1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

Background
Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is an analytical technique that uses economic principles in
order to evaluate long-term alternative investment options. The analysis enables total cost
comparison of competing design alternatives with equivalent benefits. LCCA accounts for
relevant costs to the sponsoring agency, owner, operator of the facility, and the roadway user
that will occur throughout the life of an alternative. Relevant costs include initial construction,
future maintenance and rehabilitation, and replacement costs The LCCA analytical process
helps to identify the lowest cost alternative that accomplishes the project objectives by
providing critical information for the overall decision-making process.

1.2 Definition

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook 135, 1995
edition, defines Life Cycle Cost (LCC) as “the total discounted dollar cost of owning,
operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or a building system” over a period of time.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is an economic evaluation technique that determines the total
cost of owning and operating a facility over period of time.

Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is a method for evaluating all relevant costs over time of a
project, product, or measure. The LCC method takes into account first costs, including capital
investment costs, purchase, and installation costs; future costs, including energy costs, operating
costs, maintenance costs, capital replacement costs, financing costs; and any resale, salvage, or
disposal cost, over the life-time of the project, product, or measure.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis is an essential design process for controlling the initial and the
future cost of building ownership. LCCA can be implemented at any level of the design process
 2

and can also be an effective tool for evaluation of existing building systems. LCCA can be used
to evaluate the cost of a full range of projects, from an entire site complex to a specific building
system component.

1.3Elements of Life cycle cost Analysis

• Design alternatives
• Analysis period
• Initial Investment cost
• Operation cost
• Maintenance cost
• Repair cost
• Replacement cost
• Residual cost
• Discount rate

a) Design Alternatives
A LCCA begins with the selection of alternative designs that will accomplish same performance
objectives for a project. These alternatives should be distinctly different and viable solutions to
the facility issue being addressed. The chosen alternative is to be the most reasonable and cost-
effective solution to the project problem.

b) Analysis period
The Analysis period is the period of time during which the initial and any future costs for the
project alternatives will be evaluated.

c) Initial investment cost

Investment costs are costs that will be incurred prior to the occupation of the facility. All initial
costs are to be added to the LCCA total at their full value.
 3

d) Operation cost
The operation costs are annual costs, excluding maintenance and repair costs, involved in the
operation of the facility. All operation costs are to be discounted to their present value prior to
addition to the LCCA total.

e) Maintenance cost
Maintenance costs are scheduled costs associated with the upkeep of the facility. This task is a
scheduled event that is intended to keep the building in good condition.

f) Replacement cost
Replacement costs are anticipated expenditures to major building system components that are
required to maintain the operation of a facility. All replacement costs are to be discounted to
their present value prior to addition to the LCCA total.

g) Residual cost
Residual cost is the net worth of building of building facility at the end of the LCCA study
period. This is the only cost category in a LCCA where a negative value exists.

h) Discount rate

1.4 Chilled Water Piping System

Many large buildings, campuses, and other facilities have plants that make chilled water and
distribute it to air handling units and other cooling equipment. The design operation and
maintenance of these chilled water plants has a very large impact on building energy use and
energy operating cost. Not only do chilled water plants use very significant amounts of
 4

electricity, they also significantly contribute to the peak load of buildings. Usually building
experiences its maximum peak on hot summer days. During this peak event, chilled water plants
are often running at maximum capacity. When temperatures are moderate, chilled water plants
are shut down or operated in stand-by mode. This variation in the rate of energy use is a major
contributor to the peaks and valleys in energy demand.

FIGURE 1.1 GENERAL LAY OUT OF CHILLED WATER PIPING SYSTEM

Figure 1.1 shows Chilled water system is a liquid recirculation system in which usually water
will be circulated throughout loop. Now starting from chillers, the return water from AHU
forced in to the chillers where heat exchange takes place between return water and refrigerant
hence return water temperature will decreases to approximately 70 C, then the chilled water will
be forced to the all AHUs through secondary pumps.

1.5 CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

The principal emphasis of contemporary design of chilled water system is to move the
water with the higher efficiency and lowest energy consumption possible within the economic
 5

constraints of the installation.

Different types of chilled water distribution systems are:

1.5.1 Constant primary system

The simplest chilled water pumping system has a single, primary, level of pumping that
connects plants and loads via a single pumping circuit. When primary-only systems are pumped
at constant flow rate, it is typical to have three-way control valves at loads. When a primary-
only system utilizes variable flow pumping, control valves at loads are typically two-way and a
low flow bypass is incorporated to maintain minimum flow through chiller evaporators under
low load conditions. Constant primary flow pumping has its origin in limitations of the controls
of packaged chillers manufactured prior to the mid 1980s. Equipment manufacturers
discouraged variable primary flow applications of their chillers and the habit of using it
ingrained. For several decades, constant flow primary with variable flow secondary has been
considered the standard design for systems of any significant size.

1.5.2 Constant primary Variable Secondary System

A widely used alternative pumping concept is the separation of the chilled water system
into two hydraulically independent circuits, a primary system associated with the plant and a
secondary system associated with distribution and end use. This concept is taken to its logical
limit in primary/secondary/tertiary systems, in which separate pumping is also provided for the
load.

1.5.3 Variable primary system

Primary variable system will have control in itself such that, the alteration of load may
be sensitively acted upon and hence the flow is varied. Variable primary flow results in
minimum chilled water pump energy usage.

A second is that the initial cost of primary-only system is lower than that of a
primary/secondary system. A third is that primary/secondary systems are subject to a complex
of operational problems collectively referred to as “low ΔT syndrome”. Fourth, and perhaps
 6

most importantly, advances in packaged chiller controls now make it possible to vary
evaporator flow sufficiently rapidly and across a sufficiently large range to make it a practical
control approach

1.6 OBJECTIVE
The Objective of the present study is to
1. Find life cycle cost analysis of chilled water piping system in an industrial site.
2. Propose most reasonable and cost effective alternative which leads to the least life cycle
cost analysis.

1.7 CONCLUSION

In this chapater background of life cycle cost analysis, basic definitions, and elements
of life cycle cost analysis was studied. Description, functioning of chilled water piping system
and various water distributions like constant primary variable secondary, primary variable are
noticed.
 7

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The research activities on life cycle cost analysis for HVAC system presented can be
categorized mainly into two groups.
 Life cycle cost analysis

 Energy conservation

2.2 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

Life cycle costs (LCC) are cradle to grave costs summarized as an economics model of
evaluating alternatives for equipment and projects. Engineering details drive LCC cost numbers
for the economic calculations. The economics of proposals drives the scenario selection process.
Good engineering proposals without economic justification are often uneconomical. Good
engineering with good economics provide business successes. The LCC economic model
provides better assessment of long-term cost effectiveness of projects than can be obtained with
only first costs decisions.

S. M. Fereig et al (1984) had estimated the effects of conservation methods on life cycle of the
Kuwaiti residential building and proposed two alternative designs for the building. From
alternative one concluded that by Adding 5 cm expanded (extruded) polystrene to the walls
and 7 cm to the roof, in addition to 5 cm foamed concrete, will reduce the owning and operating
costs of the building by 173 K.D. and from alternative two concluded that If, in addition to
insulating the walls and roof, windows are double-glazed, reduced in area to 33% o f their
original size, relocated in the southerly and northerly direction and shading devices added, the
 8

infiltration ratecan be reduced to 0.4 AC/h.

