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LIST OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

GISCOSA EPDM- SYSTEMS

Ballasted System
Fully Adhered System
M.A.S. System
B.I.S. System
Inverted System

SYSTEM SELECTION

Slope
Bearing capacity of the roof deck
Substrate
Vapour Retarder
Insulation-Selection
Wind Loading
Fastening Requirements
Considerations

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

INSTALLATION INSTRUCTION

Vapour Retarder
Insulation
Membrane Installation
Splicing
Membrane Securement (Base Tie-in)
Flashing - Details
Membrane Repair
Membrane Protection

TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEETS

MISCELLANEOUS

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INTRODUCTION

GISCOSA today produces its own rubber membranes at its plant in C’an Parellada’s indus-
trial area in Les Fonts- Terrassa (Barcelona-Spain).
To satisfactorily produce its membranes, GISCOSA has a complete manufacturing process
in order to obtain BUTYL and E.P.D.M. rubber membrane for roofing and lining applications.

Our manufacturing plant has its own modern scientifically equipped lab, where physical and
mechanical tests are practiced in order to comply with the Spanish and European Standards.

GISCOSA has been awarded with the D.I.T-Agreement by the IETCC, the Spanish Organism
associated to the UEATc, as well as the N certificate product in accordance to the ISO
9002.

GISCOSA’s BUTYL Rubber «RUBELAY» is obtained from a copolymer of isobutylene and

a small part of isoprene. The BUTYL Rubber made products have important advantages for
its air impermeability, cushioning effects, excellent resistance to aging, heat, chemical
products, to the U.V. rays and low temperatures.

The BUTYL Rubber physical features offer a wide range of applications not only for the
construction industry, but also for water deposits, ponds, waste disposal and for the automobile
industry, etc.

E.P.D.M. polymers were first produced in the early 60’s, and the first membranes in the mid
60’s from formulations consisting of the E.P.D.M. polymer, black carbon, processing oils,
processing aids and curing agents.

GISCOSA’s E.P.D.M. membrane «Giscolene» weighs 1.3 kg./m.2 in 1.14 mm. thickness yet
it provides strong resistance to tear, puncture and abrasion. This elastic sheet elongates in
excess of 400 percent allowing it to easily accommodate building movements. More
importantly, it withstands severe temperatures fluctuations and prolonged ozone exposure
to the sunlight. Features that make it one of the most highly durable roofing membranes
available today.

There are some of the most high durable lining membranes available today. The continuous
laboratory test’s results clearly show that this high performance membrane is ideally suitable
for most types of roofing and lining applications.

Technical advances have also been made in adhesives, sealants, flashings and design
specifications, as well as factory and field quality control procedures, resulting in a wide
range of highly engineered systems to meet the roofing and lining requirements of almost
any commercial or industrial structure.

GISCOSA hope that you will find this document practical and informative. We are continually
updating our information bank and would welcome constructive suggestions and comments.

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1. GISCOSA EPDM SYSTEMS

GISCOSA have developed a complete range of EPDM speciality membrane systems,

including adhesives, mastics, sealants, fasteners, flashing, walkway pads and variety of
other roofing related products to meet the roofing requirements of almost any commercial or
industrial structure.

Each component has been carefully selected to offer the performance required by the
specifications, while being compatible with the various GISCOSA’s roofing designs outlined
in this chapter.

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1.1. BALLASTED SYSTEM

The ballasted roofing system is the most economical of the various EPDM roofing systems
and is suitable for a wide variety of buildings.

The EPDM sheets are loose laid over and acceptable substrate. Adjoining sheets are
overlapped 75/100 mm. and the seams are sliced with Splice Adhesive to form a
continuous watertight membrane. This versatile system normally uses 1.14 mm.
EPDM. Once the seams are spliced and roof perimeters and penetrations are flashed
in accordance with GISCOSA specifications, the EPDM membrane is held in place
using the following as ballast:
- gravel, in the form of round, smooth, riverwashed aggregate without
broken pieces, of adequate size (nominal 20 to 40 mm). to a
minimum of 50 kg./m.2

- concrete pavers (min. 50 mm. thickness) with smooth trowel finish,

weighing a minimum of 70 kg./m.2 a protective mat may be required.

- crushed gravel - to a minimum of 50 kg./m.2 must be graduated,

the larger the gravel, the higher the weight. (Protective mat as
specified by GISCOSA must be used over the membrane and must
be protected from ultraviolet light).

The primary advantages of the system are:

- Low installation cost

- Use of large EPDM-panels
- Fewer seams
- Fast installation

Prior to selection of this system, the specifier must evaluate structural conditions to confirm
that the building has sufficient strength to accommodate the load, that the slope
does not exceed 15% and that the building height is limited to 23 m.

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1.2. FULLY ADHERED SYSTEM

The GISCOSA fully adhered roofing system is a lightweight system with outstanding design
flexibility. It is suitable for contoured roofs, roofs with irregular shape and any roof
with limited load-bearing capacity, provided the substrate is compatible with
adhesives.

The EPDM sheets are fully adhered directly to an acceptable substrate using Bonding
Adhesive. Adjoining sheets are overlapped 75/100 mm. and the seams are spliced
with splice adhesive to form a continuous, watertight membrane. This system can
be used with either 1.14, 1.15, 2.00 mm. thick EPDM. All flashings around roof
perimeters and penetrations are installed in accordance with GISCOSA details.
verwirklicht werden. Alle Anschlüsse an den Dachrand und an
The primary advantages of the system are:

- Application on any slope

- Application for unusual roof configurations
- Light weight system
- High wind uplift performance

Prior to selection of this system, the specifier should determine whether the roof deck is
compatible with the insulation fastening system and will provide sufficient pull-out
resistance (see section 2.7 Fastening Requirements) and determine whether the
insulation is compatible with adhesives.

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1.3. MAS - MECHANICALLY ANCHORED SYSTEM

The GISCOSA Mechanically Anchored System is a lightweight system suitable for roofs
which cannot carry the additional load of ballasted systems. The system is usually
less costly than a fully adhered system.

The system uses wide EPDM sheets, which are loose laid over and acceptable substrate,
perimeter membrane panels may either be fully adhered or mechanically attached
in accordance with the specification requirements. Field membrane panels are
mechanically attached with battens placed over the panel and protected with 150
mm. Quickseam Batten Cover Strips. Spacing of the battens, generally 2 metres,
can be varied if needed to accommodate special wind loads. Insulation boards
require a fixation separate from the membrane. Adjoining sheets are overlapped
75/100 mm. and spliced with Splice Adhesive to form a continuous, watertight
membrane. The system can be used with 1.14 or 1.50 mm. All flashings around
roof perimeters and penetrations are installed in accordance with GISCOSA details.

The primary advantages of the system are:

- Use of large EPDM-panels

- Fast coverage
- Fewer seams
- Light weight

Prior to selection of this system, the specifier should determine whether the roof deck will
provide sufficient pull-out resistance for the fastening system (see section 2.7
Fastening Requirements).

Maximum slope is 15% and maximum height is limited to 18.3 m.

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1.4. B.I.S. - BATTEN-IN-THE-SEAM SYSTEM

The GISCOSA Batten-In-The-Seam system is a lightweight system, suitable for roofs which
cannot carry the additional load of ballasted systems and where the use of smaller
EPDM sheets is more practical.

The system uses 1.50 m. wide panels, which are loose laid over an acceptable substrate.
Perimeter panels may either be fully adhered or mechanically attached in accordance
with the specification requirements. Field membrane panels are mechanically
attached with battens placed in the seams of adjoining sheets. Spacing of the battens
differ to accommodate for wind loadings and panels used. Insulation boards require
a fixation separate from the membrane. Adjoining sheets are overlapped at least 80
mm. at end edges and 200 mm. at side edges with the batten in the seam. The
sheets are splice with splice adhesive to form a continuous, watertight membrane.
The system can be used with 1.14 or 1.50 mm. EPDM. All flashings around roof
perimeters and penetrations are installed in accordance with GISCOSA details.

The primary advantages of the system are:

- Adaptable to unusual roof configurations

- High wind uplift performance
- Low material cost
- Lightweight

Prior selection of this system, the specifier should determine whether the roof deck will
provide sufficient pull-out resistance for the fastening system.

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1.5. INVERTED SYSTEM

The Inverted system is ideal for roofs with regular traffic or in severe climates.

The system is a variation of the conventional ballasted system. The EPDM-sheets are loose
laid over and acceptable substrate and covered by the thermal insulation. As a
results the roofing membrane is protected from surface damage and sever weather
conditions. Adjoining sheets are overlapped 75/100 mm. and spliced using Splice
Adhesive to form a continuous watertight membrane. Once the roof perimeters and
penetrations are flashed in accordance with specifications, a layer of extruded
polystyrene insulation is placed over the membrane and held in place by ballast
(there is also an application of a mineral wool based inverted roof system):

- gravel, in the form of round, smooth, riverwashed aggregate without

broken pieces of adequate size (nominal 20 to 40 mm.) to a minimum
of 50 kg./m.2

- concrete pavers (min. 50 mm. thickness) with smooth trowel finish

weighing a minimum of 70 kg./m.2 a protective mat may be required.

- crushed gravel, to a minimum of 50 kg./2. must be graduated, the

larger the gravel, the higher the weight. (Protective mas a specified
by GISCOSA must be used over the membrane and must be
protected from ultraviolet light).

The primary advantages of the system are:

- Use of large EPDM-panels

- Fewer seams
- Fast installation
- Extra durability
- Easy upgrading of insulation

Prior to selection of this system, the specifier should evaluate the structural conditions to
confirm that the building has sufficient strength to accommodate the load, that the
slope does not exceed 15% and that the building height is limited to 23 m.

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2. SYSTEM SELECTION

By referring to this section, the designer and/or contractor can verify if the selected system
is applicable and meets the required design criteria.

The GISCOSA EPDM systems described in this publication are for commercial and indus-
trial roofing applications. The information provided within in this guidelines in not
intended for installations involving plaza deck construction, basement waterproofing,
lining or roofs subjected to chemical discharge. Information, regarding these types
of installations are available in other GISCOSA publications.

This section contains the following design considerations regarding:

2.1. Slope
2.2. Bearing capacity of the roof deck
2.3. Substrate
2.4. Vapour Retarder
2.5. Insulation
2.6. Wind loading
2.7. Fastening requirements
2.8. Considerations

The selected GISCOSA EPDM-system is only technically acceptable if all conditions and
requirements outlined in this chapter have been met, assuming that the general
codes of practice, national regulations and installation specifications have been
compiled with.

The same principles of assessment given in this section may also apply to the use
of system components or techniques developed by other suppliers. In that case the
instructions of the manufacturer concerned should also be complied with. The
responsibility for the use of products made by other manufacturers and for their
effectiveness rest exclusively with the designer and the component manufacturer.

Roofs which are subject to special conditions and design considerations not contained within
this chapter, should be discussed with GISCOSA Technical Department.

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2.1. SLOPE

Positive drainage:

Roof deck designs should provide a fall for positive drainage to avoid ponding water
around drain outlets and roof penetrations.
As deck deflections are generally limited to 1/200 of the total span, new constructions
should have a minimum fall of 2% on all locations.

Slope is generally provided by:

- the structural deck

- lightweight screed concrete
- tapered insulation board

Attention should be paid to provide proper flashing height at upstands, parapets

and penetrations, when an additional slope has to be provided. Drains should be
located at the lowest points in the roof (maximum deflection), not at columns or
bearing walls (points of minimum deflection).

Maximum Fall (GISCOSA systems)

Table 1.

FALL SYSTEM

Ballasted Inverted MAS BIS Adhered

0-15% A A A A A

>15% N/A N/A N/A* N/A* A

A : applicable.
N/A : not applicable.
N/A* : not applicable, without special consideration
from the Giscosa Technical Department.

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Precautions:

In accordance with good roofing practice it is recommended that ballasted and

inverted systems are generally used on roofs with a fall.

If the roof has a pitch of over 5o (8%), additional precautions should be taken to
restrain the movement of ballast. This can be achieved by:

- increasing size or weight of the ballast.

- installation of minimum 50 mm. thick concrete pavings at the lowest

point of the ballast installation to protect gutters and drains.

The roof deck serves as a base to which the membrane will be attached or supported.

Structurally, it transfers the weight of live and dead loads to supporting purlins and
joists.

Live loads include wind, snow, rain, etc. and moving installation equipments. Dead
loads include skylights, HVAC units, the deck itself, insulation membrane and ballast.

Deck deflections should be limited as required by local codes to accommodate the stresses
of either concentrated or uniform loading.

