CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 40, NO.

3, SUMMER 2017 189

Study of a Modified Flux-Coupling-Type SFCL for

Efficient Fault Ride-Through in a PMSG Wind
Turbine Under Different Types of Faults
Étude d’un LCS de type couplage de flux modifié
pour maintien d’alimentation en cas de défaut dans une
turbine éolienne GAP sous différents types de défauts
Lei Chen, Member, IEEE, Huiwen He, Hongkun Chen, Lei Wang, Lin Zhu, Member, IEEE, Zhengyu Shu,
Fei Tang, Member, IEEE, and Jun Yang, Member, IEEE

Abstract— Regarding the permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind turbine system, this
paper proposes a modified flux-coupling-type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) to enhance its fault
ride-through (FRT) performance. The modified SFCL’s structural principle and theoretical influence on the
PMSG ride through capability are conducted, and a comparison of the SFCL and a dynamic braking chopper
(BC) is performed. Using MATLAB, a detailed model of a 1.5-MW PMSG-based wind turbine integrated with
the SFCL/BC is built, and the simulations of symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are done. From the results,
introducing the modified SFCL can limit the fault currents in the generator and grid sides. In addition, using
the modified SFCL, we are able to compensate the generator voltage and alleviate the dc-link overvoltage. Thus,
the wind turbine system’s power balance is improved, and also the fault recovery process can be accelerated.
On the whole, the modified SFCL is better than the BC for assisting the FRT operation of the PMSG.
Résumé— En ce qui concerne le système éolien à base de générateur à aimant permanent (GAP), cet article
propose un limiteur de courant de court-circuit supraconducteur (LCS) de type couplage de flux modifié afin
d’améliorer ses performances de maintien d’alimentation en cas de faute (MAF). Le principe structurel du
LCS modifié, et l’influence théorique sur la capacité de maintien d’alimentation du GAP sont menés et une
comparaison du LCS et d’un hacheur de freinage dynamique (HF) est effectuée. À l’aide de MATLAB, un
modèle détaillé d’une turbine éolienne à base de GAP de 1,5 MW intégrée au LCS/HF est construit et les
simulations de défauts symétriques et asymétriques sont réalisées. À partir des résultats, l’introduction du LCS
modifié peut limiter les courants de défaut du côté du générateur et du réseau électrique. De plus, en utilisant
le LCS modifié, nous sommes en mesure de compenser la tension du générateur et d’alléger la surtension de
la connexion DC. Ainsi, l’équilibre de puissance du système est amélioré, et le processus de recouvrement du
défaut peut être accéléré. Dans l’ensemble, le LCS modifié est meilleur que le HF pour l’assistance à l’opération
MAF du GAP.
Index Terms— Fault ride-through (FRT) capability, modified flux-coupling-type SFCL, permanent-magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG), transient simulation, wind turbine.

