 Measures if the solution is an

acidic(base) or alkaline (basic)

 Gastric acid or Stomach acids
pH 0 - 2 Strongly acidic

Beer, Vinegar and Acid rain

pH 3 - 5 Weakly acidic

Pure water, Human Saliva and

pH 6 - 8 Neutral
Blood
Seawater, Hand Soap, Ammonia
pH 9 - 11 Weakly basic and Bleach
Baking Soda and Sodium
pH 12 - 14 Strongly basic
Bicarbonate
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 The process of oxidation involves losing

electrons while reduction involves
gaining electrons.

ORP = millivolts (mV)

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•a very dilute solution will take time

to accumulate a measurable
charge.

ORP sensor
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 Water treatment
 Metal Finishing
 Ozone treatment
 Bleach production
 Poultry processing
 Fruit and vegetable washing
 Pulp bleaching
 Chlorine addition
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 it is the total number of electrons is not equal

to the total number of protons, giving it a net
positive or negative electrical charge.
 Measuring electrode
 Reference electrode
 Temperature sensor

 Anions
 Cations
 Radicals or Radicals ions
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 It is also called glass electrode

 Silver is the best electrical conductor
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 it provides a constant potential

regardless of the composition of the
solution it is placed in.
 Should be stable and constant
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Ideally, no reaction
between the reference
electrolyte and the
measuring solution
should occur.
The Glass Electrode

Glass Stem

Reference Wire

Internal Buffer Solution

Glass Membrane
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How Glass Electrodes Work

When the glass is put into solution it
undergoes a chemical reaction which forms
a leached layer on the inside and the
outside of the glass. The Hydrogen Ions
cause a charge to be produced on the
inside and outside on the glass. As the pH
changes so does the charge differential
between the inside and outside of the
glass. This charge differential is a
POTENTIAL difference which is read as
millivolts. Thus, the change in Hydrogen
Ion concentration will be measured as a
millivoltage. Since the internal fill solution
is pH 7, when a process is pH 7 the output
H+
H+ from the electrode is ZERO millivolts
H+ H+
H+ H+ because the charge on the inside is the
H+ H+
same as on the outside and there is no
potential difference.
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Styles of Glass Electrodes

The glass membrane itself is not limited to any configuration

or shape; its only requirement is contact with solution.
Therefore, different styles of glass electrodes have evolved
to maximize pH sensing ability and extend longevity in some
of the more difficult applications.
 Alloy Steel

 Stainless steel
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 Cell constant (of a conductivity cell)

 Defined as:
kcell = kR

 where R is the measured resistance of

the cell and k is the conductivity
 (formerly called the specific
conductance).
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 is the amount of oxygen that is dissolved

in water and is essential to healthy
streams and lakes. The dissolved oxygen
level can be an indication of how
polluted the water Generally, a higher
dissolved oxygen level indicates better
water quality.
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 Much of the dissolved oxygen in water

comes from oxygen in the air that has
dissolved in the water. Some of the
dissolved oxygen in the water is a result of
photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Other
factors also affect DO levels such as on
sunny days high DO levels occur in areas of
dense algae or plants due to
photosynthesis. Stream turbulence may also
increase DO levels because air is trapped
under rapidly moving water and the
oxygen from the air will dissolve in the
water.
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 a method of separating
and analyzing mixtures of
chemicals.

 by allowing a solution or
mixture to seep through
an adsorbent (such as
clay, gel, or paper) so
each compound
becomes adsorbed into a
separate, often colored,
layer.
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 it is the process of attraction of atoms or

molecules from an adjacent gas or liquid
to an exposed solid surface.
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(1) Solvent reservoirs, (2) Solvent degasser, (3) Gradient valve, (4)
Mixing vessel for delivery of the mobile phase, (5) High-pressure pump,
(6) Switching valve in "inject position", (6') Switching valve in "load
position", (7) Sample injection loop, (8) Pre-column (guard column), (9)
Analytical column, (10) Detector (i.e. IR, UV), (11) Data acquisition, (12)
Waste or fraction collector.
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 The sample to be analyzed is introduced in small volume to

the stream of mobile phase. The analyte's motion through
the column is slowed by specific chemical or physical
interactions with the stationary phase as it traverses the
length of the column.

 How much the analyte is slowed depends on the nature of

the analyte and on the compositions of the stationary and
mobile phases.

 The time at which a specific analyte elutes is called the

retention time; the retention time under particular
conditions is considered a reasonably unique identifying
characteristic of a given analyte.

 The use of smaller particle size column packing (which

creates higher backpressure) increases the linear velocity
giving the components less time to diffuse within the
column, leading to improved resolution in the resulting
chromatogram..