When determining the structure’s ability to support the load of the completed roof installation,
the designer must consider the weight of ballast required. Under normal conditions
ballasted and inverted roofing systems require a minimum load of 50 kg./m.2 in field
of roof and 100 kg./m.2 at perimeter on inverted roofs. If concrete pavings are
required, the weight and arrangement should be calculated as part of the static
loading of the roof.

GISCOSA assumes no liability for making a structural analysis but strongly recommends
that a structural engineer be consulted prior to the job start. For specific weight of
the roofing membrane, refer to the product information sheets at the end of these
guidelines.

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2.3. SUBSTRATE

The GISCOSA EPDM-systems are applicable on various substrates. Refer to table 1 for
identification of the requirements to be met by the substrate, prior to installation of
the selected system.

Table 2. Requirements to the substrate in function of the selected system.

Ballasted Adhered M.A.S

Inverted B.I.S

min. slope 2% min. slope 2%

max. slope 15%

smooth surface or leveling smooth surface or leveling smooth surface or leveling

layer layer layer
(mat or insulation) ( insulation) (mat or insulation)

clean, free of sharp edges, clean, free of sharp edges, clean, free of sharp edges
fins, loose splinters and loose parts

free of grease, animal fats,
coal tar and oil based
products (mineral and
vegetable), strong acids and
fresh bitumen
free of grease, animal fats,
coal tar and oil based
products (mineral and
vegetable), strong acids and
fresh bitumen
free of grease, animal fats,
coal tar and oil based
products (mineral and
vegetable), strong acids and
fresh bitumen

avoid contact with steam or avoid contact with steam or avoid contact with steam or
heat sources in excess of heat sources in excess of heat sources in excess of
82º C. 82º C. 82º C.

rot proof rot proof rot proof

dry dry dry

solvent resistant

free of hazardous free of hazardous free of hazardous

substances substances substances

The roofdeck receiving the GISCOSA EPDM system must be designed in accordance with
the appropriate regulations, codes and accepted rules of good roofing practice.
Refer to Table 2 to identify the appropriate protection layer that needs to be installed
prior to application of the GISCOSA system.

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Table 3. Deck requirements in function of selected systems.

System Ballasted Inverted Fully adhered M.A.S. / B.I.S.

min. pull-out min. pull-out min. pull-out
capacity resistance capacity
Deck Refer to section 2.7 Refer to section 2.7 Refer to section 2.7

Structural concrete 2 4 2
(min. 30 N/mm2)

Precast concrete 1/3 1/3 3

Autoclaved light- 2 4 2
weight concrete

Steel deck 1 1 1
(min. 0.7 mm.)

Plywood 2/3 1/5 2/3

(min. 19 mm.)

Timber boarding 2/3 1 2/3

(min. 19 mm.)

Chip board 2/3 1/5 1/5

Others 6 6 6

1 : roofdeck requires installation of acceptable insulation board - refer to

2.5 for installation selection. For a steel deck it is assumed that the
deck is detailed in such a way that all perimeters and penetrations
provide adequate support and security.
2 : roofdeck requires installation of protection mat (polyester fleece - min.
200 gr./m.2).
3 : roofdeck requires installation of approved recovery board.
4 : direct application is allowed, when the substrate meets the requirements
listed in table 1.
5 : direct application is allowed, when the substrate is secured using an
approved fastening system and meets the requirements listed in
table 1.
6 : consult GISCOSA Technical Department.
7 : application is not acceptable.

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Prior to installation of the system, acceptable substrates must be properly prepared to meet
the requirements listed in Table 1.

Improper conditions affecting the installation have to be corrected and all abrasive
surfaces which could cause damage to the membrane shall be properly cushioned.
All surface voids of the immediate substrate, greater than 6 mm. wide must be
properly filled with an acceptable fill material. Ponded water, snow, frost and ice
must be removed from the work surface.

In re-roofing applications, the performance of the new system significantly depends upon
the quality of the existing roof. To provide a more durable and reliable answer, a
study should be conducted not only to determine the moisture content of the old
roofing system but also to identify the errors of design and construction in the origi-
nal roof.

All components of the existing system which could be detrimental to the GISCOSA
System must be corrected or stripped off as required to meet the substrate
requirements listed in Table 1.

Verify the structural integrity of the existing deck.

Limitations in flashing heights may be encountered at some locations (door or window)

that may not allow fro sufficient clearance to provide proper termination above the
potential water level.
Detailed consideration of this conditions is critical to the integrity of the system.
Consult GISCOSA Technical Services for assistance and refer to Table 3 for specific
requirements to substrates in re-roofing applications.

Table 4. Requirements in re-roofing applications

Existing substrate Ballasted Adhered M.A.S. B.I.S Inverted

Built-up/gravel 3 3 3 3 3
Built-up/smooth 1 1 1 1 1
Built-up/chippings 2 1 2/3 2/3 2/3
Wood wool/built-up 4 4 5 5 4
Other single ply 4 4 4 4 4

1: direct application, when the substrate is well prepared.

2: roofdeck requires installation of protection mat (polyester fleece - min. 200 gr./m.2).
3: roofdeck requires installation of approved recovery board.
4: consult GISCOSA.
5: strip off the existing roofing system to an acceptable
6: in some cases - mechanically attach in the structure (beams).

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2.4. Vapour RETARDER

Vapour build up can be minimized by adhering to the following good design practices:

- Eliminating or minimizing excess water vapour wherever possible.

Moisture accumulates within closed areas unless ventilation is
provided.

- Adequate insulation. Insulation should be used to prevent interior

surfaces from dropping the dew point temperature.

A vapour retarder may be required to protect certain roofing components when high interior
humidity is present.

The installation of a vapour retarder, as well as the type, placement and location should be
determined by the architect or engineer. Consideration for its use should be
investigated if any of the following circumstances exist:

- Projects where outside average January temperatures below 5o C.

are expected and where average winter interior relative humidity of
45% at 20o C. or greater is anticipated.

- Construction elements that may release moisture after the roof is

installed, such as:

- Interior concrete and plaster.

- Cementitious roof fills.
- Fuel burning heaters.

- When an air block is required for buildings under

positive pressure.

Buildings with high humidity interiors, classified as class 4 in next Table, require a special
study prior to the installation of a high-quality vapour barrier.

Vapour retarder materials are available in synthetic films (polyethylene, pvc, etc.). A
metal lined vapour retarder in a bituminous product can be used, provided there is
no contact between the EPDM-membrane and fresh bitumen with low melting point
(< 85o C).

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Table 5. Building interior conditions.

RELATIVE
CLASS HUMIDITY BUILDING WITH USE
AT 20ºC.

1 <50% little or no humidity Warehouse for dry goods

Church, sports hall with little use

2 <58% litle humidity and Large house, school, shop

good ventilation Office with air conditioning

3 <64% intense use Low-climatised buildings

Flat, retirement home

4 <64% high humidity High-climatised buildings

Indoor swimming pool
Textile manufacturing
Food and paper plants and other
wet-process industrial plants

New constructions with a concrete screed may contain considerable amounts of water. The
surface should be adequately cured and dry before the roofing membrane is applied.
If the screed cannot be protected from rain, drainage holes should be formed in the
deck to allow for drying.

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2.5. INSULATION - SELECTION

The function of thermal insulation in a waterproofing system is a complex one. It is obvious

that insulation is used to reduce heat loss and to limit condensation.

The less obvious functions are:

- provide a compatible substrate properly attached against wind forces

- provide a substrate properly attached against wind forces
- minimize stresses to the membrane
- accept traffic and loading without being damaged during construction

Refer to Table 5 for types of insulation acceptable for use as an immediate substrate for the
different EPDM-systems. For more specific information regarding insulation materials
refer to the technical sheets of the manufacturer.

Table 6. Insulation requirements.

INSULATION SYSTEM
Inverted
Ballasted Adhered M.A.S. B.I.S. (above
membrane)

expanded polystyrene 1 2 2 2 N/A

extruded polystyrene 1 2 2 2 1
polyurethane 1 1 1 1 N/A
polyisocyanurate 1 1 1 1 N/A
perlite 1 2 1 1 N/A
mineral wool 1 3 4 4 5
cork 1 1 1 1 N/A

Footnotes:

1 : direct application
2 : requires an acceptable overlayment
3 : high compression resistant boards (UEAtc class C), bitumen impregnated,
are required
4 : high compression resistant boards (UEAtc class C) are required
5 : EPDM-membrane has to be fully adhered to acceptable substrate
N/A: no direct application

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Due to the constantly changing insulation market, a listing of insulations for use as immediate
substrates for the GISCOSA EPDM-systems can not be published.

Therefore, a brief summary and description of the previously listed insulation materials
are provided below. If the product to be used does not meet the technical
requirements outlined hereunder, it will be necessary to consult GISCOSA for more
information regarding the acceptability of the insulation.

Table 7. Technical characteristics of insulation boards.

INSULATION TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Description
K-value Volumic Compressive
CEN-Classif. (DIN 52612) Mass strength
W./mK. Kg./m3 N./m2
expanded polystryrene:
min.100 kN.
Surfaced at one or both EPS 0.034 min.20 for 10%
sides with a bituminous
compression
felt
extruded polystryrene:
Both surfaces are smooth XPS 0.026 min.33 min.300 kN.
and waterproof
polyurethane:
100 kN.
Surfaced with a glass tissue 0.023 min.30
PUR for 10%
or bituminious impregnated
compression
glass tissue

polyisocyanurate: 100 kN.

Surfaced with glass tissue PUR (PIR) 0.023 min.30 for 10%
compression
perlite: 300 kN.
Expanded aluminium IPB 0.047 155 for 10%
silicate compression
mineral wool board deformation
homogeneous: MW 0.036 (165-200) of < 3.5 % at
40 kN./m2

deformation
Lamella board: 0.040 of < 3.5 % at
40 kN./m2

cork: min.120
ICB 0.044 100%
natural 100 kN. material 40-50

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Insulation boards may be mechanically attached, when the deck system provides a minimum
pull-out resistance of 1.4 kN. per fastener (static test). If this requirement cannot be
achieved, it will be necessary to contact the GISCOSA Technical Department.

Insulation must be installed in accordance with the insulation manufacturer’s instructions,

including fastening rate and pattern. However GISCOSA requires the following
minimum rates and suggests the following pattern:

Table 8. Fastener patterns for insulation.

SYSTEM FASTENING PATTERN

Ballasted and Inverted No attachment required

(if required by Designer contact GISCOSA Technical Department)

600
M.A.S and B.I.S.

1200
1200

1200

Fully Adhered*
600

1200
1200

1200

* The method of attachment must be adequate to provide resistance to wind uplift forces. Faced polyurethane should be mechanically
fixed to prevent bowing.

Remark: for thin insulation boards the bending strength and punching resistance of the
board may define the number of fixings and its pattern.

Fastening patterns may vary for code compliance (i.e. additional fasteners in corner
areas...). For more information, contact GISCOSA Technical Department.

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GISCOSA does not recommend insulation attachment with bitumen. However, if this method
of attachment is selected by the designer, the following requirements must be met:

- The proposed insulation shall be compatible with the roof substrate,

the proposed bitumen and the requirements of the system.

- Bitumen with a high melting point (above 85oC.) shall be utilized.

- Insulation attachment directly to steel deck is not recommended.

- Expanded or extruded polystyrene insulation shall not be attached

with bitumen.

- Remove the excess bitumen coming out between adjoining

insulation boards prior to installation of the membrane.

- Maximum 1200 x 1200 board size.

Insulation must be neatly fitted to all roof penetrations, projections, etc. Care should be
taken not to install more insulation than van be covered with EPDM-membrane and
completed before the end of each day’s work or the onset of inclement weather.

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2.6. WIND LOADING

Refer to the methods used in the national standard codes for calculation of the maximum
wind loads that should be taken into account. When designing buildings or
components, the following factors have to be considered:

- wind spped: the value to be used in calculations shall be taken

from the wind speed map of the local code. Intensifying effects of
valleys must be considered.
- building dimensions: the height shall be measured from ground
level to the roof system surface. Unique topographic features such
as hills must be considered.
- roof areas: different areas of the roof surface are affected by wind
in different ways. Variations in installation procedures which address
these conditions fall into one of the following categories: corners,
perimeter zone and field area. The dimensions of these areas have
to be calculated as per national standard codes.
- building location: the terrain surrounding a building will influence
its degree of exposure to the wind. An identification of the exposure
is necessary for the proper design of the roofing assembly. We
distinguish protected areas (suburban, small city), unprotected (large
cities) and exposed areas (open, leven terrain, coastline).

