cannot Bone- osteOMA
be assessed Muscle- myOMA
MO – No distant metastasis Blood vessels- angiOMA
M1 – distant metastasis Fibrous tissue- fibrOMA
Grading MALIGNANT TUMOR
Classification of tumor cells Named according to embryonic cell
Grade I – IV, define the type of origin
tissue which the tumor originated 1. Ectodermal, Endodermal,
Normal T0, N0, M0 Glandular, Epithelial
Stage I T1, N0, M0 Use the suffix- “CARCINOMA”
Stage II T2, N1, M0 Pancreatic AdenoCarcinoma
Stage III T3, N2, M0 Squamos cell Carcinoma
Stage IV with metastasis
Named according to embryonic cell
2. Histologic origin
Grade 1 - well differentiated 2. Mesodermal, connective tissue
Grade 2 - Moderately origin
differentiated more abnormal Use the suffix “SARCOMA
Grade 3 - Poorly differentiated, FibroSarcoma
Very abnormal Myosarcoma
Grade 4 - Very immature, AngioSarcoma
anaplastic hard to even determine
the tissue of origin 1. “OMA” but Malignant
HepatOMA, lymphOMA, gliOMA,
melanOMA
Nomenclature of Neoplasia 2. THREE germ layers
Tumor is named according to: “TERATOMA”
1. Parenchyma, Organ or Cell 3. Non-neoplastic but “OMA”
Hepatoma- liver Choristoma
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
Mabini Extension, Cabanatuan City
Hamatoma d. Punch
COLON CANCER
IMPROVE BODY IMAGE
a. Therapeutic communication • Adenocarcinoma is the most
is essential common type
b. Encourage independence in • Metastasis is common to the
self-care and decision making liver
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
Mabini Extension, Cabanatuan City
a. Billroth I
Risk factors b. Billroth II
• Male > 40 years of age b. Proximal subtotal gastrectomy
• Low socioeconomic status
• Poor nutritional health habits Paliation of symptoms
and vitamin A deficiency Adjuvant therapy
• Family history External beam radiation for control
of unresectable tumors, palliation
• Previous gastric resection
and increased survival.
• Pernicious anemia
Chemotherapy has little impact – 5
• H. pylori infection FU, doxorubicin, mitomycin
• Gastric atrophy and chronic
gastritis Nursing Intervention
• Rubber workers and coal • Goal is control of clinical
miners manifestation and supporting
optimal functioning
Metastatic sites • Assess the nutritional status
Direct extension to the pancreas, - small frequent feeding low
liver, esophagus. carbohydrate, high fat, high
Intraperitoneal dissemination to protein.
ovary - restrict fluids 30 minutes
Nodal spread to the neck after meals reducing risk of
Bloodstream metastasis to the dumping syndrome
lung, adrenal, liver, bone and
peritoneal cavity Postoperative
- Respiratory status: reflux
Screening aspiration
Among high risk person’s only - Infection
Barrium x-ray or endoscopy - Pain – potential anastomotic
leak obstruction
Assessment - Bezoar (food clumping)
Early manifestations are non- formation causing gastric
specific outlet obstruction
Upper epigastrium, retrosternal - Bleeding
pain - Dumping syndrome
Uneasy sense of fullness after - anemia
meals
Loss of appetite CERVICAL CANCER
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness 13,000 new cancers and 4000
Fatigue deaths
anemia Very treatable and curable
80-90% are squamous carcinoma
Diagnostic procedure
EGD Risk factors
Biopsy Sexual intercourse before age 17,
Endoscopic ultrasound multiple partners
Double contrast upper GI series Sexual partner who has multiple
CT scan partners
Cigarette smoking
Surgical management Human papilloma virus
Only treatment that is potentially Lower socioeconomic status
curative
a. Total gastrectomy Metastatic sites
Radical subtotal gastrectomy Abdomen and pelvis
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
Mabini Extension, Cabanatuan City