Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 2
Effects of Climate Change ................................................................................. 2
Analysis of Global Climate Change Efforts ....................................................... 3
Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...................................................... 5
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ... 6
Kyoto Protocol .............................................................................. 6
Copenhagen Accord ...................................................................... 6
In Pursuit of Green Energy ............................................................................ 5
The Adoption of Greener Sources of Energy ........................................... 5
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) .................................... 5
Methane to Markets Partnership ............................................................ 5
Non-Governmental Initiatives ....................................................................... 5
Global Campaign for Climate Action (GCCA) ........................................... 5
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) ............. 5
Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 4
Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 4
1
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Introduction
Change clearly states that “there has been discernable human influence on global
climate.” This stand was echoed by the US Global Change Research Program in
their June 2008 report, stipulating that climate change is unequivocally and primarily
human-induced. Indeed, the human race has played a fundamental role in the
inception of climate change, with the combustion of fossil fuels, the usage of
nitrogen-based fertilizers and the deforestation of forests to make space for human
There have been several international initiatives to deal with climate change. In this
2
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
All over the world, temperatures are expected to rise due to climate change. In fact,
11 of the dozen warmest years since 1850 have occurred in the past 12 years1.
Increasing temperatures bring increased risks of drought and fire. These can cause
1
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
3
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Ice has also begun to melt at the polar ice caps, glaciers and the Greenland ice
sheet. The situation has become so dire that the Arctic Ocean is estimated to have
40% less ice by 2030 and could even become ice-free by 20502. These will cause
sea levels to rise, inundating low lying areas and damaging property.
"On the island where I live, it is possible to throw a stone from one side to the other. Our
fears about sea level rise are very real. Our Cabinet has been exploring the possibility of
buying land in a nearby country in case we become refugees of climate change.”
– Teleke Lauti, Minister for the Environment, Tuvalu.
frequency and magnitude of storms worldwide and bleach corals, which generate
US$375 billion in goods and services annually and support the livelihoods of 500
There is no debate regarding the severity of climate change and the devastation it
can bring. Something must be done to deal with climate change and its adverse
consequences.
2
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
3
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - United States Department of Commerce
4
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
“Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife are in fact plans to protect man.”
– Stewart Udall, United States Secretary of the Interior from 1961 to 1969
Climate change is theoretically the perfect topic for an international agreement. After
all, all 194 countries in the world4 contribute to, and are affected by climate change
and should therefore be willing to help stop it. However, it is very hard to agree on
exactly what to do and how to do it. Such an international agreement would have to
the global initiatives in human history can be likened to ramshackle huts along a
Texan country road, few, far in between, and not able to save the world.
4
United States State Department
5
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
We will now be analysing some of the more prominent and promising global
initiatives within the last two decades. The case studies have been segregated into
three different sections based on their objectives. The three sections are as follows:
governmental initiatives.
most prominent global initiative to stop climate change by reducing greenhouse gas
meetings called the Conferences of the Parties (COP) are held for all the parties that
have ratified the UNFCCC. The objective of these meetings is to formulate policies,
treaties and legislation to combat climate change. The famous Kyoto Protocol was
drafted and adopted in 1997 at COP 3, while the latest COP is in fact the widely
covered Copenhagen Summit. We will discuss them in further detail later in this
section.
6
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
However, there is an inherent problem in the UNFCCC treaty. The treaty does not
set a compulsory limit on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that countries
can emit. Every pledge is therefore self-decided and self-imposed. There is also an
What do you get when you leave several children in an empty room and tell them not
There are also many conflicts between developing and developed countries
regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. As Stephen Leahy puts it,
“What is abundantly clear is the enormous divide between the rich and poor countries. Poor
countries want deep cuts in emissions by the industrialized world, and the latter continue to
resist significant cuts and legally binding targets.”
— Stephen Leahy, Climate Change: History Was Not Made, 19th December, 2009
7
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
should not be forced to pay for the enjoyment of Figure 2: Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Tonnes per
Capita (2002)
developed countries. This is the Principle of
Image Credits: World Bank
5
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities ,
which even the UNFCCC recognizes. After all, developing countries are usually the
ones heavily burdened with social problems and yet to fulfil the Millennium Goals set
China and India. If they were not bound by such legislation, their
5
UNFCCC COP 3 – Kyoto Protocol
8
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
agreement with the Kyoto Protocol, while almost nobody is in agreement with the
Copenhagen Accord.