The resistance of the fully adhered system will be limited by the cohesive strength of the
substrate. Tests performed by NTE, the BBA Belgian Agreement Board, and other
national Standard Codes indicate that on substrates with high cohesive strength,
the adhesion of the system is sufficient to resist the effects of wind uplift to a pressure
of min 3.5 kN./m2 provided the substrate is sufficiently anchored and the membrane
properly installed.

The designer shall be responsible for ballast design and selection. Unless otherwise
designed, the minimum ballast coverage rate is 50 kg./m.2, using:

- gravel: in the form of round, smooth, riverwashed aggregate without

broken pieces, of adequate size (nominal 20-40 mm.) to a minimum
of 50 kg/m2. This average weight may not provide complete
membrane coverage. Contact GISCOSA Technical Department for
minimum coverage requirements for other ballast types.

- crushed stone: to a minimum of 50 kg/m2. Crushed gravel must

be graduated, the larger the gravel, the higher the weight. Broken
pieces contained within the ballast may damage the EPDM
membrane during installation. A protection mat as specified by
GISCOSA must be used over the membrane and must be protected
from ultraviolet light.

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- concrete pavers: (minimum 50 mm. thickness), with smooth trowel finish weighing
a minimum of 70 kg/m2. Install a protection mat or additional layer
of EPDM directly beneath all paving or concrete blocks. Maximum
spacing between pavers shall be 10 mm.

If a gravel stop is used at the building perimeter, its height above the roof system
surface must be a minimum of 50 mm. and higher when necessary to contain the
ballast.

In the GISCOSA Mechanically Attached systems, M.A.S. and B.I.S., perimeter and corner
areas can be fully adhered or mechanically attached, while the field area is
mechanically attached. The number of fasteners and the spacing between the batten
bars depend on the following factors:

- building height
- building location
- wind uplift forces to be resisted
- pull-out strength of the fastener
- safety factor

At the end of these guidelines you’ll find enclosed tables with the design specifications
and batten lay-out requirements, based upon national standard codes and wind
uplift tests in accordance to the new european directives. See section 2.7 for more
information regarding fastening requirements.

Although this part of the design specifications indicates how the different systems can be
designed to resist the wind uplift, GISCOSA doesn’t warrant that these specifications
are proper and applicable under all conditions.

The system requirements should be enhanced and a special study is required

whenever one of the following conditions occur:

- large openings in a wall, that could be left open during a storm and
exceeding 10% of the wall surface (for instance an airport hangar
with large overhead doors).

- positive pressure building systems.

- eaves, overhangs and canopies.

Contact GISCOSA Technical Department for assistance.

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2.7. FASTENING REQUIREMENTS

The selected substrate must provide a minimum pull-out resistance per fastener, as indicated
in the table hereunder.

Table 9.

System Minimum pull-out / fastener

Batten in the Seam

1.8 kN.
M.A.S.
Adhered (insulation) 1.4 kN.

When the deck system will not provide the required minimum pull-out resistance
per fastener, contact GISCOSA for designing an alternate system of fastener spacing
to be used in accordance with actual fastener pull-out capacity.

Due to the variety of physical conditions than can affect pull-out resistance, GISCOSA
recommends that on-site tests be conducted by a GISCOSA representative or an
independent testing laboratory to determine actual pull-out values, in accordance
with the procedure as indicated bellow.

The following deck types require pull-out tests:

Table 10.

Deck Requirement

Steel decks thickness <0.70 mm.

concrete <21 kN./m2
plywood thickness <15 mm.
timber boarding thickness <19mm.

The sections of the substrate (i.e. reroofing) where integrity is most in question
should be used for testing. The minimum number of pull-out tests required is as
follows in function on the roof size:

Table 11.

Roof size (m2) Minimum number of tests

<1000 6
1000-5000 10
5000-10000 20
>10000 1 per 500 m2.

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When new construction prevents preliminary on-site tests, ask the deck manufacturer
to supply estimated pull-out values for design and bidding purposes. On-site
verification of the pull-out capacity shall be confirmed prior to system installation.

GISCOSA has developed a comprehensive range of roofing fasteners for a variety of roofing
substrates. They can be used to fasten Batten Bars, Termination Bars and edging
profiles. On a job-to-job basis, GISCOSA may accept the use of non GISCOSA-
fasteners.

Any non-GISCOSA-fastener and plate used must be approved in writing by GISCOSA

prior to job start-up.

Determine the required screw length as follows:

Table 12.

Deck Required penetration (mm.)

steel 12.5
wood 25
concrete 25

Secure the membrane at all locations where it ends or goes through an angle change
greater than 15% (i.e. roof edges, curbs, interior walls, etc.) except for round pipe
penetrations less that 450 mm. in diameter and square penetrations less than 100
cm.2 square.

Flanges of drain outlets are secured directly to the deck with fasteners 150 on
centre with a minimum of 8 fasteners (2 per flange side).

Structural concrete must be pre-drilled with a hole 12.5 mm. deeper than the fastener
penetration using a carbide drill bit.

Fasteners may be installed with slow speed and drill.

Use Fasteners of a compression type for the attachment of Termination Bars. Prior to the
fixing of the bar, pre.drill the substrate to a depth slightly deeper (6 mm.) than the
final embedment of the fastener into the substrate. Insert the fastener through the
pre-drilled hole and drive the nail into the substrate with a hammer, thus expanding
and engaging the inner portion of the fastener.

Prior to covering the fastener, the head of the fastener must be sealed with Fastener Sealant
to prevent unscrewing/backing of the fastener.

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2.8. CONSIDERATIONS

Flashing height should be higher than the potential water level which could occur as a result
of a blocked drain or poor slope.
Where possible, provide a minimum design height of at least 150 mm. for all flashing
terminations (except penetration pockets and premolded EPDM pipe flashings).
Where a vertical termination is equal or less than 130 mm., use of a GISCOSA
Termination Bar is required.

If existing flashings are to remain, the flashing must be totally covered with EPDM
or Giscoform. They must have firm attachment to the substrate and provide a sound
and suitable surface. Terminations shall be made directly to the vertical substrate.
When using a surface-mounted termination (termination-bar, surface-mounted
counterflashing) ensure the surface termination provides a constant seal at the wall
and the surface above termination is watertight. Textured masonry, corrugated steel
panels or any uneven surface must be prepared to provide an acceptable substrate
by attaching and insulation or plywood board.

GISCOSA recommends a minimum spacing of 25 mm. between penetration, pipes,

conduits, etc. Pipes, curbs and other penetrations must be firmly attached to the
substrate, prior to flashing.

Walkway pads. GISCOSA Waklway Pads or pavers must be used, where excess traffic
can be expected. The GISCOSA EPDM systems can accept without damage, limited
foot traffic and light concentrated loads associated with installation and maintenance
operations. Reasonable care should be take, however, to avoid puncture by sharp
objects or concentrated loads. Periodical checks should be made of the traffic areas
and additional protection should be provided if the roof is to be traversed more than
once a month.

Sheet metal work for counterflashings, copings and other perimeter or penetration metal
work must be in conformance with GISCOSA details and specifications. Care should
be taken to ensure that the membrane is not in contact with sharp edges and
corners and not unsupported over voids greater that 6 mm. The metal work must be
properly fastened and sealed to maintain the system in a watertight condition.

The effect of chemical exhaust through roof ventilations will depend on composition,
concentration, temperature and the length of time during which the chemicals are in
contact with the roof sheeting. Therefore the effect of such chemicals have to be
examined in each individual case. Consult GISCOSA Technical Department
whenever direct contact between the EPDM system and chemical products can be
expected.

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Fresh bitumen (less than 30 days old), coal tar, oil base or plastic roof cements and
resaturated roof products are not to be used in direct contact with rubber based
components. Protect all components of the system from discharges such as
petroleum products, greases, oils and animal fats. Contact GISCOSA Technical
Department for suggestions of protection. Protect the system from direct contact
with steam or heat sources when the in-service temperature is in excess of 80oC.

Maintenance: Roofs covered with EPDM should be the subject of annual inspections (as is
good practice with any waterproofing systems), to ensure continued protection and
performance. In the event of accidental damage, repairs can be carried out by
cleaning the area round the damage, and applying a patch as described in section
4.7.

Storage EPDM membranes have no particular storage requirements but the Giscoform
rolls shall be stored in a clean, dry position and in temperatures between 5oC. and
20oC. It cures gradually and should not be stored for more than 6 to 9 months. As
curing occurs, the product will become less flexible and may require warning whilst
being flashed to various details.

Bonding Adhesive, Splice Adhesive and Lap Sealant shall be stored in a dry ventilated
area in temperatures between 5oC. and 25oC. and isolated from potential ignition
sources. Storage of these products should not exceed six months.

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3. SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Each GISCOSA Roofing System is composed of rolls and large EPDM panels according
pre-stablished sizes, adhesives, sealants, cleaning agents, fasteners, flashings, walkway
pads and a variety of other roofing related products constituting a single source homogeneous
system.

Additional information is available in the Technical Guidelines (Product Information Sheets).

EPDM

EPDM -membrane: primary component of each system EPDM membranes are made of
EPDM (Ethylene, Propylene, Diene, Terpolymer) mixed with reiforcing carbon black,
processing oils, curing agents and processing aids before being calendered into
rolls and vulcanized.

EPDM -Giscoform: self curing EPDM rubber strips easily adaptable to irregular shapes
and designed to flash details such as corners, pipes and similar in accordance with
GISCOSA details.

EPDM -Reinforced Perimeter Fastening Strip: this 152 mm. wide EPDM strip reinforced
with a high strength polyester fleece is used for non-penetrating base tie-ins.

ADHESIVES

Bonding Adhesive: neoprene bases adhesive used to bond EPDM and Giscoform to wood,
metal, masonry and other (non-EPDM) acceptable substrates.

Splice Adhesive: butyl based adhesive designed for field splicing of EPDM and Giscoform
and used as solid adhesive on metal substrate.

SEALANTS

Lap Sealant: black EPDM sealant used to seal and mechanically protect the exposed edge
of all field fabricated membranes splices.

Water Block Seal: butyl based sealant designed to provide a watertight seal when used
under compression as described in GISCOSA detail drawings.

Fastener Sealant: high strength sealant designed to seal the heads of mechanical fasteners.
The sealant prevents unscrewing of the fasteners and damage to the cover strips.

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QUICKSEAM PRODUCTS

Quickseam Batten Cover: self-adhesive strip made of EPDM laminated to a cured butyl
used to cover, protect and seal batten bars used in the M.A.S. system.

Quickseam Flashing: self-adhesive strip made of semi-cured EPDM laminated to a cured

butyl tape used to flash metal roof edging, perimeter profiles and to upgrade/cover
seams.

ACCESORIES

Metal Batten Bar: 25 mm. wide prepunched galvanized steel bar designed for anchoring
EPDM membrane panels.

Termination Bar: extruded aluminium profile used to attach and seal flashing terminations
at parapets and upstands.

Fasteners: various types of fasteners used to mechanically secure batten bars, termination
bars and/or insulation boards to the substrate. Depending upon the nature of the latter the
type of fastener will vary.

Insulation plates: hexagonal galvanized fastener plates used to fix insulation boards. Number
of fixations depends on local specifications.

Walkway pad: rubber pads used for protection of EPDM membranes where regular roof
traffic is anticipated.

Protection Mat: strong, 200 gr./m.2 polypropylene non woven mat, used as separation
layer under the membrane (abrasive support), or above the membrane (crushed stones).

Other products and accessories may be required. These will be carefully evaluated and
selected by GISCOSA to ensure the performances of the proposed system.

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4. INSTRUCTIONS

The previous section identified the different components to build up each GISCOSA EPDM
system. This section reviews the different stages throughout the installation of the various
systems.

The EPDM-system build up information, provide a sequence of the components installation

from the roof deck. Each part describes the most relevant GISCOSA installation techniques
that have to be applied in order to ensure the long-term watertight integrity of the roofing
system. The designer/contractor will be assisted in this part of the presentation by some
self-explanatory drawings. However, prior to installation, the roofing contractor must check
if the roof substrate complies with GISCOSA design instructions for preparation of substrates.
If required, he must correct the substrate defects and prepare the final surface as indicated
in section 2.3.

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4.1. VAPOUR RETARDER INSTALLATION

Install a vapour check or vapour barrier as specified by the project designer.

The effectiveness of the installed vapour retarder will not only depend on the type of mate-
rial selected, but also on the quality of joints and connections to roof penetrations.

If the conditions on the substrate is in accordance with good construction practice (i.e.
smooth and without sharp protrusions), the vapour retarder can be laid directly on
the roofdeck, under the insulation board, without a protective underlayer.

