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Redes de Ordenadores Tema8 Seguridad en Las Comunicaciones
Redes de Ordenadores Tema8 Seguridad en Las Comunicaciones
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7& -.8&3?('2-(. 5(7 (*5-?(?-0.&7 ( 83(1;7 /&5 *30J:4 5(7 9<&55(7 /& 1-3<7 &. 507 '&.7(=&7 /&
?033&04 /0?<'&.8074 (**5&87 &'2&2-/07 &. *+,-.(7 > B (1(4 ?8-1&G4 YC4
&=&?<8(25&74 &8? : &5-'-.(3507 0 (/1&38-3 /&5 3-&7,0 (5 <7<(3-0
% " #
<.F<& &5 *30*E7-80 /& 80/07 507 ?038(H<&,07 &7 &5 '-7'04 &J-78&. /-H&3&.?-(7 &. 7<7
80*050,6(7 : *3&78(?-0.&7 07 7-,<-&.8&7 70. (5,<.07 &=&'*507 /& 5(7 'M58-*5&7
*07-2-5-/(/&7 &J-78&.8&7@
(78-E. >078
.?('-.(/03 ?0. H-583(/0 B ?3&&.-., 0<8&3C
>078 ?0. /025& ?0.&J-E. B <(5)>0'&/ >078C
038(H<&,07 '&/-(.8& H-583(/0 /& 9078 B ?3&&.&/ >078C
038(H<&,07 '&/-(.8& H-583(/0 /& 7<23&/B ?3&&.&/ <2.&8C
+,%)&' C&,%
0. 7-78&'(7 -/&.8-H-?(/07 *03 &5 (/'-.-783(/03 /& 5( 3&/ ?0'0 *<.807 ?5(1& &. 5(
7&,<3-/(/ /& 5( 3&/ 0. (</-8(/07 3&,<5(3'&.8& : *<&/&. 8&.&3 70H8Q(3& '0/-H-?(/0 *(3(
H-583(3 : 250F<&(3 /&8&3'-.(/07 -.8&.807 /& ?0.&J-E.4 83(D(3 5(7 ?0'<.-?(?-0.&7 : 3&*(3(3
H(5507 /& 7&,<3-/(/ /&5 7-78&'(
. &=&'*50 7-'*5& &7 &5 ?(70 /& 5( -.78(5(?-E. /& <. 70H8Q(3& /& ?038(H<&,07
*&370.(5 &. &5 &F<-*0 /&5 <7<(3-0 &/-(.8& &78& 8-*0 /& 70H8Q(3& &5 <7<(3-0 *<&/&
?0.8305(34 250F<&(3 : H-583(3 &5 83+H-?0 /& /(807 F<& &.83( : 7(5& *03 ?(/( <.0 /& 507 *<&3807
/& ?0'<.-?(?-E. /& 7< 03/&.(/03 *&370.(54 8(.80 7- <8-5-D( (*5-?(?-0.&7 ?5-&.8&4 ?0'0 7-
0H3&?& 7&31-?-07 ( &F<-*07 3&'0807
&'( )*+,-.(
'#+:)'+*&$ #&' 0)/%$+*& 9 #$""')'( &2%"$;
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?0'&3?-(5 0 2(7(/0 &. <. 03/&.(/03 ?0.1&.?-0.(54 ?0. ?(*(?-/(/ *(3( H-583(3 *(F<&8&7
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/-3&??-0.&7 : *<&3807 T B83(2(=(. ( .-1&5 /& 3&/C 5,<.07 ?038(H<&,07 7E50 ?0.7-78&.
