CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

1.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: 1
2. INTRODUCTION : 2
3.REVIEW OF LITERATURE: 3
4. THEORY : 4-6
5.SUMMARY : 7
6. SUGGESTIONS : 8
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To make this term paper I got help from all those
persons whom I asked about this project . I also got support from my friends,
family members , and especially I am thankful to internet from where I have
taken all my materials about this project.

And I am also thankful to our physics

teacher “Ms. Suman Rani”. So at last again I thanks all those who had
helped me to make this Project.
GAGANDEEP SINGH
 INTRODUCTION
AIM:
Hysteresis is well known in ferromagnetic materials.
When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnet,
the atomic dipoles align themselves with the external field.
Even when the external field is removed, part of the
alignment will be retained: the material has
become magnetized.
The relationship between magnetic field strength
(H) and magnetic flux density (B) is not linear in such
materials. If the relationship between the two is plotted for
increasing levels of field strength, it will follow a curve up to a
point where further increases in magnetic field strength will
result in no further change in flux density. This condition
is called magnetic saturation.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

1.KNELLER: Who gives the idea of the hysteresis.

2.HAWIG:He also helped Kneller.
3.YOUNG: He given the idea of corectivity.
4.DR.HOGARD: He gives the hysteresis loop.
5. DR. JAMES SCREW: He is the main person
who given the basic idea of the hysteresis
 THEORY
Hysteresis
When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized in one direction, it will not relax
back to zero
magnetization when the imposed magnetizing field is removed. It must be
driven back to
zero by a field in the opposite direction. If an alternating magnetic field is
applied to the
material, its magnetization will trace out a loop called a hysteresis loop. The
lack of
retraceability of the magnetization curve is the property called hysteresis and it
is related to
the existence of magnetic domains in the material. Once the magnetic domains
are
reoriented, it takes some energy to turn them back again. This property of
ferrromagnetic
materials is useful as a magnetic "memory". Some compositions of
ferromagnetic materials
will retain an imposed magnetization indefinitely and are useful as "permanent
magnets".
The magnetic memory aspects of iron and chromium oxides make them useful
in audio
tape recording and for the magnetic storage of data on computer disks.
Hysteresis Loop
Hysteresis in Magnetic Recording
Because of hysteresis, an input signal at the level indicated by the dashed line
could give a
magnetization anywhere between C and D, depending upon the immediate
previous history
of the tape (i.e., the signal which preceded it). This clearly unacceptable
situation is
remedied by the bias signal which cycles the oxide grains around their
hysteresis loops so
quickly that the magnetization averages to zero when no signal is applied. The
result of the
bias signal is like a magnetic eddy which settles down to zero if there is no
signal
superimposed upon it. If there is a signal, it offsets the bias signal so that it
leaves a
remnant magnetization proportional to the signal offset.
Variations in Hysteresis Curves
There
is

considerable variation in the hysteresis of different magnetic materials.

A family of B-H loops for grain-oriented electrical steel (BR denotes

remanence and HC is the coercivity).
The relationship between magnetic field strength (H) and magnetic
flux density (B) is not linear in such materials. If the relationship
between the two is plotted for increasing levels of field strength, it will
follow a curve up to a point where further increases in magnetic field
strength will result in no further change in flux density. This condition
is called magnetic saturation

If the magnetic field is now reduced linearly, the plotted relationship

will follow a different curve back towards zero field strength at which
point it will be offset from the original curve by an amount called the
remanent flux density or remanence.
If this relationship is plotted for all strengths of applied magnetic field
the result is a sort of S- shaped loop. The 'thickness' of the middle bit
of the S describes the amount of hysteresis, related to the coercivity
of the material.
Magnetic hysteresis
A family of B-H loops for grain-oriented electrical steel (BR denotes
remanence and HC is the coercivity).

Its practical effects might be, for example, to cause a relay to be slow
to release due to the remaining magnetic field continuing to attract
the
armature when the applied electric current to the operating coil is
removed.
This curve for a particular
material influences the design of
a magnetic circuit.
This is also a very important effect in magnetic tape and other
magnetic storage media like hard disks. In these materials it would
seem obvious to have one polarity represent a bit, say north for 1 and
south for 0. However, to change the storage from one to the other,
the hysteresis effect requires the knowledge of what was already
there, because the needed field will be different in each case. In order
to avoid this problem, recording systems first overdrive the entire
system into a known state using a process known as bias. Analog
magnetic recording also uses this technique. Different materials
require different biasing, which is why there is a selector for this on
the front of most cassette recorders.
In order to minimize this effect and the energy losses associated with
it, ferromagnetic substances with low coercivity and low hysteresis.

SUMMARY
Hysteresis is well known in ferromagnetic materials.
When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnet, the
atomic dipoles align themselves with the external field. Even when
the external field is removed, part of the alignment will be retained:
the material has become magnetized.

The relationship between magnetic field strength (H) and magnetic

flux density (B) is not linear in such materials. If the relationship
between the two is plotted for increasing levels of field strength, it will
follow a curve up to a point where further increases in magnetic field
strength will result in no further change in flux density. This condition
is called magnetic saturation.

Suggestions:
As a student there is no any suggestions from me on this phenomena
and there is no suggestions from my side.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.ISC PHYSICS –S.CHAND

2.PARDEEP PHYSICS- +2
3.WIKIPEDIA-FROM
ENCYCLOPEDIA
1