Raymond J.cole et al (1996) had computed the Life-Cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings,
The total life-cycle energy use is examined in a 4620 m2 three-storey, generic office building ,
and concluded that operating energy represents the largest component of life-cycle energy use.
As environmental issues continue to become increasingly significant building design priorities,
we can anticipate considerably improved energy standards. As the energy efficiency of
buildings improves, the amount of energy required to produce them – their embodied energy -
represents an increasing component of total energy.

Chris Scheuer et al (2003) had investigated Life cycle energy and environmental performance
of a new university building: modeling challenges and design implications and the building’s
life cycle is estimated to be 2.3×106 GJ, or 316 GJ/m2 . Production of building materials, their
transportation to the site as well as the construction of the building accounts for 2.2% of life
cycle primary energy consumption. HVAC and electricity account for 94.4% of life cycle
primary energy consumption. Water services account for 3.3% of life cycle primary energy
consumption, with water heating being the major factor, due to the presence of hotel rooms in
this building. Building demolition and transportation of waste, accounts for only 0.2% of life
cycle primary energy consumption.

J.H. Buys et al (2005) investigated different methods for estimating initial costs. The methods
are like Cost factor method, Cost for floor method, cost per unit capacity method, numerous
initial cost estimation models but concluded that none of these are suitable for use during the
conceptual design stage. They are either too simplified or require too detailed inputs. The use of
‘‘Pareto’s Principle’’ to develop a suitable model was investigated. ‘‘Pareto’s Principle’’ can be
formulated to state that 20% of the equipment makes up 80% of the cost. And also Estimated
that the costs of both the major capital equipment as well as the smaller sub-systems, is
relatively simple. Air and water distribution systems are more problematic due to the number of
variables.

Mikko Nyman et al (2005) Simonson had done Life cycle assessment of residential ventilation
 9

units in a cold climate The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is used in this paper to
assess the environmental impacts of residential ventilation units over a 50 year life cycle in
Finland. Quantifying the consumption of the energy and material resources during the life cycle
permits the estimation of the harmful emissions into the environment and the potential changes
in the environment two different ventilation units ware evaluated, both of which include air-to-
air energy exchangers. The research demonstrated that a residential ventilation unit, with a
function of providing 50 l/s of outdoor ventilation air, but not heating the air, has a net positive
impact on the environment when it is equipped with a air-to-air energy exchanger with an
effectiveness greater than 15%. The greater the effectiveness, the greater the positive impact on
the environment.

F.W. Yu et al. (2006) had performed life cycle analysis of enhanced condenser features
for Air cooled chillers serving Air conditioned buildings and examined the life cycle
electricity cost of these chillers with the improved condenser features of condensing
temperature control (CTC), evaporative pre-coolers (EC) and variable speed condenser fans
(VSF). By using validated model for an air- cooled screw chiller to ascertain how the
individual and mixed features influence the annual electricity consumption of chillers in various
operating conditions. It was estimated that the life cycle electricity cost savings range from HK$
2,099,742 with EC to HK$ 6,399,564 with all the three features, with regard to a chiller plant
serving an office building for 15 yr. The life cycle analysis reported here provides important
insights into how to reap the benefits of energy efficient technologies for air-cooled chillers.

Mehmet Azmi Aktacir et al. (2006)had done Life-cycle cost analysis for constant-air-volume
and variable-air-volume air-conditioning systems .In This study presented a life-cycle cost
analysis using detailed load profiles and initial and operating costs to evaluate the economic
feasibilities of constant-air-volume (CAV) and variable air volume (VAV) air-conditioning
systems for a simple building in Adana, Turkey. It was found that the present-worth cost of the
VAV system is always lower than that of the CAV system at the end of the lifetime for all the
cases considered .If the number of operating hours of the building is longer, the extra
investment of the VAV system with respect to the CAV system pays itself back after
approximately 4 years in all the cases considered and the VAV system is a very attractive choice
 10

for air-conditioning.

Liu Yang et al (2007), had done costing on small clean rooms, in this study he applied cost
model to small clean rooms which are increasingly demanded by entrepreneurs and small and
medium enterprises. In Final research the regression equation of clean life cycle cost obtained in
this paper would definitely contribute to the investment budgeting, design alternatives
comparison and decision-making by facility owners. Also in this research, survey methodology
used and cost framework developed through understanding the mechanisms of clean room life
cycle will be useful when establishing a new protocol for the collection of statistics and
application of data, and development of database for different products.

Ala Hasan et al. (2008) had done investigation on Minimization of life cycle cost of a
detached house using combine simulation and optimization. In this investigation shows the
advantages gained from the implemented approach of combining simulation and optimization.
The solution suggests lowering the U- values for the external wall, roof, floor and the window
from their initial values. The exact values of the optimized design variables depend on the set up
of the LCC data for each case. Reduction of 23–49% in the space heating energy for the
optimized house was obtained.

Fu Xiao et al (2009) had given on Progress and methodologies of lifecycle commissioning of

HVAC systems to enhance building sustainability and conclude that As a valid means to
improve building sustainability, building commissioning should be performed periodically or
continuously in the whole building lifecycle. Due to intensive labor and time required by
manual commissioning of modern buildings, lifecycle commissioning is infeasible currently.
Automatic commissioning helps to save labor, time and cost of commissioning and is a way to
more sustainable buildings. HVAC systems consume most energy use in buildings and therefore
they have attracted most attentions in building commissioning. Automatic lifecycle
commissioning of HVAC systems is experiencing a rapid development through international
cooperation in R&D on automatic building information management, automatic functional
 11

testing and automatic performance monitoring and diagnostics.

Guozhong et al (2009) had analyzed the Application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and
extenics theory for building energy conservation assessment .In this study, an assessment model
combining LCA and the extenics theory is developed in order to assess building energy
conservation performance. Design stage, construction stage, use stage, and decommissioning
stage are all included in the life cycle to reflect building energy conservation performances.
Synthesis dependent degree and the final grade index are calculated and the building energy
conservation level can be obtained.

Joshua Kneifel (2010) had investigated the Life-cycle carbon and cost analysis of energy
efficiency measures in new commercial buildings estimate the implications from a cost on
energy-based carbon emissions. A total of 576 energy simulations are run for 12 prototypical
buildings in 16 cities, with 3 building designs for each building-location combination.
Simulated energy consumption and building cost databases are used to determine the life-cycle
cost-effectiveness and carbon emissions of each design. The results show conventional energy
efficiency technologies can be used to decrease energy use in new commercial buildings by 20–
30% on average and up to over 40% for some building types and locations. These reductions
can often be done at negative life-cycle costs because the improved efficiencies allow the
installation of smaller, cheaper HVAC equipment. These improvements not only save money
and energy, but reduce a building’s carbon footprint by 16% on average. A cost on carbon
emissions from energy use increases the return on energy efficiency investments because energy
is more expensive, making some cost-ineffective projects economically feasible.

