PERFORMANCE STUDY OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMIT POWER CONTROL

(ATPC) IN POINT TO POINT MICROWAVE LINK FOR RAIN ATTENUATION

PROBLEM IN MALAYSIA

MUHAMAD MOKHTAR BIN SAAD

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Masters of Engineering (Electrical – Electronics & Telecommunication)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

NOVEMBER 2006
 ii

I declare that this thesis entitled “Performance Study Of Automatic Transmit Power
Control (ATPC) In Point To Point Microwave Link For Rain Attenuation Problem
In Malaysia” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The
thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in
candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ................................................................
Name : MUHAMAD MOKHTAR BIN SAAD
Date : 03 NOVEMBER 2006
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Prof.

Dr. Tharek bin Abd Rahman, for his guidance in the execution of the project and for
his kind understanding. I am especially grateful for all the help he provided and
resources he made available without which the project would not have reached its
current stage. I would also like to thank Dr Zaharuddin bin Mohamed, for being
most efficient in coordinating the project. My acknowledgement also goes out to the
project presentation assessors, Prof. Madya Dr. Jafri Din and Dr. Razali bin Ngah,
who have given me much advice and guidance during the project presentation. Last
but not least, I would like to thank my family especially my beloved wife Rodhiah
Ismail and all my children Ashraf, Afif, Azim and Husna Maisarah for just being
there, giving me the strength and much needed moral support.
 iv

ABSTRACT

Point-to-point microwave system is the backbone link for mobile

communication industry as well as for other applications. In tropical region
particularly in Malaysia, rain attenuation is the major constraint for implementing
microwave system above 10GHz. The extreme of propagation channel environment
due to rain has brought to the research and development of an automatic transmit
power control (ATPC) in microwave transceiver. ATPC varies the transmit power
level in order to maintain the receive signal level (RSL) above the threshold for bit-
error-rate (BER) desired. This research project will cover three main scope of study.
First estimated calculation of rain attenuation on terrestrial point-to-point microwave
link based on rain data captured. This will involve the understanding and
computational of rain attenuation modeling equation by ITU-R recommendation
using the Matlab software. Second is the basic concept and operational of ATPC
applied in transceiver module of microwave link. Finally the experimental
performance analysis of ATPC on actual microwave link install in Celcom
microwave network. The performance will be measured on receive signal level on
the actual system with ATPC option enable and disable for a certain period of time
with realtime rain faded signal.
 v

ABSTRAK

Sistem perhubungan microwave titik ke titik merupakan talian hubungan

utama bagi industri telekomunikasi mudah alih dan juga bagi aplikasi-aplikasi lain.
Walaubagaimanapun bagi negara-negara tropika faktor hadangan hujan keatas
perambatan gelombang microwave merupakan masalam utama bagi menggunakan
kemudahan system perhungan titik ke titik ini terutamanya bagi perambatan
gelombang microwave yang berfrekuensi melebihi 10GHz. Faktor hadangan hujan
keatas perambatan gelombang microwave telah membangunkan system perambatan
gelombang secara automatik (Automatic Transmit Power Control- ATPC). ATPC
akan mengubah kekuatan nilai perambatan gelombang bergantung kepada hadangan
hujan yang diterima oleh sistem. Projek penyelidikan ini akan merangkumi tiga
bidang kajian. Pertama menentukan nilai hadangan hujan ke atas sistem hubungan
microwave titik ke titik berdasarkan penerimaan jumlah hujan. Ini melibatkan
pemahaman dan pengiraan hadangan hujan yang dicadangkan oleh ITU-R. Kedua
mengkaji konsep pembinaan dan operasi ATPC didalam sistem hubungan
microwave titik ke titik. Akhirnya ujian prestasi ATPC ke atas satu sistem
hubungan microwave titik ke titik yang telah dipasang dalam rangkaian
perhubungan Celcom. Prestasi ATPC akan dinilai keatas gelombang penerimaan
sistem dengan optional ATPC dihidup dan dimatikan bagi satu tempoh masa yang
ditetapkan.
 vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF APPENDICES x

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives of the project 2
1.2 Scope of the project 3
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Methodology and Report Structure 4

2 DIGITAL MICROWAVE LINK AND PATH

PROPAGATION ATTENUATION 6
2.1 Transmission Lines 6
2.2 Radio Link System 7
2.3 Digital Point to Point Microwave Link 7
2.4 Introduction to Teresterial Link 9
2.5 Propagation Occurs Between Teresterial Link 9
2.5.1 Ground wave propagation 10
2.5.2 Space wave propagation 10
2.5.3 Sky wave propagation 11
 vii

2.6 Path Propagation Attenuation 11

2.7 Effect of Atteneuation due to Hydrometeors 11

3 RAIN ATTENUATION MODEL FOR USE IN

PREDICTION METHOD 13
3.1 ITU-R Rain attenuation prediction model 13

4 ATPC DESIGN CONCEPT 18

4.1 Block Diagram and Operation 18
4.2 Design Consideration 20
4.3 Feedback Loop ATPC 21

5 RAIN ATTENUATION MODELLING BASED ON

ITU-R RECOMMENDATION 24
5.1 Design Flow Chart for Spesific Rain Attenuation Formula 24

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

6.1 Calculation of estimated RSL on sample link 28
6.2 Calculated rain attenuation 30
6.3 Simulatin results on bench set up system 31
6.3.1 RSL response with ATPC enables 31
6.3.2 RSL response with ATPC disables 32
6.4 Results on the active system installed within Celcom
network 33
6.5 Summary of Results 34

7 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK 35

7.1 Positive Conclusion 35
7.2 Further improvement for this Project 36
7.3 Future research 36
7.4 A Final Note 36

REFERENCES 37
Appendices A – E 39 - 63
 viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

6.1 Calculated RSL Report with Pathloss 4 29

 ix

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Simplified block diagram of digital point to point microwave

system 8
2.2 Teresterial Link 9
2.3 Line of Sight Propagation 9
3.1 k coefficient for horizontal polarization as a function of frequency 15
3.2 α coefficient for horizontal polarization as a function of frequency 16
3.3 k coefficient for vertical polarization as a function of frequency 16
3.4 α coefficient for vertical polarization as a function of frequency 17
4.1 Block diagram of microwave transmitter with ATPC 19
4.2 A functional block diagram of feedback loop ATPC 21
6.1 Path profile plot 30
6.2 Matlab GUI for rain attenuation 31
6.3 RSL response with ATPC enables 32
6.4 RSL response with ATPC disables 33
6.5 The RSL response on the sample link with ATPC enables 34
 x

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Timeline for Project 1 39

B Timeline for Project 2 40
C MATLAB Codes for Rain Attenuation Calculation 41
D Frequency dependant coefficient for estimating specific
attenuation 53
E Sample of system RSL response captured from the system 59
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Moving forward to Third Generation Mobile Communication System (3G),

point-to-point microwave link will continue to serve as the backhaul link for
wireless systems. However, the heavy rain in tropical region country limits the full
implementation of the system in terms of installation distance and frequency usage.
As the frequency increasing, the rain attenuation will become worse [5-6]. The
installation distance could be reduced in order to have lower rain attenuation;
however the implementation cost will become higher since more microwave link is
required. Furthermore, frequency spectrum congestion unavoidable will force the
future system to operate in higher frequency band.

Numbers of researches have been conducted for measuring the rain

attenuation at point-to-point microwave link. However, research for the method to
overcome the problem is quite limited. Although power control system also
integrated in some of the point-to-point microwave communication system, the
discussions are limited to only the restrictions, applications and operations rather
than system design and performance analysis [6-8]. The research reported in this
paper therefore aims to give solution for rain attenuation problem at point-to-point
microwave link by introducing adaptive transmit power control (ATPC) in the front-
end of radio unit.

