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Logistics

Logistics is the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources,
including energy and people, between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order
to meet the requirements of consumers (frequently, and originally, military organizations).
Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing,
material-handling, and packaging, and occasionally security. Logistics is a channel of the supply
chain which adds the value of time and place utility. Today the complexity of production
logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized and optimized by plant simulation software.

• 1 Origins and definition


• 2 Military logistics
• 3 Logistics management
• 4 Third-party logistics
• 5 Warehouse management system and warehouse control system
• 6 Business logistics
• 7 Production logistics
• 8 Professional Logistician

Origins and definition


The term "logistics" originates from the ancient Greek "λόγος" ("logos"—"ratio, word,
calculation, reason, speech, oration").
Logistics is considered to have originated in the military's need to supply themselves with arms,
ammunition and rations as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek,
Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title ‘Logistikas’ who were
responsible for financial and supply distribution matters.
The Oxford English dictionary defines logistics as: “The branch of military science having to do
with procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities.” Another
dictionary definition is: "The time-related positioning of resources." As such, logistics is
commonly seen as a branch of engineering which creates "people systems" rather than "machine
systems."

Military logistics
ILS Integrated Logistics Support is a discipline used in military industries to ensure an
easy supportable system with a robust customer service (logistic) concept at the lowest cost and
in line with (often high) reliability, availability, maintainability and other requirements as
defined for the project.
In military logistics, logistics officers manage how and when to move resources to the places
they are needed. In military science, maintaining one's supply lines while disrupting those of the
enemy is a crucial—some would say the most crucial—element of military strategy, since an
armed force without resources and transportation is defenseless.
The defeat of the British in the American War of Independence, and the defeat of Erwin Rommel
in World War II, have been largely attributed to logistical failure.[citation needed] The historical leaders
Hannibal Barca, Alexander the Great, and the Duke of Wellington are considered to have been
logistical geniuses.
Another field within logistics is called Medical logistics.

Logistics management
Logistics management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and
controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and
related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet
customer & legal requirements. A professional working in the field of logistics management is
called a logistician.
The Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport (CILT) was established in the United
Kingdom in 1919 and was granted the Royal Charter in 1926. The Chartered Institute is one of
professional bodies or institutions for the logistics & transport sectors, that offers such
professional qualification or degree in logistics management.

Third-party logistics(3PL)
Third-party logistics involves the utilization of external organizations to execute logistics
activities that have traditionally been performed within an organization itself. According to this
definition, third party logistics includes any form of outsourcing of logistics activities previously
performed in-house. If, for example, a company with its own transport facilities decides to
employ external warehouse specialist, this would be an example of third party logistics.

Business logistics
Logistics as a business concept evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the
increasing complexity of supplying one's business with materials and shipping out products in an
increasingly globalized supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain
Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at
the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer and is the science of
process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition
of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies.
In business, logistics may have either internal focus (inbound logistics), or external focus
(outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of
consumption (see supply chain management). The main functions of a qualified logistician
include inventory management, purchasing, transportation, warehousing, consultation and the
organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of
each of these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an organization. There are
two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through
a network of transport links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to
carry out some project.

Production logistics
The term is used for describing logistic processes within an industry. The purpose of
production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right
product in the right quantity and quality at the right point in time.
The issue is not the transportation itself, but to streamline and control the flow through the value
adding processes and eliminate non-value adding ones. Production logistics can be applied in
existing as well as new plants. Manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing
process. Machines are exchanged and new ones added, which gives the opportunity to improve
the production logistics system accordingly. Production logistics provides the means to achieve
customer response and capital efficiency.
Production logistics is getting more and more important with the decreasing batch sizes. In many
industries (e.g. mobile phone) batch size one is the short term aim. By this way even a single
customer demand can be fulfilled in an efficient way. Track and tracing, which is an essential
part of production logistics - due to product safety and product reliability issues - is also gaining
importance especially in the automotive and the medical industry.