Aashish Sharma et al (2011) had given a review on Life cycle assessment of buildings. The
aim of this study is to review various buildings at different places, whose LCA has been
performed and to see that which phase of the life cycle of building and which type of building
consumes more energy and have more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It has been observed
that operational phase alone contributes more than 50% to GHG emissions and is highest energy
consumer (80–85%) which is a matter of concern and cannot be ignored. Now there is a need
for some alternative ways to design buildings for a sustainable future.
 12

2.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION

Building energy consumption keeps rising in recent years due to growth in population,
increasing demand for healthy, comfort and productive indoor environment, global climate
changing, etc. Nowadays, the contribution from buildings toward global energy consumption is
approximately 40%. High-level performance of chilled water piping system in heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system’s lifecycle is critical to building sustainability.

Alanan d. Russell (1981), had investigated the Economic Risks in Energy Conservation
Strategies, adopted a methodology for measuring this risk and incorporating it into the design
decision-making process is presented. It involves a first and second moment or mean and
variance description of life cycle cost. And concluded Economic risk for large projects is a
major source of concern for developer-owners. A major contributor to this risk is the uncertainty
surrounding the time variations of future costs. The manner in which these time variations may
be effectively modeled in life cycle costing studies has been presented. Emphasis has been
placed on how risk may be measured and treated in the design decision making process, using a
first and second moment or mean and variance approach. It has been shown that the rankings of
a set of design alternatives can vary depending on which decision criterion is used.

Ardeshir Mahadevi et al (1996) had investigated the “LEK’‘-Concept and its Applicability for
the Energy Analysis of commercial buildings suggested the use of the so-called LEK-diagram
(Line of European K-values) to establish a relationship between building geometry and the
mean heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope. This paper examines the potential of
utilization and the problem in development of similar - albeit extended - approaches in the more
complex context of cooling-dominated buildings. However, as mentioned before, simplified
tools can be “economically” applied in large-scale projections of building energy use and
provide minimum thermal quality requirements for conventional buildings. They can also be
useful in providing certain basic and concise insights into the relationships and
interdependencies of some fundamental building parameters.

E.H. Mathews et al (2000) had analyzed cost efficient control strategies to ensure the optimal
 13

energy use and sufficient indoor comfort and investigated the influence of reset control,
economizer cycle combined with CO2 control on the outside air ventilation rate and better
system start-stop times. To achieve the control strategy a new simulation tool, QUICK control,
was developed. In this paper, the new tool is used to investigate the energy savings potential in
the Engineering Tower Building (ETB) of the University of Pretoria. With the aid of the
integrated simulation tool it was possible to predict savings of 491 MWh per year (34%
building energy saving) by implementing these control strategies. These control strategies can
be implemented in the building with a direct payback period of less than 9 months
.
Tim Salsbury et al (2000) had validated the performance and energy analysis of HVAC
systems using simulation and presented the results from applying the concepts of simulations to
a large dual-duct air-handling unit installed in an office building in San Francisco. It was shown
that 88% too much heat was transmitted in mixing box because of leaking the return air damper.
In heating coil 16% too much heat was estimated as being transferred, while cooling was
estimated as 12% in excess. The effect of the mixing box leakages on heating and cooling
energy was investigated by running the simulation results shows that the potential saving in
cooling energy were approximately 46% , while total heating savings were relatively small at
6%.

.Yung-Chung Chang et al (2005) had investigated the Optimal chiller sequencing by branch
and boun method for saving energy, proposes a method for using the branch and bound (B&B)
method to solve the optimal chiller sequencing (OCS) problem and to eliminate the deficiencies
of conventional methods. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the chiller is adopted as the
objective function because it is concave. The Lagrangian method determines the optimal chiller
loading (OCL) in each feasible state.The proposed method was applied to an example system,
and the results were compared with those of the conventional method. The results reveal that the
pro-posed method reduces the high energy consumption and is superior to the conventional
method.

K.F. Fong et al (2006), had investigated HVAC system optimization for energy management
by evolutionary programming in this paper, the simulation-optimization approach was proposed
 14

for the effective energy management of HVAC system. A metaheuristic simulation–EP

(evolutionary programming) coupling approach was developed using evolutionary
programming, which can effectively handle the discrete, non-linear and highly constrained
optimization problems, Potential energy savings against existing settings. The HVAC system
under investigation had an air side system that would have significant effect to the overall
energy consumption. From the optimization results, the component-based HVAC model and the
evolutionary programming technique worked well together in providing the optimum
combination of the chilled water and supply air temperatures for effective energy management
throughout a year.

Fabrizio Ascione et al (2009) had investigated Energy saving strategies in air-conditioning for
museums in this study a case study is presented about various strategies used to reduce energy
requirements for HVAC systems in an exhibition room of a modern museum. Using the
dynamic simulation code DOE 2.2 and typical climatic hourly data sets, the annual energy use
for an all-air system has been calculated, as well as the savings obtainable using different
techniques, such as dehumidification by adsorption (desiccant wheel – saving equal to 15% with
respect to a base configuration), total energy recovery from the relief air (passive desiccant –
15%), outdoor airflow rate variation (demand control ventilation–45%). Moreover, the
correspondence has been analyzed between the energy request and the admitted variation of
indoor temperature and relative humidity: changing the admitted indoor RH range from 50 ±
2% to 50 ± 10%, energy savings around 40% have been obtained.

Zhenjun Ma (2009) is studied about the optimal control strategies for variable speed pumps
with different configuration in complex building air-conditioning systems to enhance their
energy efficiencies. Through a detailed analysis of the system characteristics, the pressure drop
models for different water networks in complex air-conditioning systems are developed and
then used to formulate an optimal pump sequence control strategy. This sequence control
strategy determines the optimal number of pumps in operation taking into accounts their power
consumptions and maintenance costs. The performances of these strategies are tested and
evaluated in a simulated virtual environment representing the complex air-conditioning system
in a super high-rise building by comparing with that of other reference strategies
 15

Zhentao Wei et al (2009) had done Exergy analysis of variable air volume systems for an office
building. Presented the Exergy analysis of variable air volume (VAV) systems used in office
buildings for air-conditioning. The mathematical models are developed using the engineering
equations solver (EES) environment to indicate: energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and
equivalent-CO2 emissions due to the generation of electricity used by the VAV system. In this
study, energy and exergy analyses are utilized for evaluating two types of VAV systems
operating in a large office building in Montreal. Although the COP of the system shows a very
low performance according to the 1st law, the exergy efficiency shows an alarming low value:
only 2–3% of potential work that can be developed by using those energy sources is supplied
for satisfying the environmental thermal conditions for human occupancy and indoor air quality
in this case study office building, the remaining 97–98% is wasted.