The response of ATPC to the receive signal level (RSL) decides how fast the
system can compensate for the fading and prevent the system from outage. The
design of radio system with ATPC needs to fulfill some regulations in the operating
country in order to install the equipment. European fixed radio systems
 2

recommendations are taken as reference for determining the effect of ATPC to

transceiver system [7]. The ATPC is designed to provide sufficient power to
overcome the propagation path loss, without introducing excessive distortion and
spurious that will cause bit-error-rate (BER) performance degradation. Analysis of
transceiver system involves with harmonics and inter modulation that could not be
achieved with simple mathematical calculations. The system analysis will become
more complex when digital modulated signal is processed.

For terrestrial microwave links operating at frequencies higher than 10 GHz,

rain-induced degradations are significant. Major degradations caused by rain that
affect the reliability and availability of terrestrial links are rain attenuation and rain
fade. Besides attenuation, rain fade is another major factor affecting the
performance of microwave links. Rain fade is the dynamic fluctuation of receive
signal due to in homogeneities of the signal path, ranging from a few seconds to a
few minutes. Rain fade provides additional information on understanding the
characteristics of rain-induced degradations.

1.1 Objectives of the project

At the end of Project 1 and 2, I hope to achieve these 3 objectives:

* To calculate the estimation of rain attenuation on terrestrial point-to-point
microwave link based on rain data captured.
* To study the basic concept and operational of an Automatic Transmit Power
Control (ATPC) applied in point-to-point microwave link.
* To study the performance of ATPC to overcome rain attenuation for point-to-point
microwave link in Malaysia
 3

1.2 Scope of the project

This project will focus on three main scope of study.

1) The estimated calculation of rain attenuation on terrestrial point-to-point
microwave link based on rain data captured. This will involve the
understanding and computational of rain attenuation equation using the
Matlab software.
2) Basic concept and operational of ATPC applied in transceiver module of
microwave link.
3) Performance of ATPC on actual microwave link install in Celcom
microwave network. The performance will be measured on receive signal
level on the actual system with ATPC option enable and disable for a certain
period of time.

MATLAB will be used in this project to calculate the estimated rain

attenuation based on rain rate data captured. I choose to use MATLAB as the
computer language to design the PSK based communications systems because it is
one of the most popular computer simulation languages in the world

1.3 Problem statement

Attenuation due to rainfall can severely degrade the radio wave propagation
at centimeter or millimeter wavelengths. It restricts the path length of radio
communication systems and limits the use of higher frequencies for line-of-sight
microwave links and satellite communications. The attenuation will pose a greater
problem to communication as the frequency of occurrence of heavy rain increases.
In a tropical region, like Malaysia, where excessive rainfall is a common
phenomenon throughout the year, the knowledge of the rain attenuation at the
frequency of operation is extremely required for the design of a reliable terrestrial
and earth space communication link at a particular location.
 4

1.4 Methodology and Report Structure

This is a simulation project as well as life data captured from the system. To
achieve its objectives the following methodology are followed.
1) Select the experimental point to point microwave link for case study
2) Calculate the estimated RSL based on the path profile; transmit power and
gain of the system.
3) Calculate the estimated rain attenuation based on the planning path profile
and ITU-R recommendation.
4) Set up one experimental point to point microwave link at bench to simulate
the ATPC performance by capturing the RSL with ATPC enable and disable
using the results calculated on the above. Plot the graph RSL vs time and
compare the results.
5) Capture the RSL on the experimental link with ATPC enable and compare
the result with the link without ATPC.

Prior to the actual modeling and simulation of ATPC performance of the

systems, objectives, scope, motivations and problem statements are identified. This
is documented in Chapter 1 together with the overview of the project. The timelines
for Project 1 and Project 2 are attached in Appendix A and B.

The second chapter delves deeper into the subject matter which is digital
point to point microwave link and propagation attenuation due to rain. Extensive
research is carried out on the existing point to point microwave communications
system and its underlying siganal propoagation restrictions.

The third chapter outlines the modeling and calculation of rain attenuation
prediction based on ITU-R recommendations. This chapter illustrates the
mathematical models used to in writing the MATLAB codes
 5

Subsequently, the next chapter, Chapter 4, writes about the ATPC design
concept. Two type of design consideration is introduced and basic operation of
ATPC module loopback type was clearly explained.

The fifth chapter puts together all the flow chart in writing the MATLAB
script to calculate the rain attenuation predictions.

The final section of this report gives all the results obtained throughout the
project. Discussions and analysis on the results are included in this section.
 CHAPTER 2

DIGITAL MICROWAVE LINK AND PATH PROPAGATION

ATTENUATION

Focus of this project is on digital microwave link. As such basic

understanding on digital microwave transmission is necessary.

2.1 Transmission Lines

A transmission line is a device that transfers energy (information) from one

point to another with minimum amount of loss. Information can take the form of
voice, video and data signals. In other words, the transmission line must be
efficient. Efficiency is the real key to a transmission.

Transmission media can be classified as either:

cabled
• twisted pair
• coaxial cable
ƒ fiber optic cable

non-cabled
• cellular radio systems
• radio link systems
• satellite system
 7

2.2 Radio Link System

Radio link systems operate in the MHz to GHz range (microwaves). A

microwave system consists of a number of ground base stations. Transmitting and
receiving antennas must be in direct line of sight of each other.

Radio link systems were introduced as an alternative to coaxial cable on

long haul routes. They are. also used for links to islands and difficult rural
situations.

Advantages of radio link systems include:

• high bandwidth
• low level of signal attenuation
• can be used over rough terrain which would be unsuitable
for cabled media

Disadvantages of radio link systems include:

• expensive over short distances

• there can be no obstacles between the transmitting and
receiving antennas
• can suffer from interference due to climatic conditions and
other microwave sources

2.3 Digital Point-to-Point Microwave Link [8]

The term digital communications covers a broad area of communications

techniques, including digital transmission and digital radio. Digital transmission is
the transmittal of digital pulses between two points in a communications system.
Digital radio is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers between two
 8

points in a communications system. Digital transmission systems require physical

facility between the transmitter and receiver, such as a metallic wire pair, a coaxial
cable or a fiber optic cable. In digital radio systems, the transmission medium is free
space or the earth's atmosphere.

Figure 2.1 shows simplified block diagrams of digital transmission point-to-

point microwave system. In a digital transmission system, the original source
information may be in digital or analog form. If it is in analog form, it must be
converted to digital pulses prior to transmission and converted back to analog form
at the receive end. In a digital radio system, the modulating input signal and the
demodulated output signal are digital pulses. The digital pulses could originate from
a digital transmission system, from a digital source such as a mainframe computer or
from the binary encoding of an analog signal.

Interface Multiplexing Modulation RF

Po
Upconverter w
Digital er
Interface Mux Modulator
A
m
Crystal
Oscillator
Digital
Transmit Waveguide
Input
Filter
Independence Crystal
Or Circulator
Synthesizer Bord RF Oscillator
Receive
Crystal Filter
Oscillator
Digital D Demodulator
Interface e
m LNA

Down Converter
Digital
Output Interface De multiplexing Demodulation RF

Figure 2.1 Simplified block diagram of digital point to point microwave system
 9

2.4 Introduction to Terrestrial Link

Terrestrial link is a link between the transmitter and the receiver bounded by
the earth surface or ground plane. It also can be interpreted as a path of wave
propagate between two base station.

