RATES OF REACTION

Meaning Of Rate Of Reaction

MEASUREMENT OF RATES OF REACTION:

Plot graph of quantity of product / reactant against time
Calculate the average rate of reaction
Calculate the rate of reaction at the specific time from the
graph.

EXPLANATION FOR THE RATE OF REACTION BASED ON COLLISION

THEORY :
-The meaning of Collision Theory.
-To explain how each factor increases
Particle Size the rate of reaction by increasing the
Concentration number of effective collisions .
Temperature
Catalyst

Is proven by

-To draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus set-up

Experiment On Effect Of Surface Area
Experiment On Effect Of Concentration
Experiment On Effect Of Temperature
Experiment On Effect Of Catalyst
for each experiment
-Describe the experiment
-Draw the graph based on the experiment data.
-Determine the average rate of reaction and the rate
of reaction at a specific time from the graph.
-Using the balanced equation, calculate the quantity
of substance used in the reaction..
-Interpret the various types of graph.

APPLICATION OF THE
RATE OF REACTION IN
DAILY ACTIVITIES

1
 RATE OF REACTION.
11.1 Meaning of Rate Of Reaction.
1.The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in the quantity of reactant or product against time:
Rate Of Reaction = Change in quantity of reactant / product
Time taken
2) A rate of reaction is high if the reaction occurs fast within a short period of time..
3) A rate of reaction is low if the reaction occurs slowly within a long period of time..
4) A rate of reaction is inversely proportional to time:
Rate of reaction ∝ 1
time taken
5) The change in amount of reactant / product that can be measured :
a) Decrease in total quantity of mass / concentration of the reactant per unit of time.
b) Increase in total amount of mass / concentration of the product of reaction per unit of time
c) Total volume of the gas released.
d) Formation of precipitate.
Example:
Study the reaction: Between calcium carbonate and excess 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloride acid.
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2O + CO2 (g)
Sketch the graph

Mass of CaCO3 Concentration of HCl Concentration of CaCl 2 Volume of CO2

/g (g) (mole
/Mol dm -3 dm-3) /Mol (mole
dm-3 dm )
-3
(cm
/ cm 3 3)

Time/s
timeTime/s
(s)
time (s) time (s) time (s) Time/s

2
11.2 Measurement Rate Of Reaction
1. Two ways to measure rate of reaction.
a) Average Rate Of Reaction. :
It is determined by calculating the total amount of reactant used or the total amount of product
formed in a specific time.
b) Rate Of Reaction at a specific time :
It is determined by calculating the gradient of the graph at the time.

1. Example: 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 HCl is reacted with magnesium ribbon. The results are shown below.

Time /s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150

Volume
0 10.0 16.0 22.0 27.0 31.0 36.0 39.0 42.0 44.0 46.0
H2 /cm3
Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time. From the graph, determine:
a) The average rate of reaction in the first 20 seconds.
= The total volume of gas released in the first 20 seconds
Time taken
b) The average rate of reaction between 30 seconds and 75 seconds
= Total volume of gas released between 30 seconds and 75 seconds
Time taken

c) The rate of reaction at 30 seconds = The gradient of the graph at 30 seconds

d) The rate of reaction at 105 seconds = The gradient of the graph at 105 seconds

e) Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain.

11.3 The factors that affect the rate of reaction

1. The Collision Theory :
• For a reaction to occur, the reactant’s particles must collide.
• Not all collisions produce chemical reactions.
• For a reaction to occur, the total energy of the colliding particles must be equal to or exceed a
minimum energy known as activation energy. The minimum amount of energy required to initiate
3
 a chemical reaction is known as activation energy (Ea). The colliding particles must also have the
right orientation of collision.
• The collision that lead to a chemical reaction is known as effective collision.

2. Activation Energy:

Ea – The minimum amount of energy that must be overcame before a reaction can happen
Ea’ – The lower activation energy that must be overcame before a reaction can happen in the
presence of a catalyst.

