Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza

Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si
modul indirect (vorbirea indirecta).

In direct speech, we repeat the original speaker’s exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: “Mi-am pierdut umbrela”.)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in
conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.

In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily
using the speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse că şi-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted
after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object,
point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally,
although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect.

When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.

• TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:

He sais that …. (El a spus că….) - vorbirea indirecta

= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he’ ll never get married.

2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea

indirecta

Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

Simple Present - Vorbirea directa
"I never eat meat" he explained.
(“Eu niciodată nu mănânc carne” explică el).
Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa
‘"I’ m waiting for Ann" he said.
(“O aştept pe Ana” spuse el).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa
‘"I have found a flat" she said.
(“Am găsit un apartament” spuse ea).
Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea
directa
He said "I’ ve been waiting for ages".
(El spuse: “Am aşteptat o groază de
Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta
= He explained that he never ate meat.
(El explică faptul că nu mânca niciodată carne.)
Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
= He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
(Spuse că o aştepta pe Ann).
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
= She said (that) she had found a flat.
(Ea spuse că îşi găsise un apartament).
Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
= He said (that)he had been waiting for ages.
(El spuse că aşteptase o groază de timp).
timp.”)
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa
‘"I took it home with me" she said.
(“L-am luat acasă cu mine” spuse ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa
He said, ‘"I shall/will be in Rome on Monday".
(El spuse: “Voi fi în Roma luni.”)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa
"I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she said.
(“Voi folosi maşina pe data de 1” spuse ea)
Conditional - Vorbirea directa
I said, ‘"I would/should like to see it" .
(Eu am spus: “Aş vrea să o văd.”)
Direct speech - vorbirea directa
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
= She said she had taken it home with her.
(Ea spuse că îl luase acasă cu ea.)
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
= he said he would be in Rome on Monday.
(El spuse că va fi în Roma luni.)
= Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
She said she’d be using the car on the 1st.
(Ea spuse că va folosi maşina pe data de 1).
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said I would/should like to see it.
(Eu am spus că aş vrea să o văd.)
Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

3. Note on I/we shall/should

I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
(“Voi împlini 21 ani mâine”. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse că va împlini 21 ani în ziua
următoare.)

But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we
should or I/we would.

• PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1. In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged.

He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday.
(El spuse: “Ann a ajuns luni.” = El spuse că Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.)
He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they
were playing tennis.
(El spuse: "Când i-am văzut eu, jucau tenis.” = El spuse că atunci când i-a văzut, jucau
tenis.)

2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is
reported remains unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she
had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: “M-am hotărât să nu cumpăr casa pentru că era pe strada principală.” = Ea spuse
că s-a hotărât să nu cumpere casa pentru că era pe strada principală).

• SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH - vorbirea indirecta

1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:
"It’ s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began
planning their holidays.
(“Este timpul să începem să ne planificăm concediul”. Spuse el. = El spuse că era timpul să
înceapă să îşi planifice concediul.)

2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged.

 You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive.
"You’d better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water.
(“Mai bine nu ai bea apă.” Spuse ea. = Ne sugeră să nu bem apă.)

3. Conditional sentences remain unchanged.

"If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were
older, he would emigrate.
(“Dacă ar fi mai mari copiii mei, aş emigra”. Spuse el. = el spuse că dacă ar fi mai mari
copiii lui, ar emigra.)

• MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT

STATEMENTS

1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form:

He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day.
(El spuse: “S-ar putea să sune Ann astăzi.” = El spuse că s-ar putea să sune Ann în acea zi.)

2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:

"They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road.
(“Ar trebui să lărgească strada.” Spuse el. = El spuse că ar trebui să lărgească strada.)

3. Would in statements does not change.

"I’d be very grateful if you’d keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed.
(“Aş fi foarte recunoscător dacă m-ai ţine la curent.”Spuse el = El mă rugă să îl ţin la current.)

4. Used to does not change.

"I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew
the place well because he used to live there.
(“Cunosc bine locul pentru că am stat acolo.” Explică el. = El explică faptul că ştia locul
pentru că a stat acolo.)

• PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except
when the speaker is reporting his own words:

I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: “Îmi place casa mea nouă.” = El a spus că îi plăcea casa lui nouă.)

This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as
pronouns can become it, they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it
(the matter) the next day.
(El a spus: “Vom discuta (problema) mâine.” = El a spus că vor discuta
(problema) yiua următoare.)

• EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta

Today That day
Yesterday The day before
 The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
Next week/ year etc. The following week/ year etc.
Last week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc.
A year ago A year before/ the previous year
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta

• SAY AND TELL

1. Say and tell with direct speech

Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion
of say and noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not
possible.
"I’m leaving at once" Tom said. (“Plec odată.” A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
"I’m leaving at once" Tom told me. (“Plec odată.” Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa

2. Say and tell with indirect speech

Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.

Lista verbelor neregulate in limba engleza

- Gramatica limbii engleze -
Cum se identifica verbele neregulate in engleza
Sunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv. Practic aceste verbe neregula
trebuiesc invatate ca atare.

Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in engleza

Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere

-forma 1- -forma 2- -forma 3- verb
to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui
to arise arose arisen a se ridica
to awake awoke awoken a se trezi
awaked awaked
to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a icepe
to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea
to bend bent bent a indoi, a curba
to beseech besought besought a implora
to bear bore born a se naste
 to bet bet bet a paria
to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
to can could been able to a putea
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a despica
to cling clung clung a se lipi
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tara
to cut cut cut a taia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig dug dug a sapa
to do did done a face
to draw drew drawn a desena
to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a conduce masina
to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a gasi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
to foretell foretold foretold a prezice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
to forgo forwent forgone a renunta la,
a da uitarii
forsake forsook forsaken a parasi
to freeze froze frozen a igheta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grind ground ground a macina
to grow grew grown a creste
to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a tine
to hurt hurt hurt a rani

to keep kept kept a pastra

to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia
to knit knit knit a tricota
to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
to lay laid laid a aseza
to lead led led a conduce
to lean leant leant a se sprijini de
to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata
to leave left left a parasi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat
to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a intalni
to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere
to mislead misled misled a induce in eroare
to mistake mistook mistaken a intelege gresit
to outdo outdid outdone a intrece
to overcome overcame overcome a invinge
to overdo overdid overdone a face exces
to pay paid paid a plati
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe
to ride rode ridden a calari
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cauta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a regla, a fixa
to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase
to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clatina
to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri
to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)
to shine shone shone a straluci
to shoe shod shod a icalta, a potcovi
to shoot shot shot a împusca
to show showed shown a arata
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange
to shut shut shut a inchide
to sing sang sung a canta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a sta (pe ceva)
to slay slew slain a ucide
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azvarli
 to slit slit slit a despica
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
to sow sowed sown a semana
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to speed sped sped a accelera
to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera
to spend spent spent a cheltui
to spill spilt spilt a varsa
to spin spun spun a toarce,
a se roti
to spit spat spat a scuipa
to split split split a despica
to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica
to spread spread spread a intinde
to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni
to stand stood stood a sta in picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a infige, a se lipi
to sting stung stung a itepa
to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat
to strike struck struck a lovi
to string strung strung a insira,
a incorda
to strive strove striven a se stradui
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a matura
to swim swam swum a inota
to swing swung swung a se legana
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a invata, a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gandi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci
to tread trod trodden a calca
to underlie underlay underlain a sustine
to understand understood understood a intelge
to upset upset upset a supara
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weave wove woven a tese
to wet wet wet a uda
to win won won a castiga
to wind wound wound a se rasuci
to wring wrung wrung a frange,
a smulge
to write wrote written a scrie