Figure 2.2 Terrestrial Link

2.5 Propagation Occurs Between Terrestrial Link

Propagation is the study of how radio waves travel from one point to another.
Its most important practical results for telecommunications are predictions of the
transmission impairment characteristics of radio links as loss, fading, interference,
dispersion, distortion and so on. These strongly influence the choice of transmitting
and receiving antennas, transmitter powers, and modulation techniques.

Figure 2.3 Line of Site Propagation

 10

In microwave communications system, there are several ways in which

waves can be propagated, depending on the type of system and the environment.
Electromagnetic waves travel in straight lines except when the earth and its
atmosphere alter their path. There are three ways of propagating electromagnetic
waves; ground wave, space wave (includes both direct and ground-reflected
waves), and sky wave propagation.

2.5.1 Ground wave propagation

A ground wave is an electromagnetic wave that travels along the surface of

the earth. Ground waves are sometimes called surface wave. Ground wave must be
vertically polarized. This is because the electric field in a horizontally polarized
wave would be parallel to the earth’s surface and such waves would be short
circuited by the conductivity of the ground. The earth’s surface also has resistance
and dielectric losses. Therefore ground waves are attenuated as they propagate.

2.5.2 Space wave propagation

Space wave propagation includes radiated energy that travels in the lower
few miles of the earth atmosphere. Space waves include both direct and ground
reflected waves. Direct waves are waves that travel essentially in a straight line
between the transmit and receive antennas. Space wave propagation with direct
waves is commonly called line-of-sight (LOS) transmission. Thefore space wave is
limited by the curvature of the earth. Ground reflected waves are those waves that
are reflected by the earth’s surface as they propogate between the transmit and
receive antennas.
 11

2.5.3 Sky wave propagation

Electromagnetic waves that are directed above horizon levels are called sky
waves. Sky waves are radiated in a direction that produces a relatively large angle
with reference to the earth. Sky waves are radiated toward the sky, where they are
either reflected or refracted back to the earth by ionosphere.

2.6 Path Propagation Attenuation

Basically, microwave path propagation can be categorized into 3 main

categories – clear atmosphere, rain and ice depolarization. Through these main
types of path, microwave signal may experience attenuation, which is one of
propagation effect. The other propagation effects are include diffraction fading due
to obstruction of the path by terrain obstacles under adverse propagation condition,
attenuation due to atmospheric gases, fading due atmospheric multi-path or beam
spreading, and fading due to multi-path arising from surface reflection, and many
more.

2.7 Effect of Attenuation due to Hydrometeors

Absorption and scattering by hydrometeors cause attenuation. Hydrometeors

meant here are such as rain, snow, hail, and fog. Above 5GHz, rain attenuation must
take into consideration unlikely for the case of below 5GHz, rain attenuation can be
ignored. In order to design a communication system that reliable, certain
characteristic may consider. For a line-of-sight system, terrestrial, maximum
attenuation is a crucial characteristic to know. From here, systems are designed to
work above attenuation level so that it can maintain at required strength level.
Predictions method is used to model the attenuation can be occurred. Rain
attenuation can be interpreted as a function of rain rate. Thus it can be meant the
 12

rate at which rainwater would accumulate in a rain gauge situated at the ground in
the region of interest. Rain rate is measured in millimeters per hour. As we know
rain attenuation occurs due to the absorption of radio waves by the rain drops, and to
the scattering effect, both resulting in diminished receive signal power. Scattering
occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of object with
dimension that are small compared to the wavelength, and when the number of
obstacles per unit volume is large.

Attenuation results in a poorer S/N [ 3 ]. When the S/N is seriously impaired

by attenuation, communication becomes difficult; errors appear in the received
signal. If the fade is deep enough, the signal is entirely lost in the noise.
 CHAPTER 3

RAIN ATTENUATION MODEL FOR USE IN PREDICTION METHOD

Attenuation due to rainfall can severely degrade the radiowave propagation

at centimeter or millimeter wavelengths. It restricts the path length of radio
communication systems and limits the use of higher frequencies for line-of-sight
microwave links and satellite communications. The attenuation will pose a greater
problem to communication system as the frequency of occurrence of heavy rain
increases. In a tropical region, like Malaysia, where excessive rainfall is a common
phenomenon throughout the year, the knowledge of the rain attenuation at the
frequency of operation is extremely required for the design of a reliable terrestrial
and earth space communication link at a particular location.

3.1 ITU-R Rain attenuation prediction model

The accurate prediction of rain attenuation in line of sight terrestrial links is

essential for planning and designing point-to-point and point-to-multipoint radio
systems for frequency bands above 10 GHz. Several empirical and semi-empirical
rain attenuation prediction methods that have been proposed over the years are
based, mainly, on experimental data obtained in temperate climates. Currently, the
ITU-R model [1-2] and the Crane model are among the most widely used.

Rain attenuation model is based on the knowledge of rain rates. By using the
power-law relationship, specific attenuation,γR(dB/km), is obtained from the rain
rate, R (mm/h).
 14

γR = kRα (1)

The frequency-dependent coefficient, k and α , for linear polarizations

(horizontal:H, and vertical:V) and horizontal paths is supplied by ITU-R as shown in
Table 1, in Appendix section.

Table 1 in Appendix D supplies tested and sufficient accurate values for attenuation
prediction upto frequencies of 55GHz. The value of k and α, are determined from
the following equation:-

where :

f: frequency (GHz)
k: either kH or kV
α: either αΗ or αV

From equation (2) and (3), there are the others values contribute to the
prediction value of k and α , from calculation. The values are given in the Table 2
and 3, in Appendix D. Prediction frequency-dependent coefficient, k and α ,for
linear and circular polarization can be calculated by using the following equations:

k =[kH+ kV+ (kH-- kV ) cos2 θcos 2 τ]/ 2 (4)

α =[kH αH kV αV kH αH – kV αVcos2 θcos 2 τ] / 2k (5)
 15

where θ is the path elevation angle and τ is the polarization tilt angle relative to the
horizontal (τ = 45° for circular polarization).

From these equations, curve of k and α, coefficients vs. frequency,

respectively, for each type polarization can be plotted to have clearer relationship
between them. The Figure 3.1 to figure 3.4 shows these characteristics.

Figure 3.1 k coefficient for horizontal polarization as a function of frequency

 16

Figure 3.2 α coefficient for horizontal polarization as a function of frequency

Figure 3.3 k coefficient for vertical polarization as a function of frequency

 17

Figure 3.4 α coefficient for vertical polarization as a function of frequency

The next step is to determine distance factor , r ,which this value will allow
us to calculate effective path length, deff. Effective path length can be determine by
multiplying actual path length and distance factor. The following are the equations
involve:

where actual path length, d = √(H2 + D2)

H = height
D = distance
and d0 = 35 e-0.015R0.01
ITU has recommended that, for the case R0.01 > 100 mm/h, use the value 100 mm/h
in place of R0.01.
Lastly, the rain attenuation in general case is a product of specific attenuation and
effective path length.

A0.01 = γRdeff =γ R dr
 CHAPTER 4

ATPC DESIGN CONCEPT

The extreme of propagation channel environment due to rain has brought to

the research and development of adaptive transmit power control (ATPC) in
microwave transceiver. ATPC varies the transmit power level in order to maintain
the receive signal level (RSL) above the threshold for bit-error-rate (BER) desired.

4.1 Block diagram and operation

ATPC refers to the process of varying the transmit power in a microwave link
with the presence of rain attenuation, in order to maintain the desired RSL. The
provision of this function allows to obtain the following effects.

