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Detergent

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For the band, see The Detergents.

Detergents

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants having "cleaning


properties in dilute solutions."[1] Commonly, "detergent" refers to
alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but
are less affected by hard water. In most household contexts, the
term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish
detergent, vs hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are
commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Chemical classification of detergents
○ 1.1 Anionic detergents
○ 1.2 Cationic detergents
○ 1.3 Ethoxylates
○ 1.4 Non-ionic (or zwitterionic)
detergents
• 2 Major applications of detergents
○ 2.1 Laundry detergents
○ 2.2 Fuel additives
○ 2.3 Soapless soap
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 5 External links

[edit]Chemical classification of detergents


Detergents are classified into three broad groupings, depending on the
electrical charge of the surfactants.
[edit]Anionic detergents
Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene
portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two
varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and
those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in
economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.
[2]
An estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced
annually for domestic markets.

Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate,


linearsodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap.

[edit]Cationic detergents
Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic
component, but instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic
surfactants havequaternary ammonium as the polar end. The ammonium
center is positively charged.[2]
[edit]Ethoxylates
Ethoxylates are compounds that have longhydrocarbon chains, but
terminate with (OCH2CH2)nOH group. These groups are not charged, but
they are highly hydrophilic owing to the presence of many oxygen centres.
[edit]Non-ionic (or zwitterionic) detergents
These are characterized by their (net) uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups.
They are based on polyoxyethylene glycol
(i.e. Tween, Triton and Brijseries), CHAPS, glycosides (i.e. octyl-
thioglucoside, maltosides), bile acids such as DOC, lipids (HEGAs), or
phosphine oxides. See surfactants for more applications.

[edit]Major applications of detergents


[edit]Laundry detergents
Main article: laundry detergent
One of the largest applications of detergents is for cleaning clothing. The
formulations are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application
and the highly competitive consumer market. In general, laundry detergents
contain water softeners, surfactants, bleach, enzymes, brighteners,
fragrances, and many other agents. The formulation is strongly affected by
the temperature of the cleaning water, and of course varies from country to
country.
[edit]Fuel additives
Both carbuerators and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit
from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about
300ppm. Typical detergents are long chain amines and amides such as
polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide.[3]
[edit]Soapless soap
Soapless soap refers to a soap free liquid cleanser with a slightly acidic pH.
[4]
Soapless soaps are used in an array of products.
Borax based washing detergent

[edit]See also
 Laundry detergent
 Cleavable detergent
 Dispersant
[edit]References

1. ^ http://goldbook.iupac.org/D01643.html

2. ^ Eduard Smulders, Wolfgang Rybinski, Eric


a b

Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike


Wiebel, Anette Nordskog, "Laundry Detergents" in
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2002, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
3. ^ Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea
Schütze, Klaus Reders "Automotive Fuels" in
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2002, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheimdoi:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2
4. ^ Tyebkhan G (2002), "Skin cleansing in neonates
and infants-basics of cleansers", Indian J
Pediatr 69 (9): 767–
9, doi:10.1007/BF02723687,PMID 12420908.
[edit]External links
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to: Detergents

 About.com: How Do Detergents Clean


Detergents and Surfactants

Categories: Cleaning products | Membrane-active molecules
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• This page was last modified on 11 March 2011 at 18:49.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent

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