When using a vapour retarder made of polythylene, individual sheets are joined into a sealed
membrane with a double sided adhesive tape. Instructions regargind overlap and
jointing techniques of the manufacturer concerned, must be followed.

No leakage of hot bitumen or adhesive sealant should occur or take place that
could metal away or otherwise attack the polyethylene vapour retarder.

As soon as the vapour retarder has been installed on the roof, it should be completely
covered by the subsequent layers.

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4.2. INSULATION INSTALLATION

Install only as much insulation as can be covered with roofing membrane and completed
before the end of the day’s work or before the onset of inclement weather. Insulation
boards shall be covered with waterproof tarpaulins to protect from inclement weather.
Damaged or wet boards must not be used.

Neatly cut and fit insulation to all roof penetrations and projections. Insulation boards shall
be loosely butted, all gaps greater than 6 mm. shall be filled with acceptable insulation.

According to the selected system, the insulation material shall be attached using one of the
methods as indicated in the table below:

Table 13.

System Method of attachment of insulation

Ballasted no attachment required

Fully Adhered mechanically attached (1,2)

bitumen (3)
cold applied adhesive

M.A.S. - B.I.S. mechanically attached (1,2)

Inverted roof no attachment required

(1) See section 2.4 for acceptable fastening patterns for the specified insulation.

(2) Mechanically fasten insulation with fasteners specified by the designer. See section 2.5
for appropriate fasteners and penetration requirements.

(3) Attach the insulation using bitumen in accordance with the project designer specifications.
For more specific information with regards to bitumen attachment of insulation, refer to
the insulation manufacturer.

(4) Refer to insulation manufacturer or architect for more specific data.

• When installing multiple layers of insulation, all joints between layers shall be staggered.

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4.3. MEMBRANE - INSTALLATION

BALLASTED SYSTEM

Roll the large prefabricated EPDM panels, packaged on a cardboard cylinder, to their final
position. The EPDM-sheets are unfolded, laid loose out to plan, overlapped by a 75/
100 mm. and allowed to relax a minimum of 30 minutes before attachment or
seaming. Temporary ballast may be required during installation in windy conditions.

Cover loosely laid roofing sections as soon as possible with:

- gravel: in the form of round, smooth, riverwashed aggregate without broken

pieces, of adequate size (nominal 20-40 mm.) to a minimum of 50 kg./m.2
This average weight may not provide complete membrane coverage.

Contact GISCOSA Technical Department for minimum coverage

requirements for other ballast types.

- crushed gravel: to a minimum of 50 kg./m.2 Crushed gravel must be

graduated, the larger the gravel, the higher the weight. Broken pieces
contained within the ballast may damage the EPDM membrane during
installation. A protection mat as specified by GISCOSA must be used over
the membrane and must be protected from ultraviolet light.

- concrete pavers: (minimum 50 mm. thickness), with smooth trowel finish

weighing a minimum of 70 kg./m.2 Install a protection mat or additional
layer of EPDM directly beneath all paving or concrete blocks. Maximum
spacing between pavers shall be 10 mm.

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Spread the ballast over the completed membrane at the rate of 50 kg./m.2 or greater if
specified by the project designer. Do not stock pile ballast on the roof deck. Ballast
may be mechanically distributed on the roof of spread over the membrane using
soft rubber tyred ballast buggies. If projected, direct contact with the membrane
must be avoided. Spread ballast around penetrations by hand/foot.

Distribute ballast around walkway pads. Any ballast displaced by a walkway should be
distributed around the pad, to maintain the specified average ballast rate.

Paving blocks must be used within 300 of the roof edge.

Fully adhered SYSTEM

Position the membrane over the roof substrate without stretching. The membrane is unfolded,
laid out to plan, overlapped by 75/100 mm. and allowed to relax a minimum of 30
minutes before bonding. Sheet size must be limited to 6 m. large.

After making sure the sheet is placed in its final position. Fold the sheet back evenly onto
itself without wrinkless so as to expose the underside, the sheet fold should lay
smooth. The exposed underside of the sheet is to be neatly wiped or brushed to
remove excessive dusting agent and dirt. The substrate needs to be brushed as
well. Stir the adhesive thoroughly before and during use to achieve a uniform mix
with no sediment on the bottom.

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Apply Bonding Adhesive simultaneously to both the

mating surface of the membrane and the
substrate to which it will be adhered so as
to allow the same drying time. Apply the
adhesive evenly (avoiding globs) with a large
(200 to 250 mm.) solvent resistant paint
roller. Coverage rate will vary with different
substrates (1.1 to 1.5 m.2/litre). Care must
be taken not to apply Bonding Adhesive over
an area that is to be later cleaned and spliced
to another sheet or flashing.

Let the solvents evaporate until the adhesive is tacky.

Drying time will with various climatic
conditions and coverage rate. Touch the
surface with a clean, dry finger to be certain
that the adhesive does not stick or string.
As you are touching the adhesive, pushing
straight down to check fro stringing, also
push forward on the adhesive at an angle to
ensure that the adhesive is ready throughout
its thickness. If either motion exposes wet
or stringy adhesive when the finger is lifted
then it is not ready for mating.

Bond the membrane, starting at the fold. Roll the

previously coated portion of the sheet into
the coated substrate, slowly and evenly to
minimize wrinkles. To ensure proper contact,
compress the bonded half to the substrate
with a stiff brush. Extra compression will
strengthen the bond. Repeat the bonding
procedure to complete the bonding of the
sheet.

Take special precautions when the outside

temperature is below 5oC. Certain
combinations of temperature and humidity
may cause condensation on the surface of
the Bonding Adhesive. If this condition
occurs, do not mate the surfaces. When the
ambient air conditions no longer cause
condensation, apply additional adhesive and
proceed.

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Mechanically attached - M.A.S. SYSTEM

After inspection of the substrate and testing its pull-out resistance, the batten lay-out can be
designed. The EPDM panels are installed over the substrate without stretching and
allowed to relax before attachment for approximately 30 minutes. Position subsequent
panels in the same manner, overlapping a minimum of 100 mm. Splice the outside
edge of the top sheet as specified in 4.4.

Perimeters may be adhered or mechanically attached:

- Adhered membrane: Bond the roof membrane to the substrate in

accordance with GISCOSA fully adhered specifications for a
minimum of 210 cm. from the edge of the roof. A continuous row of
batten bars shall then be installed along the perimeter to separate
the fully adhered portion from the remainder of the roof. Do not
apply Bonding Adhesive on the 100 mm. wide portion of the
perimeter sheets located beyond the inside perimeter strip.

- Mechanically attached membrane: As an alternative to the

adhered membrane perimeter, the perimeter zone membrane may
be installed with a perimeter batten lay-out consisting of one or
more rows of batten bars running parallel to the edge of the roof.
Install the batters in accordance with the GISCOSA specifications
as outlined below.

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Once the EPDM panels are in place, install the batten bars over the
field membrane-sheets in the pattern designated by the
project designer and complying with the minimum
requirements for attachment provided in paragraph 2.5. The
maximum spacing between batten bars is 2 metres. Secure
batten bars with GISCOSA fasteners of a GISCOSA
approved alternative fastener fro the particular deck type as
follows:

- Place the fasteners starging 25 mm. in from the end

of the batten bar and then every 150 or 300 mm. as
specified, along the strip, using the pre-punched
holes in the battens.

- Overlap batten bars at all intersections, corners and

«T» joints, using a common fastener for both bars.

- Install round corner pads (50 mm. diameter EPDM)

between the batten bar and membrane at all corner
joints.

- Where batten bars must be field cut, the batten must

be rounded. Assure that all burrs created by cutting
are removed.

- Fasteners must be installed with an electric screw

gun with an automatic clutch control. Install each
fastener so that it is properly engaged in the deck
and the head is flush with the batten bar surface.
Use caution not to overdrive the fasteners as this
will cause the batten bar to buckle between the
fasteners.
- Apply a 20 x 5 mm. thick spot of fastener sealer
over and around each fastener head to prevent
unscrewing or unwinding.

- All batten bars must be covered prior to the end of

the work day as specified in section 4.6.

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In a M.A.S.-system, the metal batten bar is covered with a Quickseam Batten Cover.

• Position the strip: Place the roll of cover strip on the roof ± 50 cm. ahead
of the application starting point: the roll should be positioned to enable it to
unroll from the lap. The release paper will be on the top. Starting a minimum
of 100 mm. ahead of the batten strip, centre the cover strip over the batten
bar and install to the cleaned/primed surface.

• Peel the release paper: Advance the roll along the batten bar, peeling
away the release paper as the batten cover is applied.

• Cut the batten cover strip and release paper to stop 100 mm. beyond the
end of the batten run.

• Apply pressure: Hand roll the entire cover strip using a 50 mm. silicon
rubber roller. Initially roll perpendicular to the batten bar and then roll parallel
to the bar.

At end laps, field seam or batten bar T-intersections, the following special considerations
have to be taken:

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Special considerations at end laps or field

seams:

- at the end of a roll of cover strip, the next

roll shall be lapped a minimum of 100 mm.

- at both batten cover lap or field seams,

clean the cover strip and a minimum 80 x
150 mm. area of the base membrane on
each side of the cover strip with Splice
Primer.

- after the splice primer dries, install a 150

mm. strip of Quick Seam Flashing centred
over the bottom piece of the field seam.

- clean the corner areas shown in the

drawings with Splice Primer and install Lap
Sealant as illustrated.

T-intersection of batten bar:

- clean the cover strip and base membrane

with Splice Primer a minimum of 80 mm.
in all directions from the T-intersection.

- after the Splice Primer dries, install a 150

mm. strip of Quick Seam Flashing centred
over the T-intersection. Hand roll the Quick
Seam Flashing using a 50 mm. silicon
rubber roller.

- clean the corner areas shown in the

drawing with Splice Primer and install Lap
Sealant as illustrated.

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Batten in the seam - B.I.S. SYSTEM

In the B.I.S. system, adjoining sheets overlap a minimum of 200 mm. The metal batten bar
has to be placed in the centre of the seam and splicing is completed as specified in
section 4.4.

After inspection of the substrate and testing of its pull-out capacity, the batten lay-out can be
designed. Depending on the wind loading requirements the following panel widths
can be used in a B.I.S. system:

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Table 14.

Panel width Spacing between batten bars*

1.50 m. 1.50 m.
*If conditions require a smaller spacing between the batten bars, an additional bar is to be installed over the membrane and cover
stripped in accordance with M.A.S.

Perimeters may be adhered or mechanically attached:

- Adhered membrane: without stretching position the perimeter membrane

panels, over the substrate and overlap the ends of adjoining sheets 75/100
mm. The roof membrane shall be fully adhered to the substrate in accordance
with GISCOSA fully adhered specifications. A continuous row of batten
bars shall be installed along the perimeter to separate the fully adhered
portion from the remainder of the roof. Do not apply Bonding Adhesive to
the inside of the perimeter batten strip.

- Mechanically attached membrane: as an alternative to the adhered

perimeter, the perimeter membranes may be installed witha perimeter batten
lay-out, consisting of one or more rows of batten bars running parallel to
the roof edge and installed in accordance with the GISCOSA M.A.S.
specifications.

Without stretching install the field membranes sheets over the substrate and allow to relax
30 minutes before attachment. Position subsequent membrane sheets in the same
manner, overlapping the ends of adjoining sheets 75/100 mm. and the sides a
minimum of 200 mm.

Install GISCOSA batten bars continuously within the 200 mm. side laps, with the batten bar
installed 100 mm. from the edge of the lower sheet. Space the batten bar a maximum
of 1.5 metres on centre when used with 1.50 m. wide membrane sheets.

Install the batten bars and fasteners as specified in the current GISCOSA M.A.S.
specifications and complete splicing as specified in section 4.4.

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INVERTED ROOF SYSTEM

Roll large prefabricated EPDM-panels to their final position. The EPDM sheets are unfolded,
laid loose out to plan, overlapped by 75/100 mm. and allowed to relax for a minimum
of 30 minutes before seaming. Temporarly ballast may be required during installation
to prevent wind uplift.

Complete splicing and installation of base tie-in accordance with the specifications outlined
hereafter flashing.

Install the extruded polystyrene insulation, directly over the EPDM membrane and install
the boards within 6 mm. of all projections. Do not bond insulation to membrane or to
each other.

Unroll the protection mat over the insulation overlapping side laps a minimum of 100 mm.
and end laps a minimum of 150 mm. The mat shall extend up vertical penetrations
slightly higher than the ballast stone.

As specified previously install the ballast immediately following the installation of the protection
mat to prevent wind damage.

Remark: a mineral wool product can also be used when applied on a total adhered
EPDM membrane (light-weight-inverted roof, see insulation manufacturer).