• Reduction of interference to neighbouring systems

• Improvement in up fading characteristics
• Improvement in residual BER characteristics
• Savings on power consumption

The ATPC system implemented in microwave transceiver is an open loop power

control system. Consequently, the transmit power level is adjusted by operation on
a radio frequency signal, which itself undergoes rain attenuation, and is used to infer
the rain attenuation on the other link. It is suitable to be used against propagation
 19

fading, with the environment is free from interference [7]. Furthermore, this
mechanism is the less complexity. Good accuracy could be obtained since the
receiving frequency is close to the transmit frequency in microwave radio unit. In
microwave transceiver, ATPC system is integrated in the front end of the transmitter
as shown in figure 4.1. The power control can be achieved by using a
programmable attenuator where the attenuation level is varied by a driving signal.
The control range of programmable attenuator is 11 dB, with 1 dB step. Since the
power control is performed by refer to the RSL in receiver, an automatic gain
control (AGC) voltage signal that proportional to the RSL is required for
determining the attenuation level. The driver circuit processes appropriate control
signal for programmable attenuator based on the level of AGC voltage. Due to the
deep fading cause by the rainfall, ATPC with wide operation range is required.
When the RSL drop below threshold level for BER 10-6, the ATPC is activated. The
ATPC will be in inactive region when the RSL is above threshold level.

Figure 4.1 Block diagram of microwave transmitter with ATPC

 20

4.2 Design Consideration

With ATPC, the transmission power will be varied according to the propagation
channel condition external to the transceiver. It is essential to ensure that the system
fulfills the performance requirement within the transmission power range. There are
two situations that require consideration in ATPC design: the nominal power
transmission and maximum power transmission. The transceiver cannot introduce
excessive distortion and spurious to adjacent channels when operating in maximum
transmission power. The minimum performance parameters for point-to-point
equipment in terrestrial digital fixed service radio communications systems
operating at have been specified in European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) recommendations, which is one of the popular regulations that
follows by the commercial products. In [7], the requirements that need to be
followed when applying ATPC include:
• Transmitter maximum mean output power before the feeder shall not exceed
+30 dBm
• Transmit spectrum mask

The spectrum mask is an important feature since it defines the limitation of

spectrum for a digital modulation in order to avoid interference to adjacent channel.
The interference is majority cause by the nonlinear of the operating components,
which cause the spectrum spreading due to the increasing level of higher order inter
modulation product. Increasing the transmit power level from nominal to maximum
level might drive the system to compression mode.

Basically there are two popular types of ATPC system widely implemented in
microwave link transceiver.
1) Local Sense of RSL(Open loop) – transmit power is varies according to RSL
detected at local station. (Assumption there is attenuation in between two terminal)
2) Feedback Loop – transmit power is varies according to the RSL detected at
remote station feedback to local transmit station.
 21

4.3 Feedback Loop ATPC [4]

Figure 4.2 A functional block diagram of feedback loop ATPC

A functional block diagram is shown in figure 4.2. First, at the receiving end,
the RX IN level is detected by the RX UNIT of the equipment and the input signal
is passed on to the central processing unit (CPU) circuit on the ATPC module.
The CPU circuit determines whether or not the TX output power of the opposite
station should be controlled, according to the hysteresis characteristics . The
information concerning this control is sent through the RFCOH INTFC circuit to
reach the RFCOH INS circuit on the MODULATOR module of the equipment,
where it is inserted. This inserted control information is then transmitted to the
opposite station by the TX UNIT. At the transmitting end, the control information
received is detected by the RFCOH EXTRACTOR on the DEMODULATOR
module of the equipment, and passed on to the RFCOH INTFC circuit on the
ATPC module. The ATPC module produces a control signal through the CPU
circuit of the ATPC module in accordance with the control information received,
in order to hold the TX output power constant or to raise it or lower it. The control
signal thus produced is converted into an analog signal by the D/A CONV circuit.
This control signal finally varies the TX output power of the FET AMP. To activate
this ATPC function in the dynamic range for the specified transmitter output power,
the system needs to establish the following settings:
 22

a) Minimum TX Power level setting:To be set to the lowest TX power level.

b) Threshold level setting:Level to initiate the TX Power control.
c) Hysteresis level setting:Range within which the minimum TX power can be
raised till reaching maximum dB.

The control conditions of the ATPC are as follows;

1) The TX power control is performed by 1 dB steps within preset control range

at 100 dB/sec. tracking speed since receiver input level variation is detected
at the receive section of the opposite ATPC module.

2) The TX power minimum control (POWER MIN CTRL) function is

performed on the AUTO CTRL mode. When the situation of the Maximum
TX output power control continues over the preset period, the TX output
power is adjusted to the preset MIN level by 1 dB steps.

3) The TX power reset control (TX POWER RESET CTRL) function is

performed by the manual switch on the AUTO CONT mode. Under pushing
the MIN CONT switch, the TX output power is adjusted to the preset MIN
level by 1 dB steps.

4) The power on reset control (POWER ON RESET CONT) function is

performed when power is supplied initially. When power is supplied
initially, the TX output power is emitted at the limit minimum level without
ATPC control for the preset period, and over the preset period, the TX output
power is adjusted to the preset MIN level by 1 dB steps in advance and then
the ATPC operation is proceeded.

5) The TX power control answerably (ANSWERBACK) function is performed

for the ATPC control confirmation. Controlled TX output power level is
feedback by the TX output power monitor (T PWR MON) signal and is
compared with control command signal and if the receipt level is deviated
more than 5 dB, TX PWR ALM signal is generated.

6) ATPC RX CPU ALM control function is performed to reset the ATPC

 23

control operation. The RX CPU ALM information is kept at the ACL

interface circuit by latching and is sent to the ACL serial bus. The transmitter
output power in the opposite station is controlled to any of MAX, MIN or
HOLD level by the ATPC module according to presetting mode with LCT.

7) ATPC TX CPU ALM control function is performed to reset the ATPC

control operation. The ATPC TX CPU ALM information is kept at the ACL
interface circuit by latching and is sent to the ACL serial bus. The TX output
power is controlled to either MAX or MIN level according to presetting mode
with ATPC module.

8) COMU ALM control function is performed to reset TX output power level to

the preset level. When communication from the ATPC of the opposite is lost,
the ATPC control operation is discontinued for a preset period and the TX
output power level is adjusted to the any of MAX, MIN or HOLD level by 1
dB steps according to presetting mode with LCT.

9) F ASYNC ALM control function is performed to reset TX output power

level to the preset level. When F ASYNC ALM is received from local
demodulator or opposite station, the ATPC control operation is discontinued
for a preset period and the TX output power level is adjusted to the any of
MAX, MIN or HOLD level by 1 dB steps according to presetting mode with
LCT.

When receiver input level of the receiving side is decreased above predetermined
threshold level, TX output power of the transmitting side is increased by 1 dB steps at
preset power control range. On the contrary, when receiver input level of the
receiving side is increased, the transmitter output power is decreased by 1 dB steps.
 CHAPTER 5

RAIN ATTENUATION MODELLING BASED ON ITU-R

RECOMMENDATION

In calculating rain attenuation based on ITU-R prediction model it is best to

use computer for the accuracy and fast results. The following design flow charts
was developed as a guide in actual computer programming.

This project uses the MATLAB [9] high language computer software, which
is produced by MathWork Inc. MTALAB, a sophisticated language for matrix
calculation, stands for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB used to calculate the
estimated rain attenuation according to ITU-R recommendations. A detail
MATLAB code is shown in Appendix C.
 25

5.1 Design Flowchart for Specific Rain Attenuation Formula

26
27
 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Calculation of Estimated RSL on sample link.