&. <. R7?3&&.-., 30<8&3S &.83& 5( 3&/ *3-1(/( & .8&3.&8
. ,&.&3(5 *&3'-8& 5( ?0'<.-?(?-E. &.83& 'M58-*5&7 .0/07 /& 5( 3&/ *308&,-/( : /&
.8&3.&8 ( D0.( /& 3-&7,0 &7 -,<(5 (5 .M'&30 /& .0/07 /& 5( 3&/ *308&,-/( : &5 .M'&30 :
8-*0 /& 7&31-?-07 *(3( 507 F<& 7& *&3'-8& &5 83+H-?0 7 /-H6?-5 ?0.8305(3 507 /(K07 F<&
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9078 *(3( 2<7?(3 83(D(7 /& (8(F<&7
&/
.8&3.&8
.8&3.(
.?('-.(/03
7 ?(7- -'*07-25& 3&?0.783<-3 <. (8(F<& F<& 9(:( 55&1(/0 ( 5( /&783<??-E. /&5
?038(H<&,074 & -.?5<70 *<&/& 7&3 /-H6?-5 /&8&?8(3 5( *30*-( /&783<??-E.4 (<.F<& (5,<.07
*07&&. ?(*(?-/(/&7 /& 3&,-7830 /& &1&.807 *(3( *(5-(3 &780 . ,&.&3(5 3&7*0./&. (
?0.H-,<3(?-0.&7 &. 5(7 F<& 50 F<& .0 &78+ &J*3&7('&.8& *309-2-/04 &78+ *&3'-8-/0 0 70.
5( 705<?-E. '+7 7&,<3(4 *&30 70. '<: *0*<5(3&7 /(/0 F<& *&3'-8&. <. (??&70 ( .8&3.&8
2(78(.8& 5-23& /&7/& ?<(5F<-&3 *<.80 /& 5( 3&/ *3-1(/(
'%"$'"%
&/
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>078 ?0.
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78( &783<?8<3( /& ?038(H<&,07 &7 &'*5&(/( 9(2-8<(5'&.8& /&2-/0 ( F<& &7 H+?-5 /&
-'*5&'&.8(3 5 .0 3&&.1-(3 &5 83+H-?0 T 4 250F<&( ?0'*5&8('&.8& 5( ?0'<.-?(?-E.
&.83& ('2(7 3&/&7 < H(?-5-/(/ /& <70 /&*&./& /& 5( H03'( &. 5( F<& &5 (/'-.-783(/03
*30*03?-0.( &5 (??&70 ( 507 <7<(3-07@
30*03?-0.(./0 *(7(3&5(7 *(3( 5(7 (*5-?(?-0.&7
30*03?-0.(./0 ?<&.8(7 ( 507 <7<(3-07 &. &5 2(78-0. 9078
. &5 *3-'&3 ?(70 7& &78+ &. <.( 7-8<(?-E. &. 5( F<& 50 F<& .0 &78+ &J*56?-8('&.8&
*&3'-8-/04 &78+ *309-2-/0 5 *&3'-70 *(3( &5 <70 /& ?(/( (*5-?(?-E. 7& 7<&5& 9(2-5-8(3
-.78(5(./0 &5 70H8Q(3& /& *30J: (/&?<(/0 *(3( ?(/( <.( /& &55(7
. &5 7&,<./0 ?(704 &5 (??&70 /& 507 <7<(3-07 ( .8&3.&8 &7 '+7 7&.?-5504 *&30 5(
7&,<3-/(/ *<&/& 1&37& ?0'*30'&8-/( - <. 9(?L&3 ,(.( (??&70 ( <.( ?<&.8( /& <7<(3-04
8&./3+ (??&70 ( 80/( 5( 3&/ *308&,-/( ( ?<&.8( /& <. <7<(3-0 *<&/& 1&37& ?0'*30'&8-/(
*03 &5&,-3 <.( ?0.83(7&K( 7&.?-55( /& (/-1-.(34 0 *03 (5,M. /&7?<-/0 5 *3-.?-*(5
-.?0.1&.-&.8& &7 F<& <. 9(?L&3 '6.-'('&.8& *3&*(3(/0 *<&/& 2033(3 7<7 9<&55(7