Professional Logistician
A logistician is a professional logistics practitioner. Professional logisticians are often
certified by professional associations. Some universities and academic institutions train students
as logisticians, by offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

International trade

Proforma invoice letter of credit


Movement
Exporter Importer
s of goods

Country B
Country A

Transfer of Buyer
funds
Seller/Shipp
Debtor
er

Outward remittance in
home currency of
Creditor
county B

Banker of Settlement of
A country currency Banker of
Between country A B country
&B
(advising bank, authorized dealers, (Issuing bank, Importer’s bank)

Negotiating bank, exporter’s/shipper’s Bank)


Parities to documentary credit transactions:

Exporter Goods are Importer country


sent
country A A
Documents are sent
Foreign bank
Seller/Shipper Payment made through Order to open L/c
issuing bank to advising

Issuing bank
Agreement/contract
Open letter of credit
Authorized
dealer
Sent to exporter
(negotiating Issue of an L/C
bank)

International Logistics
The mechanism of getting inputs from their sources to the manufacturing centre and
taking the finished products from the manufacturing centre to the customers is called logistics
network or system. The logistics system can be simple or complex.
International business firms have to manage the flow of all inputs from their sources to
the manufacturing centers, materials, spare parts and other resources among and between units &
finished products and services from manufacturing centers o the customers. The physical
distribution that takes place in the course of International business is called as International
logistics.
When shipping a product overseas, the exporter must be aware of packing, labeling,
documentation, and insurance requirements.
Most exporters rely on an international freight forwarder to perform these services because of the
multitude of considerations involved in physically exporting goods.

Find a Freight Forwarder:


An international freight forwarder is an agent for the exporter in moving cargo to an
overseas destination. Whether an exporter is large or small, the weight of the cargo light or
heavy, a freight forwarder can take care of cargo from “dock to door,” thus freeing the exporter
from dealing with many logistics-related details.

Schedule B and HS Numbers


The Harmonized Tariff System (HTS) assigns a number to each product that is traded
internationally. Each country can assign on its own four additional numbers, making the entire
number 10 digits. The United States does this with its Schedule B system.
Tariffs and Import Fees
Tariffs or duties are a tax levied by governments on the value of products imported from
one country into another. Before you export to any country, you need to determine what the tariff
rate is on your product(s) as well as any import fees for that country.

Common Export Documents


There are many common export documents that have to accompany export shipments
including the Shipper’s Export Declaration, invoices, packing lists, certificates of origin and the
list goes on.

What is a Freight Forwarder?


An international freight forwarder is an agent for the exporter and can move cargo from
“dock-to-door,” providing several significant services such as:

• Advising on exporting costs including freight costs, port charges, consular fees,
costs of special documentation, insurance costs and freight handling fees;
• Preparing and filing required export documentation such as the bill of lading and
routing appropriate documents to the seller, the buyer or a paying bank;
• Advising on the most appropriate mode of cargo transport and making
arrangements to pack and load the cargo;
• Reserving the necessary cargo space on a vessel, aircraft, train, or truck.
• Making arrangements with overseas customs brokers to ensure that the goods and
documents comply with customs regulations.
Export freight forwarders are licensed by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to
handle airfreight and the Federal Maritime Commission to handle ocean freight.

How to find a freight forwarder?


Freight forwarders are located in most metropolitan areas. Local business telephone
listings often feature a freight forwarder or transportation heading.

Agricultural Freight Forwarders


Is an extensive, detailed database of Agricultural Freight Forwarders, including their
experience shipping agricultural products.