The following table 6.1 and path profile plot is a report generated by path
calculation tools (Pathloss 4.0) on the estimated RSL calculated based on the path
profile and technical specsifications of the system.
 29

DatoDagang_TR.pl4 Wisma Dato Dagang Menara Naluri

Elevation (m) 56.00 10.00

Latitude 03 05 57.40 N 03 05 15.00 N
Longitude 101 43 28.00 E 101 43 15.00 E
True azimuth (°) 197.13 17.13
Vertical Angle (°) -3.51 3.50

Antenna Model VHP1-142(NEC) VHP1-142(NEC)

Antenna Height (m) 76.00 30.00
Antenna Gain (dBi) 32.00 32.00
TX Line Type QUASAR-FLEX QUASAR-FLEX
TX Line Length (m) 1.00 1.00
TX Line Unit loss (dB /100 m) 80.00 80.00
TX Line loss (dB) 0.80 0.80

Circ. Branching loss (dB) 1.50 1.50

Frequency (MHz) 15000.00

Polarization Vertical
Path Length (km) 1.50
Free Space loss (dB) 119.51
Atmospheric Absorption loss (dB) 0.04
Net Path loss (dB) 60.15 60.15

Radio Model NEC PASOLINK NEC PASOLINK

TX power (watts) 0.01 0.01
TX power (dBm) 10.00 10.00
EIRP (dBm) 39.70 39.70
RX Threshold Criteria BER 10^6 BER 10^6
RX Threshold Level (dBm) -60.00 -60.00
Maximum Receive Signal (dBm) -15.00 15.00

RX Signal (dBm) -50.15 -50.15

Thermal Fade Margin (dB) 9.85 9.85

C Factor 4.00
Average Annual Temperature (°C) 32.00

Worst Month Multipath Outage (%) 99.99874 99.99874

(sec) 33.07 33.07
Annual Multipath Outage (%) 99.99953 99.99953
(sec) 148.80 148.80
(% - sec) 99.99906 - 297.59

Rain Region ITU Region P

0.01% Rain Rate (mm/hr) 145.00
Rain Rate (mm/hr) 129.90
Rain Attenuation (dB) 9.85
Annual Rain Outage (%-sec) 99.98486 - 4774.20
Annual Multipath + Rain (%-sec) 99.98392 - 5071.79

Table 6.1 Calculated RSL Report with Pathloss 4

 30

150

140

130

120

110

100

90
Elevation (m)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
P ath Leng th ( 1.50 km )
W i s m a D ato D ag ang F r eq uenc y ( M H z ) = 15000.0 M enar a N alur i
Latitude 03 05 57.40 N K = 1.33 Latitude 03 05 15.00 N
Long i tude 101 43 28.00 E % F 1 = 100.00, 60.00 Long itude 101 43 15.00 E
A z i m uth 197.13° A z im uth 17.13°
E levation 56 m A S L E levati on 10 m A S L
A ntenna C L 76.0 m A G L C E LC O M ( M ) B H D A ntenna C L 30.0 m A G L

S ep 19 06

Figure 6.1 Path profile plot

Discussion: The choosen link is between Wisma Dato Dagang and Menara Nuluri in
Kuala Lumpur. Based the report generated, the actual path length is 1.5 Km apart
and the estimated RSL for both site around -50 dBm. The threshold level of system
is set at -60dBm.

6.2 Calculated Rain Attenuation

The following figure from MATLAB GUI is a result for the rain attenuation
on the worse case scenario. The rain rate at 146 mm/hr was choosed.
 31

11.26

146

15

1.5

0.046

Figure 6.2 Matlab GUI for rain attenuation

Discussion: Based on ITU-R recommendation worse case scenario was selected with
rain rate of 146 mm/hr choosen. With the actual path length of 1.5 Km and height
differences between two antennas around 46 meters the calculated specific rain
attenuation is 11 dB.

6.3 Simulation results on bench set up system

6.3.1 RSL Response with ATPC enables.

The graph on the following figure 6.3 shows the response of RSL whenever
the ATPC module is enable in the system and the attenuation of rain is introduced at
11 dB as what is calculated. The attenuation is gradually increase another 11 dB to
22 dB to further analyse the ATPC performance.
 32

0 5

4.5
-10
4

-20 3.5
RX(A1)
3
-30 RX(B1)
2.5 Treshold
22 dB Attenuation
-40 25 dB Attenuation
TX(A)
11 dB Attenuation 2
TX(B)
-50 1.5

1
-60
0.5

-70 0

Figure 6.3 RSL response with ATPC enables

Discussion: The initial RSL of the system is set to -50dBm as calculated. Once 11
dB rain attenution is introduced to the system the RSL is expected to drop by 11 dB
exceed the threshold level (-60 dBm). The attenuation is detected by the system and
ATPC automatically in increase the transmit power to maintain the RSL above the
threshold level. As susch the RSL is maintain around -59 dBm. Whenever another
11 dB attenuation is introduced (so total 22 dB) the system still capable to maintain
the RSL above the threshold level. The system manage to maintain the RSL above
the threshold level up to maximum 25 dB attenuation. Exceeding that value the RSL
will drop below the threshold. The transmit power level is varying according to the
atteneuation received by the system

6.3.2 The RSL response with ATPC disables.

The graph on the following figure 6.4 shows the response of RSL whenever
the ATPC module is disable in the system and the attenuation of rain is introduced at
 33

11 dB as what is calculated. The attenuation is gradually increase another 11 dB to

22 dB to further analyse the ATPC performance

10 10
5
0 0
-5
-10
-10
-15
-20
-20 RX(A)
-30 -25 RX(B)
-30 Treshold
-40 11 dB Attenuation -35 TX(B)
22 dB Attenuation -40 TX(A)
-50
-45
-50
-60
-55

-70 -60
-65
-80 -70

Figure 6.4 RSL response with ATPC disables

Discussion: The initial RSL of the system is set to -50dBm as calculated. Once 11
dB rain attenution is introduced to the system the RSL is propotionally drop 11 dB
below the threshold level. Whenever another 11 dB attenuation is introduce (total 22
dB) the RSL keep dropping far below the tershold level. The transmit power is
maintain at the initial setting without any changes.

6.4 Results on the active sytem install within Celcom network

The graph on the following figure 6.5 show the actual RSL response on the
selected link installed within Celcom network with the ATPC enables.
 34

RSL DURING RAINING PERIOD (22 AUG 2006 12:10-2.00 PM)

-48.5
-49
-49.5
-50
-50.5
-51
-51.5
-52
-52.5
-53
-53.5
-54
-54.5
-55
-55.5
-56
-56.5
RSL

Figure 6.5 The RSL response on the sample link with ATPC enables

Discussion: On the actual case study link the ATPC performance is hardly seen due
to a very small attenuation introduced by the rain even the sampled RSL response is
captured during a heavy raining period. The RSL is continuously maintained above
the threshold level.

6.5 Summary of results

With ATPC enables, the system will try to maintain the RSL respsonse
above the threshold level by aoutomatically varying the transmit power of the
system. The transmit power will vary propotionally with the attenuation received by
the system. However this function will not happened in system without ATPC
module.
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

This report has outlined the work done on studying the performance of
ATPC in point to point microwave link for rain attenuation problem particularly in
Malaysia.

Firstly, one sample point to point microwace link within Celcom network
was selected. Based on the path profile and system specifications the expected RSL
is calculated with Pathloss 4.0 sofware. The rain attenuation models based on ITU-
R recommendation was developed and then implemented in Matlab. The expected
rain attenuation is calculated.