Effect of Concentration
Energy Effect of particle size effect

Energy

Ea E a’ Ea

Reaction Ea’ product

Reaction product
Product
Reactants
reactants -
time reactants
Exothermic reaction
time
The smaller the particle size, the greater Endothermic reaction
The higher the concentration of
a) a) reactants, the higher is the number
the surface area. of particles in a unit volume.
The number of collisions per
b) increases
second between particles increases
The number of collisions per
b)
second between particles
increases
Effect of catalyst
Effect of temperature

a) The higher the temperature, the a) Catalyst provides an alternative

reactant’s particles move faster path of reaction which needs
and more energetically. lower activation energy (Ea’)
b) The number of collisions per
second between particles increases.

This increases the number of effective collisions. Therefore, the rate of reaction
increases.
.
4
1.4 : Experiments to prove the factors which affect the rate of reaction
a. The total surface area of the particle:
– Exp. 1.2 page 13 - [ explanation of the experiment, apparatus set-up are important]
• The reaction of calcium carbonate lumps with hydrochloric acid and the volume of gas collected
in the burette are recorded.
• This experiment is repeated using calcium carbonate powder. Temperature, concentration and
volume of acid, and the mass of calcium carbonate are fixed.
• The constant variables are __________, ____________________. The manipulated
variable is ___________________. The responding
Complete variable
the following is______________.
statements based on the graph:
The maximum volume for both experiments are equal because
• Plot the graph of carbon dioxide volumethe__________
against time for both
of the experiments.
reactant is_____________.
_________________is different because ____________ of the graph
is different. The rate of reaction of the calcium carbonate powder is
V o lu m e ___________. This is because the powder has a____________
C O2 (c m3) surface area.

Therefore, the ___________of collisions among particles

pow der ______________.
C a C O3
p iec e sC a C O
3
The number of ____________collisions increases, that is collisions
that acquired the _____________ energy increases. Therefore, the
T im e )(s rate of reaction __________________.

b) The concentration of the reactant.

Exp 1.3 page 16
• Is studied by way of the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate.
Temperature and concentration of acid are fixed but the concentration of sodium thiosulphate is
varied.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O
• Observation is made on the time taken for the “X” sign placed underneath the beaker to
disappear as soon as the yellow sulphur precipitate is formed. The graph of concentration
against time (t) and the graph of concentration against 1/time are drawn. The constant variables
are__________ and____________________. The manipulated variable is
___________________. The responding variable is______________.

5
 • The two graphs are as follow:

Complete the following statements.

concentration Na 2S2O3
(mol dm -3)
Concentration of Na2S2O3 Concentration is_______________ proportional to time. The higher the
(mol dm-3) concentration, the ……………….is the time taken for the yellow sulphur
precipitate to appear and for the” X” sign to disapear .This means that the rate of
reaction is…………………
-1/masa(1/t) berkadar terus dengan kadar tindakbalas[masa singkat,

1/tthe
The higher bertambah, kadarof
concentration bertambah].
sodium thiosuphate, the higher is the
____________per unit _______________________. This causes
t/s -Graf kepekatan melawan 1/t ialah suatu garis_________________.
______________________to increase. The____________of effective
-Oleh itu increases.
……………..also kepekatan As
larutan
such,natrium tiosulfat berkadar__________
the_____________________ increases.
dengan ________________________
Concentration
N a2S2O3
(m ol dm-3)

1/t(s-1)

Concentration of Na2S2O3
(mol dm-3)

c)The effect of temperature:

– Exp…… . page…….
Is studied based on the observation made on the yellow sulphur precipitate formed as a result of the
reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute hydrochloric acid. The concentration and volume of
hydrochloric acid as well as those of sodium thiosulphate are fixed. The temperature is varied. The time
taken for the sulphur precipitate to completely hide the “X” sign placed underneath the beaker is taken
at different temperatures.
• The constant variables are _________ and____________________. The manipulated
variable is ___________________. The responding variable is______________.

6
 • The two graphs obtained are similar to the effect of concentration graph.
• Draw the following graph:
Temperature/ ◦C
: Temperature is ....................proportional to time. The higher the temperature,
.
the................is the time taken for the yellow sulphur precipitate to appear and

obliterate (completely hide) the “X” sign. This means, the rate of

reaction ................ The higher the temperature, the faster the thiosulphate and

hydrogen ions move. This causes more................ to happen. The number

of ..............collisions increases. The rate of reaction.................

Time/second

Temperature/ ◦C

1/time (1/t) is directly proportional to rate of reaction

(lesser time, 1/t increases, rate increases.),

-The temperature against 1/t graph is a ...................