F.W. Yu et al (2010)had presented the Simulation and electricity savings estimation of air-
cooled centrifugal chiller system with mist pre-cooling, in This paper analyses how to apply
mist pre-cooling coupled with condensing temperature control to enhance the coefficient of
performance (COP) of an air-cooled chiller system and hence achieve electricity savings. A
modified DOE-2.1E chiller model was developed to predict the change of chiller COP due to
various set points of condensing temperature and pre-cooling of air stream entering the
condenser. The model was calibrated by using manufacturer’s data and used to estimate the
annual electricity consumption of a chiller system serving an office building under four
operating schemes: traditional head pressure control (HPC); HPC with a fixed mist generation
rate; condensing temperature control (CTC) with a fixed mist generation rate; CTC with an
optimal mist generation rate. It was estimated that using Coefficient of performance optimal
mist control with CTC could achieve a 19.84% reduction in the annual electricity consumption
of the system. Considerations when using mist pre-cooling to maximize electricity savings have
been discussed.

Luis Perez-Lombard et al (2010) had given a review of HVAC systems requirements in

building energy regulations. Analyzed that the development of building energy codes
concerning Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) energy efficiency, along with
 16

their scope and compliance paths focused on the synthesis of energy efficiency requirements on
HVAC systems of non-residential buildings in different Building energy regulation and
Concluded that American energy codes aim at reducing final energy use by setting both a
global energy Efficiency requirement for the performance path and a list of low-level
requirements in the prescriptive approach. In Europe, there is a lack of harmonization: many
countries continue to set independent demand-efficiency requirements, some countries’
performance paths are not operative and consequently never taken, and some nations have
definitively left the prescriptive approach.

Raymond K.L et al(2011)had presented An integrated model for the design of air-cooled
chiller plants for commercial buildings An integrated model for the design of air-cooled chiller
plants for commercial buildings and concluded that if accurate and detailed cooling load
calumniation for a building are made at the design stage then the specified cooling capacity can
be minimized

2.4 CONCLUSION
Many investigations methods had been analyzed in varies applications of HVAC industry,
reliable and cost efficient alternatives proposed in order to minimize the life cycle cost. Varies
analytical methods and simulation methods are applied for finding the future operational cost.
Research results show that life cycle cost analysis very use full tool to select and optimize the
operational Parameters.
Varies energy conservation methods were reported in varies applications to achieve maximum
possible energy savings. The effect of varies parameters, which are having impact on potential
energy savings, and varies controlling methods by using software like DOE -2, DOE -2.1. DOE-
2.2 was discussed. By analyzing the above research papers it can be known that for performing
the life cycle cost analysis there should be minimum of two or three alternatives considered.
The proposed alternatives are exactly suitable for the building facility or process.
 17

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Any centralized air conditioning system established for the purpose providing human comfort
has two basic sets of costs. First, there is the capital investment required to construct the
facility. Second, there are the ongoing costs required to operate and maintain that
facility. For almost all types of facilities, the second set of costs, over the normal life of that
facility, will far exceed the first cost. Life cycle costing is simply a methodology
Flow chart shown in figure 3.1, which can evaluate the total cost of a system and its
components over the entire period that is expected to utilize.

This type of analysis is used to compare alternative design options so that designers can
select the most cost-effective alternative. Alternative design elements that (1) have different first
costs and/or (2) will impact operating and/or maintenance costs differently must be compared
utilizing for a common basis.

3.2 FACILITY DISCRIPTION OF INDUSTRIAL SITE

 Project site: - Ascendas International technology Park, Chennai.

 Building Type:-Software Development Block

 Total tonnage:-2250TR
 18

 Total no of chillers-6

 Total number of Primary Pumps:-7

Number of working Pumps:-6, Number of stand by Pumps:-1

 Total number of Secondary Pumps:-6

3.3 CHILLED WATER PIPING SYSTEM

In simplest conceptual terms, a chilled water system for comfort or process cooling is
comprised of three subsystems: production, distribution, and use. Thermal loads on the use
subsystem are met by cooling capacity created in the production subsystem and delivered by the
distribution subsystem. In most systems, chilled water is produced by packaged chillers and
utilized in coils and heat exchangers with water-side control by two-way or three-way valves.
The distribution system is a network of piping through which the distribution medium, typically
Water or water-glycol solution, is transported by one or more levels of pumping.
The principal objectives of chilled water pumping system selection and design are to
provide the required cooling capacity to each load, to minimize pump energy consumption
subject to whatever budgetary constraints may apply. In the typical design process, such
decisions are made on the basis of economic calculations. Accurate energy use prediction is an
essential step in the development of the operating cost component of such analyses.

3.4 COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN CHILLED WATER PIPING SYSTEM

 Air cooled chillers

 Primary Pumps, Secondary Pumps

 Closed Water Expansion Tanks

 Centrifugal type Air Separators, Sediment Separator

 19

 Non Chemical type water treatment system

 Valve Packages

 Piping system

 Air Handling systems, Treated fresh Air units and Fan coil units

3.5 FLOW CHART OF FINDING LIFE CYCLE COST:

Select the design alternative

Compute initial cost existing facility

Compute initial cost for each alternative

Establish the economic life

Determine the annual energy cost for existing facility

Determine the annual energy cost for each alternative

Compute the LCC for existing system and each alternative

 20

Study risk and high cost item

Select the best alternative

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of LCC

3.6 The following procedure is adopted for finding the LIFE CYCLE COST of facility

 Step 1- Select the Design alternatives to evaluate which will meet the facility
requirement.

 Step 2-Compute the Initial or first cost of existing facility which is summation of the
cost of all the components involved in the facility

 Step 3-Compute the initial or first of the each proposal alternative

 Step 4- Establish the Economic life, in years, over which operation expanses are to be
evaluated.

 Step 5- Determine the Annual energy cost and maintenance cost associated with existing
facility

 Step 6- Determine the annual energy cost and maintenance associated with each
alternative.

 Step 7- Compute the life cycle cost for existing facility and for proposed alternatives.

 Step 8- Study uncertainty/risk of errors or /alternatives for high cost items as a sanity
check and provide feedback to the LCC studies in iterative fashion

 Step 9- Select most resonable and cost effective alternative.

Formula for Evaluate the life cycle cost analysis

 21

N
LCC = FC + ∑ (UCj+MCj)/ (1+d) j (3.1)

j=1

If energy and maintenance costs are constant; this equation can be

simplified to

LCC=FC+ (PWFe*UC) + (PWFm*MC)

(3.2)

PWFe= [(1+e’) N-1]/ [e’ (1+e’) N] (3.3)

e’=(d-e)/(1+e)
(3.4)

PWFm= [(1+m’) N-1]/ [m’ (1+m’) N] (3.5)

m’=(d-m)/(1+m)
(3.6)

3.7 PROPOSED ALTERNATIVES

ALTERNATIVE -I SIZING OF CHILLED WATER PIPING SYSTEM USING LCC.

Sizing of chilled water piping based on a balance between first cost and future energy
cost, with optimal velocity limits for erosion and noise generation. The operating cost decreases
while maintenance and amortization of the first cost increase with the pipe size. The economic
pipe size is at the minimum point the sum of the two values.
 22

ALTERNATIVE –II MODIFICATION OF THE PUMP CONFIGRATION

Good operation of HVAC pump consists of efficient performance without

undue wear of pumps, motors, and appurtenances. Efficient operation
begins with selecting the pump near the best efficient point of its head-
capacity curve. By analyzing the existing pump selection and installation the
following Alternative was proposed.
Figure 3.2 shows the existing system having 6 secondary pumps which were
divided in two sets, named as ZONE- A and ZONE-B.