Following that, based on the RSL and rain attenuation calculated the system
bench simulation is set up to simulate the RSL response with the ATPC module
enable and disable. HP variable attenuator is used as rain attenuation between the
two sites of the system. The RSL response is captured from the system the graph
RSL against time with ATPC option enable and disable is plotted. At the same time
the RSL on the real link system is also captured and the graphs are plotted. All the
results are compared to determine the ATPC performance.

7.1 Positive Conclusion

The project went rather well. An automatic transmit power control (ATPC)
is just a small module in microwave transceivers but undoubtedly plays significant
 36

impact to overcome rain attenuation problem especially for frequency over 10GHz.
ATPC varies the transmit power level in order to maintain the receive signal level
(RSL) above the threshold for bit-error-rate (BER).

7.2 Further improvement for this Project

Satisfactory results were obtained. However, there is still room for

improvements. As this project is only focus on the system with 15GHz frequency
band, given more time, I would like to make a study at a higher frequency band. On
top of that I would recommend the selected sample link for study case should be
selectec within the worse case scenario (longer distance hop and higher operating
frequency) so that the impact of rain attenuation is more.

7.3 Future research

Further study on adaptive modulation and using the most suitable modulation
schemes under certain condition can enhance current wireless transmission. More
research can be carried out on realizing higher order PSK schemes with acceptable
bit error rate performance to provide better bandwidth efficiency.

7.4 A Final Note

This project has been interesting and challenging for a newcomer in the
wireless communication field like me. I have achieved all the objectives stated but
most importantly, I have learnt more on wireless communications systems
particularly on the ATPC basic design concept and operational on an ATPC module.
This project is a stepping stone for me to embark in the R&D for the wireless
technologies.
 37

REFERENCES

1. International Telecommunication Union Recommendation P.530-11

Propagation Data and Perediction Methods Required for the Design of
Teresterial Line of Sight System; 2005.

2. Inter national Telecommunication Union Recommendation P.838-3 Spesific

Attenuation Model for Rain for Use In Prediction Methods; 2005.

3. Prof Dr Tharek Rahman, Lecture Notes Wireless Communication, UTM; 2005.

4. N.Nagatomo, NEC Pasolink+ Technical Reference Manual, NEC Tokyo, 2003.

5. Robert K. Crane, Prediction of Attenuation by Rain, IEEE Transactions on

Communications, Vol. Com-28, No 29, September 1980. 1717 – 1733.

6. Rafiqul M.I & Tharek A.R, One Year Measurement of Rain Attenuation of
Microwave Signal at 23GHz and 38 GHz in Malaysia, The 4th CDMA
International Conference (CIC’99), Seoul, Korea, September 8-11, 1999.

7. Hsuan-Jung Su and Geraniotis, Adaptive Closed Loop Power Control with

Quantized Feedback and Looping Filtering. Wireless Communications, IEEE
Transaction on, Volume: 1 Issue 1. 2002; 76-86.

8. Mohd Nizam Asari, Basic Micowave Transmission, Celcom Academy, Kuala

Lumpur, 1998

9. Proakis, J.G. Digital Communications, 3rd ed., NY: Mcgraw-Hill, 1995.

 38

10. http://www.mathworks.com

11. Sampei, S., Applications of Digital Wireless Technologies to Global Wireless

Communications, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997

12. Prasad, J. G., Digital Communications, 3rd Edition., New York: McGraw Hill,
1995

13. Jakes, W.C., Microwave Mobile Communications, NewYork:IEEE Press, 1994

 39

APPENDIX A

TIMELINE FOR PROJECT 1

Task W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10W11 W12 W13 W14W15

Project proposal
Literature review
Internet research
Discussion with
supervisor
Matlab installation
Learning Matlab
Presentation draft
Presentation slide
preparation
Presentation
Report Writing
 40

APPENDIX B

TIMELINE FOR PROJECT 2

Task W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10W11 W12 W13 W14W15

Select a case study
link
Calculate the
estimated RSL
with Pathloss
Model and
develop Matlab
script to calculate
rain attenuation
Set up bech
simulation link
Simulate ATPC
on bench link
Capture the RSL
on live link

Plot and compare

the RSL response
Presentation slide
preparation
Presentation
Report Writing
 41

APPENDIX C

MATLAB CODES FOR BPSK TRANSMISSION SCHEME

 42

Program Code (Version 1)

Calculate log10(freq)
function calculate_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
lfreq = log10(handles.metricdata.frequency);
Calculate for horizontal polarization, kh and ah
jhoripolar =[ 0.3364 1.1274 0.2916;0.7520 1.6644 0.5175;
-0.9466 2.8496 0.4315];
ihoripolar =[0.5564 0.7741 0.4011; 0.2237 1.4023 0.3475;
-0.1961 0.5769 0.2372; -0.02219 2.2959 0.2801];
for j = 1:3
qk = (lfreq - jhoripolar(j,2))/ jhoripolar(j,3);
sk(j) = (jhoripolar(j,1) * exp(-(qk^2)));
end
kh = 10^(sum(sk) + ( 1.9925*lfreq ) -4.4123);
for i = 1:4
qa = (lfreq - ihoripolar(i,2))/ ihoripolar(i,3);
sa(i) = (ihoripolar(i,1) * exp(-(qa^2)));
end
ah = sum(sa) + ( -0.08016*lfreq ) + 0.8993;
Calculate for vertical polarization, kv and av
jvertpolar =[ 0.3023 1.1402 0.2826; 0.7790 1.6723 0.5694;
-1.0022 2.9400 0.4823];
ivertpolar =[0.5463 0.8017 0.3657; 0.2158 1.4080 0.3636;
-0.1693 0.6353 0.2155; -0.01895 2.3105 0.2938];
for j = 1:3
uk = (lfreq - jvertpolar(j,2))/ jvertpolar(j,3);
wk(j) = (jvertpolar(j,1) * exp(-(uk^2)));
end
kv = 10^(sum(wk) + ( 1.9710*lfreq ) -4.4535);
for i = 1:4
ua = (lfreq - ivertpolar(i,2))/ ivertpolar(i,3);
wa(i) = (ivertpolar(i,1) * exp(-(ua^2)));
- 18 -
end
 43

av = sum(wa) + ( (-0.07059)*lfreq ) + 0.8756;

Calculate for circular polarization, kc and ac
elevangle = atand(handles.metricdata.height /
handles.metricdata.distance);
tau = 45;
kc = [ kh + kv + ( (kh - kv)*((cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / 2;
ac = [ (kh*ah) + (kv*av) + ( ((kh*ah) -
(kv*av))*( (cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / (2*kc);
Calculate special attenuation
polar = handles.metricdata.polarization;
switch polar
case 1
y = kc * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ac);
case 2
y = kh * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ah);
case 3
y = kv * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ av);
end
Calculate rain attenuation
d = sqrt( (handles.metricdata.distance ^2) + (handles.metricdata.height
^2) );
if (handles.metricdata.rainrate <= 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * handles.metricdata.rainrate));
elseif (handles.metricdata.rainrate > 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * 100));
end
r = 1 / ( 1 + (d / do) );
deff = r * d;
rainatt = y * deff;
- 19 -
Plot Rain Attenuation Vs. Frequency
open('RainAttenuationGraph.fig');
cla;
c=0;
 44

jhoripolar =[ 0.3364 1.1274 0.2916;0.7520 1.6644 0.5175;