to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita

to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio
to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
to can could been able to a putea
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a despica
to cling clung clung a se lipi
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tara
to cut cut cut a taia
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
to dig dug dug a sapa
 to do did done a face
to draw drew drawn a desena
to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a conduce masina
to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a gasi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
to foretell foretold foretold a prezice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
to forgo forwent forgone a renunta la,
a da uitarii
forsake forsook forsaken a parasi
to freeze froze frozen a igheta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grind ground ground a macina
to grow grew grown a creste
to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a tine
to hurt hurt hurt a rani
to keep kept kept a pastra
to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia
 to knit knit knit a tricota
to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
to lay laid laid a aseza
to lead led led a conduce
to lean leant leant a se sprijini de
to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata
to leave left left a parasi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat
to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a intalni
to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere
to mislead misled misled a induce in eroare
to mistake mistook mistaken a intelege gresit
to outdo outdid outdone a intrece
to overcome overcame overcome a invinge
to overdo overdid overdone a face exces
to pay paid paid a plati
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe
to ride rode ridden a calari
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cauta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a regla, a fixa
to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase
to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clatina
to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri
to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)
to shine shone shone a straluci
to shoe shod shod a icalta, a potcovi
to shoot shot shot a împusca
to show showed shown a arata
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange
to shut shut shut a inchide
to sing sang sung a canta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a sta (pe ceva)
to slay slew slain a ucide
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azvarli
to slit slit slit a despica
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
to sow sowed sown a semana
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to speed sped sped a accelera
to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera
to spend spent spent a cheltui
to spill spilt spilt a varsa
to spin spun spun a toarce,
a se roti
to spit spat spat a scuipa
to split split split a despica
to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica
to spread spread spread a intinde
to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni
to stand stood stood a sta in picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a infige, a se lipi
to sting stung stung a itepa
to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat
to strike struck struck a lovi
 to string strung strung a insira,
a incorda
to strive strove striven a se stradui
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a matura
to swim swam swum a inota
to swing swung swung a se legana
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a invata, a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gandi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci
to tread trod trodden a calca
to underlie underlay underlain a sustine
to understand understood understood a intelge
to upset upset upset a supara
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weave wove woven a tese
to wet wet wet a uda
to win won won a castiga
to wind wound wound a se rasuci
to wring wrung wrung a frange,
a smulge
to write wrote written a scrie

Diateza activa a verbelor

Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb.
Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui lucru.
Exemple

I have seen a tree.

Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")

Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree").

Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.

Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")

 Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle").

Diateza pasiva a verbelor

Actiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).
Exemple

I have seen a tree. (diateza activa).

The tree has been seen by me. (diateza pasiva).

Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa).

Yesterday, his bicycle was broken by him. (diateza pasiva).

I will buy a car. (diateza activa).

The car will be bought by me. (diateza pasiva).

Diateza reflexiva a verbelor

La diateza reflexivă acţiunea este realizată şi suportată de subiect. Diateza re
flexiva se foloseste cu verbe reflexive.

Exemple

Mary washes herself.

Maria s-a spalat.

Jen and Greg kiss each other.

Jen si Greg se saruta.

He shaved himself.
El s-a barbierit.
LECŢIA 1
TO BE(a fi):
afirmativ interogativ negativ
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are
I’m
You’re
He’s
She’s
It’s
We’re
You’re
They’re
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
You are not
They are not
I’m not -
You’re not you aren’t
He’s not he isn’t
She’s not she isn’t
It’s not it isn’t
We’re not we aren’t
You’re not you aren’t
They’re not they aren’t
Expresii uzuale: Who are you?
I am Lavinia.
What are you?
I am a teacher.
ARTICOLUL NEHOTĂRÂT
SINGULAR: a(un, o) - înaintea cuv. care încep cu o cons. ex: a doctor =un doctor
an(un, o) - înaintea cuv. care încep cu o vocală ex: an engineer
PLURAL: se formează adăugând litera s
ex: doctors = doctori
În rom. se folos. „sunt doctor” şi „sunt un doctor” iar în engl. doar „sunt un doctor”
(sunt doctor se traduce în engl. cu sunt un doctor)
(Sunt doctor = I am a doctor)
- această diferenţă între engl. şi rom se întâlneşte numai la singular.
ARTICOLUL HOTĂRÂT
SG.: the teacher = profesorul
(the se pronunţă cu ă înaintea cons. şi cu i înaintea vocalelor)
PL: se adaugă s the teachers = profesorii
____________ Exprimarea vârstei se face în engleză cu vb. „a fi” nu cu vb. „a avea” ca în română.
She is 5 years old = Ea are 5 ani.
De asemenea culorile(Ce culoare au ochii tăi? What colour are your eyes?)
____LECŢIA 2
sg. THIS = acesta, aceasta pl. THESE = aceştia, acestea
THAT = acela, aceea THOSE = aceia, acelea
Expresii uzuale:
This is French These are
That is a Russian ONE. Those are Romanian ONES.
It is Romanian They are
ex: What books are those? Those are English books.;They are English ones.
ÎNTREBĂRILE DISJUNCTIVE(nu-i aşa?, aşa-i?, nu?)
aren’t I? am I?
aren’t you? are you? (vezi can, may, must;
isn’t he, she, it? is he, sharen’t we, you, they? are we, you, they?
Ex.: You are a teacher, aren’t you?
Sunteţi profesor, nu-i aşa?
-----------------------------------
You aren’t a teacher, are you? În engleză nu se foloseşte dubla negaţie
Nu eşti profesor, nu-i aşa? ca în română. e, it? there is, ther