The Harmonized Tariff System


All import and export codes used by the United States are based on the Harmonized
Tariff System (HTS). The HTS assigns 6-digit codes for general categories. This 6-digit code is
known as the Harmonized System number.
Countries that use the HTS are allowed to define commodities at a more detailed level than 6-
digits, however all definitions must be within that 6-digit framework.
The U.S., for example, defines products using 10-digit HTS codes.
Export codes, also known as Schedule B numbers, are administered by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Import codes are administered by the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC).
Harmonized System (HS) and Schedule B numbers
Harmonized System (HS) numbers are used to classify products for customs purposes.
By international agreement, most countries recognize the same first 6 "harmonized" digits.
To get a duty rate, one needs to have the complete product number used by the importing
country. Since this is sometimes difficult, companies can use the Schedule B number to
approximate.
Schedule B Numbers are used to classify exported products in the United States and are based on
the international HS system. HTS numbers and Schedule B numbers will be the same up to the
first 6 digits as the importing country's classification code, after which, they will likely be very
close or the same.

Why you need to know your product’s Schedule B and HS numbers


Exporters need to know their product’s Schedule B and HS numbers for the following
reasons:
1. To determine applicable import tariff rates and whether a product qualifies for a
preferential tariff under a Free Trade Agreement;
2. The Schedule B number is needed to complete the Shipper’s Export Declaration,
Certificates of Origin and other shipping documents; and
3. The HS Number may be needed on shipping documents, such as certificates of
origin
After consulting the Search Engine, you can obtain further assistance on Schedule B numbers
from a commodity specialist at the U.S. Census Bureau Foreign Trade Division:
• Durable goods (metals, machinery, computer, electronic and other miscellaneous
goods)
• Non-durable goods (food, animal, wood, paper, mineral, chemical and textile
goods)

Tariffs and Import Fees:

What is a tariff?
A tariff (or duty, the words are used interchangeably) is a tax levied by governments on
the value of imported products. Sales and state taxes, and in some instances customs fees, will
often be levied as well. The tariff is assessed at the time of importation along with any other
applicable taxes/fees. Tariffs raise the prices of imported goods, thus making them less
competitive within the market of the importing country. Before you export to any country, you
need to determine what the tariff rate is on your product(s) as well as any import fees for that
country. The following information will help you make this determination.

Step 1: Determine your HS or Schedule B Number


The first step in determining duty and tax information is to identify the Harmonized
System or Schedule B number for your product(s).
The Census Bureau sponsors a free online tool called the Schedule B Search Engine that can be
used to classify your products.
The duty amount will also depend on the trade terms you have negotiated with your buyer.
Step 2: Determine Tariff Rates
Once you know your product’s Schedule B or HS number, you will be able to determine
the applicable tariff and tax rates in a particular foreign country. The following links can help
you locate specific tariff and tax rates for your product.
• Country Specific Tariff and Tax Information: Tariff and tax information for
exporting overseas.
• U.S. Government Tariff Resources for Agricultural Exports
• Online Tariff Database provided by Customs Info LLC (please note that this
service is provided for your convenience and we suggest that you review Export.gov’s
disclaimer statement.)
• Tariff and Tax Information for U.S. Territories
• Sending Gifts
• Additional Tariff Resources (including information for importing into the U.S.)

COMMON EXPORT DOCUMENTS

The Section covers to documents that are commonly used in exporting, but specific
requirements vary by destination and product. It is divided in the following sections: common
export-related documents, certificates of origin, other certificates for shipments of specific
goods, Export licenses and Temporary shipment documents.

Common Export Documents:

• Certificates of Origin
• Other Certificates for Shipments of Specific Goods
• Export Licenses
• Other Export Related Documents
• Temporary Shipments

CERTIFICATES OF ORGIN

Generic Certificate of Origin


The Certificate of Origin (CO) is required by some countries for all or only certain
products. In many cases, a statement of origin printed on company letterhead will suffice
(download generic certificate or see sample with explanation). The exporter should verify
whether a CO is required with the buyer and/or an experienced shipper/freight forwarder or the
Trade Information center.
Note: Some countries (i.e. Middle East) require that certificate of origin be notarized, certified
by local chamber of commerce and legalized by the commercial section of the consulate of the
destination country.
For textile products, an importing country may require a certificate of origin issued by
the manufacturer. The number of required copies and language may vary from country to
country.
Certificate of Origin for claiming benefits under Free Trade Agreements
Special certificates may be required for countries with which the United States has free
trade agreements (FTAs). Some certificate of origin including those required by the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the FTA’s with Israel and Jordan, are prepared
by the exporter. Others including those required by the FTA’s with Australia, CAFTA countries,
Chile and Morocco, are importer’s responsibility). Click on a specific country below to learn
details on how to document origin.

