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" 5 76 7

>
% ,

ε; = ⋅ε = ε − ε
<

5 ε =ε Μ +ε

ε =ε Μ +ε
ε Μ = −ε Μ =ε
- ,

ε =ε

εν = ⋅ε = ε
% < ⇒ =

#
ε D =ε D

& ( 7 A7 A7 A7

- ,

*
1

εν = ε = ε
< ⇒ =

ε = ⋅ε
5 <

τ 64> = 9 ⋅ ε = 9 ⋅ ⋅ε
<

Μ C 6 (ε )C = (ε )C

Μ (ε ) = (ε )

/ A- %# #

>
; =>

/ # /C ,

τ = γ ⋅9 = ε ⋅9
5
γ
ε =

,
τ 64> = ⋅
1

/ A- %') ; " "$

" 5 76 7

% ,

ε; = ⋅ε = ε − ε
<

- ,

ε =ε

ε; = ⋅ε = ε Μ −ε Μ
<

>7
γ τ 64> /C
ε Μ = −ε Μ = = τ 64> = ⋅
- 9 1
τ 64>
ε( = ⋅ε = ε Μ =γ =
% < 9

τ 64> = ⋅ε ⋅9
<
/C

%
/

τ =! γ =!=ε =ε
ε Μ =ε Μ

/'

; =D

& ( 7 A7 A7 A7

% ,
ε Μ =ε Μ = −ε Μ = −ε
γ τ
ε Μ = =
- 9

>:
εν = ⋅ε = ε Μ −ε Μ +ε Μ −ε Μ
% <
εν = ε Μ ⇒ =

τ
εν = ⋅ε = ⋅
< 9

τ= ε ⋅9
<
- ,

ε =ε =ε =ε

/C

/'

/ A/ %') % '#$ ) %$ #

% 1

( 2 ,
ε +ε ε −ε
εα = + ⋅ 8/+ α

8/+ α = 8/+ α − +,* α = 8/+ α −


%
εα =
ε
( + 8/+ α ) +
ε
( − 8/+ α ) = ε 8/+ α + ε ⋅ +,* α

( )
+
ε α = 8/+ α ε + ε ⋅ α

α=µ α= µ

8/+ α = 8/+ α = =
+ α + + α +µ

><
ε α = 8/+ α (ε + µε )

; =;

( ,
σ =
&
(ε + µε )
−µ

(ε + µε )= σ ( −µ ) ⇒
εα
=
σ ( −µ )
Ε 8/+ α Ε

εα ( + µ ) = ( + µ )( − µ )
σ
Ε

Ε
σ = ⋅ εα
−µ

/ A4 !%$ # :$ ' ? : &$# " $ %$ #

2 !! !
!!

>=
; =?

. ( 2 ,
ε +ε
Α=

) ( 2 ,
$ % # $ % # α%
C C 5D E F5D Β= (ε − Α ) + (ε $ − Α )
C . F5D E G5D
( ,
. . G5D E A5D
. C A5D . (45D ε A = Α±Β

% # ,
ε$ − Α
α =
ε −Α

( ,
Ε Ε
σ = (ε +ε )= [ + 8 + µ − µ8 ]
−µ −µ
>>
Ε Ε
σ = ⋅ Α ± ⋅Β
−µ +µ
A
7

/ AA !%$ # :$ ? : &$# " $ %$ #

( 3
Ε
σ = (ε + µε )
−µ

Ε
σ = (ε + µε )
−µ

??
7! 4- 8& 17! 7 + 1 8 %74 ! 84 8& !
48 !, 7

; =U

( 2 ,
γ ε + ε$
= −ε

+
γ = ε + ε$ − ε

9 .
Ε
τ = 9 ⋅γ = ⋅ ⋅γ
( + µ)
+
Ε
τ = ⋅ (ε + ε $ − ε )
( + µ)

+ :
E F " S, - ( / 6
" & ( 16 " *

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