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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Aldas Kemal et al, 2009[1] explains how to obtain thermal stresses in a

thermoplastic composite disc unidirectional reinforced by steel fibers. Finite element
method was used to calculate the thermal elastic and elastic–plastic stress distributions
within the composite disc. Therefore, the solution was carried out using the ANSYS
software. The temperature loading was chosen so as to vary linearly from inner surface to
outer surface along the radial sections of the disc. Linear thermal loads were selected as
to differ from each other. Thermal stresses were formed within the disc by the linear
temperature loads due to its having different thermal expansion coefficients in radial and
tangential directions. In line with the thermal analysis results, the magnitudes of the
tangential stress components for both elastic and elastic–plastic solutions were above the
radial stress components. In addition, the residual stress components were also calculated
using both elastic and elastic–plastic solution results. The results obtained pointed out
that the magnitudes and distributions of the thermal stresses and residual stresses were
greatly influenced by the increase in linear temperature loads.
Bayat et al,2009[2] explains an analysis of thermoelastic contact problem of
functionally graded (FG) rotating brake disk with heat source due to contact friction is
presented. The inner and outer surfaces considered are metal and ceramic, respectively.
Pure material is considered for the brake pad. Coulomb contact friction is assumed as the
heat source. It is divided into two equal parts between pad and brake disk which leads to
thermal stresses. Mechanical response of FG disks are compared and verified with the
known results from the literatures. The results show that the maximum value of radial
displacement in mounted FG brake disk is not at outer surface.
Faruk sen et al, 2006[3] was to investigate elasto-plastic thermal stresses in a
thermoplastic composite disc that is reinforced by steel fibers, curvilinearly. Finite
element method (FEM) was used to calculate the thermal stress distribution in the model
of composite disc. The solution was performed by ANSYS software code. In order to
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evaluate the effects of uniform temperature, different values of it were carried out on the
model of composite disc, uniformly. Radial and tangential stresses were calculated under
a uniform temperature distribution which was selected from 60 C to 120 C. Because of
the composite disc having different thermal expansions in radial and tangential directions,
thermal stresses were produced in it by the applied uniform temperature values. The
magnitude of the tangential stress component for elastic and elasto-plastic solutions was
higher than the radial stress component.
Gurkan Altan et al 2009[4] has also been found out that radial stress components
are always in the state of tensile along the whole profile of the disc. In the analytical
analysis, a computer program has been developed to get the values of thermal stresses.
But in the numerical study carried out with the finite-element method, Abaqus 6.8
package program has been used. As a result of these analyses, it has been observed that
the stress values obtained from both methods support each other. Finally, the stress
analysis of the same composite disc subjected to this temperature distribution, but with a
reduced mass, has also been examined numerically. It has been determined under this
temperature distribution that tangential stress components are always on the condition of
compression in the inner surface of the disc and of tensile in the outer surface.
Hamouda et al, 2006[5] explains rotating disks have many applications in the
aerospace industry such as gas turbines and gears. These disks normally work under
thermo mechanical loads. Minimizing the weight of such components can help reduce the
overall payload in aerospace industry. For this purpose, a rotating functionally
graded(FG) disk with variable thickness under a steady temperature field is considered in
this paper. Thermo elastic solutions and the weight of the disk are related to the material
grading index and the geometry of the disk. Maximum radial stress due to centrifugal
load in the solid disk with parabolic thickness profile may not be at the center unlike
uniform thickness disk. Functionally graded disk with variable thickness has smaller
stresses due to thermal load compared to those with uniform thickness. It is seen that for
a given value of grading index, the FG disk having concave thickness profile is the
lightest in weight whereas the FG disk with uniform thickness profile is the heaviest.
Also for any given thickness profile, the weight of the FG disk lies in between the
weights of the all-metal and the all-ceramic disks.
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Onur Sayman et al, 2001[6] explains the procedure of an elasto-plastic stress

analysis is carried out on symmetric cross-ply [0 o/90 o] and symmetric angle-ply [30
o/-30 o],[45 o /-45 o]2, [60 o /-60 o]2 thermoplastic laminated plates. Laminated
composite plates are simply supported and subjected to constant temperature change
through the thickness. An analytical solution is performed for satisfying thermoelasto-
plastic stress/strain relationships and boundary conditions for small plastic deformations.
The composite materials are assumed to be perfectly plastic. The Tsai-Hill theory is used
as a yield criterion. Residual stress components, of cross-ply laminated plates have
somemagnitudes but x,y are zero. The magnitudes of residual stress components increase
gradually depending on the temperature increment.
Turvey et al, 2002[7] explains Glass-steel and glass-aluminium circular plates-
typical of lined container endplates are analysed for the large deflection regime using the
Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method. A fairly comprehensive set of results for uniformly
loaded simply supported and clamped edge conditions and for several combinations of
the constituent materials are presented. These results demonstrate that the effect on the
Plate response of 'extensional-flexural' coupling, arising from the absence of through-
thickness material symmetry, is often significant, particularly when the glass-steel
composite is used.
Naghdabadi et al, 2006[8] explains a semi-analytical thermo elasticity solution for
hollow and solid rotating axisymmetric disks made of functionally graded materials is
presented. The radial domain is divided into some virtual sub-domains in which the
power-law distribution is used for the thermo mechanical properties of the constituent
components. Some results for the stress, strain and displacement components along the
radius are presented due to centrifugal force and thermal loading. Results obtained within
this solution are compared with those of a finite element analysis in the literature. Based
on the results, it is shown that the property gradation correlates with thermo mechanical
responses of FG disks
Temel et al, 2009[9] explains axisymmetric displacements and stresses in
functionally-graded hollow cylinders, disks and spheres subjected to uniform internal
pressure are determined using plane elasticity theory and Complementary Functions
method. The material is assumed to be functionally graded in the radial direction.
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Variations in the material properties such as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio may
be arbitrary functions of the radial coordinate. This assumption yields a two-point
boundary value problem with a governing differential equation of variable coefficients.
General analytical solutions of such equations are not available.Infusion of
Complementary Functions method into the analysis of stresses in pressure vessels is a
novel approach.
O.sayman et al, 1998[10] explains metal matrix composites provide new materials
with superior properties. They give high strength and stiffness. In this study,a stainless
steel fiber reinforced aluminum metal matrix laminated simple supported plate is loaded
transversely. Elasto-plastic stress analysis is carried out in the laminated plate by using
finite element technique. The expansion of plastic zone and residual stresses are
determined in the symmetric and/or anti symmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminated
plates for small deformations. Iteration numbers are chosen as 100, 1.50 and 200. The
yield points in symmetric laminates are higher than those in anti symmetric laminates.
The material properties of stainess steel304 were taken from the following
websites www.azom.com/Details.asp.ArticleID=965[11].
The journals are referred from http://www.sciencedirect.com/.[12].