ZONE –A ZONE-B

Fig. 3.2 Existing Pump Configuration

 23

ZONE I ZONE II ZONEIII

Fig 3.3 Proposed Pump Configurations

In designed proposal the pump configuration shown in figure 3.2 has been
modified as three Zones in which each zone consists of two pumps one is
running and another is in stand-by considering the same required flow rate
and head, each pump having capacity of 70 kW.

CURRENT CASE

 TOTAL FLOW= 0.2637m 3/s (4180 GPM)

 TOTAL HEAD = 64m

 MOTOR RATING = 55kW/ pump
 NO WORKING PUMPS-2/ set
 NO SATNDBY PUMPS-1/ set
 24

RECOMMENDED CASE

 TOTAL flow = 0.26637m 3/s (4180 GPM)

 TOTAL HEAD= 64m

 MOTOR RATING= 70kW/ pump
 NO WORKING PUMPS-1/ set
 NO SATNDBY PUMPS-1/ set

3.8 CONCLUSION
Procedure that can be adopted for estimating the life cycle cost analysis was
observed. This procedure consists of summation of all the costs, associated
with in study period, Figure 3.1,
A flow chart was drawn which indicates the step- by- step procedure.
Technical specifications of existing and proposed alternatives were shown.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The life cycle cost analysis of child water piping system is summation of all the costs associated
with the facility from the acquiring cost to disposal cost. Life cycle cost analysis starts with the
estimation of initial cost, which includes a comprehensive analysis of cost details of all
components of the facility. Initial cost of chilled water piping system should have great impact
on future cost. Selection of varies components in the facility decides the performance and future
 25

cost of the plant.

4.2 AIR COOLED CHILLERS

Water chilling packages capacity not less than 375TR each as per the above operating
parameters (6 Online) the refrigerant shall be R134a/R407c only. Total capacity of the water
chilling plant 2250 TR. Water in 120 C, and water out 70 C and at ambient temperature 400 C,
fresh water with fouling factor of 0.088. Chilled water flow rate : 0.30744m3/s. The chiller
package performances shall be tested as per Actual site conditions prevailing during peak
summer day.
A Comprehensive package including Design, supply, delivery, installing, testing and
commissioning the high efficiency air-cooled chilling packages of the scheduled capacities and
suitable for high ambient temperature (up to 450c) and for coastal installation complete with all
equipment related valves and trimmings and accessories.
The total initial cost of Air cooled chillers includes ancillary costs like Acoustic jackets for
compressors, Flow switches with automatic reset, building control units, inspection charges,
Level adjusting spring type isolators, electrical cablings, valve packagings as per manufacturer’s
recommendations given in Appendix I

GRAND TOTAL COST OF AIR COOLED CHILLERS= 4,55,85,910/-(RS)

4.3 CHILLED WATER PUMPS

A combination of fixed flow rate, primary chilled water pumps and variable frequency
secondary pumps to avail the daily load variations. Secondary flows are regulated through a
return water temp. Sensor limited by the minimum pressure at the farthest terminal. The pump
shall be selected for the total system flow rate. The pump shall have mechanical shaft seals of
extra hard carbon ceramic type. Minimum pump hydraulic efficiency shall be 75%.
A Comprehensive package including Design, supply, delivery, installing, testing and
commissioning the non-self priming base mount, single stage, centrifugal type with axial
suction and radial discharge port chilled water pumps of the scheduled performance
 26

characteristics complete with all equipment related valves and trimmings and accessories given
in Appendix II

4.3.1 Primary pumps

 Chilled water primary pump sets with Mechanical Seal. (6W + 1 S)

 Fluid : Fresh water
 Temp range: (-)50 C up to 350 C
 Specific gravity = 1.00
 (Q)Flow rate= 0.0744m3/s
 (H)Total Head= 14 m with maximum flow.
 Motor rating=15kW,

4.3.2 Secondary pumps

Zone 1
 (Q)Flow = 0.1319m3/s
 (H)Total Head= 32m with maximum flow
 Application= Variable speed. (2 Online + 1 Reserve)
 Motor rating=55kw,
 Motor speed=1450 RPM

Zone 2
 (Q)Flow = 0.1319m3/s
 (H)Total Head= 32 m with maximum flow
 Application: Variable speed. (2 Online + 1 Reserve)
 Motor rating= 55kW,
 Motor speed=1450 RPM

Chilled water secondary pump sets with self-flushing Mechanical Seal and driven by external
 27

VFD mounted in the control panel as per item no. 6 with 2-way valve reverse return piping
system and shall operate between 25% to 100% of the performance on the load sensed through
the DPT placed at the farthest point of utility. Speed control pressure based Maximum working
pressure 17 bar to be selected for parallel pump with individual drive at each pump.

GRAND TOTAL OF CHILLED WATER PUMPS=66,63,170/-(RS)

4.4 CHILLED WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Piping material Specification

Pipes will be of MS Class 'C' up to 150mm diameter as per BIS 1239. 6.35mm thick for
200mm/250mm diameter pipes and 8mm thick for 300mm and above as per IS 3589. Supports
Necessary RCC pedestals of size 600 x 300 x 150mm high shall be provided at every 2200mm
interval to run the chilled fluid piping above the floor level/ below the floor level. All pipe
supports especially in pump room and AHU rooms shall be heavy duty Cleves hanger with large
load bearing capacity and with spring isolation, rubber beading and shall be powder coated.
Each spring isolator consist of galvanized metal housing, 2 nos anchor bolts, ISS 4454 grade 1
and 2 springs neoprene neck bush, nylon washers metal washers and nuts.

4.4.1 Closed Water Expansion Tank

Closed Water Expansion Tank suitable for total volume of water in chilled water system along
with necessary accessories such as centrifugal air separators in order to keep the chilled water
system under positive pressure and to prevent entrapment of air in the system, Tank to be
minimum 500 Liters capacity each connected in parallel and tank shall be mounted on FRP
coated steel stands at approximate 2 m, over chilled water primary pump or 1 m. Maximum
working pressure 16 bar, Maximum working temperature 1000 C, Minimum working
temperature (-) 100 C.

4.4.2 Skid mounted pressurization unit

Skid mounted pressurization unit with factory mounted multistage twin centrifugal pumps on a
 28

compact steel frame consist of all components such as weather proof shelter, controls such as
pressure switches, pressure gauges, Isolation valves, Non-return valve and inter connected
piping, electric starter (230 V AC, 50 HZ, 1 PH) with maximum flow rate at maximum
dynamic head of 50 m. Power consumption 0.60 kW each, insulation class B, protection IP44,
speed 2900RPM.