-0.9466 2.8496 0.4315];
ihoripolar =[0.5564 0.7741 0.4011; 0.2237 1.4023 0.3475;
-0.1961 0.5769 0.2372; -0.02219 2.2959 0.2801];
jvertpolar =[ 0.3023 1.1402 0.2826; 0.7790 1.6723
0.5694;
-1.0022 2.9400 0.4823];
ivertpolar =[0.5463 0.8017 0.3657; 0.2158 1.4080 0.3636;
-0.1693 0.6353 0.2155; -0.01895 2.3105
0.2938];
elevangle = atand(handles.metricdata.height /
handles.metricdata.distance);
tau = 45;
d = sqrt( (handles.metricdata.distance ^2) +
(handles.metricdata.height ^2) );
if (handles.metricdata.rainrate <= 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * handles.metricdata.rainrate));
elseif (handles.metricdata.rainrate > 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * 100));
end
r = 1 / ( 1 + (d / do) );
deff = r * d;
for lfreq = 1:1:400;
c=c+1;
x(c)=lfreq;
lfreq=log10(lfreq);
for j = 1:3
qk = (lfreq - jhoripolar(j,2))/ jhoripolar(j,3);
sk(j) = (jhoripolar(j,1) * exp(-(qk^2)));
end
kh = 10^(sum(sk) + ( 1.9925*lfreq ) -4.4123);
for i = 1:4
qa = (lfreq - ihoripolar(i,2))/ ihoripolar(i,3);
sa(i) = (ihoripolar(i,1) * exp(-(qa^2)));
 45

end
ah = sum(sa) + ( (-0.08016)*lfreq ) + 0.8993;
for j = 1:3
uk = (lfreq - jvertpolar(j,2))/ jvertpolar(j,3);
wk(j) = (jvertpolar(j,1) * exp(-(uk^2)));
end
kv = 10^(sum(wk) + ( 1.9710*lfreq ) -4.4535);
for i = 1:4
ua = (lfreq - ivertpolar(i,2))/ ivertpolar(i,3);
wa(i) = (ivertpolar(i,1) * exp(-(ua^2)));
end
av = sum(wa) + ( (-0.07059)*lfreq ) + 0.8756;
kc = [ kh + kv + ( (kh -
kv)*((cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / 2;
- 20 -
ac = [ (kh*ah) + (kv*av) + ( ((kh*ah) -
(kv*av))*( (cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / (2*kc);
polar = handles.metricdata.polarization;
switch polar
case 1
y = kc * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ac);
case 2
y = kh * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ah);
case 3
y = kv * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ av);
end
rainatt(c) = y * deff;
end
varploty = handles.atten ;
varplotx = handles.metricdata.frequency ;
title('Rain Attenuation vs Frequency')
xlabel('Frequency in GHz');
ylabel('Rain Attenuation in dB');
plot(x,rainatt,'-');
 46

text(varplotx,varploty,'\bullet \leftarrow','FontSize',12);
Plot Rain Attenuation Vs. Rain Rate
open('RainAttenuationGraph.fig');
cla;
c=0;
lfreq = log10(handles.metricdata.frequency);
jhoripolar =[ 0.3364 1.1274 0.2916;0.7520 1.6644 0.5175;
-0.9466 2.8496 0.4315];
ihoripolar =[0.5564 0.7741 0.4011; 0.2237 1.4023 0.3475;
-0.1961 0.5769 0.2372; -0.02219 2.2959 0.2801];
for j = 1:3
qk = (lfreq - jhoripolar(j,2))/ jhoripolar(j,3);
sk(j) = (jhoripolar(j,1) * exp(-(qk^2)));
end
kh = 10^(sum(sk) + ( 1.9925*lfreq ) -4.4123);
for i = 1:4
qa = (lfreq - ihoripolar(i,2))/ ihoripolar(i,3);
sa(i) = (ihoripolar(i,1) * exp(-(qa^2)));
end
ah = sum(sa) + ( -0.08016*lfreq ) + 0.8993;
jvertpolar =[ 0.3023 1.1402 0.2826; 0.7790 1.6723
0.5694;
-1.0022 2.9400 0.4823];
ivertpolar =[0.5463 0.8017 0.3657; 0.2158 1.4080 0.3636;
-0.1693 0.6353 0.2155; -0.01895 2.3105 0.2938];
for j = 1:3
uk = (lfreq - jvertpolar(j,2))/ jvertpolar(j,3);
wk(j) = (jvertpolar(j,1) * exp(-(uk^2)));
end
kv = 10^(sum(wk) + ( 1.9710*lfreq ) -4.4535);
for i = 1:4
ua = (lfreq - ivertpolar(i,2))/ ivertpolar(i,3);
wa(i) = (ivertpolar(i,1) * exp(-(ua^2)));
- 21 -
 47

end
av = sum(wa) + ( (-0.07059)*lfreq ) + 0.8756;
tau = 45;
elevangle = atand(handles.metricdata.height /
handles.metricdata.distance);
kc = [ kh + kv + ( (kh -
kv)*((cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / 2;
ac = [ (kh*ah) + (kv*av) + ( ((kh*ah) -
(kv*av))*( (cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / (2*kc);
d = sqrt( (handles.metricdata.distance ^2) +
(handles.metricdata.height ^2) );
for rainrate = 1:1:400;
c=c+1;
x(c)=rainrate;
if (rainrate <= 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * rainrate));
elseif (rainrate > 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * 100));
end
r = 1 / ( 1 + (d / do) );
deff = r * d;
polar = handles.metricdata.polarization;
switch polar
case 1
y = kc * (rainrate ^ ac);
case 2
y = kh * (rainrate ^ ah);
case 3
y = kv * (rainrate ^ av);
end
rainatt(c) = y * deff;
end
varploty = handles.atten ;
varplotx = handles.metricdata.rainrate ;
 48

title('Rain Attenuation vs Rain Rate')

xlabel('Rain Rate in mm/h');
ylabel('Rain Attenuation in dB');
plot(x,rainatt,'-');
text(varplotx,varploty,'\bullet \leftarrow','FontSize',12);
Plot Rain Attenuation Vs. Distance
open('RainAttenuationGraph.fig');
cla;
c=0;
lfreq = log10(handles.metricdata.frequency);
jhoripolar =[ 0.3364 1.1274 0.2916;0.7520 1.6644 0.5175;
-0.9466 2.8496 0.4315];
ihoripolar =[0.5564 0.7741 0.4011; 0.2237 1.4023 0.3475;
-0.1961 0.5769 0.2372; -0.02219 2.2959 0.2801];
for j = 1:3
qk = (lfreq - jhoripolar(j,2))/ jhoripolar(j,3);
sk(j) = (jhoripolar(j,1) * exp(-(qk^2)));
end
- 22 -
kh = 10^(sum(sk) + ( 1.9925*lfreq ) -4.4123);
for i = 1:4
qa = (lfreq - ihoripolar(i,2))/ ihoripolar(i,3);
sa(i) = (ihoripolar(i,1) * exp(-(qa^2)));
end
ah = sum(sa) + ( -0.08016*lfreq ) + 0.8993;
jvertpolar =[ 0.3023 1.1402 0.2826; 0.7790 1.6723
0.5694;
-1.0022 2.9400 0.4823];
ivertpolar =[0.5463 0.8017 0.3657; 0.2158 1.4080 0.3636;
-0.1693 0.6353 0.2155; -0.01895 2.3105 0.2938];
for j = 1:3
uk = (lfreq - jvertpolar(j,2))/ jvertpolar(j,3);
wk(j) = (jvertpolar(j,1) * exp(-(uk^2)));
end
 49

kv = 10^(sum(wk) + ( 1.9710*lfreq ) -4.4535);