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was drafted and adopted at COP 3 in 1997. As of September
2010, 192 countries have signed the protocol6. Its objectives are best summarized
“After 10 days of tough negotiations, ministers and other high-level officials from 160
countries reached agreement this morning on a legally binding Protocol under which
industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%.
The agreement aims to lower overall emissions from a group of six greenhouse gases by
2008-12, calculated as an average over these five years. Cuts in the three most important
gases - carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20) - will be measured
against a base year of 1990. Cuts in three long-lived industrial gases - hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) - can be measured against
either a 1990 or 1995 baseline.”
– Industrialized countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2%, Press release from the
United Nations Environment Program, 11th December 1997
Every participating country sets its own target for reducing greenhouse gas
are not able to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Several countries,
6
Official Website of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
9
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
notably the US, are also yet to set a definite target. The US is the second largest
greenhouse gas emitter and the country with the largest greenhouse gas emissions
per capita. Thus, the failure of the US to comply has already dug the grave for the
Protocol.
the Protocol that allows countries to meet their targets by carrying out green projects
can develop sustainably under the funding of developed countries (therefore putting
the monetary burden on the developed countries), it is highly controversial, with its
developed countries for green projects and initiatives. Developed countries might
also impose projects on developing countries that are contrary to their development
interests. In some cases, the projects make job promises to the locals in exchange
for cooperation, which are never fulfilled. In general, the CDM allows rich countries to
continue utilizing fossil fuels while paying the poor not to.
“There are significant constraints to the continuing growth of the CDM as a key instrument
to support mitigation efforts in developing countries.”
– World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change by the World Bank
In conclusion, the Kyoto Protocol can be deemed a failure. It is highly unlikely that
the self-decided and self-regulated targets will be met. The treaty was adopted in
10
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
1997, but by 2005, emissions had grown by 24%7. This trend can be clearly
observed in Figure 3.
“Climate policy, as it has been understood and practiced by many governments of the world
under the Kyoto Protocol approach, has failed to produce any discernable real world
reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases in fifteen years. The underlying reason for this is
that the UNFCCC/Kyoto model was structurally flawed and doomed to fail …”
– The Hartwell Paper, London School of Economics, May 2010
7
World Bank, 2010
8
United States Energy Information Administration Report
11
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Copenhagen Accord
The Copenhagen Summit (COP 15), held from the 7th - 18th of
"The summit as of this morning is a summit in crisis. Only the arrival of heads of state could
bring the summit to a successful conclusion.”
– The Head of the United Nations Environmental Program in an interview with BBC, on the
18th of December, the last day of the Summit
On the very last day of the Summit, in a bid to come up with something, 5 countries,
India, China, Brazil, South Africa and the US, met up without informing the other
member countries, and drew up the Copenhagen Accord, the only substantial
document to ever have come out of the Copenhagen Summit. This document is non-
binding and simply states the intention of countries to limit warming to no more than
offended at being excluded from this backroom meeting. In the words of the Bolivian
delegation, the means at which the Accord was reached was “anti-democratic, anti-
transparent and unacceptable.” Some therefore decided not to support it. In the end,
the Accord had no legal standing under the UNFCCC. Member countries merely
noted its existence and stated whether they were for or against it.
12
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
"While the White House was announcing the agreement, many other – perhaps most other –
delegations had not even seen it.”
– BBC’s Environment Correspondent
significant with regards to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. John Sauven,
"Copenhagen is a crime scene tonight, with the guilty men and women fleeing to the airport.”
– John Sauven, Executive Director of Greenpeace UK
framework for future climate change negotiations, there are too many problems and
Developed countries were meant to take the lead in reducing emissions, which they
failed to, due to selfish economic reasons. The numerous emissions reduction
pledges are also unlikely to be realized, as every country does not fulfil because
"I'm afraid the pledges of Copenhagen will not be realized. It would be a little political
miracle if it happened. I'm fairly pessimistic.”
– Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
The IPCC has warned that unless greenhouse gas emissions begin to decline within
the next 10 to 15 years, we are likely to face severe and even catastrophic impacts.
Countries all over the world have to get their act together if the human race is to
13
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
increasing energy demand, the depletion of fossil fuel stores and climate change.
These contribute to the urgent need to transform the energy sector from one heavily
reliant on fossil fuels to one that utilizes greener sources of energy. In this section,
energy, the International Renewable Energy Agency, and the Methane to Markets
Partnership.