Manuscript received January 8, 2016; revised January 16, 2017; accepted N OMENCLATURE
April 1, 2017. Date of current version September 28, 2017. This work was
supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China FRT Fault ride-through.
under Grant 51507117, in part by the Wuhan Planning Project of Science
and Technology under Grant 2013072304010827, and in part by the Natural GSC Generator-side converter.
Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China under Grant 2014CFB706. LSC Line-side converter.
(Corresponding author: Lei Chen.)
L. Chen, H. Chen, F. Tang, and J. Yang are with the School MOA Metal oxide arrester.
of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China PCC Point of common coupling.
(e-mail: stclchen1982@163.com; chkinsz@163.com; tangfeiwhu@163.com;
JYang@whu.edu.cn). DFIG Doubly fed induction generator.
H. He and L. Wang are with the State Key Laboratory of PMSG Permanent-magnet synchronous generator.
Power Grid Environmental Protection, China Electric Power
Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China (e-mail: husthhw@126.com; SFCL Superconducting fault current limiter.
wanglei8@epri.sgcc.com.cn). MPPT Maximum power point tracking.
L. Zhu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA (e-mail:
zhlhustceee@gmail.com). Symbols:
Z. Shu is with State Grid Yichang Power Supply Company, Yichang 443000,
China (e-mail: 18702031@qq.com).
i Current [A].
Associate Editor managing this paper’s review: S. R. Samantaray. k Coupling factor [-].
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available L Inductance [H].
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/CJECE.2017.2690829 M Mutual inductance [H].
0840-8688 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 190 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 40, NO. 3, SUMMER 2017
P Power [W].
R Resistance [].
T Torque [N · m].
v Voltage [V].
 Flux [T].
X Reactance [].
Z Impedance [].
ω Angular velocity [rad/s].
S Speed [m/s].
Subscripts:
t Turbine.
g Grid.
d d-axis.
q q-axis.
ct Coupling transformer.
ct1 Coupling transformer’s primary coil.
ct2 Coupling transformer’s secondary coil.
cs Controlled switch.
sc Superconducting coil.
I. I NTRODUCTION
T HE increasing concerns of environmental pollution, green
city, and sustainable development have promoted the
large-scale application of renewable energy sources [1]. In a
way, wind energy is regarded as the most prominent alternative
energy source on account of its zero fuel cost, no carbon emis-
sion, and renewable nature [2]–[7]. Besides, considering the
computer and digital communication technologies [8]–[15],
wind energy will be significant in the future energy internet.
For modern wind turbine generation systems, they are gen-
erally the variable-speed type using DFIGs or PMSGs. Only
over the former years, the fixed-speed type adopting induction
generators were simply accessed to the main grid through
step-up transformers [16], [17].
For the wind turbine technologies being applied in high-
power wind farms, they should satisfy the grid intercon-
nection codes for FRT, and it is expected to enhance the
system stability under different types of faults as much as
possible [18]–[20].
Fig. 1 shows a few typical FRT curves, which are defined
by different countries for the stay-connected time of wind
generator [21]. It is observed that the FRT requirements from
the different countries will have specific differences in voltage-
drop level and stay-connected time. If a widely recognized
Denmark code is taken into account and the grid voltage
is reduced to 20% of the nominal level, the wind generator
should be connected to the main grid for a time of 150 ms.
Currently, some various kinds of technical approaches have
been proposed to improve the FRT capabilities of the variable-
speed wind generators, especially for DFIGs [22]–[31]. The
proposed measures can be classified as software and hardware
solutions. For the former, they are commonly according to
improved control strategies. For the latter, not only supercon-
ducting power devices such as SFCL, but also conventional
power equipment, are adopted to strengthen the wind turbine
system’s transient behaviors under the faults.
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig. 1. Different FRT curves of a defined stay-connected time for wind
generator.
In regard to the PMSG-based wind turbines, studying their
transient characteristics and FRT issues is likewise of great
significance. Considering the topological structure of a stan-
dard PMSG-based wind turbine, the generator is connected
to the main grid through a full-scale back-to-back pulsewidth
modulation converter. When a short-circuit fault occurs at the
main grid, the dynamic voltage and current fluctuations at the
grid side will undoubtedly affect the transient performance
of the PMSG. During the fault, the dc-link voltage increases
excessively and is no longer controlled by the LSC, and the
generator power is unable to be fully consumed by the main
grid. If the expected voltage profile is not satisfied or the dc
overvoltage damages the dc-link capacitance, the PMSG may
be disconnected. In a sense, some key points of achieving the
FRT operation of a PMSG are to compensate the generator
voltage, improve the power balance, and keep the dc-link
voltage.
In [32] and [33], the dc-link voltage is controlled by the
GSC instead of the LSC, and due to the increase of the genera-
tor speed, the dc-link voltage may stay the same. Nevertheless,
when the generator operates near the rated speed, the quantity
of energy preserved in the turbine inertia is relatively small.
This energy does not completely meet the FRT requirements,
and also the parameters of the controllers can be optimized
further. In [34] and [35], two improved control methods are
applied for the PMSG ride through capability, and in [36],
the energy storage system (ESS) integrated with a braking
chopper (BC) is introduced. Under fault conditions, the ESS
will replace the LSC to control the dc-link voltage, and the
simulation results enable to confirm this technical approach’s
effectiveness. Since the control switching between the ESS
and the LSC is critical, the reliability of the control switching
and the stability of the coordinated operation should be given
more attention. In [37], a review of low-voltage ride-through
enhancement methods for the PMSG-based wind turbines is
performed. This literature states that the use of a BC is simple
and direct, and the other means such as the series dynamic
breaking resistor can still provide some positive effects.
From the viewpoint of promoting the integrated application
of superconducting power and wind turbine technologies,
the use of an SFCL with lower loss, greater flexibility, and
higher current density can potentially deal with the faults
 CHEN et al.: MODIFIED FLUX-COUPLING-TYPE SFCL FOR EFFICIENT FRT IN PMSG WIND TURBINE
Fig. 2. Schematic of a PMSG-based wind turbine with the modified flux-
coupling-type SFCL and the BC.
and enhance the transient performance of the wind turbine
systems more efficiently [38], [39]. Note that, our laboratory
group has proposed a modified flux-coupling-type SFCL and
studied its applications in wind turbine and other electrical
systems [40]–[42]. In [40], the SFCL is used to enhance
the FRT capability of a 1.5-MW DFIG-based wind turbine,
and different installation sites are considered. It is concluded
that the SFCL enables to suppress the fault currents flowing
in the stator and rotor sides of the DFIG, and the voltage
drop at the generator terminal can be alleviated if the stator
side is designed as the installation site. In [41], the SFCL is
suggested to improve the transient performance of a 10-kV
class microgrid with wind farm and energy storage device.
According to an active coordination control of the SFCL and
the energy storage, the voltage and frequency stability of the
microgrid under the faults can be well strengthened. In [42],
the SFCL is applied to handle the dc short circuit in a voltage
source converter-based high-voltage direct-current system. For
the SFCL being placed in series with the dc transmission
line, it offers contributions in limiting the dc fault current,
compensating the dc voltage and keeping the power balance.
In this paper, the modified flux-coupling-type SFCL is
selected to improve the PMSG ride through capability, and
a comparison of the SFCL and a dynamic BC is performed.
This paper is organized in the following manner. Section II
presents the modified SFCL’s structural principle, states the
operation characteristic of the PMSG-based wind turbine, and
discusses the SFCL’s influence mechanism to the PMSG ride
through capability. In Section III, simulations are performed in
the MATLAB software to assess the modified SFCL’s validity,
and the behaviors of the modified SFCL are compared with
that of the BC. In Section IV, conclusions are summarized and
future works are prospected.
II. T HEORETICAL A NALYSIS
Fig. 2 shows the configuration of a PMSG-based wind
turbine system with the modified SFCL, and also the BC is
considered. Traditionally, the GSC is to realize the MPPT
control, and the LSC is to control the dc-link voltage Vdc
adjust the active and reactive power transmitted to the main
grid. The modified SFCL is installed at the PCC between the
LSC and the main grid. In this section, theoretical analysis is
conducted.
A. Presentation of the Modified SFCL
Fig. 3(a) shows the main connection of the modified
flux-coupling-type SFCL, which is composed of a coupling
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
191
Fig. 3. Structure of the modified flux-coupling-type SFCL. (a) Main
connection. (b) Electrical equivalent circuit.
transformer (CT), a controlled switch Scs , an MOA, and a
superconducting coil (SC). According to the CT’s equivalent
circuit [43], Fig. 3(b) shows the SFCL’s electrical equivalent
structure. From Fig. 3(b), the series and parallel connections
among the components will be clearer.
In normal (no fault) condition, the controlled switch is
under the closed state, and the SC is maintained in the zero-
resistance state. In view of the electrical connection, the CT
impedance Z ct will closely determine the SFCL’s impedance
characteristic, and the following equation can be obtained:
 
(L ct1 + Mct )(L ct2 + Mct )
Z ct = j ω − Mct
(L ct1 + Mct ) + (L ct2 + Mct )
L ct1 L ct2 − Mct2
= jω . (1)
L ct1 + L ct2 + 2Mct
Supposing that k is the coupling coefficient with the expression
of k = Mct /(L ct1 L ct2 )1/2 and n is the transformation ratio
with the expression of n = (L ct1 /L ct2 )1/2 , the CT impedance
is rewritten as Z ct = j ωL ct2 (1 − k 2 )n 2 /(n 2 + 2kn + 1).
For k ≈ 1, Z ct ≈ 0 and the noninductive coupling are
obtained [44], [45]. Since the MOA is connected in paral-
lel with the CT, it will be “short-circuited.” Consequently,
the modified SFCL has no influence on the main circuit.
When the fault happens, the switch Scs will be rapidly
opened, and the function of the MOA is to protect the CT from
damage by the switching overvoltage. Note that, the resistance
of the MOA under steady-state condition or after eliminating
the overvoltage is very high, and when different voltage grades
are considered, the selection of the MOA will be different.
Taking the MOA made by the Yueqing Xigao Electric Factory
for example, the MOA resistance corresponding to 0.5-kV
voltage class is 1.2 × 106  (the type Y1.5W-0.5/2.6 is
adopted), and the MOA resistance corresponding to 100-kV
voltage class is 145 × 106  (the type Y10WE-100/260 is
selected). As the electromagnetic relationship of the CT is
changed by the controlled switch, the original noninductive
coupling will be invalid. In the meantime, a quench will take
place in the SC due to the fault current.
 192 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 40, NO. 3, SUMMER 2017