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4.4. SPLICING

SPLICING GENERAL

In this paragraph particular attention will be given to the methods of splicing in the GISCOSA
EPDM Systems, as this represents one of the most critical element in every single ply
roofing system.

The following seam types can be found in the GISCOSA EPDM Roofing Systems:

- Vulcanized seams: splicing is performed during the production of the EPDM

sheet.
- Field seams: splicing is performed on site with GISCOSA accessory
products (adhesive).

This part of the presentation deals only with the different techniques of producing a seam in
the field of the roof. The method of making a field seam is with Splice Adhesive.

Since 2 overlapping cured EPDM sheets are chemically inert to

each other, they do not stick when simply laid down. They
therefore have to be chemically connected with another
type of material that is chemically active: a film of Splice
Adhesive. A successful splicing depends on an intimate
contact of the bonding agent with the membrane, the
surface has to be considered with utmost care. The surface
of the EPDM sheet seen under a microscope is not
completely smooth but it looks like an orange-skin, full of
little irregularities and ridges. In a properly cleaned and
dry seam area these irregularities are made receptive,
obtaining the maximum surface for contact with the bonding
agent.

Operating with Splice Adhesive the active molecules are carried

by a solvent which allows a proper spreading and a deep
penetration of the components into the surface
irregularities. Once most of the solvent is evaporated, the
adhesive is still chemically active and when the seam is
closed it will bond to itself. In addition to the classic
adhesion mechanism (attraction between adhesive and
surface molecules) specific reactive sites are also available
on the membrane surface to be exploited for a real chemical
reaction with the components of the splicing agent: this
and the chemical reaction between the components
themselves (vulcanization) create high-resistance links, si-
milar to those which confer the peculiar characteristics to
the EPDM membrane.

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It will take 7 days to 4 weeks before

the adhesive has lost the
remaining solvent is lost
and the curing process is
carried out, depending on
climate situation and,
mainly, on temperature.
The same consideration
about curing has to be
taken into account using
self-adhering tape.

In this context it must be

clear that all splicing
surfaces have to de free
of dirt, moisture and any
other contaminants before
the application of the
adhesive or tape.

When selecting the splicing method and roofing system, minimum requirements for
overlapping of adjoining sheets will differ.

The table below summarizes the minimum overlap to be used for both splicing
methods in the different GISCOSA EPDM Systems.

Table 15.

Splicing method Minimum overlap width (mm.) for side edges

Ballasted Adhered M.A.S. B.I.S. Inverted

Splice Adhesive 75/100 75/100 75/100 200 100

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SPLICING - SPLICE ADHESIVE

Experience to date has demonstrated that EPDM field splicing procedures are reasonably
«roofer friendly». They absorb the normal day to day variations such as climatic conditions,
different applicators and job conditions.
The following steps outline the proper application of GISCOSA splice adhesive:

Step 1: Position the membrane

- Float the overlapping sheet into place making

sure that both sheets are laying flat.

- Mark the splice overlap - approx. 75/100 mm.

- With ballasted roofing systems it is

recommended that ballast be placed no closed
than 150 mm. from seam area until the seam is
completed.

Step 2: Fold membrane back

- Fold the top sheet back - approx. 150 mm.

It is practical to tack the fold in place
to prevent the wind from blowing the fold
over or reduce curling due to the initial
swell from the adhesive solvents.

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Step 3: Clean splice area

- Remove excess dust, dirt and other

contaminants by brooming or wiping. If
necessary, scrub with soapy water and rinse
with clean water before starting.

- Play close attention to factory seams.

- Cleaning with sponge, brush, mop or roller

is not allowed as they will not pick up the dirt
off the membrane.

Step 4: Apply the splice adhesive

- Apply adhesive at an approximate rate of 12

lineal metres (both surfaces) per litre for a
75/100 mm. wide seam, including a 25 mm.
overlap on each side of the seam.

- The adhesive may be installed using a 75 to

100 mm. wide by 12 mm. thick solvent
resistant paint brush. Use back and forth
strokes with the brush and avoid puddling or
splattering (do not overwork Splice
Adhesive). The use of paint rollers is not
allowed as application rates are uncertain.
Step 5: Provide extra adhesive at cross seams

- Where seams (Factory or field) intersect a

seam, make one short back stroke at each
seam to leave extra adhesive at the step-off.

Step 6: Test splice adhesive for readiness

There are 2 tests that are used to check if the

adhesive is ready to close the lap. They are
the tacky test and push test.

Tacky test: touch the adhesive surface in the middle

of the area to be spliced with a clean, dry
finger. If no adhesive transfers or «strings
up» with the finger, the adhesive is ready for
the second test.

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- Push test: apply this test by pushing sideways on the adhesive with a finger. The
adhesive film should not move. The butyl adhesive can skin over, giving you the
false impression that it is dry. The base or the body of the adhesive may still be wet,
this will allow the surface to slide.

- If the adhesive has passed both tests, the seam is ready to close.
Note: conduct both tests in the middle of the seam, not at the edge.

Step 7: Close the lap

- Break the seam edge loose and

roll the section of the splice that
is ready onto the mating surface.
Take care not to stretch or wrinkle
the rubber.

Step 8: Assemble the lap

- With hand pressure by wiping

toward the splice edge. No wrinkle
w/i 450 mm. of a field seam is
allowed.

Step 9: Roll the assembled lap

-Roll the lap with silicon-rubber

handroller using positive pressure
and rolling toward the outer edge
of the splice. The pressure will
influence the strength of the seam.

The adhesive application is now completed, wait a minimum of 4 hours before applying the
lap sealant as the solvents in the adhesive have to flash off. The additional solvents from the
lap sealant will swell the sheet putting additional stresses on the freshly made seam. However,
the splice should be lap sealed before the end of the working day, if inclement weather is
threatening.

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Step 10: Prepare the edge

- Prepare the splice adge by applying splice adhesive cleaner in the zone where the
lap sealant will be placed (only required when dirty).

Step 11: Lap Seal

- Apply a 6 mm. bead of lap sealant at the splice edge (coverage rate 6 Im./tube).

Step 12: Feather the lap sealant

- Covering the splice edge.

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SPLICING - PRECAUTIONS

In the items listed below, we explain what to do if the application gets complicated and when
working in extreme weather conditions.

The adhesive

- Adhesives need to be re-stirred frequently, even when in use. The base materials of
adhesive may settle out and reduce the performance of the bond in both short and
long term.

- The splice adhesive is a curing product that reacts to heat and moisture. Upon
opening the pail, the reaction rate of the cure system accelerates due to an
atmospheric moisture and re-sealing the can will not slow it back down. After about
48 hours (depending on temperature and humidity) substantial effects can be seen
in the adhesive. The adhesive will begin to thicken making it unusuable.

For these reasons, one gallon are recommended to reduce waste and improve
application consistency.

Fishmouth

If a fishmouth occurs, it usually appears as a «string wet look» or in a «dry open» condition.
There are a number of conditions that may cause these fishmouths:

Adhesive strings are visible:

- The adhesive was not dry enough before closure.

- Puddle areas were was not dry at closure. If you have random puddles
down along the seam area, the main part may be dry because of its
thickness, the puddle may still be wet. If this occurs at the edge of a seam
this can be lead to fishmouth problems.

- Lap sealant applied within 4 hour time period. The additional solvents may
cause the sheet to swell and place additional stresses on the seam.

Dry fishmouth:

- Adhesive allowed to dry too long will lose its tack: it will not adhere the
seam together.

- Adhesive applied too thinly will dry quickly and not provide adequate
adhesion. Splice Adhesive should be applied using back and forth strokes,
providing a medium to heavy coating.

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Top sheet curls under itself and sticks

- Adhesive is applied too heavily. The additional solvents from the adhsive will swell
the membrane and can cause it to curl under.
- The membrane is not folded back enough (150 mm.). This gives it the weight to
hold itself in place to resist this initial swelling as the adhesive dries.
- The membrane is not tacked back along the edge.

Conditions that effect drying of the adhesive

- Hot, dry days: adhesive will dry very quickly.

- Cold, dry, sunny days: adhesive will dry very quickly.

- Wind: the wind will skin-over the adhesive, giving the false impression that it is dry.
The adhesive may still be wet under the surface.

- Overcast, humid days: the adhesive will take longer to dry.

- Shadows: the section of the seam in the sunny area will dry faster than an area in
the shade. Close the appropriate area when it is ready.

Precautions in cold weather (below 5oC)

GISCOSA recommends the following precautions when installing the roofing system when
the outside temperature is below 5oC:

- Splice adhesive will become progressively stiffer as the temperature drops. As a

result, the brush marks will not bleed out, thus the desired smooth glossy adhesive
surface will not be adhievable. Start the job with adhesives and sealants at room
temperature (15-25oC.). Insulated boxes may be advantageous.

- Complete a test splice to determine the adhesive flash off time.

- Stop the seaming operation or charge pails when the adhesive becomes too stiff.

- Certain combinations of temperature and humidity may cause condensation on the

surface of the adhesive. If this occurs, flash the seam with cured EPDM cut cover
strips when the ambient conditions no longer cause condensation.

- Do not use heat guns or torches in splicing procedures.

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4.5. MEMBRANE - SECUREMENT (BASE TIE-IN)

BASE TIE-IN - GENERAL

In order to account for structural movement of the substrate, thermal variations and strains
inherent in handling of elastomeric materials, the EPDM sheet has to be mechanically attached
at all locations where the membrane end or goes through an angle change greater the 15%,
i.e. at all roof edges, curbs, interior walls, etc. Exceptions are, for round pipe penetrations
less than 450 mm. in diameter and square penetrations less that 100 mm. x 100 mm.
square. Refer to section 2.5 to determine the applicable fastener and the associated
penetration requirements for the specific substrate conditions.

The GISCOSA Systems have two methods of membrane securement, namely:

Base tie-in - Metal Batten Bars

The batten bars are installed over the membrane w/i 38 mm. to the angle in the vertical part
of the upstand:

If installed in the vertical part, the batten bar cannot exceed 25 mm. in height above the roof
surface. The bars are fastened 300 mm. on centre with GISCOSA Fasteners or approved in
accordance with the drawings, or in the horizontal part (not allowed for a ballasted and
inverted system).

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Base tie-in - Reinforced Perimeter Strip

This method is a non-penetrating system for base tie-ins, installed as follows:

- a 150 mm. wide strip of Reinforced EPDM is unrolled over the substrate w/i 150
mm. of wall and positioned as close as possible to wall or edge, making sure the
strip lays plat.

- the strip is fastened 300 mm. on centre with GISCOSA 50 mm. round plates (hori-
zontal only) washers and fasteners (150 mm. maximum fastening length) in
accordance with the drawings. For vertical fixation there is a batten alternate.

- Brush apply the Splice Adhesive to both surfaces before mating according to
GISCOSA specifications outlined in section 4.4.

- Roll finish base tie-in with a 50-80 mm. wide silicone or steel hand roller to ensure
proper adhesion.

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4.6. MEMBRANE - FLASHING

FLASHING - GENERAL

After proper securement of the EPDM membrane the installation of the system will be
completed with the flashing details. Vertical flashings (wall, perimeter, roof vents,
chimney, etc...) are formed by EPDM-membrane and/or Giscoform, while corners
and penetrations are formed using Giscoform.

In this paragrahp we will explain and illustrate the installation techniques of the following
Flashing details:

1. Base Tie-in
2. Wall
3. Corners
4. Roof Edge (Metal)
5. Pipes
6. Drainage outlets
7. Expansion joints
8. Roofedge metal
9. Wall termination

Flashing is another area when Splice Adhesive is used. Although most of the installation
procedures are the same as for splicing (4.5), there are a few differences:

- the basic rules for lap splices in flashing details are summarized in the following
table:

Table 16

Overlap (mm.) Horizontal Part (roof) Vertical Part ( upstand)

EPDM to EPDM 150 mm. N.A.

Giscoform to EPDM 80 mm. 80 mm.
Giscoform to Giscoform 100 mm. 100 mm.
Giscoform to Metal 80 mm. min. 150 mm.

- adhesive can puddle at everey angle change, between the roof surface and at the
parapet wall on penetration. Be sure to apply both the tacky and the push test in the
angle to make sure that the adhesive is dry. This will prevent bridging of fishmouths
occurring in the angle change.
- with the uncured flashing (Giscoform) you can apply your Lap Sealant as soon as
you have completed the seaming process.

- when flashing metal work, the metal act as a barrier to the solvent. Therefore, all
drying of the solvent has to pass out through one surface of the adhesive. This will
make the drying process slower than on the membrane.