“The spin-off benefits of a renewable powered future are simply too good to ignore. By their
very nature, renewable energies are secure, affordable, easily accessible, and clean. And
because of these traits, it can preserve the environment and protect our climate. It can boost
economic growth and create local jobs that will lead to regional development. It can even
increase social cohesion and make the world’s energy supplies more secure.”
– Hélène Pelosse, Director General of IRENA
14
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Greener sources of energy, such as solar, wind and hydroelectric energy provide
mankind with an answer to many of the current challenges facing the world. They are
renewable and unlimited, unlike fossil fuels. They are currently more expensive than
gas and oil, but prices are expected to be lower than that of fossil fuels in the near
future. They are also much more environmentally friendly, producing negligible
Figure 4: World Energy Consumption and their Sources (1973 & 2005)9 10
In Figure 4, it can be observed that although the usage of gas increased from 18.4%
in 1973 to 20.0% in 2008, the usage of coal and oil, two other forms of fossil fuel,
dropped from 10.2% to 3.7% and from 56.2% to 48.7% respectively. This is because
the current stores of coal and oil are much smaller than the current stores of gas,
9
Mtoe = Million Tons of Oil Equivalent
10
Key World Energy Statistics 2010 – International Energy Agency (IEA)
15
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
causing a transition towards gas and other alternatives such as geothermal energy.
This has caused the usage of such alternatives (Other) to increase from 0.7% in
In Figure 5, the thin red line representing renewable energy gradually becomes
visible as time progresses, showing the gradual increase in the usage of green
energy, though fossil fuels still provide approximately 75% of the world‟s energy
requirements.
The adoption of green energy is a separate venture by different countries, but under
the same global goal to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and to stop climate
change. Countries have to start shifting towards greener sources of energy, such as
16
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
solar panels, biofuels and hydroelectric dams if we are to have a chance of stopping
climate change in its tracks. Sooner or later, countries would have to switch to
alternative sources of energy when fossil fuels run out, explaining the trend depicted
in Figures 4 and 5. This switch is steady, but slow. Much more has to be done, by
more countries, to make that thin red line the thick one that our planet deserves.
"Promoting renewables must now become a global and universal priority, and IRENA is a
necessary condition for that goal. If we intend to embark on the renewable energy revolution,
we cannot do it without IRENA."
26th January 2009. It intends to act as the global voice for renewable energy, and will
promote the adoption of all forms of green energy on a global scale. To date, there
are 149 countries that have joined IRENA11. Although there are numerous
campaigns, alliances and agencies actively promoting the switch towards green
energy, IRENA is the largest, most empowered (by the UN) and most prominent
11 nd
Official Website for the International Renewable Energy Agency, dated 22 September 2010
17
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Various UN organizations work in the field of renewable energy. But IRENA is the only one
dedicated to the promotion of 100% renewable energy worldwide. IRENA and the UN will
join forces to speed up the transformation of the global energy sector
A possible reason for the slow uptake of renewables as mentioned earlier is the fact
that the path towards green energy is a hard one. There are numerous obstacles,
such as lengthy paperwork, import tariffs and technical barriers. IRENA intends to
governments with advice, information and support with regards to policy drafting,
“The creation of IRENA can be seen as the most important decision ever taken on the global
level in favour of renewable energy. The founding of IRENA sent out a very strong signal to
the world community that renewable energy will have to play and will play a key role in the
future energy supply all over the world.”
– The World Wind Energy Association after giving their 2010 World Wind Energy Award to
the founding member states of IRENA
The formation of IRENA was a huge step in the pursuit of green energy. With the
legislative power of the UN, it intends to blast through the financial, technological and
political barriers that block the road to a future powered by green energy. It is by far
the most prominent global initiative, with the backing of numerous countries,
alliances and associations. As it is still fairly young, it is still hard to tell if it will do any
18
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
good. However, with a substantial host of accolades and awards so far, expectations
to recover methane from sources such as coal mines and landfills for usage as an
removes methane from the atmosphere, which made up 10.5% of global greenhouse
gas emissions in 200812. Although methane levels are lower than that of carbon
methane is combusted to produce energy. This energy source does not produce as
much carbon dioxide as other fossil fuels, with the emission of 30% less carbon
dioxide than oil, and 45% less carbon dioxide than coal13.