The current-limiting impedance Z SFCL is denoted as

Z SFCL = [ I˙ct2 (Rsc + j ωL ct2 ) − I˙ct1 j ωMct ]/ I˙ct2
= Rsc + j ωL ct2 − I˙ct1 j ωMct / I˙ct2 . (2)
The relationship between I˙ct1 and I˙ct2 is derived as
I˙ct1 / I˙ct2 = j ωMct /( j ωL ct1 + Rmoa ). (3)
Based on (2) and (3), the impedance Z SFCL will be
rewritten as
Z SFCL = [Rsc + j ωL ct2 + (knωL ct2 )2 /(Rmoa + n 2 j ωL ct2 )].
In consideration of the technoeconomic performance of the
SFCL, its current-limiting impedance Z SFCL should have a
constrained range. From [46] and [47], an acceptable range of
the current-limiting impedance is about 5∼20 , and it can
be used to determine the approximate range of ωL ct2 .
Regarding the transformation ratio n, it indicates the math-
ematical relationship between the primary current Ict1 and the
secondary current Ict2 . In fact, the primary current will be
interrupted by the controlled switch under the fault, and the
secondary current will flow through the SC and cause the ac
Fig. 4. Characteristics of the wind power. (a) Pt − ωm curve. (b) C p − λ
loss. If n is too small, the breaking capacity of the switch will curve.
be improved. If n is too large, the ac loss of the SFCL will
be increased. In a sense, n = 1 may be properly adopted.
After determining the approximate ranges of Rmoa , ωL ct2 , The mechanical equation of the wind turbine is
and n, it is obtained that Rmoa  n 2 ωL ct2 and Z SFCL ≈ dωm
Rsc + j ωL ct2 . For studying the SFCL’s influence mechanism to Tm = Jeq + Bωm + Te (7)
dt
the PMSG ride through capability, this impedance expression
can be used. where Tm is marked as the turbine driving torque; Jeq is
Compared with the original flux-coupling-type SFCL that is marked as the total equivalent inertia; B is the damping coef-
inductive [48], [49], the modified flux-coupling-type SFCL is a ficient representing rotational losses; Te is the electromagnetic
resistive-inductive type (hybrid type) SFCL, which enables to torque.
offer more valuable effects, such as inhibiting the fluctuations Fig. 4 shows the output characteristics of the wind turbine
of active power and reactive power, mitigating electromagnetic characterized by the curves of Pt –ωm and C p –λ, and accord-
oscillations as well as protecting relevant electrical devices ingly the wind turbine’s maximum output power can be found
more comprehensively [50]. at the point of λopt and C p-max . From the equations and Fig. 4,
the specific values of the power conversion coefficient are
valid for a particular turbine design, and the parameters of
B. Modeling of Wind Turbine this particular wind turbine are stated as: the rated capacity
The wind turbine’s mechanical output power Pt is expressed is 1.5 MW; the rated wind speed is 12 m/s; the blade radius
as [51] is 35.25 m; the air density is 1.225 kg/m3 ; the optimal tip-
3
speed ratio is 7.6; the maximum power coefficient is 0.42.
Pt = 0.5ρ ASwind C p (λ, β) (4)
where ρ is the air density (kg/m3); A is the blade swept C. Modeling of PMSG and DC-Link
area; Swind is the wind speed; C p (λ, β) is the turbine power Fig. 5 shows the equivalent circuit of a common PMSG
conversion coefficient, which can be defined by analysis model, and the equations related to the d-axis and
 
116 q-axis circuits are expressed as [52]
C p (λ, β) = 0.5176 − 0.4β − 5 exp(−21/λi ) +0.0068λ
λi di ds
(5) v ds = Rs i ds + L ds − ωe L qsi qs (8)
dt
1 1 0.035 di qs
= − (6) v qs = Rs i qs + L qs + ωe L dsi ds + ωe ψ (9)
λi λ + 0.08β 1 + β3 dt
where λ is the tip-speed ratio and β is the pitch angle. where Rs is the stator winding’s resistance; v ds , v qs , i ds , and
In principle, the conversion coefficient is influenced by both i qs are, respectively, the d–q components of stator voltage and
of λ and β. Additionally, the tip-speed ratio can be expressed current; L ds and L qs are the stator d-axis and q-axis induc-
as λ = Rωm /Swind, where R is the radius of the blade and tances; is the magnetic flux; ωe is the generator electrical
ωm is the rotational speed of the shaft. angular speed.

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 CHEN et al.: MODIFIED FLUX-COUPLING-TYPE SFCL FOR EFFICIENT FRT IN PMSG WIND TURBINE 193

Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit used for power transmission analysis. (a) Delta
connection mode. (b) Star connection mode.

Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of a common PMSG analysis model. (a) d-axis

circuit. (b) q-axis circuit. capability (aiming at the power balance under the most serious
fault) are conducted. As the reactive power coupled to the main
grid is technically adjusted by the LSC, the modified SFCL’s
The electromagnetic torque Te is calculated as direct influence on the reactive power is not considered here.
3p The grid-side power under the normal condition is
Te = ψi qs (10)
22 VLSC Vgrid sin δ
where p is the number of poles. Pgrid-n = (13)
X f + X eq
The dc-link capacitor is used to transmit the generator power
to the main grid, and when the converter loss is ignored, where VLSC is the fundamental voltage of the LSC; δ is the
the equations related to the power balance are expressed as angle between the converter bus voltage and grid voltage;
X f is the filter reactance between the LSC and the main grid.
dωm The impedance Z SFCL = Rsc + jωL ct2 = RSFCL + j X SFCL
Pgen = Pt − Jeq ωm − Pg-loss (11)
dt will be connected in series with the main circuit, and from
d Vdc
Pcap = C Vdc = Pgen − Pgrid (12) Fig. 6(b), the transfer impedances Z 11 , Z 12 , and Z 22 are
dt expressed as
where Pgen is the generator power; Pt is the turbine power; ⎧
Pg-loss is the generator loss; Pcap is the capacitor power; Pgrid is ⎪
⎪ Z 11 = RSFCL + j (X f + X SFCL ) + Z ai //j X eq = |Z 11 | φ11
⎪
⎨ Z = j X + Z //[R
the grid-side power; C is the capacitor; Vdc is the dc-link 22 eq ai SFCL + j (X f + X SFCL )] = |Z 22 | φ22
voltage. ⎪
⎪ Z 12 = RSFCL + j (X f + X SFCL + X eq )
⎪
⎩
+ [RSFCL + j (X f + X SFCL )] j X eq/Z ai = |Z 12 | φ12
D. Influence of the SFCL on the FRT Operation of PMSG (14)
As affected by the fault, the grid-side voltage will inevitably
where Z ai is the additional impedance being determined by the
drop. If a traditional control of the GSC is used, it will carry
fault type. For the three-phase fault, Z ai = 0 and the transfer
on transmitting the generator power to the LSC. Nevertheless,
impedances are rewritten as Z 11 = RSFCL + j (X f + X SFCL ),
the voltage drop will dramatically affect the LSC’s control
and Z 22 = j X eq , Z 12 ≈ ∞. Furthermore, the grid-side power
effect on the dc-link voltage, and the power imbalance between
under the fault is
the generator power and the grid-side power will be enlarged.
2
VLSC VLSC Vgrid
Once the power surplus cannot be timely dissipated, the dc- Pgrid- f = sin(90°− φ11 )+ sin(δ − 90°+ φ12 )
link capacitor will be charged and the overvoltage will be |Z 11 | |Z 12 |
caused. Along with the fault feeding, the dc-link voltage V2 2 R
VLSC SFCL
oscillations are likely to damage the converter, and the FRT = LSC sin(90°− φ11 ) = 2
|Z 11 | RSFCL + (X f + X SFCL )2
operation of the PMSG-based wind turbine will be destroyed.
(15)
When the modified SFCL is used, it has natural functions
of limiting the fault current and compensating the voltage where φ11 and φ12 are indicated as the angles of the transfer
drop. It is also expected that the SFCL can alleviate the impedances Z 11 and Z 12 . According to (15), it is inferred
dc-link overvoltage and keep the power balance. Fig. 6 shows that introducing the modified SFCL can help to dissipate
the equivalent circuit for power transmission analysis, and the active power and keep the wind turbine system’s power
the effects of introducing Z SFCL on the PMSG ride through balance. Otherwise, the absence of the modified SFCL will

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 194 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 40, NO. 3, SUMMER 2017

make that the grid-side power Pgrid- f drops to zero (the ground TABLE I
resistance is neglected). For the modified SFCL’s effects on the M AIN PARAMETERS OF THE S IMULATION S YSTEM
d-axis and q-axis currents in the grid side, the equations are
obtained [53]
di d f
Vgrid-d = Rsci d f + (L f + L ct2 )
dt
− ω f (L f + L ct2 )i q f + VLSC-d (16)
di q f
Vgrid-q = Rsci q f + (L f + L ct2 )
dt
+ ω f (L f + L ct2 )i d f + VLSC-q (17)

where ω f is the angular frequency of the grid voltage; L f is

the filter inductance; i d f and i q f are the d-axis and q-axis
currents in the grid side. Based on (16) and (17), using
the modified SFCL, we are able to suppress i d f and i q f .
It should be also pointed out, although the modified SFCL is
not physically installed at the generator side, the fault current
contributed by the generator can be theoretically reduced due
to the SFCL’s compensation effects on the faulted voltage.
TABLE II
S UPERCONDUCTING C OIL S PECIFICATIONS
E. Effects of the BC on the PMSG Ride Through Capability
Being different from that the modified SFCL is located
on the ac side of the wind turbine system, the BC, which
is consisting of a high-power resistor and a series switch,
is installed at the system’s dc side. The technical advantages
of the BC include low cost and simple control structure, and
it has a similar function of dissipating the active power. The
BC switch’s duty ratio Dsw is expressed as

Dsw = RBC PBC /Vdc

2
(18)

where RBC is the braking resistance.

In general, the duty ratio can be built by the dc-link voltage
error, and when the dc-link voltage achieves the threshold
value, the BC switch will turn on by the clock frequency. Dur- MATLAB model library. The quench/recovery model of the
ing the following simulations, the behaviors of the modified SC is according to Fig. 7 [54]
SFCL are compared with that of the BC. ⎧
⎪
⎪ 0, (t < t0 )
⎪
⎪   1/2
⎪
⎨ t − t0
III. S IMULATION S TUDY Rn 1 − exp − , (t0 ≤ t < t1 )
R(t) = τ (19)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ a1 (t − t1 ) + b1 , (t1 ≤ t < t2 )
A. System Modeling and Design ⎪
⎩
a2 (t − t2 ) + b2 , (t2 ≤ t)
To assess the transient performance of a 1.5-MW class
PMSG-based wind turbine with the modified SFCL and where Rn denotes the normal-state resistance of the SC; τ
the BC, a detailed simulation model is built in the MATLAB is the time constant. The time-domain characteristic of the
software (R2012b, MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA), SC is stated such that t0 , t1 , and t2 indicate the quench-
and the electromagnetic transient (EMT) type simulations are starting time, the first recovery-starting time, and the secondary
done in a 64-b personal computer with Intel i5-4570 Quad- recovery-starting time, respectively. a1 , b1 , a2 , and b2 are,
Core 3.2-GHz processor and 8-GB RAM. The EMT simula- respectively, the function coefficients. It is assumed that the
tions use the discrete solver, and the simulation time step is SC will enter the quench state within 4 ms, and after the fault
set as 5 × 10−6 s. Table I shows the main parameters, and the is removed, the SC’s recovery time is set as 0.5 s to cooperate
modeling details are given as follows. For the grid model, it is with the reclosing.
simulated by an ac voltage source with the filter resistance and Table II shows the main specifications of the superconduct-
inductance. ing tape and the operation parameters of the SC. According
For the modeling of the modified SFCL, the controlled to the rated capacity of the PMSG, the ac current flowing in
switch Scs is simulated by antiparallel IGBT pairs, and the the SC will be about 900-A under normal condition. From
CT is based on a standard transformer model from the this given current range, the 12-mm wide-AMSC tape with