H+?-5'&.8&4 50 F<& 9(?& '<: /-H6?-5 /&7?<23-3 &5 (8(F<& - &5 M.-?0 <7<(3-0 &7 &5
(/'-.-783(/034 5( /&8&??-E. /&5 -.83<70 &7 '<?90 '+7 H+?-54 :( F<& &5 7-'*5& 9&?90 /& F<&
(5,<-&. &.83(/0 &. &5 7-78&'( &7 <. -./-?(8-10 /& F<& 7<?&/& (5,0 3(30
78( &783<?8<3( /& ?038(H<&,07 0H3&?& 5( 1&.8(=( 7023& <. 7?3&&.-., 30<8&34 /& F<& &7
'+7 H+?-5 (?8<(5-D(3 &5 70H8Q(3& /&5 7-78&'( *(3( 028&.&3 3&,-78307 /&5 7-78&'( &. /-78-.807
8-*07 /& 70*038&4 50 F<& H(?-5-8( &5 (.+5-7-7 /& 5( 7-8<(?-E. &. ?(70 /& F<& 5( 7&,<3-/(/ 7&
9(:( 1-780 ?0'*30'&8-/(
5 (7*&?80 '+7 /;2-5 /& &78( &783<?8<3( &7 7< '0/0 /& H(550 - &5 ?038(H<&,07 &7
/&783<-/04 &7 *07-25& F<& <. 9(?L&3 *3&*(3(/0 3&(?8-1& &5 3&&.160 T 8&.-&./0 5-23&
(??&70 ( 80/( 5( 3&/ *308&,-/( (3( /&8&?8(3 &78( 7-8<(?-E. ?0.1-&.& 8&.&3 (5 /6( 5(7
3&1-7-0.&7 /&5 70H8Q(3& ?0. &5 H-. /& &5-'-.(3 507 " /& 7&,<3-/(/ /&'+7 .0 ?0.1-&.&
9(?&3 *M25-?0 &5 8-*0 : 1&37-E. /&5 7-78&'( 0*&3(8-10 -.78(5(/0 &. 5( '+F<-.( *(3( .0
H(?-5-8(3 &5 83(2(=0 /& 507 *07-25&7 (8(?(.8&7
&/
.8&3.&8
.8&3.(
.?('-.(/03
&31-/03
0'0 &5 2(78-0. 9078 &78+ &. 5( 3&/ *3-1(/(4 5( ?0.&?8-1-/(/ *(3( 507 <7<(3-07 &7 '<:
2<&.(4 &5-'-.(./0 507 *3025&'(7 F<& 7<&5&. (*(3&?&3 (5 8&.&3 /&H-.-/(7 3<8(7 &J83(K(7 - 5(
3&/ *3-1(/( &7 <.( 3&/ 50?(5 1-38<(5 &J8&.7(4 &5 &7F<&'( H<.?-0.( 7-. .&?&7-/(/ /& ?('2-07
&. 5(7 /-3&??-0.&7 /& 5( 3&/ 50?(5 7-&'*3& F<& ;78( &78; <7(./0 /-3&??-0.&7 1+5-/(7 (
&'( )*+,-.(
D0.( /& 3-&7,0 7& ?-3?<.7?3-2& (5 2(78-0. 9078 : &5 7?3&&.-., 30<8&3 ( 7&,<3-/(/ /& ;78&
M58-'0 /&*&./& /&5 70H8Q(3& F<& &=&?<8& (3( &5 2(78-0. 90784 5(7 ?0.7-/&3(?-0.&7 7023&
7&,<3-/(/ : *308&??-E. 70. 7-'-5(3&7 ( 5(7 9&?9(7 *(3( <. 7-78&'( /&5 8-*0 9078 /& /025&
?0.&J-E.
&/ .8&3.&8
&31-/03
. 5( 7<23&/ 7<&5& 9(2&3 <. 2(78-0. 9078 ?0'0 M.-?0 *<.80 /& (??&70 ( 5( '-7'( .
&78& ?(704 5( D0.( /& 3-&7,0 &7 *&F<&K( : &78+ H03'(/( *03 &5 *30*-0 2(78-0. 90784 507
7?3&&.-., 30<8&37 F<& H-583(. &5 83+H-?0 : *30*03?-0.(. 5(7 ?0.&J-0.&7 &.83& .8&3.&84 5(
7</3&/ : 5( 3&/ *3-1(/( ( H(?-5-/(/ /& <70 : 5(7 *3&78(?-0.&7 /& 5( 7<23&/ 1(36(.4 *&30 &.