“The Methane to Markets Partnership is a true success story in the fight against climate
change and the transition to a clean energy economy. Methane to Markets is helping
countries mitigate climate change, develop new sources of clean energy, and protect their
local environments.”
– Gina McCarthy, Assistant Administrator for EPA’s Office of Air and current chair of the
Methane to Markets steering committee
12
United States Energy Information Administration, 2008
13
Natural Gas Supply Association, 2010
19
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
There are many initiatives with regards to alternative sources of energy. However,
what is interesting about this global partnership is the fact that it reduces greenhouse
gas emissions, promotes a shift towards green energy and generates huge amounts
of wealth all at the same time. The typical global initiative shows the economy being
pitted against the environment. However, in this instance, we get to eat the cake and
keep it too. Equipped with this particular unique characteristic, it is bound to be very
effective, propelled forward by the greed of countries, which usually barricades the
way for other global initiatives against climate change. This explains why the US is
playing such an active role in this particular venture, being the country steering and
leading the partnership. Due to the sheer importance of the US and it being one of
the major polluters, any agreement actively backed by her is likely to be successful.
In this section, we have analyzed the effectiveness of the adoption of green energy,
IRENA and the Methane to Markets Partnership against climate change. In summary,
although countries are indeed adopting green energy, the level of uptake is very slow.
IRENA intends to change that. Being empowered by the UN, it has done wonders
despite only being founded in 2009. The Methane to Markets Partnership has by far
the most ingenious idea yet, reducing greenhouse gases, providing green energy
and generating funds all at the same time. It has also managed to get the US
actively promoting it, which is no easy feat. If we compare these initiatives with the
earlier section on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the adoption of green
20
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Non-Governmental Initiatives
People all over the world are watching. They watch the Copenhagen Summit
disintegrate and fall to pieces. They watch movies such as „The Age of Stupid‟ and
read books such as „Earth in the Balance‟. And many are unhappy. Some decide to
take matters into their own hands, but to do that, they would have to become
empowered. They would have to unite together under one banner and attempt to win
examples: the Global Campaign for Climate Action and the World Business Council
action against climate change. The Global Campaign for Climate Action (GCCA) is
one of the few ventures that unite all these non-governmental alliances, trade unions
and faith groups under a single name, making it a global initiative. Organizations
participating in the GCCA include the World Wildlife Fund, Avaaz and Greenpeace.
The GCCA attempts to galvanize governments and the masses to support rapid
The problem with such NGOs is that they usually lack legislative and political power.
They are only attempting to influence government decisions, which are often made
21
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
without considering the actions of these NGOs, as the government takes into
consideration other factors that are considered of higher priority, such as economic
reminder to the human race that the problem called climate change still exists, just
like an alarm clock programmed with a snooze function. We should therefore give
22
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
“Respondents identified the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) to be the most influential forums.”
– Race to the Top: Attracting and Enabling Global Sustainable Business, a 2003 World Bank
and International Finance Corporation (IFC) commissioned study.
Coca-Cola, Sony and General Motors. These companies feel that it is possible to
The purpose of the WBCSD is to provide a platform where companies can come
cut down on greenhouse gas emissions, or if they were to crack down on illegal
the WBCSD proves to the world that such fears are unsupported. It makes a
powerful statement, as these international companies are intent on going green even
though they will probably lose out financially by doing so. Although the WBCSD is
simply a NGO, it is still extremely powerful, due to the fact that many large
international companies and businesses, such as Rio Tinto and IBM are its active
23
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
second place, with approval rates of 54%, losing only to the EU14.
In conclusion, although NGOs typically lack political and legislative power and
influence, they still attempt to get their message across by bringing many companies,
organizations and people under a single banner, causing the whole to be greater
than the sum of its parts. They also help to act as a constant reminder to the human
race that the problem called climate change still exists, and is yet to be solved.