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 CHEN et al.: MODIFIED FLUX-COUPLING-TYPE SFCL FOR EFFICIENT FRT IN PMSG WIND TURBINE
Fig. 7. Quench/recovery model of the SC used in the SFCL.
Fig. 8. Schematic of the improved control strategy for the GSC.
the critical current of 250 A at 77 K self-field is selected.
In order to increase the current capacity, four tapes in parallel
with the structure of straight tape are adopted.
According to the sample data from our research laboratory,
the “n-value” of the AMSC tape is about 30, and the quench
resistance per unit length is calculated as 51.1 m/m by
referring to [55] and [56]. Thus, the length of each of the
AMSC tape is 235 m, and it can be made by five coil units in
series. For the SC, the total tape length is 235 × 4 = 940 m.
In order to make the BC play the role more availably,
a proper setting of the voltage threshold value is appreciative,
neither too high nor too low. For the demonstrated wind
turbine system, the nominal level of the dc voltage is about
1150 V. Considering a preliminary optimum by repeated
simulation tests, the threshold level of 1500 V is adopted for
the BC.
Figs. 8 and 9 show the improved control for the GSC and the
LSC. The d-axis current reference of the GSC is applied for
unity power factor control of the generator, and the q-axis con-
troller is used to set the MPPT [57]. Regarding the LSC, the
q-axis controller is used for reactive power control, and the
d-axis controller is for active power control. On the whole,
the LSC control is based on a conventional method, and a
distinguishable novelty is that the dynamic amplitude limit is
introduced, and the d-axis current reference under the faults
can be properly adjusted, which helps the d-axis controller
achieve the dc-link voltage control to inject active power to
the grid.
For the improved control strategy, it is expected to assist the
PMSG wind turbine to detect the faults more sensitively and
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
195
Fig. 9. Schematic of the improved control strategy for the LSC.
Fig. 10. Operational characteristics of the wind turbine generation system
under the three phase fault. (a) Grid voltage. (b) DC-link capacitance voltage.
adjust the power coupled to the main grid more flexibly. Due
to the valid cooperation of the LSC control and the modified
SFCL, it can more fully play the SFCL’s effects on dissipating
the active power and keeping the energy balance.
B. Symmetrical Fault Simulation
Figs. 10 and 11 show the operational characteristics of
the wind turbine generation system under the three-phase
grounded fault. The fault occurrence time is t = 1 s, and
the fault duration is set as 100 ms. For this fault case,
three different scenarios are taken into account, and they are,
respectively, corresponding to the conditions without auxiliary
equipment, with the BC, and with the SFCL.
From Figs. 10 and 11, employing the modified SFCL
has the best effects on maintaining the dc-link voltage and
restraining the d-axis and q-axis fault currents contributed by
the PMSG. For the dc-link voltage, its maximum fluctuation
amplitude will be up to 2140 V in the case of without
auxiliary, and this amplitude may be intolerable for the dc-link
 196 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 40, NO. 3, SUMMER 2017

Fig. 11. Operational characteristics of the PMSG’s output currents under the
three phase fault. (a) d-axis current. (b) q-axis current.

capacitance. Regarding that the BC and the modified SFCL

are, respectively, used, the maximum fluctuation of the dc-link
overvoltage can be limited to 1220 and 650 V, respectively.
By observing the PMSG’s d-axis and q-axis output currents
under the fault, the modified SFCL can not only reduce the
fault currents’ maximum amplitude, but also alleviate the
current oscillations, on which the BC may not have a positive Fig. 12. Waveforms of the ac currents in the grid side under the three phase
effect. faults. (a) Without auxiliary. (b) With the BC. (c) With the SFCL.
Fig. 12 shows the three-phase ac currents in the grid side
under the fault. Taking the A-phase current for an example, the
current-limiting ratio is about 65% after installing the modified
SFCL, and it drops to 21% with the BC.
Fig. 13 shows the waveforms of the generator voltage
and the active power coupled to the PCC. For the generator
voltage, the modified SFCL offers two contributions. One is
to improve the voltage level, and the other is to accelerate the
voltage recovery process. In regard to the active power coupled
to the PCC, it will dramatically drop in the event of without
auxiliary, and the kinetic energy in the turbine generator mass
will be increased. In a sense, a huge shortage of the active
power will not be beneficial to the stability of the wind turbine
system. In contrast, using the modified SFCL enables us to
smooth the injection of the active power to the main grid.
In summary, although the PMSG may meet the grid voltage
profile of the Denmark code in the event of without auxiliary,
the demonstrated dc overvoltage with high-amplitude and
continuous-oscillation can offer a great possibility to damage Fig. 13. Behaviors of the wind turbine generation system under the three
phase fault. (a) Generator voltage. (b) Active power coupled to the PCC.
the dc-link capacitance. The simulations ignore the device
damage and just faithfully show the waveforms, and if a more balance), alleviating the dc-link overvoltage, and accelerating
practical situation is considered, the capacitance damage will the fault recovery. As a result, the use of the SFCL enables
invalidate the power exchange between the GSC and the LSC, to enhance multiple performance indicators for the PMSG to
and the FRT operation of the PMSG-based wind turbine cannot meet the specified FRT requirements, and the FRT operation
be successfully achieved. will be carried out more smoothly and reliably.
Since the modified SFCL is placed in series with the PCC
near the main grid, it can more directly deal with the fault
occurring at the main grid than the BC. Due to the introduction C. Asymmetrical Fault Simulation
of Z SFCL , the SFCL can contribute to suppressing the fault cur- In this section, a phase-to-phase fault is simulated in the
rent, dissipating the surplus active power (keeping the power MATLAB, and the modified SFCL’s influence on the transient