• Australia (CO samples)


• Bahrain (importer to check with Govt. of Bahrain on format/information)
• CAFTA (Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
CO sample)
• Chile (CO sample)
• Israel (sample Note: Green form needs to be purchased from Vendor or US-Israel
Chamber of Commerce or a publishing house )
• Jordan (notarized generic certificate of origin required)
• Morocco (importer makes a claim on the basis of supporting evidence)
• NAFTA (Mexican, Canada, sample)
• Singapore (no certificate of origin is required. However, the importer is required
to produce the necessary permits together with an invoice, at the time of cargo
clearance.)

OTHER CERTIFICATES FOR SHIPMENTS OF SPECIFIC GOODS

ATA CARNET/Temporary shipment certificate


An ATA Carnet a. k. a. "Merchandise Passport" is a document that facilitates the
temporary importation of products into foreign countries by eliminating tariffs and value-added
taxes (VAT) or the posting of a security deposit normally required at the time of importation.
Apply for an ATA Carnet.

Certificate of Analysis:
A certificate of analysis is required for seeds, grain, health foods, dietary supplements,
fruits and vegetables, and pharmaceutical products.

Certificate of Free Sale


Certificate of free sale may be issued for biologics, food, drugs, medical devices and
veterinary medicine. More information is available from the Food and Drug Administration.
Health authorities in some states as well as some trade associations also issue Certificates of Free
Sale.

Dangerous Goods Certificate


Exports submitted for handling by air carriers and air freight forwarders classified as
dangerous goods need to be accompanied by the Shipper’s Declaration for Dangerous Goods
(sample) required by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The exporter is
responsible for accuracy of the form and ensuring that requirements related to packaging,
marking, and other required information by IATA have been met.
For shipment of dangerous goods it is critical to identify goods by proper name, comply with
packaging and labeling requirements (they vary depending upon type of product shipper and
country shipped to). More information on labeling/regulations is available from the International
Air Transportation Association or Department of Transportation - HAZMAT websites.

Fisheries Certificate
The National Marine Fisheries Service conducts inspections and analyses of fishery
commodities for export.

Fumigation Certificate
The Fumigation Certificate provides evidence of the fumigation of exported goods (esp.
agricultural products, used clothing, etc). This form assists in quarantine clearance of any goods
of plant or animal origin. The seller to fumigate commodity at their expense a maximum of
fifteen (15) days prior to loading.

Halal Certificate
Required by most countries in the Middle East, this certificate states that the fresh or
frozen meat or poultry products were slaughtered in accordance with Islamic law. Certification
by an appropriate chamber and legalization by the consulate of the destination country is usually
required.

Health Certificate
For shipment of live animals and animal products (processed foodstuffs, poultry, meat,
fish seafood, dairy products, and eggs and egg products). Note: Some countries require that
health certificates be notarized or certified by a chamber and legalized by a consulate. Health
certificates are issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS).

Ingredients Certificate
A certificate of ingredients may be requested for food products with labels that are
inadequate or incomplete. The certificate may be issued by the manufacturer and must give a
description of the product, contents and percentage of each ingredient, chemical data,
microbiological standards, storage instructions, shelf life, and date of manufacture. If animal fats
are used, the certificate must state the type of fat used and that the product contains no pork,
artificial pork flavor, or pork fat. All foodstuffs are subject to analysis by Ministry of Health
laboratories to establish their fitness for use.