14 th
GlobeScan Survey of Sustainability Experts, by GlobeScan Incorporated, 20 July 2006
24
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Conclusion
Global efforts to delay the effects of climate change have varying levels of
effectiveness. Some are hindered by factors such as the lack of legislative power
and general apathy. Others are more successful as they possess the essential
elements such as stringent enforcement measures, high cost effectiveness and the
The general consensus is that the current progress is still not enough. There may be
ramshackle huts that may be able to house thousands. Some have a carrying
capacity of millions. However, these huts combined are still unable to contain the 7
billion people in the world. Mary Robinson, the President of Ireland from 1990 – 1997
referred to climate change and commented that “we are not showing the intelligent
needs to be done, and fast. If not in the near future, we may find that there is no
25
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
Bibliography
Adaptation Fund. (2009). How to apply. Retrieved from http://www.adaptation-fund.org/howtoapply
Andersen, M. (2010, January 15). Copenhagen was more than the accord. Retrieved from
http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Climate-Energy/COP15-Copenhagen-2009/Selected-COP15-
news/Copenhagen-was-more-than-the-accord.htm
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. (n.d.). Asia-Pacific partnership on clean
development and climate. Retrieved from http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/english/default.aspx
BBC News. (2005, November 24). Q&A: Blair's climate strategy. Retrieved from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4466842.stm
BBC News. (2005, February 16). Q&A: the Kyoto protocol. Retrieved from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4269921.stm
Birgfeld, E. (2010, September 07). Thirty-six governments to meet in Mexico on greenhouse gas
reductions, clean energy. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/methanetomarkets/pdf/press_announcement090710.pdf
Bodansky, D., & Chou, S. (2004). International climate: efforts beyond 2012: a survey of approaches.
Braasch, G. (n.d.). World view of global warming: the photographic documentation of climate change.
Retrieved from http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/pages/temperate-zone.html
Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, (2005). Global
temperature for 2005: second warmest year on record.
Doyle, A. (2009, October 27). Backers of UN climate treaty look to 2010 for deal. Retrieved from
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE59Q2TG20091027
Doyle, A. (2010, August 28). Climate aid reaches $30 bln goal, but is it new?. Retrieved from
http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/8/29/worldupdates/2010-08-
28T213306Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-510913-2&sec=Worldupdates
Eindiguer, D. (2009, June 22). Greens welcome global campaign for climate action . Retrieved from
http://greenparty.ca/media-release/2009-06-22/greens-welcome-global-campaign-climate-action
Gelbspan, R. (2008, December). The heat is online. Retrieved from
http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?ID=7203&method=full
Global Campaign for Climate Action. (n.d.). Global campaign for climate action. Retrieved from
http://gc-ca.org/
Global Movement for Children. (n.d.). Global campaign for climate action. Retrieved from
http://www.gmfc.org/en/action-within-the-movement/gmc-actions/actions-by-imperatives/9-
protect-the-earth-for-children/current-actions/18-global-campaign-for-climate-action
GlobeScan Incorporated. (2006). Omnibus research findings from the 2006-1 survey of sustainability
experts. Retrieved from http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/hOpD0UYvnIfAtTFhJovm/sose06-
1_wbcsd_omni.pdf
Harrabin, R. (2010, September 05). BBC news - Tony Blair: 'heavy price' for climate inaction. Retrieved
from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11181330
Ian, S. (2010, September 08). Rich countries may pay $10 bn this year: UN climate chief. Retrieved
from http://sify.com/finance/rich-countries-may-pay-10-bn-this-year-un-climate-chief-news-default-
kjisOcghega.html
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2010). IPCC - intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/
International Energy Agency. (2010). Key world energy statistics. Retrieved from
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf
International Renewable Energy Agency. (2010). IRENA - international renewable energy agency.