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 CHEN et al.: MODIFIED FLUX-COUPLING-TYPE SFCL FOR EFFICIENT FRT IN PMSG WIND TURBINE
Fig. 14. Operational characteristics of the wind turbine generation system
under the double phase fault. (a) Grid voltage. (b) DC-link capacitance
voltage.
Fig. 15. Operational characteristics of the PMSG’s output currents under the
double phase fault. (a) d-axis current. (b) q-axis current.
performance of the PMSG under the asymmetrical fault is
assessed. For the fault simulation conditions, the B-phase and
the C-phase are selected; the fault occurrence time is t = 1 s;
the fault duration is still set as 100 ms. Figs. 14–16 show the
waveforms of the main voltage, dc-link capacitance voltage,
d-axis and q-axis currents of the PMSG, and ac currents in
the grid side, respectively.
As affected by the asymmetrical fault, some obvious oscil-
lations are found in the dc-link capacitance voltage and the
PMSG’s d-axis and q-axis currents. Moreover, the three-phase
voltages and currents in the grid side are unbalanced. For
the situation without auxiliary, the mentioned oscillations can
have the duration of 190 ms. When the modified SFCL plays
the role, not only the oscillation amplitude of the dc-link
overvoltage is suppressed from 3970 to 730 V, but also the
current-limiting ratio about the d-axis current of the PMSG is
39%. Due to the enhancement of the transient behaviors, the
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
197
Fig. 16. AC currents in the grid side under the double phase fault. (a) Without
auxiliary. (b) With the BC. (c) With the SFCL.
whole oscillating time of the wind turbine system is reduced
to 135 ms.
For without auxiliary, the three-phase ac currents in the grid
side will increase to 7.2 kA, 11.4 and 8.1 kA, respectively.
When the BC is used, the fault currents will slightly down
to 7.1, 9.3, and 7.4 kA, respectively. If the modified SFCL is
applied, the fault currents can be, respectively, limited to 2.9,
5.1, and 3.3 kA, and the current-limiting ratios are 59.7%,
55.3%, and 59.3%, respectively.
Concerning the key performance indicators related to the
stability of the wind turbine system under the symmetrical
and asymmetrical faults, the modified SFCL can offer more
positive effects on enhancing them than the BC. Note that,
the design parameters of the modified SFCL are not optimized,
and the cost evaluation is not considered here. To further
promote the practical application of the modified SFCL in the
PMSG wind turbine system, the optimization design and cost
calculation will be regarded as the follow-up works.
IV. C ONCLUSION
Based on theoretical analysis and simulation verification,
this paper studies the use of a modified flux-coupling-type
SFCL for enhancing the PMSG ride through capability, and
compares the SFCL and a BC for a 1.5-MW class PMSG wind
turbine. From the simulations of symmetrical and asymmetri-
cal faults, the following conclusions are obtained.
1) The modified SFCL can limit the fault currents flowing
in the generator and grid sides, respectively.
2) The modified SFCL enables to compensate the gen-
erator voltage and alleviate the dc-link overvoltage.
 198 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 40, NO. 3, SUMMER 2017
Meanwhile, the wind turbine system’s power balance is
improved, and the fault recovery process is accelerated.
3) Since the modified SFCL is placed in series with the
PCC near the main grid, it can more directly deal with
the fault occurring at the main grid than the BC.
The enhancement of the key performance indicators is very
conducive to ensuring the stability of the PSMG wind turbine
system. In the near future, the optimization design of the
modified SFCL for a large-scale PMSG-based wind farm will
be performed, and some experimental studies related to a
small-scale SFCL prototype will be conducted. The results
are expected to be reported in later articles.
R EFERENCES
[1] M. M. A. Mahfouz and M. A. H. El-Sayed, “Static synchronous
compensator sizing for enhancement of fault ride-through capability
and voltage stabilisation of fixed speed wind farms,” IET Renew. Power
Generat., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Jan. 2014.
[2] A. F. Abdou, A. Abu-Siada, and H. R. Pota, “Impact of VSC faults on
dynamic performance and low voltage ride through of DFIG,” Int. J.
Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 65, pp. 334–347, Feb. 2015.
[3] S. Wang et al., “Flexible fault ride through strategy for wind farm
clusters in power systems with high wind power penetration,” Energy
Convers. Manage., vol. 93, pp. 239–248, Mar. 2015.
[4] W. Xie, P. Zeng, and L. Lei, “A novel folding blade of wind turbine
rotor for effective power control,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 101,
pp. 52–65, Sep. 2015.
[5] B. Yang, L. Jiang, L. Wang, W. Yao, and Q. H. Wu, “Nonlin-
ear maximum power point tracking control and modal analysis of
DFIG based wind turbine,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 74,
pp. 429–436, Jan. 2016.
[6] M. Y. Ramandi, K. Afshar, A. S. Gazafroudi, and N. Bigdeli, “Reliability
and economic evaluation of demand side management programming
in wind integrated power systems,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst.,
vol. 78, pp. 258–268, Jun. 2016.
[7] L. Chen, F. Zheng, C. Deng, Z. Li, and F. Guo, “Fault ride-through
capability improvement of DFIG-based wind turbine by employing a
voltage-compensation-type active SFCL,” Can. J. Elect. Comput. Eng.,
vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 132–142, Spring 2015.
[8] Z. Fu, X. Sun, Q. Liu, L. Zhou, and J. Shu, “Achieving efficient cloud
search services: Multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data
supporting parallel computing,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. 98, no. 1,
pp. 190–200, Jan. 2015.
[9] B. Gu, V. S. Sheng, K. Y. Tay, W. Romano, and S. Li, “Incremental
support vector learning for ordinal regression,” IEEE Trans. Neural
Netw. Learn. Syst., vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1403–1416, Jul. 2015.
[10] Z. Xia, X. Wang, X. Sun, and Q. Wang, “A secure and dynamic multi-
keyword ranked search scheme over encrypted cloud data,” IEEE Trans.
Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 340–352, Jan. 2016.
[11] Z. Fu, K. Ren, J. Shu, X. Sun, and F. Huang, “Enabling personalized
search over encrypted outsourced data with efficiency improvement,”
IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 2546–2559,
Sep. 2016.
[12] Z. Xia, X. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Qin, X. Sun, and K. Ren, “A privacy-
preserving and copy-deterrence content-based image retrieval scheme in
cloud computing,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 11, no. 11,
pp. 2594–2608, Nov. 2016.
[13] Z. Fu, X. Wu, C. Guan, X. Sun, and K. Ren, “Toward efficient multi-
keyword fuzzy search over encrypted outsourced data with accuracy
improvement,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 11, no. 12,
pp. 2706–2716, Dec. 2016.
[14] C. Yuan, X. Sun, and R. Lv, “Fingerprint liveness detection based on
multi-scale LPQ and PCA,” China Commun., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 60–65,
Jul. 2016.
[15] Z. Zhou, Y. Wang, Q. M. J. Wu, C.-N. Yang, and X. Sun, “Effec-
tive and efficient global context verification for image copy detec-