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DETAIL 1 - FLASHING BASE TIE-IN

When using a metal batten bar as base tie-in, two methods of flashing using either Giscoform
or EPDM membrane. Depending upon the flashing technique used for the wall (see
para. B below) the base tie-in can be flashed as illustrated below:

- 150 mm. wide Giscoform is

used when the base
membrane runs up the
vertical upstand to the
termination point. The
Giscoform shall be
installed meeting the
lap requirements
outlined previously.

Be sure that the

flashing fits well in the
90o degree break to
the vertical upstand
using the splicing
techniques outlined in
section 4.4.

- Giscoform or EPDM mem-

brane may be used to
waterproof the vertical
upstand.

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DETAIL 2 - WALL FLASHING

When flashing a wall, some precautions must be taken:

- Evaluate substrate and existing flashings: the substrate must be secure

and allow proper adhesion. Textured masonry, corrugated metal panels or
other uneven substrates require a protection course in accordance with the
designer requirements. If adhesion is not sufficient remove loose or
unsecured flashings, and excess bitumen to provide a smooth sound surface.

- When measuring EPDM membrane as wall flashing, allow the material for
up and over the parapet wall, as well as for a 150 mm. lap on the horizontal
base sheet. The longest pieces practical can be used to flash walls, parapet
curbs to the height as specified by the designer.

- Allow a minimum of 80 mm. on the base membrane when cutting Giscoform.

Installation is done as follows:

- Splice the flashing piece to the base sheet

Splice Adhesive before flashing to the
vertical surface. Provide lap splices in
accordance with the drawings using the
techniques previously outlined.

- Apply Bonding Adhesive to both the

flashing and the vertical surface at about
the same time. Apply the adhesive with
a roller at a coverage rate of 1.1 to 1.5
m.2/litre.

Ensure that adequate adhesive is applied,

do not attempt to increase the coverage
rate. The flashing will not stick properly if
the adhesive is not applied at the proper
rate. Coverage rate will differ with various
substrates and climatic conditions.

- Test Bonding Adhesive for readiness with

the «touch/push» test. Since the
adhesive is neoprene based it feels
«tacky» when you touch the surface.
Make sure that the adhesive is properly
cured between the dry surface and the
covered substrate by pushing forward on
the adhesive on an angle.

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- Roll flashing up the vertical. Starting at the

fold, roll the flashing evenly into the adhesive.
Work slowly up the wall mating the flashing
to the substrate with the hand. It is important
to work the flashing into the 90o degree break
to minimize bridging. Compress the bonded
piece with a stiff brush. Giscoform may be
used to fit the substrate and minimize
gapping. Roll the Giscoform with a silicone
rubber roller prior to releasing the backing
plastic film.

- Adjoining flashing sheets have tobe

installed using the EPDM butt-joint
or lap-joint method.

EPDM butt-joints:

- The two adjoining flashing sheets are installed

maintaining a gap or less than a 6 mm.
between.

- The minimum size of the Giscoform joint

cover is 150 mm. wide plus the appropriate
length. The surface spliced must reach a
minimum 100 mm. onto the base membrane.

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EPDM lap-joints:

- The two adjoining flashings sheets are

installed with overlap splices in accordance
with requirements outlined in the beginning
of this section.

- Install a 150 by 150 mm. Giscoform cover

piece cantered over the splice edge in
EPDM flashing, as illustrated.

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DETAIL 3 - FLASHING INSIDE CORNER

- The metal batten bar (base tie-in) may be installed a maximum

of 150 mm. from the corner and shall not be bent around the
corner. Batten bars that are cut to length must be rounded and
smooth. The batten bas must be secured with an accepted fas-
tener 25 mm. from the end of the bar.

- The base piece (pig ear) is a minimum of 300 mm. wide and the
cover piece a minimum of 200 mm. wide. Fold the Giscoform
longitudinally as shown, backfold 100 mm. fro the base lap and
position into the corner.

- Apply adhesive onto the back of the Giscoform and the EPDM
membrane to be installed. Allow to dry and mate the folded
pieces beginning in the corner. Mate the flashing with the hand
and apply pressure using the same techniques as in splicing.

- Roll the splice with a silicone rubber roller prior to removing the
polyethylene backing. Adhere the loose area as illustrated.

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- Cut a second piece of Giscoform to length, apply adhesive and let dry. Install over
the pig ear as illustrated.

- Seal all exposed edges with Lap Sealant and feather.

- If necessary, mechanically fasten the top edges 300 mm. on centre.

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DETAIL 4 - FLASHING OUTSIDE CORNER

- The metal batten bar may be held back a max. of 80 mm. from the corner and shall
not be bent around the corner. The batten bar must be secured with an accepted
fastener 25 mm. from the end.

- Cut a piece of Giscoform approx. 50 mm. longer than the area to be flashed and
around the corner as illustrated.

- Working from the back of the flashing, adhere the flashing to the horizontal surface
in accordance to the splicing techniques.

- Work the flashing into the angle at the change to vertical so as to avoid bridging at
the change to vertical. It is easier to avoid bridging and greater strength is achieved
if the roofing membrane is run up the vertical minimum 50 mm. when it is laid.

- Adhere the vertical portion.

- After flashing is in place (apply heat if necessary), slowly stretch Giscoform at base
of the flashing and work it around the corner.

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- Repeat this procedure starting from the other side to provide an overlap. This overlap
provides extra strength at corners where material is formed. Roll all surfaces with a
small silicone rubber roller prior to removing the polyethylene backing.

- Apply Lap Sealant to all exposed edges of the flashings and feather.

- Terminate Flashings as outlined in detail 9.

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DETAIL 5 - FLASHING PIPES

When flashing a pipe precautions must be taken, namely:

- All existing flashings should be removed (i.e. lead, bituminous, etc.).

- Pipe surfaces have to be free of rust, grease, etc. On reroof conditions wire
brush cleaning may be required, followed by cleaning with Splice Wash.

- The flashing seal must be made directly to the penetration.

- In mechanically attached systems pipe flashing require the installation of

picture frame battens.

- The pipe must be anchored to the deck to assure stability prior to flashing.

- In situations of hot pipes, the rubber components must be protected from

direct contact with steam or heat sources in excess of 80oC. The flashing
seal can be made to an intermediate «cool sleeve».

- Circular penetrations greater than 160 mm. (outside diameter), unusual

shapes and small penetrations (<25 mm.) can be flashed using Giscoform
or a penetration pocket.

Pipe flashing with EPDM Giscoform

- Clean the top surface of the membrane

and the bottom of the pipe with Splice
Wash.

- Cut two square pieces of Giscoform for

the base and a third piece to be wrapped
around the pipe. Typical base pieces will
measure 300 mm. by 300 mm. and will
have a relief cut as illustrated. The cut
must be rounded on the inside edge to
prevent the cut from tearing. When
measuring Giscoform for the pipe wrap
piece, allow for a 50 mm. overlap onto
the base plus 200 mm. up the pipe and
the appropriate length determined by the
circumference plus 100 mm.

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- Apply Splice Adhesive on the EPDM membrane,

the back side of both base pieces and the base
of the pipe. Install the first base piece assuring
a good snug fit to the pipe at base. Using heat,
if needed, fold the piece around the pipe and
down onto the membrane. Use positive pressure
to slowly from the membrane.

- Continue the same procedure starting

from the opposite side to form an
overlap of at least 100 mm. Roll both
surfaces with a small silicone roller.

- Install the wrap piece around the pipe covering

the pipe to 200 mm. minimum height and the
two base pieces with a minimum 80 mm. Use
positive pressure to form the horizontal part of
the piece prior to adhering. Do not install a
clamping ring around top of flashing.

- Apply Lap Sealant on all exposed edges and

feather.

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DETAIL 6 - FLASHING DRAINS

Roof drain with clamping ring

- Provide a clean even finish on the mating surfaces

between the clamping ring and the drain seat flange.

- Taper insulation around the drain to provide a smooth

transition from the roof surface to the drain. Slope shall
not exceed 30%.

- Position the EPDM membrane over the penetration. Cut

a hole for the drain to allow a minimum of 15 mm. to 20
mm. maximum inside the clamping ring.

- Punch round holes in the membrane to align with

clamping bolts. Do not cut the membrane back to the
bolt holes.

- Place Water Block seal on the clamping ring seat flange

below the membrane, before installing the bolts.

- Install the clamping ring and tighten the bolts to achieve

constant compression.

Remarks in Reroof applications:

- Remove existing flashings down to metal sump.

- Repair or replace broken clamping ring.
- Drill, tap and replace broken drain bolts.
- Basket is required.

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DETAIL 7 - FLASHING EXPANSION JOINTS

Expansion joints are easily installed in the GISCOSA Systems and have extreme durability
due to the high elongation capacity of the membrane, its strong resistance to tear
and stability when exposed to intense sunlight and temperature variations.

Expansion joints should be installed a follows:

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- Ensure enough excess of membrane to accommodate building movement. The

membrane is supported by a compressible tube as illustrated, except in a ballasted
system where the insulation boards my bridge the expansion joint since both the
loose laid insulation and the elastic membrane can easily accommodate the buil-
ding movements.

- In all systems (except in the Ballasted System) the membrane should be mechanically
fixed at both sides of the joint with a metal batten bar. Do not bridge the joint with a
batten bar.

Flash the expansion joint with a EPDM cover piece or Giscoform as illustrated.

- Expansion joints located in the junction between roof deck and vertical wall should
be installed as illustrated.

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DETAIL 8 - FLASHING ROOF EDGE METAL

Roof edge metals can be flashed using Giscoform or self-adhesive Quickseam Flashing. A
Water Block Seal shall be used to prevent water penetration where illustrated in the details.

Using Quick Seam Flashing:

The optimal application of the flashing is achieved

by using a 80 mm. metal flange. This will provide
a minimum 50 mm. splice to the membrane with
the remaining width (80 mm.) of the material
covering the metal. Flash the edge using the
following steps:

Using Giscoform and Splice Adhesive:

Flash the edge metal as illustrated and following

the splicing specification. Provide a minimum
80 mm. splice to the membrane with the
remaining width of the material completely
covering the metal flange.

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- Remove excess amounts of

dust by brooming. Prepare the
splicing area of the membrane
and the metal surface with
Splice Primer as explained in
the splicing specifications.

- Roll the Quickseam Flashing

out adjacent to the washed area
with the paper side down.
Remove approximately 1 m. of
release paper and install on the
splicing area of metal flange
and membrane. Continue
installation in increments of 2 m.
attaching the centre of the
Quickseam Flashing first and
working to the outside edges.
Lap adjoining roll of Quickseam
Flashing by minimum of 100
mm.

- Roll the flashing with a silicon

rubber hand roller to ensure
proper adhesion.

Take special care and consideration:

- at all end laps. Apply Lap Sealant to both edges of the flashing.

- Apply Lap Sealant at all intersection between flashing and field seams.

- Put an additional piece of Flashing at the metal edge laps, where Quickseam flashing
will not completely cover the metal.

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DETAIL 9 - WALL TERMINATION

Wall/Parapet termination is executed as follows:

- Provide termination directly to the substrate as illustrated in

the above drawings.

- Where illustrated Water Block Seal should be applied between

flashing and substrate to prevent penetration of water.

- When using a counterflashing, anchor the flashing at the top

300 mm. on centre with GISCOSA or approved fasteners.

- The counterflashing must extend at least 100 mm. below the

termination fastener.

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- Uncured Giscoform can be used to any height without intermediate anchoring.

Intermediate attachment with a metal batten bar is required when EPDM membrane
is used every 900 mm. except on smooth surfaces fro flashing high walls. The
attachment cannot be installed unless the wall surface is smooth without depressions
allowing sufficient termination as illustrated in the drawing above.

- A termination bar can be used to anchor

the membrane and create a watertight
seal, if properly installed in accordance to
the following instructions:

• Each 3 m. length of Termination

Bar should be separated from the
adjoining bar by 6 mm.

• Termination bars must be installed

directly to the wall surface not to
existing flashings, sheets metal,
etc. Install the bar only on hard,
smooth surfaces, not on
substrates where the seal is lost
at mortar joints, etc.

• T-bar cannot be bent around inside

or outside corners. If a bar is cut,
be sure that the ends are bur-free.

• Prior to installation of T-bar, install

Water Block Seal between
membrane and substrate. A
continuous compression is
needed and may require additional
fastening (normal: 300 mm. on
centre). Substrate must be
capable of ensuring firm and
continuous attachment.

• Install the bar vertically where

base flashings end.

• The bar must be fastened a

maximum of 25 mm. from the end
of all sections.