Retrieved from http://www.irena.org/
26
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
International Renewable Energy Agency. (2008). The role of IRENA in the context of other
international organizations and initiatives. Retrieved from
http://www.irena.org/downloads/Role_IRENA_IO.pdf
Kete, N., & Baumert, K. (Producer). Developing countries and the climate treaty. [Web]. Retrieved
from http://powerpoints.wri.org/devcountries/sld001.htm
Kinver, M. (2010, September 06). BBC news - climate shifts 'not to blame' for African civil wars.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11204686
Liverman, D. M. (2008). Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession
of the atmosphere. Journal of Historical Geography, Retrieved from
http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/~dliverma/CV/JHGE07-17.pdf
Methane to Markets. (n.d.). Methane to markets. Retrieved from
http://www.methanetomarkets.org/
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (n.d.). Denmark: the official website of Denmark. Retrieved
from http://www.denmark.dk/en
National Geographic. (2007, June 14). Global warming fast facts. Retrieved from
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html
Nowatzki, R. (2010, February 24). World environment news - hard to agree on UN climate treaty in
2010: De Boer - planet ark. Retrieved from http://http://planetark.org/enviro-news/item/56859
Pelosse, H. (2009, December 03). A climate for renewables. Retrieved from
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/12/a-climate-for-renewables
Retallack, S. (n.d.). The Kyoto loopholes. Retrieved from
http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/twr125d.htm
Riahi, L. (2008, April 23). Time for an international renewable energy agency?. Retrieved from
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/04/time-for-an-international-
renewable-energy-agency-52254
Rosenberg, M. (2010, June 14). The number of countries in the world - number of countries
worldwide. Retrieved from http://geography.about.com/cs/countries/a/numbercountries.htm
Ryan, D. (2009, March 12). Global methane partnership marks five years of progress. Retrieved from
http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d985312f6895893b852574ac005f1e40/b2156af5131493
2585257681005edb62!OpenDocument
Shah, A. (2009, October 04). Climate change flexibility mechanisms - global issues. Retrieved from
http://www.globalissues.org/article/232/flexibility-mechanisms
Shah, A. (2002, February 15). COP 3 — Kyoto protocol climate conference - global issues. Retrieved
from http://www.globalissues.org/article/183/cop3-kyoto-protocol-climate-conference
Shah, A. (2009, December 30). COP15 — Copenhagen climate conference - global issues. Retrieved
from http://www.globalissues.org/article/784/cop15-copenhagen-climate-conference
Shah, A. (2009, October 04). Reactions to climate change negotiations and action - global issues.
Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/article/179/reactions-to-climate-change-negotiations-
and-action
Shah, A. (2004, December 25). UN framework convention on climate change - global issues. Retrieved
from http://www.globalissues.org/article/521/un-framework-convention-on-climate-change
StatCrunch. (2009). Trends of emissions of greenhouse gases since 1990. Retrieved from
http://www.statcrunch.com/5.0/viewreport.php?reportid=6958
The Bureau of Public Affairs, US Department of State. (n.d.). App home page. Retrieved from
http://www.app.gov/
The Bureau of Public Affairs, US Department of State. (n.d.). US led projects. Retrieved from
http://www.app.gov/usled/index.htm
27
Analysis of global efforts to delay the effects of climate change
GE5102
The New York Times. (2009, December 18). Copenhagen climate talks (UNFCCC). Retrieved from
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/u/united_nations_framework_conven
tion_on_climate_change/index.html
The World Bank. (2010). World development report 2010: development and climate change.
Retrieved from http://tinyurl.com/worlddevelopmentreport2010
The World Bank & International Finance Corporation. (2003). Race to the top: attracting and enabling
global sustainable business. Retrieved from
http://www.resourcesaver.org/file/toolmanager/CustomO16C45F49313.pdf
Timberlake, L. (2006, July 20). WBCSD tops GlobeScan sustainable development survey. Retrieved
from http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MTk2OTg
Tully, M. (2010, September 10). Methane-to-electricity plant draws raves. Retrieved from
http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/4486656
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2010). United Nations framework
convention on climate change. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/2860.php
US Climate Change Technology Program. (2005). Vision and framework for strategy and planning. US
Climate Change Technology Program, Retrieved from
http://www.climatetechnology.gov/vision2005/cctp-vision2005.pdf
US Department of Energy. (n.d.). Department of energy - climate change. Retrieved from
http://www.energy.gov/environment/climatechange.htm
US Environmental Protection Agency. (2009, September 09). Climate change technology program |
climate change - US climate policy. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/policy/cctp.html
US Environmental Protection Agency. (2010, September 15). Press releases | methane to markets
partnership. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/methanetomarkets/pressreleases.htm#sept0710
Vidal, J., Stratton, A., & Goldenberg, S. (2009, December 19). Low targets, goals dropped: Copenhagen
ends in failure. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/18/copenhagen-
deal
Williams, L. (2005). Environmental science demystified. US: McGraw-Hill.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, . (2010). World business council for sustainable
development. Retrieved from
http://www.wbcsd.org/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?MenuID=1
World Wildlife Fund. (2010). WWF - climate - businesses call for action on climate change. Retrieved
from http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/businesses-call-for-action.html
World Wildlife Fund. (2010). WWF - climate - WWF and climate change: influencing policy. Retrieved
from http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/policy/index.html
World Wildlife Fund. (2010). WWF - government relations and policy - climate change. Retrieved from
http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/howwedoit/policy/climatechangeissues.html
World Wind Energy Association. (2009, September 16). Press release: IRENA and REN-Alliance have
agreed to work together. Retrieved from
http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=252&Itemid=40
28