tion,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 48–63,
Jan. 2017.
[16] C. N. Bhende, S. Mishra, and S. G. Malla, “Permanent magnet syn-
chronous generator-based standalone wind energy supply system,” IEEE
Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 361–373, Oct. 2011.
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[17] C. Wessels, N. Hoffmann, M. Molinas, and F. W. Fuchs, “StatCom
control at wind farms with fixed-speed induction generators under
asymmetrical grid faults,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 7,
pp. 2864–2873, Jul. 2013.
[18] C. Rahmann, H.-J. Haubrich, A. Moser, R. Palma-Behnke, L. Vargas,
and M. B. C. Salles, “Justified fault-ride-through requirements for wind
turbines in power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3,
pp. 1555–1563, Aug. 2011.
[19] M. J. Hossain, H. R. Pota, and R. A. Ramos, “Improved low-voltage-
ride-through capability of fixedspeed wind turbines using decentralised
control of STATCOM with energy storage system,” IET Generat.,
Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 719–730, Aug. 2012.
[20] M. Jafari, M. Popat, and B. Wu, “Power factor control in a wind energy
conversion system via synchronous generator excitation,” Can. J. Elect.
Comput. Eng., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 145–150, Oct. 2014.
[21] H. He et al., “Application of a SFCL for fault ride-through capabil-
ity enhancement of DG in a microgrid system and relay protection
coordination,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 26, no. 7, Oct. 2016,
Art. no. 5603608.
[22] H. Geng, C. Liu, and G. Yang, “LVRT capability of DFIG-based WECS
under asymmetrical grid fault condition,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2495–2509, Jun. 2013.
[23] S. Xiao, H. Geng, H. Zhou, and G. Yang, “Analysis of the control limit
for rotor-side converter of doubly fed induction generator-based wind
energy conversion system under various voltage dips,” IET Renew. Power
Generat., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 71–81, Feb. 2013.
[24] J. Shi, Y. Tang, Y. Xia, L. Ren, and J. Li, “SMES based excitation
system for doubly-fed induction generator in wind power applica-
tion,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1105–1108,
Jun. 2011.
[25] W. Y. Guo, L. Xiao, and S. Dai, “Enhancing low-voltage ride-through
capability and smoothing output power of DFIG with a superconducting
fault-current limiter–magnetic energy storage system,” IEEE Trans.
Energy Convers., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 277–295, Jun. 2012.
[26] A. H. M. A. Rahim and E. P. Nowicki, “Supercapacitor energy storage
system for fault ride-through of a DFIG wind generation system,” Energy
Convers. Manage., vol. 59, pp. 96–102, Jul. 2012.
[27] M. E. Elshiekh, D.-E. A. Mansour, and A. M. Azmy, “Improving fault
ride-through capability of DFIG-based wind turbine using superconduct-
ing fault current limiter,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 23, no. 3,
Jun. 2013, Art. no. 5601204.
[28] S. Tohidi et al., “Low voltage ride-through of DFIG and brushless
DFIG: Similarities and differences,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 110,
pp. 64–72, May 2014.
[29] J. Mohammadi, S. Afsharnia, and S. Vaez-Zadeh, “Efficient fault-ride-
through control strategy of DFIG-based wind turbines during the grid
faults,” Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 78, pp. 88–95, Feb. 2014.
[30] W. Guo, L. Xiao, S. Dai, X. Xu, Y. Li, and Y. Wang, “Evaluation of
the performance of BTFCLs for enhancing LVRT capability of DFIG,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 3623–3637, Jul. 2015.
[31] L. Chen et al., “Technical evaluation of superconducting fault current
limiters used in a micro-grid by considering the fault characteristics of
distributed generation, energy storage and power loads,” Energies, vol. 9,
no. 10, pp. 769–789, Sep. 2016.
[32] A. D. Hansen and G. Michalke, “Multi-pole permanent magnet synchro-
nous generator wind turbines’ grid support capability in uninterrupted
operation during grid faults,” IET Renew. Power Generat., vol. 3, no. 3,
pp. 333–348, Sep. 2009.
[33] X. Yuan, F. Wang, D. Boroyevich, Y. Li, and R. Burgos, “DC-link
voltage control of a full power converter for wind generator operating
in weak-grid systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 9,
pp. 2178–2192, Sep. 2009.
[34] K.-H. Kim, Y.-C. Jeung, D.-C. Lee, and H.-G. Kim, “LVRT scheme
of PMSG wind power systems based on feedback linearization,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2376–2384, May 2012.
[35] M. Popat, B. Wu, and N. R. Zargari, “Fault ride-through capability
of cascaded current-source converter-based offshore wind farm,” IEEE
Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 314–323, Apr. 2013.
[36] T. H. Nguyen and D.-C. Lee, “Advanced fault ride-through technique for
PMSG wind turbine systems using line-side converter as STATCOM,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2842–2850, Jul. 2013.
[37] M. Nasiri, J. Milimonfared, and S. H. Fathi, “A review of low-voltage
ride-through enhancement methods for permanent magnet synchronous
generator based wind turbines,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 47,
pp. 399–415, Jul. 2015.
 CHEN et al.: MODIFIED FLUX-COUPLING-TYPE SFCL FOR EFFICIENT FRT IN PMSG WIND TURBINE
[38] A. Moghadasi and A. I. Sarwat, “Optimal analysis of resistive supercon-
ducting fault current limiters applied to a variable speed wind turbine
system,” in Proc. SoutheastCon, Apr. 2015, pp. 1–7.
[39] M. Pradeep and S. N. Deepa, “Mitigating the power fluctuation of PMSG
wind turbine in a microgrid by optimal usage of SMES with FCL using
PID controller,” Int. J. Trends Eng. Technol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 62–67,
Feb. 2015.
[40] L. Chen, C. Deng, F. Zheng, S. Li, Y. Liu, and Y. Liao, “Fault ride-
through capability enhancement of DFIG-based wind turbine with a flux-
coupling-type SFCL employed at different locations,” IEEE Trans. Appl.
Supercond., vol. 25, no. 3, Jun. 2015, Art. no. 5201505.
[41] L. Chen et al., “Application of a modified flux-coupling type super-
conducting fault current limiter to transient performance enhancement
of micro-grid,” Phys. C, Supercond. Appl., vol. 518, pp. 144–148,
Nov. 2015.
[42] C. Deng et al., “Study of a modified flux-coupling-type superconducting
fault current limiter for mitigating the effect of DC short circuit in
a VSC-HVDC system,” J. Supercond. Novel Magn., vol. 28, no. 5,
pp. 1525–1534, May 2015.
[43] H. Yamaguchi, T. Kataoka, H. Matsuoka, T. Mouri, S. Nishikata,
and Y. Sato, “Magnetic field and electromagnetic force analysis of
3-phase air-core superconducting power transformer,” IEEE Trans. Appl.
Supercond., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1490–1493, Mar. 2001.
[44] D. K. Park et al., “Development of 220 V/300 A class non-inductive
winding type fault current limiter using 2G HTS wire,” IEEE Trans.
Appl. Supercond., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1863–1866, Jun. 2007.
[45] M. C. Ahn, D. K. Park, S. E. Yang, and T. K. Ko, “Impedance
characteristics of non-inductive coil wound with two kinds of HTS wire
in parallel,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 640–643,
Jun. 2008.
[46] J. Lee and S.-K. Joo, “Economic assessment method for superconducting