Inspection Certificate
Weight and Quality certificates should be provided in accordance with governing
USDA/GIPSA regulations for loading at port and loading at source/mill site as appropriate. A
certificate of origin certified by local chamber of commerce at load port and a Phytosanitary
certificate issued by APHIS/USDA and Fumigation certificate are to be provided to buyer. Costs
of all inspection, certificates/ documents at the load port are usually the responsibility of the
seller.

Insurance Certificate
Used to assure the consignee that insurance will cover the loss of or damage to the cargo
during transit (Sample). These can be obtained from your freight forwarder or publishing house.
Note: an airway bill can serve as an insurance certificate for a shipment by air. Some countries
may require certification or notification.

Phytosanitary Certificate
All shipments of fresh fruits and vegetables, seeds, nuts, flour, rice, grains, lumber,
plants, and plant materials require a federal phytosanitary certificate. The certificate must verify
that the product is free from specified epidemics and/or agricultural diseases. Additional
information and forms are available from Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).

Radiation Certificate
Some counties including Saudi Arabia may require this certificate for some plant and
animal imports. The certificate is statement that the products are not contaminated by
radioactivity.
Steamship or Airline Company Certificate
A declaration attached to a bill of lading or airway bill stating that the shipper will not
stop at an unscheduled port, attesting to the accuracy of the shipping route and providing other
shipping information such as name of vessel/plane, nationality of vessel/plane, owner of
vessel/plane, names of ports of call including port of leading and discharge.

Other (product-specific) certificates


Shaving brushes and articles made of raw hair must be accompanied by a recognized
official certificate showing the consignment to be free from anthrax germs. Used clothing
requires a disinfection certificate. Grain requires a fumigation certificate, and grain and seeds
require a certificate of weight. Many countries in the Middle East require special certificates for
imports of animal fodder additives, livestock, pets, and horses.

Weight certificate
Certificate of weight is a document issued by customs, certifying gross weight of the
exported goods.

EXPORT LICENSES:

Export license is a government document that authorizes the export of specific goods in
specific quantities to a particular destination. This document may be required for most or all
exports to some countries or for other countries only under special circumstances. Examples of
export license certificates include those issued by the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of
Industry and Security (dual use articles), the State Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade
Controls (defense articles), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (nuclear materials), and the US
Drug Enforcement Administration (controlled substances and precursor chemicals).

Destination Control Statement


Destination Control Statement (DCS) is required for exports from United States for items
on the Commerce Control List that are outside of EAR99 (products for which no license is
required). A DCS appears on the commercial invoice, ocean bill of lading or Airway bill to
notify the carrier and all foreign parties that the item can be exported only to certain destinations.

OTHER EXPORT RELATED DOCUMENTS

Consular Invoice
Required in some countries, it describes the shipment of goods and shows information
such as the consignor, consignee, and value of the shipment. If required, copies are available
from the destination country's Embassy or Consulate in the U.S.

Canadian Customs Invoice


This customs invoice (Sample) is issued in Canadian dollars for dutiable and taxable
exports exceeding $1600 Canadian dollars. Detailed invoice requirements can be obtained at the
Canadian Customs website

Dock Receipt and Warehouse Receipt


It is used to transfer accountability when the export item is moved by the domestic carrier
to the port of embarkation and left with the ship line for export.

Import License
Import licenses are the responsibility of the importer and vary depending upon
destination and product. However, including a copy of an import license with the rest of your
documentation may in some cases help avoid problems with customs in the destination country.

ISPM 15 (Wood Packaging) Marking


The International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Guidelines for Regulating Wood
Packaging Material in International Trade (ISPM15) is one of several International Standards for
Phytosanitary Measures adopted by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). The
IPPC is an international treaty to secure action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of
plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control. The American
Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) and the National Wooden Pallet and Container
Association (NWPCA) provide phytosanitary certification for wood packaging materials
(WPM). APHIS will issue a phytosanitary certificate for wood package materials only if the
WPM is the cargo.

