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Surge impedance [ Ω]
300 300
10
40 mm
200 200
Theoretical formula (1)
From (1) and (2), the self-surge impedance of a 5. Self-Surge Impedance of Grounding Conductor
flat-shaped conductor is given by: Along Reinforced Concrete Pole
300 0.1
Mutual surge impedance [Ω]
Theoretical formula ( 4 )
250
Current [A]
200 0.05
150
0
100
10 50 100
0 5 10 15
Distanced [mm]
Time [ns]
(a) Circular-shaped conductor (a) Current
300 30
Mutual surge impedance [Ω]
L = 15 mm
L = 30 mm 25
250 L = 45 mm
L = 60 mm 20
Voltage [V]
200 15
D = 120 mm
10 D = 75 mm
150 D = 8 mm
5 D = 2 mm
Theoretical formula ( 4 )
100 0
10 50 100 0 5 10 15 20
Distanced [mm] Time [ns]
(b) Flat-shaped conductor (b) Voltage
Fig. 3 Mutual surge impedance of vertical conductors vs. Fig. 4 Applied current and voltage at the top of a
separation distance “d” circular-shaped vertical conductor (Case 2)
grounding conductor is located closer to the reinforced independent of rg , and the constant k seems to be a
concrete pole. Thus, the top voltage clearly shows a function of rc only.
distance dependency. This characteristic has been From Fig. 7, which shows the relation between rc and
observed in the cases of a circular-shaped and a k, the constant k is evaluated by a linear function against
flat-shaped conductor. the conductor radius as follows:
Fig. 5 shows a measured result of the self-surge k = 0 .096 ⋅ rc + 13 .95 (6)
impedance of the circular-shaped grounding conductor as where rc : reinforced concrete pole radius [mm]
a function of the separation distance D.
It is observed in Fig. 5 that the self-surge impedance
of the grounding conductor increases logarithmically with 0
Difference of impedance [ Ω]
the separation distance D when the distance is smaller than
the radius of the reinforced concrete pole. -20
-40
Self-surge impedance [ Ω]
500
-60
400
16
6. Empirical Formula of Self-Surge Impedance of y=ƒ°an xn
k
Self-surge impedance [ Ω]
DL D D
DL 200
Fig. 8 Two extreme arrangements of a flat-shaped Fig. 11 Self-surge impedance of a flat-shaped grounding
grounding conductor and a reinforced concrete pole conductor vs. distance D
20
circular-shaped and the flat-shaped conductor, of which
the surge impedances are the same in the independent case,
10 are employed. The radius of the reinforced concrete pole
rc is set 40mm.
0 When the flat-shaped grounding conductor, of which
0.1 0.5 1 5 10 the width is greater than the pole diameter, its self-surge
L / rc impedance is higher than that of the circular-shaped case.
The reason for this is that the effect of the reinforced
Fig. 9 Constant “a” in (7) vs. L / rc
concrete pole on the edge of the flat-shaped conductor
becomes less. But it is unusual to employ such the wide
32 grounding conductor in practice.
y=a + b ln x In the case that the width of the flat-shaped conductor
28 a=31.0794 is equal to the reinforced concrete pole diameter, the
b=-13.2051
24 0.141347 self-surge impedance is almost the same as that of the
|r|=0.99963 circular-shaped conductor, independently of D
a
1 L = 80 mm Japanese)
[2] S.Yokoyama & A.Asakawa: “Experimental study of
response of power distribution lines to direct lightning
L = 15 mm hits”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 4,
pp. 2242-2248, 1989
0.5 [3] Y.Imai, T.Matsuura, K.Itoh, S.Ishibe, M.Azuma & T.
0.1 1 10 100 1000 Shimomura: “Protective effects of surge arresters on
DistanceD [mm]
power distribution lines against direct lightning hits to
Fig. 12 Ratio of the surge impedances of a flat-shaped and overhead wire”, Trans., IEE Japan, Vol. 111– B, No. 6,
a circular-shaped conductor pp. 619-627, 1991 (in Japanese)
(rc = 40mm, “g f” for flat-shaped, “gc“ for circular-shaped) [4] H.Taniguchi, H.Sugimoto & S.Yokoyama:
“Observation of lightning performance on power
distribution line by still camera”, Proc. 23rd Int. Conf.
8. Conclusions Lightning Protection, Vol. 1, pp. 119-124, Firenze,
Italy, 1996
This paper has presented measured results of self- and [5] S.Sekioka, K.Yamamoto & S.Yokoyama: “Surge
mutual surge impedances of a grounding system characteristics of grounding system of power
composed of a vertical grounding conductor and a distribution lines in Japan with reference to a
reinforced concrete pole. As a grounding conductor, a reinforced concrete pole”, Proc. Int. Conf. Grounding
circular-shaped and a flat-shaped one are investigated. The & Earthing, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2000
measured results show that the self-surge impedance is [6] K.Yamamoto, Z.Kawasaki, K.Matsuura, S.Sekioka &
dependent on the distance between the conductor and the S.Yokoyama: “Study on surge impedance of
reinforced concrete pole. Calculated results of the reinforced concrete pole and grounding lead wire on
self-surge impedance of the independent grounding distribution lines by experiment on reduced scale
conductor as well as the mutual surge impedance using model”, Proc. 10th Int. Symp. High Voltage Eng., Vol.
theoretical formulas proposed by one of the authors agree 5, pp. 209-212, Montreal, Canada, 1997
satisfactorily with the measured results. On the basis of [7] A.Abetti: “Transformer model for the determination
the measured results , an empirical formula of the of transient voltages”, AIEE Trans., Vol. 72, pp.
self-surge impedance of the grounding conductor along 468-480, 1953
the reinforced concrete pole has been proposed for the [8] M.Kawai: “Studies of the surge response of a
circular case and the flat case, respectively. The formula is transmission tower”, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
of a simple expression, and considers the influence of the Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 30-34, 1964
proximately placed reinforced concrete pole. Calculated [9] A.Ametani, Y.Kasai, J.Sawada, A.Mochizuki & T.
results of the self-surge impedance by the proposed Yamada: “Frequency-dependent impedance of vertical
formula agree well with the measured results. The conductors and a multi-conductor tower model”, IEE
proposed formulas of the surge impedances of the Proc. Gener., Transm. Distrib., Vol. 141, No. 4, pp.
grounding system is expected to be useful for an accurate 339-345, 1994
lightning surge analysis in a power distribution line. [10] A.Ametani & I.Fuse: “Approximate method for
calculating the impedance of multiconductors with
Acknowledgements cross section of arbitrary shapes ”, Elect. Eng. Japan,
Vol. 111, No. 2, pp. 117-123, 1992
The authors would like to thank Dr. Yoshihiro Baba
of Doshisha University for valuable discussions.