Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for

the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in
automobiles, buildings, and electronics. The radiator is always a source of heat to its
environment, although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment, or for
cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for engine cooling.
A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat
produced by the device to other devices that use or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has high thermal
capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, and chemically inert, neither causing nor
promoting corrosion of the cooling system. Some applications also require the coolant to be an
electrical insulator.

Main article: Wax thermostatic element

Car engine thermostat

Perhaps the best example of purely mechanical technology in widespread use today is the
internal combustion engine cooling thermostat. These are used to maintain the core temperature
of the engine at its optimum operating temperature by regulating the flow of coolant to an
external heat sink, usually an air cooled radiator. Also, research in the 1920s showed that
cylinder wear was aggravated by condensation of fuel when it contacted a cool cylinder wall
which removed the oil film, and the development of the automatic thermostat in the 1930s
provided a solution to this problem by ensuring fast engine warm-up.[3]
This type of thermostat operates mechanically. It makes use of a wax pellet inside a sealed
chamber. The wax is solid at low temperatures but as the engine heats up the wax melts and
expands. The sealed chamber has an expansion provision that operates a rod which opens a valve
when the operating temperature is exceeded. The operating temperature is fixed, but is
determined by the specific composition of the wax, so thermostats of this type are available to
maintain different temperatures, typically in the range of 70 to 90°C (160 to 200°F). Modern
engines run hot, that is, over 80°C (180°F), in order to run more efficiently and to reduce the
emission of pollutants. Most thermostats have a small bypass hole to vent any gas that might get
into the system, e.g., air introduced during coolant replacement, which also allows a small flow
of coolant past the thermostat when it is closed. This bypass flow ensures that the thermostat
experiences the temperature change in the coolant as the engine heats up; without it a stagnant
region of coolant around the thermostat could shield it from temperature changes in the coolant
adjacent to the combustion chambers and cylinder bores.
While the thermostat is closed, there is no flow of coolant in the radiator loop, and water flow is
instead redirected back through the engine, allowing it to warm up rapidly while also avoiding
hotspots within the engine. The thermostat stays closed until the coolant temperature reaches the
nominal thermostat opening temperature. The thermostat then progressively opens as the coolant
temperature increases to the optimum operating temperature, increasing the coolant flow to the
radiator. Once the optimum operating temperature is reached, the thermostat progressively
increases or decreases its opening in response to temperature changes, dynamically balancing the
coolant recirculation flow and coolant flow to the radiator to maintain the engine temperature in
the optimum range as engine heat output, vehicle speed, and outside ambient temperature
change. Under normal operating conditions the thermostat is open to about half of its stroke
travel, so that it can open further or reduce its opening to react to changes in operating
conditions. A correctly designed thermostat will never be fully open or fully closed while the
engine is operating normally, or overheating or overcooling would occur. For instance,
A thermostat is a device for regulating the temperature of a system so that the
system's temperature is maintained near a desired set point temperature.
VISITOR INTENTION TO STAY ABROAD
1. Tiger Woods
Despite of the troubling life due to sex scandals Tiger Woods is still the world’s richest
sportsperson. Tiger Woods is yet to win a tournament in 2010 but still he is at No.1. The world’s
top golfer earned over $90 millions in winning & in endorsements from July 2009 to June 2010.
2. Roger Federer
Although Roger Federer might have moved to #2 in Tennis Official ranking but he is still at #2
in richest Sportsperson of 2010. Roger Federer earned $61 million during the year.
3. Lionel Messi
Argentina was out in the quarter final of 2010 World Cup but you can’t mess up with Messi. He
is at No.3 spot with an earning of over $44 million during the calender year.
4. David Beckham
The England Footballer David Beckham is still at No 4 spot making a revenue of over $40
millions.
5. Cristiano Ronaldo
Another Football player makes on to top 10 listing with $40 million earning is Cristiano
Ronaldo. He plays for Real Madrid and Portugal.
6. Manny Pacquiao
Down there at No 6 is Philippines famous Boxer Manny Pacquiao with an earning of $38
million.
7. Ichiro Suzuki
Ichiro Suzuki makes at No 7 with an earning of $38 million. Ichiro Suzuki is an Baseball player
who plays for Japan.
8. Valentino Rossi
Italy’s famous F1 racer Valentino Rossi is at No 8 spot with an earning of $35 million in the
current year.
9. Yao Ming
Yao Ming from China the Basketball player makes his way into No 9 richest sports person in the
world for 2010. He has made a revenue just close to $35 millions.
10. Rafael Nadal
Rafael Nadal currently the No 1 Tennis Player from Spain with an revenue of $27 million is at
No 10 spot. Rafael Nadal might be moving up in the list for the upcoming year.
Also in announcement is richest women athlete was Maria Sharapova with an revenue of $20
mFor the 50 most admired companies overall, FORTUNE's survey asked businesspeople to vote for the companies
that they admired most, from any industry.
 Rank Company

1 Apple
From the March 22, 2010 issue
2 Google
* This year companies whose industry scores are equal when rounded to
two places will receive the same rank, i.e., they will tie. In cases of ties,
3 Berkshire Hathaway
companies are listed in alphabetical order.
4 Johnson & Johnson
illion over the year.
5 Amazon.com

6 Procter & Gamble

7 Toyota Motor

8 Goldman Sachs Group

9 Wal-Mart Stores

10 Coca-Cola

11 Microsoft

12 Southwest Airlines

13 FedEx

14 McDonald's

15 IBM

16 General Electric

17 3M

18 J.P. Morgan Chase

19 Walt Disney

20 Cisco Systems

21 Costco Wholesale

22* BMW

22* Target

24 Nike

25 PepsiCo

26 Starbucks

27 Singapore Airlines

28 Exxon Mobil

29 American Express