-Hence, temperature is..................proportional

1/time(s-1)
to ........... ..............

a) Catalyst Effect
• Catalyst is a chemical substance that changes the rate of reaction, without itself being chemically
changed at the end of the reaction.
• Positive catalyst increases the rate of reaction, while negative catalyst reduces the rate of reaction.

• Most catalysts are transition elements. The quantity of catalyst affects the rate of reaction. This effect is
studied by way of using different quantity of manganese (1V) oxide catalyst on the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide of the same volume.
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
• Experiment 3.6 and 3.7, page 142 and 143.( Draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus set-up in the
experiment)

7
• Draw a graph of volume of oxygen released against time for both experiments on the same axes (refer
the graph below).
• From the graph, the gradient of the curve for the experiment that used one spatula of manganese (1V)
oxide powder is greater than the one that used a half spatula of manganese (1V) oxide. The end result is
the same because .................. is the same.
• Manganese (1V) oxide catalyst reduces the .............. for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. With
that, more colliding particles will achieve the same energy or exceed ................ . The number
of............ collisions.............increases. The rate of reaction ...............

Isipadu
Volume O2
of3 O2
3 (cm )
(cm )

1 spatula MnO2
1 spatula of MnO2

½ spatula MnO2
1
/2 spatula of MnO2

Masa (saat)
Time (seconds)

11.5 Application Of The Knowledge About Factors Affecting the Rate 0f Reaction

1. Daily activities :
– Storage of food in the freezer
– Cooking with pressure cooker
2. In industries :
-Haber Process: -Production Of Ammonia Gas
400°C - 500°C
N2 (g) + 3H2 2NH3 (g)
Make references and
200 – 400 atm simple notes in relation
- Catalyst: Iron powder to these three industrial
processes.
– Contact Process: - Production of Sulphuric Acid
- Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide
– Ostwald Process : Production of nitric acid
-Catalyst: Platinum.

8
Exercise:

Volume of
gas
(cm3)
B C

Time (second)

A student added 4 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sodium hypochlorite solution to 46 cm3 of water in a conical flask. There is no
reaction. The student added a little manganese (IV) oxide powder into the mixture. Effervescence occurred. The
volume of gas released is recorded every 30 seconds until there is no reaction. The volume of gas is plotted against
time.
a. Draw a labeled diagram of the apparatus set-up to show how the gas can be collected in the above experiment

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
b. What is the function of the manganese (IV) oxide?

...........................................................................................................................
c. i. How does the rate of production of gas changes with time ?
................................................................................................................

ii. Suggest one reason for the change in rate.

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................
d. Draw a curve on the above diagram to show the result that will be obtained if the experiment is
repeated by putting the conical flask in hot water..
e. Explain your answer by using Collision Theory (e).

.................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

f. The equation for the above reaction is as follows:

2NaClO3 2NaCl + O2

Calculate the volume of oxygen gas released in this experiment.

[Relative atomic mass O = 16 ; Na = 23 ; Cl = 35.5 and 1 mole of gas occupies to 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p ]

9
2). The experiments below have been carried out to study the effect of total surface area on the rate of reaction
Experiment I : Excess magnesium ribbon is put into 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
Experiment II : Excess magnesium powder is put into 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
Table 1 shows the results of the said experiments.

Time/s
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 30 33 360
0 0
Experiment I 0 10 21 30 38 46 54 59 66 72 76 78 79
Volume of gas/
cm3

Experiment II 0 20 38 54 66 75 82 87 91 93 96 98 99
Volume of gas/
cm3

(a) (i) Name the gas released in these experiments?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the above reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
( 2 mark )
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set-up in these experiments .

( 2 mark )
(c) Calculate the maximum volume of the gas released in experiment I
( 1 mole of gas occupies 24000 cm3 at room conditions)

( 2 mark )
(ii) Is the maximum volume of gas in experiment II the same or different from experiment I ?

…………………………………………………………………………………….
Give one reason for your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
( 2 mark )
(d) Draw the graph of volume of gas against time for experiment I and experiment II using the same axes.

(e) Based on the graph in (e), calculate:

i) The rate of reaction between 90 s to 150 s for experiment 1.

10
ii) The overall average rate of reaction for experiment II.

11