4.4.3 Thermal insulation of Piping

Providing and fixing in position the following Thermal insulation works with TF quality of
density 24 Kg/m3. EPS and covered with polyethylene sheets as vapor barrier and finished with
as per specification. The insulation system offered shall be guaranteed for a period of two (2)
years from the date of handing over by the HVAC contractor and manufacturer of the insulation.
This guarantee should be submitted along with the handing over document. The insulation cost
of valves shall be considered as one meter of the pipe size finished with aluminum cladding.
A Comprehensive package including Design, supply, delivery, installing, testing and
commissioning the Chilled water distribution network, complete with all equipment related
valves and trimmings and accessories. The network shall be designed to get the pressure drop in
the piping system into the best possible balance. The pre-balancing set values for the balancing
valves must be defined in the plans. The vent valves shall be mounted in necessary places so
that the pipe system can be vented. The drain valves should be located so that the entire network
can be drained out completely. Chilled Water Distribution Network including valve packaging,
strainers Chemical and Biological water treatment Future Tap-off connection ,piping, thermal
insulation and all other accessories given in Appendix III

GRAND TOTAL OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK= 2,16,03,730/-(RS)

4.5 Air Handling Units

Air handling unit serves for the purpose supplying cool air in to the specified locations. The air
will be cooled by heat exchange between mixed air and chilled water flowing through the
chillers. The cooled air blown in to rooms. To consider life cycle costs and possibilities of
increasing airflow rates in the future, cooling coil face velocity must be designed for a
maximum speed of 2.5 m/s and with maximum fan outlet velocity of 10.5 m/s. Motor shall be
 29

suitable for 415 V+/- 10% V, 50 HZ, 3 phase AC supply. Capacities indicated are net, including
a deduction for indoor fan motor heat. Epoxy resin protected cooling coil with copper tubing
and aluminum fins. End frames in stainless steel. Pre-filters are with 80-85% efficiency.
Air handling units are located at varies locations like food court, Tenants rooms, ground floor
large shops, lift rooms etc.

4.5.1 Fan coil units

Chilled water fan coil units of 3 TR and 5 TR shall be ductable type suitable for very low
ceiling and complete with acoustically insulated fan discharge plenum and fitted with decorative
grille. Compact chilled water cassette type ceiling suspended units shall be complete with
compact turbo fan, and built-in centrifugal condensate drain up pump, ultra thin 30 mm thick
fascia, designed for discreet integration in false ceiling, fresh air intake facilities, washable EU2
filter, easy and quick to access and other accessories required for the proper operation.
All fan coil unit motors shall be suitable for 220 +/- 6% volts, 50Hz, single phase power
supply and have manual 3 speed fan controller. Fan coil unit shall be of ceiling hung complete
with cabinet or floor mount vertical unit with cabinet as per the site requirements and
refrigeration capacity fan coil units are especially installed for guest rooms.

4.5.2 Treated Fresh Air Units

Outdoor version Centralized Treated Fresh air unit consists of exhaust air block and fresh air
block. Each block is made up of double skin construction designed on modular concept basis
and has provided with fan energy efficient motor and drive package , damper and filter. Each
block module shall be fitted with other block, housing heat recovery devices, in-built purge
sector, non-contact labrynith seal, washable aluminum metallic viscous filters (50mm thick-
EU2 standards and carbon filters) and factory mounted inlet and outlet dampers (low leakage
construction) with bird screen for supply and return air and other unit related components as
detailed below Coil size shall be selected for a maximum face velocity of 2.5 m/s and external
static pressure shall be minimum 400N/m2. Motor shall be suitable for 415V+/-10% V, 50Hz, 3
Phase AC supply. The temperature in the exhaust air path (coming from the conditioned space)
envisaged controlling the flow of chilled water through the coil.
A Comprehensive package including Design, supply, delivery, installing, testing and
 30

commissioning the self contained double skin IAQ quality ductable discharged type Air
handling units, complete with high efficiency filters and all equipment related valves and
trimmings and accessories as given in Appendix IV. Indoor air quality, temperature, humidity
and pressure condition shall be managed in required limits both in summer and winter seasons.
Air temperature control is envisaged for normal air handlers. Cooling coils and cells of heat
recovery units must be washable.

GRAND TOTAL OF AIR HANDLING UNITS WITH VALVE PACKAGES AND BMS
INTIGRATION= 3,55,04,410/-(RS)

4.6 SUMMARY OF INITIAL COST DETAILS

1. Total cost of Imported chillers - 4,55,85,910/- (RS)
2. Total cost Chilled water pumps - 6,63,170/-(RS)
3. Total cost of chilled water Net work - 2,16,03,730/-(RS)
4. Total cost Air handling units - 3,55,04,410/-(RS)

GRAND TOTAL OF CHILLED WATER SYSTEM- 10,33,57,220/-(RS)

4.7 CONCLUSION
The technical specifications of the components present in chilled water piping system which
meets the requirements in an industrial site (Ascendas International technology Park, Chennai),
summary of the initial cost details was shown.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

The Initial cost of chilled water piping system in an industrial site (Ascendas International
technology Park, Chennai) was computed. In which The Air cooled chillers are having huge
share of 44% in total initial cost of chilled water piping system. Air handling units are having
34% share, Total water distribution network consisting of Expansion tanks, Sediment
separators, piping system, valve packing, thermal insulation of piping etc…combing all having
20%share. Two resonable and cost efficient Alternatives ware proposed, which are Sizing of
 31

piping system using life cycle cost analysis and varying secondary pump configuration.

SCOPE FOR PHASE II PROJECT WORK

 To compute the initial cost of proposed Alternatives

 To compute the annual energy and maintenance cost of existing facility.

 To compute the life cycle cost of existing facility.

 32

 To compute the annual operating and maintenance cost for proposed Alternatives

 To compute the life cycle cost of proposed alternatives.

 To compare the life cycle cost of the existing system and proposed alternatives

 Select the best reliable and cost effective Alternative

APPENDIX-I
 33

TABLE 4.1 Cost Details of Air cooled chillers

S NO DISCRIPTION RATE AMOUNT

QTY
(RS) (RS)

1 Supply of Materials (Chillers) 6 5197500 31185000

2 Customs duty 6 1129420 6776520

3 Port clearance charges including unloading and 6 125770 754620

port and inland transportation from port to site

4 Off loading and handling from trucks on site to 6 92030 552180

the place of installation, hoisting, lifting and
positioning the same.
5 Start up, supervision and testing, commissioning 6 61350 368100
of the chillers and the integration with low side
of the equipment to ensure satisfactory
performance as per tender specification. This
shall include the service tax as applicable.
SUB TOATL-I 39636420
 34

TABLE 4.2 Ancillary cost for Air cooled chillers

S NO DISCRIPTION RATE AMOUN

QTY T
(RS)
(RS)

1 Acoustic jackets for compressors 6 36810 220860

2 Flow switches with automatic 6 7060 42360

3 Level adjusting spring type isolators as per 6 36810 220860

manufacturer’s recommendations.
4 BCU - Building control unit for chiller integration 1 306750 306750

5 Charges for inspection of chillers 1 1165650 1165650

6 Additional 4 years extended warranty for the 6 230120 1380720

compressor and motor after expiry of standard
warranty period of 1 year from the date of handing
over of the plant.

