The Fought on Crimean land

Crushing defeat forced

Crimean tsars to take radical
steps to modernize
War army, industry.

the reforming tsar,

assassinated by a bomb in
Alexander 1881.Emancipation of
serfs. Serfs gained right to
II land, but no political rights;
had to pay a redemption
tax

local assemblies with

representatives from all classes
A weak system: nobles
zemstvos dominated, tsar held veto
power Legal reform more
successful: juries, independent
judges, professional attorneys

developed by Sergei Witte, minister

The Witte
of finance, 1892-1903 Railway
construction stimulated other
industries; trans-Siberian railway
Remodeled the state bank,

system protected infant industries, secured

foreign loans Top-down
industrialization effective; steel,
coal, and oil industries grew
 Rapid industrialization fell

Industrial hardest on working classes

Government outlawed unions,
strikes; workers increasingly
discontent radical Business class
supported autocracy, not
reform

advocated socialism
and anarchism,
recruited in countryside
Intelligentsia Repression by tsarist
authorities: secret
police, censorship

sparked ethnic
nationalism,
Russification attacks on
Jews tolerated

more
Nicholas oppressive,
conservative
II ruler
 Russian
Russo-Japanese expansion to east
War leads to conflict
with Japan

triggered by costly Russian

Revolution defeat by Japan Bloody

Sunday massacre: unarmed
workers shot down by
of 1905 government troops Peasants
seized landlords' property;
workers formed soviets

Legislature. Tsar
the forced to make it
after revolution of
Duma 1905, didn't end
anything. .

Qing Threatened
by Opium
dynasty production
 Chinese. system
cohong restricted foreign
merchants to
one port city

East India
The Opium company
dominated!
War Unequal treaties
ensued.

Commissioner. Directed
Lin to stop opium trade.
confiscated and
destroyed twenty
Zexu thousand chests of
opium

forced trade
Unequal concessions
from Qing
treaties dynasty
 Britain gained right to
Treaty of opium trade,
most-favored-nation
status, Hong Kong, open
Nanjing trade ports, exemptions
from Chinese laws

The ("Great Peace") Called for end

of Qing dynasty; resented
Manchu rule Radical social

Taiping change: no private property,

footbinding, concubinage
Popular in southeast China;
rebellion seized Nanjing (1853), moved
on Beijing

defeated in 1864;
the war claimed
Taipings twenty to thirty
million lives

Sought to blend Chinese

The cultural traditions with
European industrial technology
Self-Strengthening Built shipyards, railroads,
weapon industries, steel
Movement foundries, academies Not
(1860-1895) enough industry to make a
significant change
 Powerful Opposed the
self
empress strengthening
dowager Cixi movement.

The Two Confucian

scholars advised
hundred-days radical changes in
reforms (1898) imperial system

Young inspired to launch

wide-range reforms
Movement crushed by
emperor Cixi and supporters;
emperor imprisoned;
Guangxu reformers killed

The Boxer Local militia attacked

rebellion (the foreigners, Chinese
Christians Crushed by
Society of European and Japanese
Righteous and troops Collapse of Qing
Harmonious Fists) dynasty in 1912
 shogunate. tried
Tokugawa conservative
bakufu reforms, met
with resistance

sailed U.S. fleet to

U.S. Tokyo Bay, demanded
entry Japan forced to
Commodore accept unequal treaties
with United States and
Perry other western countries

After brief civil war,

The Meiji Tokugawa armies defeated

by dissident militia The boy
emperor Mutsuhito, or Meiji,
restoration regained authority End of
almost seven centuries of
military rule in Japan

powerful
Zaibatsu financial
cliques
 "Civilizing a justification
mission" or
"white man's for
burden" expansion

reached inland
Steam-powered waters of Africa
gunboats and Asia for
colonization

organized local
economies to
Railroads serve imperial
power

British troops killed

In Battle of eleven thousand
Sudanese in five
Omdurman hours