for i = 1:4
ua = (lfreq - ivertpolar(i,2))/ ivertpolar(i,3);
wa(i) = (ivertpolar(i,1) * exp(-(ua^2)));
end
av = sum(wa) + ( (-0.07059)*lfreq ) + 0.8756;
tau = 45;
if (handles.metricdata.rainrate <= 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * handles.metricdata.rainrate));
elseif (handles.metricdata.rainrate > 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * 100));
end
for distance = 1:1:400;
c=c+1;
x(c)=distance;
elevangle = atand(handles.metricdata.height / distance);
d = sqrt( (distance ^2) + (handles.metricdata.height ^2) );
r = 1 / ( 1 + (do / d) );
deff = r * d;
kc = [ kh + kv + ( (kh -
kv)*((cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / 2;
ac = [ (kh*ah) + (kv*av) + ( ((kh*ah) -
(kv*av))*( (cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / (2*kc);
polar = handles.metricdata.polarization;
switch polar
case 1
y = kc * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ac);
case 2
y = kh * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ah);
case 3
y = kv * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ av);
end
rainatt(c) = y * deff;
end
 50

varploty = handles.atten
varplotx = handles.metricdata.distance
title('Rain Attenuation vs Distance')
xlabel('Distance in km');
ylabel('Rain Attenuation in dB');
plot(x,rainatt,'-');
text(varplotx,varploty,'\bullet \leftarrow','FontSize',12);
- 23 -
Plot Rain Attenuation Vs. Height
open('RainAttenuationGraph.fig');
cla;
c=0;
lfreq = log10(handles.metricdata.frequency);
jhoripolar =[ 0.3364 1.1274 0.2916;0.7520 1.6644 0.5175;
-0.9466 2.8496 0.4315];
ihoripolar =[0.5564 0.7741 0.4011; 0.2237 1.4023 0.3475;
-0.1961 0.5769 0.2372; -0.02219 2.2959 0.2801];
for j = 1:3
qk = (lfreq - jhoripolar(j,2))/ jhoripolar(j,3);
sk(j) = (jhoripolar(j,1) * exp(-(qk^2)));
end
kh = 10^(sum(sk) + ( 1.9925*lfreq ) -4.4123);
for i = 1:4
qa = (lfreq - ihoripolar(i,2))/ ihoripolar(i,3);
sa(i) = (ihoripolar(i,1) * exp(-(qa^2)));
end
ah = sum(sa) + ( -0.08016*lfreq ) + 0.8993;
jvertpolar =[ 0.3023 1.1402 0.2826; 0.7790 1.6723
0.5694;
-1.0022 2.9400 0.4823];
ivertpolar =[0.5463 0.8017 0.3657; 0.2158 1.4080 0.3636;
-0.1693 0.6353 0.2155; -0.01895 2.3105 0.2938];
for j = 1:3
uk = (lfreq - jvertpolar(j,2))/ jvertpolar(j,3);
 51

wk(j) = (jvertpolar(j,1) * exp(-(uk^2)));

end
kv = 10^(sum(wk) + ( 1.9710*lfreq ) -4.4535);
for i = 1:4
ua = (lfreq - ivertpolar(i,2))/ ivertpolar(i,3);
wa(i) = (ivertpolar(i,1) * exp(-(ua^2)));
end
av = sum(wa) + ( (-0.07059)*lfreq ) + 0.8756;
tau = 45;
if (handles.metricdata.rainrate <= 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * handles.metricdata.rainrate));
elseif (handles.metricdata.rainrate > 100)
do = 35 * exp(-(0.015 * 100));
end
for height = 0:1:400;
c=c+1;
x(c)=height;
elevangle = atand(height / handles.metricdata.distance);
d = sqrt( (handles.metricdata.distance ^2) + (height ^2) );
r = 1 / ( 1 + (d / do) );
deff = r * d;
kc = [ kh + kv + ( (kh -
kv)*((cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / 2;
ac = [ (kh*ah) + (kv*av) + ( ((kh*ah) -
(kv*av))*( (cosd(elevangle))^2)*(cosd(2*tau)))] / (2*kc);
polar = handles.metricdata.polarization;
switch polar
case 1
y = kc * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ac);
- 24 -
case 2
y = kh * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ ah);
case 3
y = kv * (handles.metricdata.rainrate ^ av);
 52

end
rainatt(c) = y * deff;
end
varploty = handles.atten ;
varplotx = handles.metricdata.height ;
title('Rain Attenuation vs Height Difference')
xlabel('Height Difference in km');
ylabel('Rain Attenuation in dB');
text(varplotx,varploty,'\bullet \leftarrow','FontSize',12);
plot(x,rainatt,'-');
 53

APPENDIX D

FREQUENCY DEPENDENT COEFFICIENTS FOR ESTIMATING SPESIFIC

ATTENUATION
 54

TABLE 1
55
56
57
58
 59

APPENDIX E

SAMPLE OF SYSTEM RSL RESPONSE CAPTURED FROM THE

SYSTEM
 60

1. Setting
2. Maintenance
3. Monitoring
99. Exit

Select function No. :3

Monitoring
1. Monitoring voltage
2. Monitoring voltage(continuous mode)
3. Alarm/Status
4. Inventory
00. Menu
99. Exit

Select item No. :2

2. Monitoring voltage (continuous mode)

Time stamp (1min:0 / 1sec:1) :1

Press any key to start...

|----------RX LEV[ V/dBm ]---------| |----------TX PWR[ V/dB ]---------|

Time MAX(1) MIN(1) MAX(2) MIN(2) MAX(1) MIN(1) MAX(2)
MIN(2)
1 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
2 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
3 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.78/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
 61

4 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.78/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***

5 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
6 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
7 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
8 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
9 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
10 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
11 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
12 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
13 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
14 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
15 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
16 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
17 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.78/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
18 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.78/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
19 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
20 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
21 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
22 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
23 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
24 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
25 3.12/-42 2.73/-52 2.76/-51 1.57/-81 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
26 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 1.57/-81 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
27 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
28 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
29 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
30 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
31 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
32 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
33 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
34 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
35 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
36 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
37 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
 62

38 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***

39 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
40 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
41 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
42 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
43 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.35/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
44 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.35/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
45 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
46 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
47 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
48 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
49 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
50 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
51 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 1.96/-71 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
52 2.71/-53 2.33/-62 1.96/-71 1.96/-71 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
53 2.33/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.96/-71 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
54 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.96/-71 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
55 2.33/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
56 2.33/-62 2.31/-62 1.94/-72 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
57 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
58 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
59 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
60 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
61 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
62 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.96/-71 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
63 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
64 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.94/-72 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
65 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
66 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.96/-71 1.94/-72 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
67 2.31/-62 2.31/-62 1.94/-72 0.98/-96 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
68 2.31/-62 1.71/-78 2.35/-61 0.98/-96 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
69 2.73/-52 1.71/-78 2.37/-61 2.35/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
70 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
71 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.35/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
 63

72 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.35/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***

73 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
74 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
75 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
76 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
77 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
78 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
79 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
80 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
81 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
82 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
83 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
84 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
85 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
86 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
87 2.71/-53 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
88 2.73/-52 2.71/-53 2.37/-61 2.35/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
89 2.73/-52 2.73/-52 2.37/-61 2.35/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
90 2.73/-52 2.04/-69 2.76/-51 2.37/-61 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
91 3.12/-42 2.04/-69 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
92 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
93 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
94 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
95 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
96 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
97 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
98 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
99 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
100 3.12/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
101 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
102 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
103 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.76/-51 2.76/-51 4.47/ 0 4.47/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***
104 3.14/-42 3.12/-42 2.78/-51 2.76/-51 4.49/ 0 4.49/ 0 0.00/*** 0.00/***