,&.&3(5 7<7 7&31-?-07 7& 2(7(. &. <. 2(78-0. 9078 F<& 0H3&?& 507 7&31-?-07 ( 83(1;7 /&
,(8&Q(:7 *(3( 5(7 (*5-?(?-0.&74 9(?-&./0 9-.?(*-; &. F<& 50 F<& .0 &78+ &J*56?-8('&.8&
*&3'-8-/04 &78+ *309-2-/0
- &78& 8-*0 /& ?038(H<&,07 &7 (8(?(/0 &. <. -.8&.80 /& /&783<-3504 5( 9(?L&3 /&2&
3&?0.H-,<3(3 &5 83+H-?0 &. 83&7 3&/&74 7-. /&7?0.&?8(35(74 7-. /&=(37& &.?&33(/0 ( 7- '-7'0 :
7-. F<& 507 ?('2-07 7&(. /&8&?8(/07 *03 '+F<-.(7 : <7<(3-07 <.F<& &780 *<&/& 7&3
*07-25&4 80/(16( *<&/& /-H-?<58(37& '+7 7- 507 30<8&37 7E50 70. (??&7-25&7 *(3( 7<
3&?0.H-,<3(?-E. /&7/& '+F<-.(7 7-8<(/(7 &. 5( 3&/ *3-1(/(
83( 1&.8(=( /& &78& 8-*0 /& ?038(H<&,07 &7 F<& *<&/&. 7&3 -.78(5(/07 /& H03'( F<&
0?<58&. 5( &783<?8<3( /& 5( 3&/ *3-1(/( ( 7<23&/ &J*<&78( &7 '<: /&*&./-&.8& /&5
?0.=<.80 /& 70H8Q(3& F<& 7& &=&?<8& &. &5 2(78-0. 9078 ( H<.?-0.(5-/(/ &7 7-'-5(3 ( 5(
028&.-/( &. 507 ?(707 (.8&3-03&74 7-. &'2(3,0 5( ?0'*5&=-/(/ /& ?0.H-,<3(?-E. :
&.?('-.('-&.80 &7 '<?90 '(:03
( 7<23&/ F<& -.?5<:& &5 ?038(H<&,07 : 507 &.?('-.(/03&7 7& /&.0'-.( %0.( &<83(
0 %0.( &7'-5-8(3-D(/( $ 4 5 % $65 . &78( D0.( /&7'-5-8(3-D(/( *<&/&.
&.?0.83(37& '+7 7&31-/03&74 2-&. 03-&.8(/07 ( /(3 7&31-?-07 ( <7<(3-07 F<& (??&/&. /&7/& 5(
3&/ &J8&3.( B3&/ (2-&38(C4 0 2-&. *(3( H(?-5-8(3 507 7&31-?-07 /& *30J: : &5 (??&70 ( -.8&3.&8 (
507 <7<(3-07 /& 5( 3&/ -.8&3.( 7807 7&31-?-07 *<&/&. 3&7-/-3 &. <.( '-7'( '+F<-.(4 &5
*30*-0 2(78-E. 90784 0 &. 1(3-(7
( # # )!*
7 *07-25& <8-5-D(3 507 ?038(H<&,07 *(3( ?0.&?8(3 &.83& 76 /07 /& '(.&3( 7&,<3(
: 83(.7*(3&.8&4 &7 /&?-3@ 507 <7<(3-07 1&3+. ('2(7 3&/&7 ?0'0 5( '-7'( 0 ?0'0 7-
&'( )*+,-.(
&78<1-&3(. <.-/(7 &.83& 76 /-3&?8('&.8& B( 83(1;7 /& *<&.8&7 0 ?0.'<8(/03&7C4 : (/&'+7 507
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0. &5 3+*-/0 ?3&?-'-&.80 /&5 '&3?(/0 /& -.83(.&874 '<?9(7 &'*3&7(7 9(.
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(<803-D(/07 (??&/&3 ( 507 3&?<3707 F<& /& 0830 '0/0 7&36(. -.(??&7-25&7 . 083(7 *(5(23(74
*<&/&. 250F<&(3 &5 7-8-0 (5 &J8&3-034 ( 507 <7<(3-07 /& .8&3.&8 : *&3'-8-3 F<& 507
<7<(3-07 /& 7< -.83(.&8 7& ?0.&?8&. ( ;5 /&7/& 7<7 ?(7(7
78& *30?&70 7& ?0.0?& ?0'0 : &5 ?038(H<&,07 /&2& -.?5<-3 <. '&?(.-7'0
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03 &=&'*50 : /&2-/0 (5 ('*5-0 <70 /& 5( ?(*( /& 70?L&8 7&,<30 &. 507
7&31-/03&7 7&,<307 : ( F<& &. 5(7 -.83(.&87 '<?9(7 ?0.&J-0.&7 7& *30/<?&. '&/-(.8&
7&31-/03&7 7&,<3074 /&2& ('*5-(3 &5 *3080?050 /& *30J: P&2 *(3( F<& &5 ?5-&.8&
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<.F<& 507 <7<(3-07 /& 5(7 ?0'*<8(/03(7 F<& 70. &J83&'0 /& <.( ?0'<.-?(?-E.
