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This test is worth a total of 100 points.

1. Measure Planck's Constant: A clean surface of sodium metal is illuminated in

vacuum with monochromatic light of various wavelengths. For each wavelength, the
experimenters vary the retarding potential to determine the maximum kinetic energy
of the electrons ejected by the light from the sodium surface. Their data are as follows:
Wavelength (nm) 253.6 283.0 303.9 330.2 366.3 435.8
RetardingPotential (V) 2.60 z.Ll 1.81 l,47 f .i0 0.57
y\ : ' / 1 5l3 7'13 2'21
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Plot these data in such a way as to have the points lie along a straight line as predicted
in Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect. Use the piot to obtain a numerical value
for Planck's constant times the speedof light, hc.

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X-rays scatter off of what? The figure shows some of
Compton's data from his paper on the scattering of X-
rays (photons). What's plotted is the wavelength of the
scattered X-ray beam after scattering in Carbon. There
are 4 plots, showing the X-ray spectrum at scattering
anglesof 0o, 45", 90", and 135'.

(') Referring to the Compton formula, does one expect

any wavelength shift for X-rays at 0o? Why/yhy
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(b) What is the expected wavelength shift (in nm) of
X-rays that scatter off electrons at 0 :90"?
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(") What is the expected wavelength shift (in nm) of

X-rays that scatter off protons at d : 90o?

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(d) At anglesother ttan 0lwfiare there two wavelengthsof scatteredX-rays?

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 5. Talk to me about quanta: Short answer problems: Just 3-4 sentencesto explain
what's going on:

(") Using the uncertainty principle, state why electron (particles) waves diffract out-
ward if they pass through a narrow slit (ie: they acquire some momentum trans-
e verse to the original beam momentum)? Is this amount consistent with the wave
I picture of wave diffraction?
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(b) The neutron has a mass (rn,,c2 : 939.6 MeV) that's

Neufon Decay
larger than the sum of the proton and electron masses'
so it is allowed to decay via the processn --'+pe-D" (lhe n
neutrino is nearly massless).However, as shown in the
sketch, the neutron actually decays to a proton and-a
W - particle (the carrier of the weak force, which has
a mass Mwc2 = 80,000 MeV (time runs to the right
in the sketch). Explain why this violation of energy
conservationis OK?
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(c) In an experiment to produce antiprotons, one set of researchers bombarded a
stationary hydrogen target with a proton beam, and producedp*p ---+ p*p*p*p
when the accelerator had an energy sufficient for the reaction, as predicted by
specialrelativity. Another team producedthe reactionp+p -+ p+p+p +F by
bombarding a copper target (so they hit the protons within the copper nucleus).
In this latter case, they produced antiprotons even for accelerator energiesless
than the nominal threshold predicted by special relativity. Why?
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 Problem 5 (cont'Q
(d) The data below come from a scattering experiment in which an 84 MeV neutron
beam is impinged upon targets of Aluminum, Copper, or Lead lA. Bratenahl et
al., Phys. Reu. 77, 597 (1950).1 Describe qualitatiuelyhow the wave nature of
neutrons is being demonstrated. Also, why does the scattering "minimum" vary
from 26" down to 13o,depending on the target nucleus?

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Bonus trivia (1 point each):

(B.1) Who received the Nobel for X-ray diffraction?

(B.2) Who shared the Nobel for showing the electron is a wave, contradicting the Nobel
his father won for showing it's a particle?

(B.3) Which Hertz, Gustave or Heinrich, has the unit named after him? Which showed
the validity of the Bohr model?

a"
(B.4) Which UT faculty member's paper on scattered light from two atoms were we
discussing?What did it demonstrate?

,7
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