λ=

W=0.08mmSlit distance a = 0.25mm L=200cm 6328Å

Units in
VI-1
mm

X-5 (mm) X-3 (mm) X-1 (mm) X1 (mm) X3 (mm) X5 (mm)

11.5 7 2.5 2.5 7 11.5

M vs Xm
6

f(x) = 4.32 x − 0
4

2
Xm

0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Linear ()

-2

-4

-6

Xm M

-1.15 -5
Linest Values
-0.70 -3

-0.25 -1 Slope 4.32 -1.5987E-16 Y-intercept

0.25 1 Uncer. 0.032659863 0.02581989 Uncer.
0.70 3

1.15 5
 L
a
was calculated using the formula 2S
a

aexp = (0.0006328mm)(2000mm)/2(4.32mm)

a exp = 0.1465mm

so a=0.1465mm

aact. 0.15mm

atheo. 0.25mm

% error = |measured – actual| x 100% = |0.1465 – 0.25 | x 100% = 41.40%

actual 0.25

λ=
W=0.04mm L = 200cm
6328Å

Units in
VI-2 mm

X-4 (mm) X-3 (mm) X-2 (mm) X-1 (mm) X1 (mm) X2 (mm) X3 (mm) X4 (mm)

12.40 9.45 6.35 3.25 3.10 6.15 9.05 11.95

 Xn vs n
150.0
100.0
f(x) = 25.01 x + 1.44
R² = 1 50.0
Xn

0.0 Linear ()
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-50.0
-100.0
-150.0
n

Xn n

-12.40 -4

-9.45 -3

-6.35 -2

-3.25 Linest Values

-1

3.10 1
Slope
6.15 2 Y-intercept

Uncer.
9.05 3 Uncer.

11.95 4

L (6.328 x104 mm)(2000mm)

Wexp  Wexp  W  .051mm
S or 25.01mm therefore exp

Wactual 0.05

Wmanufactured 0.04

Actual  Manufactured
% Error  x100 % Error  0.05mm  0.04mm
Manufactured or 0.04mm so % Error  25%
Percent Error

25%

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------

VI-4
D for first
minimum = 16mm
R for first
minimum = 8mm
d=0.08mm
L=50cm

To calculate d we used the formula

(1.22)( L)() (1.22) x (6.328 x104 mm) x(500mm)

d exp  d 
R
exp
(8mm) d  0.05mm
or therefore exp

dexperimental .05mm

dtheoretical .08mm

Experimental  Theo. 0.05mm  0.08mm

% Error  x100 % Error 
Theo. 0.08mm
or
 % Error  37.50%
therefore

Percent Error

37.50%

VI-5

L=50cm

x1 x2

235mm 655mm

Grating Spacing

600 lines/mm

To find ϴ for m=1 and m=2 I used the formula

x
tan  
L with 235mm and 655mm respectively. This gave me

ϴ1 25.17°

ϴ2 52.65°
I then used ϴ and plugged it into the formula

1
  d sin 1 for m=1 which came out to   ( 600 mm)(sin 25.17) therefore   709nm

and

1
( mm)(sin 52.64)
d sin  2
   600
2 for m=2 so 2 therefore   662nm

m=1 λ₁ 425nm

m=2 λ₂ 662nm

The %difference was then calculated using the formula

Experimental  Theo.
%Difference  x100
Theo.

The Theoretical wavelength was 632.8nm so my calculations were as follows

425nm  632.8nm
%Difference  x100
632.8nm %Difference  32.80%
For m=1 so

662nm  632.8nm
%Difference  x100
632.8nm %Difference  4.61%
For m=2 so

Percent Difference from expected

wavelength

m=1 λ₁ 32.80%

m=2 λ₂ 4.61%
____________________________________________________________________________

VII-Q1

The error σλ was calculated for m=1 and m=2 by using the following method.

σx = ±5mm

Step one is to convert σx to σϴ. This was done with the following formula
cos 2 (1 ) cos 2 (25.17 )
   x   5mm
500mm therefore    .00819

for m=1 L or
cos 2 ( 2 ) cos 2 (52.64 )
   x   5mm
500mm therefore    .00368

for m=2 L or

Step two is to convert σϴ to σλ. This was done with the following formula

1
( mm) cos(25.17 )
d cos(1 )
      500 .00819
for m=1 m or 1 therefore    12.35nm

1
( mm) cos(52.64 )
d cos( 2 )
     500 .00368
for m=2 m or 2 therefore    1.86nm

VII-2

He-Ne Laser has d=1mm, L=1km. To find the beam diameter I used the formula

(1.22)( )( L) (1.22)(6.328 x104 mm)(1x106 mm)

R R
d or 1mm therefore R  772.01mm

D=2R therefore D  1544.03mm