*<&/(. &78(3 83(.F<-507 &. ?<(.80 ( 5( 7&,<3-/(/ /& &78(7 ?0'*<8(/03(74 5( 3&/ /&
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8(.80 *(3( *308&,&3 &5 7&?3&80 /& 507 /(807 ?0'0 *(3( *&3'-8-3 5( -/&.8-H-?(?-E. /& F<-&.&7
507 &.16(. 0 3&?-2&. ( ?3-*80,3(H6( &7 &5 &78</-0 /& 8;?.-?(7 /& ?-H3(/0 7&,<3(74 '-&.83(7
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&'( )*+,-.(
5 ?-H3(/0 /& 507 /(807 *<&/& (*5-?(37& ( /-78-.807 .-1&5&7@
+'(3( 0.-803
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F<& ?-H3( F<& /&7?-H3(
(807 ?-H3(/07 58(10D
-?3EH0.0
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1-/&0?0.H&3&.?-(4 ?-H3( 507 /(807 (.8&7 /& &.83&,+37&507 ( 5( ?(*( /& 83(.7*038& :
70. /&7?-H3(/07 *03 5( (*5-?(?-E. F<& 3&?-2& 507 /(807 (.8&7 /& &.83&,+37&507 (5
<7<(3-0 3&?&*803
+'(3( 0.-803
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/& /(807 /& ?(/( 7&,'&.80 F<& &.16( B C /0./& 1(. 507 /(807 /&5 <7<(3-0
(3( &550 ('2(7 &.8-/(/&7 /& 83(.7*038&4 ( <.0 : 0830 &J83&'0 9(. /& 7&3 ?(*(?&7
/& .&,0?-(3 &7& *3080?050 ?0. ?-H3(/0 /& /(807 B*03 &=&'*50 C
"*@ & *<&/&. <8-5-D(3 *3080?0507 /& 3&/ F<& <8-5-?&. ?-H3(/0 /& /(8074 /&
'(.&3( F<& &5 ?('*0 /& /(807 /& 5(7 <.-/(/&7 F<& 83(.7'-8& &5 *3080?050 1(.
?-H3(/07 &30 &780 &J-,& F<& 80/07 507 .0/07 /& 5( 3&/4 -.?5<-/07 507 F<& 9(?&. &5
&.?('-.('-&.804 70*038&. &7& *3080?050 03 &=&'*504 &. <.( 3&/ 80/07 507
.0/07 /& 5( 3&/ /&2&36(. (?8<(5-D(3 &5 *3080?050 (?8<(54 1 4 ( 5( .<&1( 1&37-E.
1 F<& (/'-8& &5 ?-H3(/0 /&5 ?('*0 /& /(807 /&5 /(8(,3('( 83( (58&3.(8-1(
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B 7&,<30C F<& 1-(=( ?-H3(/0 /&.830 /&5 ?('*0 /& /(807 /& 507 /(8(,3('(7
?0.1&.?-0.(5&7 F<& (83(1-&7(. 5( 3&/ *M25-?(
0/0 0/0
E/&' E/&'
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% -. $ #"
07 ';80/07 2+7-?07 /& ?-H3(/0 70. &5 #)0$+*& -&$ ,2,%)%2#)1' : &5 #)0$+*& -&$
%$+',-&,)#)1' 3+?8-?('&.8& 80/(7 5(7 8;?.-?(7 /& ?-H3(/0 7& 2(7(. &. <.0 /& &7807
';80/07 0 &. ?0'2-.(?-0.&7 /& ('207 0/07 507 ';80/07 3&F<-&3&. &5 <70 /& (5,M. 8-*0
/& ?5(1&
% #" .
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