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4.7. MEMBRANE REPAIR

Patching the membrane:

If it is necessary to patch repair a puncture in the membrane, the procedure outlined

below should be followed:

- Clean the area around the hole. When repairing membrane which has been
in service for some time, it is necessary to remove accumulated dirt by first
scrubbing the membrane with a brush and warm soapy water. After, rinsing
with clear water and drying if necessary.

- Cut a patch of membrane that extends minimum 80 mm. on each side the
boundaries of the cut to be patched. Round all corners of the repair piece.

- Install the splice with Splice Adhesive referring to splicing procedures.

Wrinkle of Fishmouth repair:

- A wrinkle within 450 mm. of a splice must be cut out and patched. If the
wrinkle or fishmouth occurs through Giscoform, then Giscoform shall be
used for repair, but Giscoform may not extend more than 150 mm. onto the
roof surface.

- Use a small silicone rubber roller to roll the area adjacent to fishmouth and
get as mush area adhered as possible.

- Lay the scissors flat and cut the unadhered rubber away from the fishmouth.

- Clean the area around the fishmouth and install a patch of membrane as
indicated above.

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4.8. MEMBRANE - PROTECTION

At all areas where traffic will be concentrated (i.e. access doors, roof hatches, ladders,
washing window, etc...) walkway pads are required or as specified by the project designer.

There are two systems to accommodate foot traffic, either Waklkway Pads or Loose Laid
Pavers.

Walkway Pads:

- Lay out the pads so that adjoining pads have a minimum of 25 mm. and a maximum
of 80 mm. spacing from each other to allow for drainage. If the installation of the
walkway pads is over a seam or within 80 mm. of a lap edge and cannot be avoided,
flash in the seam using Giscoform extending a minimum of 150 mm. on each side
beyond the pad.

- Clean the mating surfaces of the walkway pad and membrane where the tape will
be installed with Splice Primer and allow it to dry.

- Apply 3 full length strips of tape to the underside of the walkway pad. Place the tape
flush with the two outside edges and the third tape in the middle of the pad.

- Place the walkway pad over the membrane and place it with tape down in its final
position.

- Apply pressure by walking on the pad to press it into place.

- Loose laid pavers must be used w/i 3 m. of roof edge.

Pavers:

- Loose laid pavers may be installed as specified by the designer. Pavers require a
layer of protection mat or an additional layer of EPDM membrane beneath.

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5. TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEETS

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

EPDM ROOFING MEMBRANE

1. DESCRIPTIONThe EPDM is a cured single-ply synthetic roofing membrane made

of ethylene, propylene, diene, terpolymer. Depending on roofing
dimensions, the waterproofing surface may be seamless. In other
situation, seams can be made using adhesives or tape.

2. PREPARATION Product: Allow the membrane to relax fro approximately 30

minutes before installation.
Substrate: Roofing structure need to be stable enough to support
the temporary loading. Substrate needs to be clean, smooth, dry
and free of sharp edges, loose or foreing materials, oil, grease and
other materials that may damage the membrane.

3. APPLICATION Install EPDM membrane in accordance with current specifications

and details.

4. COVERAGE The dimensions of the membrane are calculated to cover the seam
overlaps and upstands.

5. CHARACTERISTICS

The EPDM membrane is a rubber material with the following properties:

Physical - Elastromeric membrane with a good combination of high

elasticity and tensile strenght.
- Water-resistant.
- Temperature stable from - 45ºC. to 130ºC.
- Retains its elasticity at low temperature and resistance to
temperature shocks up to 250ºC.
- Excellent resistance to alkali rains, less resistant to oil prod
ucts. Contact with some kind of oils, petroleum products, hot
bitumen and grease must be avoided.
- Excellent resistance to U.V. radiation and ozone concentration.

Technical - Base EPDM

- Colour black
- Solvents none
- Solids (%) 100
- State cured
- Storage Store the membrane in a dry place until use.

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6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

1. Physical Properties Method Result Dimension

- Specific weight Direct measurement 1.32 kg/m2
- IRHD durometer UNE 53-549/ISO R-48 67 -
- Tensile stregth UNE 53-510/ISO R-47 - -
- unaged - 9.4 MPa
- heat Aged* - 9.6 MPa
- Elongation UNE 53-510/ISO R-47 - -
- unaged - 430 %
- heat Aged* - 320 %
- Tear resistance UNE 53-516/ISO 34 55 KN/m
- Modulus 300% UNE 53-516/ISO R-47 8.2 MPa
- Dimensional stability* UNE 53-608/ISO 4648 0.2/0.8 %
- Low temperature flexibility UNE 53-358 crack fre
at -55 oC
- Water absorption UNE 53-540 0.6 %
- Vapour resistance UNE 53-358/p.EN 495.4 7.682 -

* 168 hours at 115oC

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

EPDM-GISCOFORM

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA EPDM Giscoform is a self-curing EPDM Rubber strip,

adaptable to irregular sharps and designed to flash the system
details in accordance with GISCOSA’s specifications.

2. PREPARATION Product: During cold weather (<15oC) the Giscoform may be

molded using a heat gun to improve its workability.
Substrate: Must be clean, dry, smooth, free of sharp edges, loose
or foreing materials, oil, grease and chemical products that could
affect EPDM.

3. APPLICATION Refer to GISCOSA installation instructions for flashing. he edge of

each splice has to be protected with Lap Sealant.

4. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Easily adaptable to irregular shapes and surfaces

• Superior weathering characteristics.
• Self-curing EPDM-material, with the same
characteristics as the EPDM-membrane after 12 months.

Technical • Base EPDM

• Colour black
• Solvents none
• Solids (%) 100
• State uncured
• Thickness (mm) 1.52
• Packaging Width: 30.5 cm.
Length: 30.5 m.
Packaged: 2rolls/ctn.
Weight: 16 kg.

• Storage/Shelf life • 9months, if storedin original sealed contai

ner at temperatures between 15oC. and
25oC.

• During hot weather, do not expose to sunlight

and elevated temperatures before use.
Exposure to elevated temperatures will
shorten the shelf life.

5. PRECAUTIONS Keep away from fire and ignition sources during storage and
installation.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

EPDM REINFORCED PERIMETER FASTENING STRIP

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA Reinforced Perimeter Fastening Strip is a 152 mm. wide

strip of EPDM membrane, internally reinforced with a high strength
polyester fleece. The strip is used for non penetrating base tie-ins
a described in the GISCOSA specifications.

2. PREPARATION Product: Unroll the strip over the substrate and position as close
as possible to wall or edge (not more than 150 mm.), making sure
the strip lays flat.
Substrate: Roofing structure needs to provide required pull-out
resistance. The substrate needs to be clean, smooth, dry and free
of sharp edges, loose or foreign materials, oil, grease and other
material that may damage the membrane.

3. APPLICATION Once the strip lays flat, fasten GISCOSA seam plates (50 mm.
round plates) and fasteners (maximum 150 mm. o.c.) or GISCOSA
batten bars as per GISCOSA specifications and details.

4. COVERAGE In accordance with length of tie-in detail.

5. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • 152 mm. wide non-dusted EPDM reinforced strip.

• Superior tear strength and high modulus for
strong non-penentrating base tie-ins.
• Avoid contact with grease, animal fats, coal
tar and oil based (mineral and vegetable)
products, strong acids and fresh bitumen.

Technical • Base EPDM

• Breaking strength 422 N.
• Elongation minimum 250%
• Thickness (mm) 1.15
• Packaging Width: 152.5 mm
Length: 30.5 mm
Packaged: 2rolls/ctn.
Weight: 13.6 kg.

• Storage/Shelf life • Store the rolls in a dry place until

use. The strip has no shelf-life.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

SPLICE ADHESIVE

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA Splice Adhesive is designed for field splicing of EPDM

membrane panels and is used as solid adhesive on metal substrate
as described in the GISCOSA specifications.

2. PREPARATION Product: Stir the adhesive before and during use. Restore the
adhesive to room temperature prior to use, if exposed to lower
temperature than 10oC.
Substrate: The adhered surfaces must be cleaned with splice wash
using cotton cloths.

3. APPLICATION Apply in a thick, even, smooth coat on both surfaces simultaneously

witha 75 to 100 mm. wide solvent resistant paint brush. Do not use
circular motions for applying splice adhesive (no paint rollers), allow
the adhesive to flash off. In cold weather, moisture contamination
of the adhesive can occur when condensation/frost forms on the
adhesive while the solvents flash off. For further instructions refer
to the splicing space selection.

4. COVERAGE Thin application will dry quickly, whereas thick will dry slowly. A
uniform application is required to avoid mixed results. Thinning of
the adhesive is not allowed.

5. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Excellent moisture resistance.

• Excellent resistance to heat and cold.
• Excellent green tack.

Technical • Base butyl

• Colour black
• Solvents hexane, toluene, xylene
• Solids (%) 33.5
• Viscosity (cp.) 2900-3700
• Weight (kg.) 0.9
• Specific gravity 0.89
• Flash Point (oC) -17.7
• Packaging 3.78 litres (1 gallon)
19 litres (5 gallons)
• Storage 6 months if stored in original sealed
container at temperatures between 15oC. and
25oC. Once opened, use the adhesive within
48 hours.

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6. PRECAUTIONS Flammable. Keep away from sources of ignition. Do not smoke

when using. Store and use the material in well ventilated areas. May cause sensitization
by inhalation. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

BONDING ADHESIVE

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA Bonding Adhesive is a neoprene-based adhesive

designed for bonding EPDM membrane to wood, metal, masonry
and other acceptable substrates.

2. PREPARATION Product: Stir the adhesive. Restore the adhesive to room

temperature prior to use, if exposed to cold temperature (<10oC).
Substrate: Surfaces on which bonding adhesive is to be applied
must be clean, smooth, dry and free of sharp edges, loose materials,
oil, grease and other contaminants. The mating surface of the
membrane shall be cleaned with a brush or clean rag.

3. APPLICATION Stir the adhesive thoroughly before and during use. Apply adhesive
in a even, smooth coat on both surfaces with a solvent-resistant
paint roller or brush and avoid globs and puddles. Allow adhesive
to flash off until tacky (15 to 45 minutes). Test the adhesive for its
dryness, using the pushtouch test procedure. In cold weather
moisture contamination of the adhesive can occur while the solvents
flash off. Reapply BA-2004 when condensation conditions no longer
exist, and proceed. For further instructions refer to splicing section.
If the adhesive is ready, mate both surfaces and press with a brush.

4. COVERAGE Easy to spread, cover 1.2 to 1.5 m2 per litre according to the
substrate. The adhesive must be applied at a uniform rate to both
the membrane and the roof substrate. If the applicator can place a
finger or hand directly on the adhesive without feeling some degree
of tackiness, the application is too thin and the adhesive should be
reapplied.

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5. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Excellent resistance to aging.

• Excellent adhesive strength to different applications
• Good resistance to heat, cold and water.

Technical • Base polychloroprene

• Colour amber
• Solvents acetone, toluene, xylene
• Solids (%) 25
• Viscosity (cp.) 2300-3000
• Weight (kg.) 0.85
• Specific gravity 8.459
• Flash Point (oC) -17.7
• Storage 6 months if stored in original sealed
container at temperatures between
15oC. and 25oC.Once opened, use
the adhesive within 48 hours.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

LAP SEALANT

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA Lap Sealant is designed to seal the exposed edge of all

field fabricated membrane laps.

2. PREPARATION Product: Restore to room temperature prior to use, if exposed to

lower temperatures (<15oC.) for a prolonged period.
Substrate: Surfaces on which Lap Sealant is to be applied must
be clean, dry, free from loos and foreign materials, oil and grease
and primer with Splice Adhesive. Wait minimum 4 hours between
splicing and application of lap sealant. Under bad weather conditions
Lap Sealant must be applied before leaving project.

3. APPLICATION Apply a 10 mm. x 6 mm. bead of Lap Sealant along the properly
cleaned, exposed membrane lap edge. A performerd tool shall be
used to feather the bed of sealant. Feathering must take place
immediately after lap sealant is applied. Do not apply ballast over
freshly applied Lap Sealant.

4. COVERAGE Thinning is not allowed.

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5. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Excellent resistance to ozone, ultraviolet and

general weathering.
• Excellent resistance to heat, cold and water.
• Good adhesion to EPDM sheet, metals, wood and
concrete.
• Good slump resistance.

Technical • Base EPDM

• Colour black
• Solvents light aliphatic solvent
• Solids (%) min. 50
• Viscosity (cp.) 900.000-1.200.000
• Weight (kg.) 1.12
• Specific gravity 1.12
• Flash Point (oC) 27.7
• Packaging 25 tubes/carton
12.25 kg. (carton)
• Storage 6 months if stored in original
sealed container at temperatures
between 15oC. and 25oC. Once
opened, use the adhesive within
48 hours.