fault current limiter (SFCL) in fault current-constrained power system
operation,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 23, no. 3, Jun. 2013,
Art. no. 5601104.
[47] X. Ying, “Review on superconducting fault current limiters,” South
Power Syst. Technol., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1–9, Mar. 2015.
[48] L. Chen, H. Pan, C. Deng, F. Zheng, Z. Li, and F. Guo, “Study on the
application of a flux-coupling-type superconducting fault current limiter
for decreasing HVdc commutation failure,” Can. J. Elect. Comput. Eng.,
vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 10–19, Mar. 2015.
[49] L. Chen et al., “Effects of a flux-coupling type superconducting fault
current limiter on the surge current caused by closed-loop operation in
a 10 kV distribution network,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 69,
pp. 160–166, Jan. 2015.
[50] G. Didier, C. H. Bonnard, T. Lubin, and J. Lévêque, “Comparison
between inductive and resistive SFCL in terms of current limitation
and power system transient stability,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 125,
pp. 150–158, Aug. 2015.
[51] A. Miller, E. Muljadi, and D. S. Zinger, “A variable speed wind
turbine power control,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 12, no. 2,
pp. 181–186, Jun. 1997.
[52] M. Singh and A. Chandra, “Application of adaptive network-based
fuzzy inference system for sensorless control of PMSG-based wind
turbine with nonlinear-load-compensation capabilities,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 165–175, Jan. 2011.
[53] A. Mullane, G. Lightbody, and R. Yacamini, “Wind-turbine fault
ride-through enhancement,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 4,
pp. 1929–1937, Nov. 2005.
[54] J.-F. Moon, S.-H. Lim, J.-C. Kim, and S.-Y. Yun, “Assessment of
the impact of SFCL on voltage sags in power distribution sys-
tem,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 2161–2164,
Jun. 2011.
[55] S. M. Blair, C. D. Booth, G. M. Burt, and C. G. Bright, “Application
of multiple resistive superconducting fault-current limiters for fast fault
detection in highly interconnected distribution systems,” IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1120–1127, Apr. 2013.
[56] S. Stavrev et al., “Comparison of numerical methods for modeling of
superconductors,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 849–852,
Mar. 2002.
[57] S. Li, T. A. Haskew, R. P. Swatloski, and W. Gathings, “Optimal
and direct-current vector control of direct-driven PMSG wind tur-
bines,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2325–2337,
May 2012.
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
199
Lei Chen (M’12) was born in Jingzhou, China,
in 1982. He received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from the School of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University
of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2004
and 2010, respectively.
From 2011 to 2013, he was with the
Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Workstation,
Hubei Electric Power Company. Since 2013, he
has been an Assistant Professor (Lecturer) with the
School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University,
Wuhan. He has authored over 60 articles. His current research interests
include power system simulation, smart grid, and superconducting power
application.
Huiwen He was born in Fuzhou, China, in 1983.
She received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical
engineering from the School of Electrical and Elec-
tronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2004 and 2007,
respectively.
She is currently a Senior Engineer with the China
Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan. Her cur-
rent research interests include high-voltage technol-
ogy and smart grid.
Hongkun Chen was born in Huanggang,
China, in 1967. He received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees in electrical engineering from Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 1988
and 1990, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
from Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, in
1998.
From 2000 to 2003, he was a Post-Doctoral
Research Fellow with the School of Electrical
Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. He
is currently a Professor and a Vice-President
of the School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University. His current
research interests include power system stability, power quality assessment/
mitigation, and smart grid.
Lei Wang was born in Hubei, China, in 1984. He received the B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees in high voltage and insulation technology from the Wuhan
University of Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2007, and Wuhan University,
Wuhan, in 2010, respectively.
He is currently with the State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental
Protection, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan. His current
research interests include high voltage and smart grid.
 200 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, VOL. 40, NO. 3, SUMMER 2017

Lin Zhu (M’12) was born in Anhui, China, in 1982. He received the B.S. and
Ph.D. degrees from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
China, in 2005 and 2010, respectively.
He was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Department of Control
Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan. He is currently a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with the Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN, USA. His current research interests include protective relaying
and substation automation.
Fei Tang (M’15) was born in Changning, China, in 1982. He received the
B.S. degree in pattern recognitionin and intelligent system from the Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, and the Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from Wuhan University, Wuhan, in 2005 and 2013,
respectively.
From 2013 to 2015, he held a post-doctoral position at the School of
Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University. Since 2015, he has been a Teacher
with the School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University. His current
research interests include power system stability and smart grid.

Zhengyu Shu was born in Yichang, China, in 1983. He received the B.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the School of Electrical Engi-
neering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, in 2005 and 2013, respectively.
Since 2013, he has been with the State Grid Yichang Power Supply
Company, Yichang, China. His current research interests include power system
operation and renewable energy.
Jun Yang (M’12) received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the School
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1999, 2003, and 2006, respectively, all in
electrical engineering.
He is currently an Associate Professor with the School of Electrical
Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan. He has authored over 15 articles.
His current research interests include the protection and control of renewable
energy and smart grid.

Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on March 10,2021 at 04:59:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.