7 Miscellaneous works connected with the installation 6 2612290

of air cooled chillers

SUB TATAL-II 5949490

GRAND TOTAL OF THE CHILLERS 4,55,85,910

 35

APPENDIX II

TABLE 4.3 Cost Details of Chilled water pumps

S NO DISCRIPTION QTY RATE AMOUNT

(RS) (RS)

1 Chilled water primary pump sets with Mechanical 7 128690 900830

Seal. (6W + 1 S)

2 Chilled water secondary pump sets 7 375580 2253480

3 Installation and labor charges 13 7360 95680

4 Butterfly valves 250 mm diameter 13 17640 229320

5 Butterfly valves 300 mm diameter 13 23200 301600

6 MS fabricated suction diffuser 300 mm diameter 13 32790 426270

7 Double plate Check valves 250mm diameter 13 17220 223860

8 Flanges of resilient vibration isolating material 13 14430 187590

9 Water Pressure gauges 13 1350 17550

 36

Cost Details of Chilled water pumps cont….

10 Thermometers of the mercury 13 1350 17550

11 20mm drain run with 20mm diameter ball 13 1340 17420

12 Necessary sockets and nipples 13 1230 15990

13 Pump logic controller for secondary pumps 1 1707720 1707720

14 Electrical pumps –For Pump sets lot _ 268310

GRAND TOTAL FOR CHILLED WATER 66,63,170

PUMP SET

APPENDIX III
 37

TABLE4.4 Cost Details of Chilled water Distribution network

S NO DISCRIPTION QTY RATE AMOUNT

(RS) (RS)

1 Closed Water Expansion 2 176260 352520

2 Electric /Electronic water level control package for lot - 20810

the above expansion tank.

3 Installation and labor charges lot - 21470

4 Skid mounted pressurization unit 1 74590 74590

5 GRP panel tank –for pressurization unit 1 79200 79200

6 Non-Chemical water treatment system for scale 98160 196320

prevention

7 Installation and labor charges of the air separator, 1 30680 30680

sediment separator and non-chemical water treatment

Details of Chilled water Distribution network cont...

 38

8 Manual bypass valve 300mm diameter 2 70360 140720

9 Full flow isolation valve - Butterfly valves 8 36250 290000

Size 350mm diameter

TABLE4.5 Cost Details of piping system

RATE AMOUNT
S NO DISCRIPTION QTY
(RS)
(RS)

1 600mm diameter – 8mm thick 10 8220 82200

2 400mm diameter - 8mm thick 500 4950 2475000
3 350mm diameter – 8mm thick (3400) 180 4520 813600
4 300mm diameter – 8mm thick (2800) 700 4150 2905000
250mm diameter – 6.35mm thick as per BIS 1239
5 150 2730 409500
(1900)
200mm diameter – 6.35mm thick as per BIS 1239
6 90 2180 196200
(1300)
7 150mm diameter - MS Class C (700) 400 1410 564000
8 125mm diameter - MS Class C (500) 800 1240 992000
9 100mm diameter - MS Class C(300) 800 950 760000
10 80mm diameter – MS Class C (160) 950 680 646000
11 65mm diameter – MS Class C(100) 36 560 20160
12 50mm diameter - MS Class C (55) 150 440 66000
13 40mm diameter - MS Class C (28) 40 320 12800
14 32mm diameter – MS Class C (17) 30 270 8100
15 25mm diameter - MS Class C (10) 30 220 6600
16 20mm diameter – MS Class C(4.5) 30 180 5400
Cost Details of piping system cont…
 39

Supply installation of test points for chillers, pumps

17 1 -- 1630
and AHUs..
Supply, installation of measuring instruments
18 (pressure and temperature) for test points for chiller, 1 -- 42250
pump and AHU

19 Chemical and Biological water treatment. -- 1308990

Computerized hand-held, fluid balancing kit with

20 standard probs, adopters etc as required for this 1 -- 317830
project.
automatic condensate pumping unit designed to
21 pump out condensate water from the air handlers 3 98160 294480
located in second floor and in the ground floor level

TABLE 4.6 Cost Details of Thermal insulation of Piping

400mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers

1 480 1840 883200
-22G GI cladding
350mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers -
2 90 1670 150300
22G GI cladding
300mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers-
3 300 1560 468000
22G GI cladding
250mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers -
4 50 1390 69500
22G GI cladding
200mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer-
5 50 790 39500
24G GI cladding
150mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer -
6 362 660 238920
24G GI cladding
125mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer -
7 102 580 59160
24G GI cladding
100mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer - -
8 124 520 64480
24G GI cladding
80mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer - -
9 750 450 337500
24G GI cladding
65mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer -- -
10 12 420 5040
24G GI cladding
50mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer -
11 100 380 38000
24G GI cladding
Cost Details of Thermal insulation of Piping cont.
12 40mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer - 18 350 6300
 40

24G GI cladding
32mm diameter with 25mm thick in single layer -
13 12 190 2280
24G GI cladding
25mm diameter with 25mm thick in single layer -
14 12 170 2040
24G GI cladding
20mm diameter with 25mm thick in single layer -
15 12 150 1800
24G GI cladding
For chilled water piping with 22 G aluminum
16 cladding as protection where the pipes are laid within
vertical shaft, within AHU room and pump room.
17 600mm diameter with 100mm thick in two layers 10 1350 13500
18 400mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers 100 1770 177000
19 350mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers 90 1610 144900
20 300mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers 400 1500 600000
21 250mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers 100 1330 133000
22 200mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 40 890 35600
23 150mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 38 740 28120
24 125mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 698 660 460680
25 100mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 676 580 392080
26 80mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 200 510 102000
27 65mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 24 470 11280
28 50mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 50 420 21000
29 40mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 22 390 8580
30 32mm diameter with 25mm thick in single layer 18 210 3780
31 25mm diameter with 25mm thick in single layer 18 190 3420
32 20mm diameter with 25mm thick in single layer 18 170 3060
For chilled water piping finished with 1mm thick
polyethylene sheets as vapor barrier and covered with
33
two layers of 24 G G.I sheet cladding. (Pipes running
in the Electrical room)
34 80mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 10 450 4500
For butterfly valves finished with FRP or Foster Seal
35
FAS as per specification.
36 400mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers 28 1770 49560
37 350mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers 5 1610 8050
38 200mm diameter with 80mm thick in two layers 4 890 3560
39 100mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 88 580 51040
40 80mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 2 510 1020
41 50mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 2 430 860

Cost Details of Thermal insulation of Piping cont.