6. PRECAUTIONS Flammable. Keep away from sources of ignition. Do not smoke

when using. Store in a well ventilated place. Do not emply into
drains.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

WATER BLOCK SEAL

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA’s Water Block Seal is designed to provide a waterlight

seal when used in conjunction with GISCOSA roof-systems in the
applicable details.

2. PREPARATION Product: Restore to room temperature prior to use, if exposed to

cold temperatures (<15oC.).
Substrate: Surfaces onto which Water Block Seal is applied shall
be free from loose parts of concrete, stone, mortar, foreign materials,
an other contaminants.

3. APPLICATION Apply a 10 mm. to 13 mm. bead onto the substrate surface. Roll or
press the flashing membrane firmly against the seal and substrate
avoiding wrinkles to assure a complete seal. Install the GISCOSA
applicable detail per GISCOSA’s current specification.

4. COVERAGE 3 m. per tube.

5. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Excellent resistance to aging.

• Excellent resistance to heat, cold and water.
• No drying, adheres well to EPDM sheeting, metals,
wood and concrete.
• Good slump resistance.

Technical • Base Butyl rubber

• Colour grey
• Solvents mineral spirits
• Solids (%) 69
• Viscosity (cp.) 115-175
• Weight (kg.) 1.6
• Specific gravity 1.56
• Flash Point (oC) -10.5
• Packaging 25 tubes/carton
13.15 kg. (carton)
• Storage 12 months if stored in original
sealed container at temperatures
between 15oC. and 25oC.

6. PRECAUTIONS Flammable. Keep away from sources of ignition. Do not smoke

when using. Store in a well ventilated place and do not breathe
fume. Do not emply into drains.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

FASTENER SEALER

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA’s Fastener Sealer (S-40) is a high strength adhesive

sealant, designed for use in conjunction with Fastening systems,
per the applicable details.

2. PREPARATION Product: Restore to room temperature prior to use if exposed to

cold temperature (<15oC) for prolonged periods.
Substrate: must be free from dust, dirt, oil, water and other
contaminants. Metal surfaces must be degreased if necessary.

3. APPLICATION After the fasteners have been installed, apply a 20 mm. diameter
by a 5 mm. thick spot over the fastener heads. Before covering
with membrane or cover strip, allow skin coat to be formed (10-30
minutes) over the sealer. Apply before Splice Adhesive.

4. COVERAGE Approx. 115 fasteners per tube. Thinning is not allowed.

5. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • One-part, elastomeric, caulking sealant.

• Need no primer, heating or mixing prior to use.
• Resistant to water, ozone, salt, and many chemicals.

Technical • Base synthetic elastomers

• Solvents toluene
• Solids (%) 50 to 54
• Weight (kg.) 1.1
• Specific gravity ± 1.08
• Flash Point (oC) 7.2
• Viscosity paste-extrusion, grade
• Packaging 25 tubes/carton
7.7 kg. (carton)
• Storage 9 months if stored in original
sealed container at temperatures
between 15oC. and 25oC.

6. PRECAUTIONS Flammable. Keep away from sources of ignition. Do not smoke

when using. Store in a well ventilated place. Avoid contact with
eyes. Do not emply into drains.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

QUICKSEAM FLASHING

1. DESCRIPTIONQuickseam Flashing is a nominal 1.0 mm. thick semi-cured EPDM

laminated to a nominal 0.6 mm. semi-cured butyl tape. The strip is
used to flash metal roof edging, seam edges and for other details,
in accordance with GISCOSA specifications.

2. PREPARATION Product: Restore the tape to room temperature prior to use, if

exposed to temperatures below 15oC. for prolonged periods.
Substrate: must be prepared with Splice Primer SP-1924, use of
another cleaning product is not allowed.

3. APPLICATION Refer to section flashing for specific instructions.

4. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Excellent moisture resistance.

• Excellent resistance to heat and cold.
• Excellent green tack.

EPDM Butyl
Technical • Base EPDM butyl
• Colour black black
• Solvents none none
• Solids (%) 100 100
• Specific gravity 1.15 0.98
• Cure stated semi-cured cured
• Thickness (mm.) 1.0 0.6
• Width (mm.) 127 133
• Packaging Length: 30.48 m. per roll - 2 rolls/³
carton.
• Storage 6-9 months when stored in original
unopened cartons indoors at tempe-
rature between 15oC and 25oC. Do
not expose to sun or temperatures
higher than 35oC. Keep in box on
site and out of sun.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

QUICKSEAM BATTEN COVER

1. DESCRIPTIONThe GISCOSA Quickseam batten cover is a 76 mm. cured EPDM

laminated to a. 76 mm. thick cured butyl. The strip is designed to
cover, protect and seal batten bars used in the GISCOSA M.A.S.
system.

2. PREPARATION Product: Restore to room temperature prior to use, if exposed to

temperatures below 15oC. for prolonged periods.
Substrate: must be prepared with a Splice primer SP-1924, use of
another cleaning product is not allowed.

3. APPLICATION Refer to the GISCOSA Specifications for Quickseam Batten Cover.

Apply the strip only horizontally, not on vertical sides or upstands.

4. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Excellent UV and ozone resistance.

• Remains flexible over wide temperature variations.
• Excellent long term weathering qualities.
• Temperature range: -10oC. to +45oC.

Top side Underside

Technical • Base EPDM Butyl
• Colour black black
• Solvents none none
• Solids (%) 100 100
• Specific gravity 1.15 0.98
• Cure stated cured cured
• Thickness (mm.) 0.76 0.76
• Width (mm.) 15.25 16.5
• Packaging 1 roll: 1.52 mm. x 15.25 cm. x 30.5
m. - 2 rolls/carton.
• Storage 12 months if stored in original
container at temperature between
15oC. and 25oC. Do not expose to
sun or temperatures higher than
35oC. Keep in box on site and out
of sun.

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

METAL BATTEN BAR

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA’s Metal Batten Bar is designed for anchoring EPDM

roofing membrane as specified in GISCOSA specifications and
details.

2. PREPARATION Product: When field cutting is necessary, all cut surfaces must be
rounded and filed to remove burrs and sharp edges.
Substrate: must be free from dirt, oil, water and other contaminants,
prior to installation and have the required pull-out resistance.

3. APPLICATION Lay out the metal batten bars as specified by the appropriate lay-
out and specifications. Attach batten bars to roof substrate using
the applicable GISCOSA fastener. To avoid bowing of the bar, do
not overdrive on underdrive the fastener.

4. CHARACTERISTICS

• Length (m.) 3.05

• Widht (mm.) 2.54
• Thickness (mm.) 1.13/1.29
• Holes (mm.) diameter -7.1 20 holes - 152.4 on centre
• Packaging 50 pieces - 3.05 m. per carton (152.4 m.)
• Storage in a dry place

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

TERMINATION BAR

1. DESCRIPTIONGISCOSA Termination Bar is designed for attaching and sealing

flashing terminations as per GISCOSA current specifications.

2. PREPARATION Product: When field cutting is necessary, remove any burrs from
bar and clean up shavings, etc. that may occur from field cutting.
Substrate: Must be free from dust, dirt, oil, water and other
contaminats prior to installation and have the required pull-out
resistance.

3. APPLICATION Install Water Block sealant behind flashing. Anchor the bar through
prepunched holes at a rate to maintain a seal to the wall against
water block seal. Remove excess flashing material above and install
Lap Sealant into channel. Keep each piece (3.05 m.) of termination
bar separated from adjoining bar by 6 mm. and cut the bar at inside
and outside corners.

4. CHARACTERISTICS

• Material corrosion-resistant aluminium

• Length (m.) 3.05
• Width (mm.) 34.3
• Thickness (mm.) 2.54
• Holes (mm.) 7.1 x 9.6 slotted holes - 100 on centre
• Packaging 30 pieces - 3.05 m. per carton (91.4 m.)
• Storage in a dry place

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET

WALKWAY PAD

1. DESCRIPTIONWalkway pads are rubber pads used fro protection of the EPDM
panel in areas of regular roof traffic (periodical plant maintenance,
access doors, etc.).

2. PREPARATION Product: Place the walkway pad with the flat surface over the
completed EPDM panel. Leave a space between each pad (min.
50 mm. and max. 150 mm.) to allow for drainage.
Substrate: use splice primer for cleaning of the substrate on which
walkway pad is to be adhered and the back of the walkway pad
(Flat side).

3. APPLICATION Install Splice Tape to the walkway pad flat surface. Do not place
walkway pads over field fabricated seams.

4. COVERAGE Adhesion of the walkway pads requires 3 strips of Splice Tape (2.30
m./pad).

5. CHARACTERISTICS

Physical • Very hard rubber with an excellent level of tensile

strength and wear resistance.
• The pad displays excellent cold flexibility.

Technical • Basis EPDM

• Colour black
• Hardness (Shore A) 62 ± 5
• Tensile strength (N./mm.2) 4.0 (min.)
• Elongation (%) 115 (min.)
• Specific gravity 1.15
• Brittleness temperature -40oC
• Packaging Size: 750 x 750 x 7.6
mm. bundled 50 pieces/
package (200 kg.).
• Storage/Shelf life unlimited

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6. MISCELLANEOUS

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M.A.S. - TABLE ON STEEL DECK - 0.75 mm.

n : Number of fixings per m.2

l : distance between batten bars

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e : maximum distance between fasteners

I II III IV
LOCATION
Coast Rural Industry City
Dynamic wind pression <8m. <20m <8m. <20m <8m. <20m <8m. <20m
(N.m2.) 950 976 750 976 633 811 633 664

Maximum cp n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e

Field area 1.3 1.8 210 30 2.2 210 15 1.4 210 30 1.8 210 15 1.2 210 30 1.8 210 15 1.2 210 30 1.2 210 30
- Closed building 1.8 2.4 210 15 3.0 210 15 1.9 210 15 2.5 210 15 1.6 210 30 2.1 210 15 1.6 210 30 1.7 210 30
- Open building

Perimeter
- Closed building 2.3 3.1 150 15 3.8 150 15 2.5 150 30 3.2 150 15 2.1 150 30 2.7 150 15 2.1 150 30 2.2 150 30
- Open building 2.8 3.8 150 15 4.7 150 15 3.0 150 15 3.9 150 15 2.5 150 30 3.2 150 15 2.5 150 30 2.7 150 15

Corner
- Closed building 2.8 3.8 75 30 4.7 75 15 3.0 75 30 3.9 75 30 2.5 75 30 3.2 75 30 2.5 75 30 2.7 75 30
- Open building 3.3 4.5 75 30 5.5 75 15 3.5 75 30 4.6 75 15 3.0 75 30 3.8 75 30 3.0 75 30 3.1 75 30

Example : construction height 8 m. at the coast

n = 11 = 1.3 x 950/6.84 = 1.8
10000 10000
e = —— = ——— = 28.8 cm = 30 cm
nx210 1.8x210
 B.I.S. - TABLE ON STEEL DECK - 0.75 mm.

n : Number of fixings per m.2

l : distance between batten bars
e : maximum distance between fasteners

I II III IV
LOCATION
Coast Rural Industry City
Dynamic wind pression <8m. <20m <8m. <20m <8m. <20m <8m. <20m
(N.m2.) 950 976 750 976 633 811 633 664

Maximum cp n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e n l e

Field area 1.3 2.2 228 15 2.7 167 15 1.7 228 15 2.3 228 15 1.5 228 30 1.9 228 15 1.5 228 30 1.5 228 30
- Closed building 1.8 3.1 167 15 3.8 167 15 2.4 228 15 3.1 167 15 2.0 228 15 2.6 167 15 2.0 228 15 2.1 228 15
- Open building

Perimeter
- Closed building 2.3 3.9 84 30 4.8 84 30 3.1 167 15 4.0 84 30 2.6 167 15 3.3 84 30 2.6 167 15 2.7 167 15
- Open building 2.8 4.8 84 30 5.9 84 15 3.8 84 30 4.9 84 15 3.1 167 15 4.0 84 30 3.1 167 15 3.3 167 15

Corner
- Closed building 2.8 4.8 84 30 5.9 84 15 3.8 84 30 4.9 84 15 3.1 167 15 4.0 84 30 3.1 167 15 3.3 167 15
- Open building 3.3 5.6 84 15 6.9 84 15 4.4 84 30 5.8 84 15 3.7 84 30 4.8 84 30 3.7 84 30 3.9 84 30

Example : construction height 8 m. at the coast

n = 1.3 x 950/548 = 2.2

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10000 10000
e = —— = ——— = 21.5 cm =15 cm
n(I-10) 2.2(228-18)
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