 41

42 Supply of balancing Valves as per specification.

400mm diameter with 80mm thick in two
43 14 94140 1317960
layers(Located in pump room)
350mm diameter with 80mm thick in single
44 2 79790 159580
layer(Located in pump room)
200mm diameter with 80mm thick in single
45 2 41330 82660
layer(Located in vertical riser)
46 80mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 1 5980 5980
47 50mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 1 3560 3560
For balancing Valves finished with FRP or Foster
48
Seal FAS as per specification.
400mm diameter with 80mm thick in two
49 14 1770 24780
layers(Located in pump room)
350mm diameter with 80mm thick in single
50 2 1610 3220
layer(Located in pump room)
200mm diameter with 80mm thick in single
51 2 890 1780
layer(Located in vertical riser)
52 80mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 1 510 510
53 50mm diameter with 50mm thick in single layer 1 430 430
20mm drain pipe run with 20mm drain ball valves at
54 the no friction bridge connection to spill over to the 2 4290 8580
nearest floor drain.
For necessary sockets and nipples with shut off
55 valves for mounting sensors/transmitters on pipe line 1 11660 11660
to interface the BAS system.
GRAND TOTAL FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION 2,16,03,730

APPENDIX-IV
 42

TABLE 4.7 cost Details of Air handling units

S NO DISCRIPTION QTY RATE AMOUNT

(RS) (RS)

1 For Tenants office 70 2597120 18180240

2
For Food courts 5 86110 430580
3 1047750
For ground floor large shops 11 95250
4 662190
For lift room 6 110365
5 For bin center 2 131220 262440

6 Installation charges 94 610 57340

7 Valve Packing near AHUs 194 ---- 481120

8 Y type Strainers 157 ---- 390620

9 Manual Balancing Valves 157 ---- 694490

10 Modulating valves 157 ---- 59870

11 Flow meters lot 60120 60120

12 Condensate removal pumps with floor stand 188 122200

13 Power controlling cabling 188 124080

14 Fan coil units 39 306640

15 Treated fresh Air units(TFA) 14 816130 11425820

16 Installation of TFAs 14 6140 85960

Valve packing near TFAs

17 Butterfly valves 28 2660 74480

18 MS fabricated ‘Y’ type strainer 14 4540 63560

 43

19 manual Balancing valves 14 8390 117460

20 Motorized valve 14 710 9940

21 Field level network power and control cabling 28 655 18340

for BMS integration

GRAND TOTAL AIR HANDLING 3,55,04,410

UNITS

REFERENCES

 Ala Hasan, Mika Vuolle, Kai Siren “ Minimization of life cycle cost of a detached house
 44

using combined simulation and optimization”, vol:43 , pp 2022–2034,2008

 Aashish Sharma, Abhishek Saxena, Muneesh Sethi, Venu Shree, Varun,“Life cycle
assessment of buildings, A review” vol:15 , pp 871–875,2011.

 Alan D. Russell “Economic Risks in Energy Conservation Strategies”, Vol. 16, No. 2,
pp. 109-121, 1981.

 Ardeshir Mahadavi Rohini Brahme Paul Mathew,“The “LEK’‘-Concept and its

Applicability for the Energy Analysis of Commercial Buildings”, Vol. 31, pp 409-415,
1996.

 Chris Scheuer, Gregory A. Keoleian, Peter Reppe,“Life cycle energy and environmental
performance of a new university building: modeling challenges and design
implications”,vol:35 , pp 1049–1064,2003.

 E.H. Mathews, D.C. Arndt, C.B. Piani, E. van Heerden “Developing cost efficient
control strategies to ensure optimal energy use and sufficient indoor comfort” vol 66, pp
135-159, 2000.

 Fabrizio Ascione,Laura Bellia, Alfonso Capozzoli, Francesco Minichiello ,“Energy

saving strategies in air-conditioning for museums”,vol: 29 , pp 676–686,2009.

 Fu Xiao, Shengwei Wang, “Progress and methodologies of lifecycle commissioning of

HVAC systems to enhance building sustainability”, vol 13 , pp 1144–1149,2009

 F.W. Yu, K.T. Chan “Life cycle analysis of enhanced condenser features for air-cooled
chillers serving air-conditioned buildings”, vol:41, pp 981–991,2006.

 F.W. Yu , K.T. Chan “Simulation and electricity savings estimation of air-cooled

centrifugal chiller system with mist pre-cooling”, Vol 87, pp 1198–1206, 2010.
 45

 James B.Rishel, “ HVAC pump hand book”, 1996 By the McGraw-Hill companies
chapter-4,27,28,pp 71-80,467-485.

 J.H. Buy, E.H. “Mathews Investigation into capital costs of HVAC systems”,vol:40 , pp
1153–1163, 2005.

 Joshua Kneifel ,“Life-cycle carbon and cost analysis of energy efficiency measures in
new commercial buildings”,vol:42 , pp 333–340,2010

 Kanghee Lee, Sungho Tae, Sungwoo Shin “Development of a Life Cycle Assessment
Program for building (SUSB-LCA) in South Korea”,vol:13 , pp 1994–2002,2009.

 K.F. Fong , V.I. Hanby, T.T. Chow “HVAC system optimization for energy management
by evolutionary programming”,vol:38 , pp 220–231,2009.

 Life cycle cost hand book 1999 1st Edition, state of Alaska - Department of Education
& Early Development Education Support Services / Facilities, pp. 4-14

 Liu Yanga,, Cheong Eng Ganb “Costing small cleanrooms”,vol:87 , pp 1198–1206,2010.

 Luis Pérez-Lombard, José Ortiz , Juan F. Coronel , Ismael R. Maestre,A “review of

HVAC systems requirements in building energy regulations”, no pp 14,2010.

 Mehmet Azmi Aktacir, Orhan Buyukalaca, Tuncay Yılma “Life-cycle cost analysis for
constant-air-volum and variable-air-volume air-conditioning systems”,vol: 83, pp 606
-627,2006.

 Mikko Nymana, Carey J. Simonsonb, “Life cycle assessment of residential ventilation

units in a cold climate”, vol:40, pp1 5–27,2005.

 Oyeshola F. Kofoworol, Shabbir H. Gheewala “Life cycle energy assessment of a typical

office building in Thailand”,,vol:41 , pp 1076–1083,2009.
 46

 Raymond J.Cole paul, C. Kernan “Life-Cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings”, Vol: 31,
pp 307-317, 1996.

 Raymond K.L. Chan, Eric W.M. Lee, Richard K.K. Yuen“ An integrated model for the
design of air-cooled chiller plants for commercialbuildings”,vol46 ,pp 196-209,2011.

 Robert c. Rosaler “HVAC maintenance and operations hand book”,1997 By the

McGraw-Hill companies, chapter -15, pp 259-278.

 S. M. Fereig and M. A. Younis, “Effects of Energy Conservation Measures on the Life

Cycle Cost of Kuwaiti Residential Buildings”,vol:8 , pp 71 – 78,1985.

 Tim Salsbury, Rick Diamond “Performance validation and energy analysis of HVAC
systems using simulation ”, vol:32, pp 5–17, 2000.

 Yung-Chung Chang, Fu-Ann Lin, Chin Huang Lin“ Optimal chiller sequencing by
branch and boun method for saving energy” , Vol 46, pp 2158–2172,2005.

 Yung-Chung Chang, Tien-Shun Chan, Wen-Shing Lee Economic dispatch of chiller

plant by gradient method for saving energy”, Vol 87,pp 1096–1101,2010

 Zhenjun M, Shengwei Wang“ An optimal control strategy for complex building central
chilled water systems for practical and real-time applications”, Vol 44, pp 1188–
1198,2009

 Zhentao Wei, Radu Zmeureanu“ Exergy analysis of variable air volume systems for an
office buil ding”, Vol 50, pp 387–392,2009
47