Pre-shipment Inspections
The governments of a number of countries have contracted with international inspection
companies to verify the quantity, quality, and price of shipments imported into their countries.
The purpose of such inspections is to ensure that the price charged by the exporter reflects the
true value of the goods, to prevent substandard goods from entering the country, and to deflect
attempts to avoid payment of customs duties. Requirements for pre-shipment inspection are
normally spelled out in letter-of-credit or other documentary requirements. Inspections
companies include Bureau Veritas, SGS and Intertek. Some countries require pre-shipment
inspection certificates for shipments of used merchandise.

Shippers Letter of Instruction


Issued by the carrier or the forwarder includes shipping instructions for air or ocean
shipment

TEMPORARY SHIPMENTS

ATA CARNET/Temporary shipment certificate


An ATA Carnet a. k. a. "Merchandise Passport" is a document that facilitates the
temporary importation of products into foreign countries by eliminating tariffs and value-added
taxes (VAT) or the posting of a security deposit normally required at the time of importation.
Apply for an ATA Carnet.

Customs Certificate of Registration


Customs Form 4455 may be used (often in conjunction with temporary import bond or
ATA Carnet for goods that are leaving the United States on temporary basis for alteration, repair,
replacement, and processing.

Transporting goods by truck to Canada


Application to transact bonded carrier and forwarding operation—Form E370 is required
to bring goods over the border to Canada.

COMMON EXPORT DOCUMENTS

Airway Bill
Air freight shipments require Airway bills, which can never be made in negotiable form
(see sample). Airway bills are shipper-specific (i.e. USPS, Fed-Ex,UPS, DHL, etc).

Bill of Lading
Is a contract between the owner of the goods and the carrier (as with domestic
shipments).

For vessels, there are two types:


a straight bill of lading, which is non-negotiable, and a negotiable or shipper's order bill of
lading. The latter can be bought, sold, or traded while the goods are in transit. The customer
usually needs an original as proof of ownership to take possession of the goods.

Commercial Invoice
It is a bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer. These invoices are often used by
governments to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties. Governments
that use the commercial invoice to control imports will often specify its form, content, number of
copies, language to be used, and other characteristics (see Sample).

Export Packing List


Considerably more detailed and informative than a standard domestic packing list, it lists
seller, buyer, shipper, invoice number, date of shipment, mode of transport, carrier, and itemizes
quantity, description, the type of package, such as a box, crate, drum, or carton, the quantity of
packages, total net and gross weight (in kilograms), package marks, and dimensions, if
appropriate. Both commercial stationers and freight forwarders carry packing list forms. A
packing list may serve as conforming document. It is not a substitute for a commercial invoice.

Electronic Export Information Form (Shippers Export Declaration)


The EEI is the most common of all export documents. Required for shipments above
$2,500* and for shipments of any value requiring an export license. SED has to be electronically
filed via AES Direct (free service from Census and Customs) online system.
*Note: EEI is required for shipments to Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and the former
Pacific Trust Territories even though they are not considered exports (unless each “Schedule B”
item in the shipment is under $2,500).
Shipments to Canada do not require an SED except in cases where an export license is required.
(Shipments to third countries passing through Canada do need an SED.)

Indian example of International logistics service provider:

TM International Logistics

TM International Logistics (TMILL), a subsidiary of Tata Steel, is an international logistics


support service provider. Established in 2002, the company offers a 'single window' to clients for
the carriage of international trade on a door-to-door basis.

Areas of business
• Port-based services: Stevedoring, shore handling, warehousing / stockyard management
and transportation.
• Ship agency: Taking care of entry and exit of vessels, working at the ports in India,
paying attention to the requirements of the officers and crew of ships.
• Shipping and clearing: Taking care of customs, port and other statutory requirements
for the clearance of import cargo and export shipments.
• Chartering: Chartering vessels for the carriage of goods, both bulk and breakbulk.
• Freight forwarding: With a network of offices in India and overseas, the company offers
services for carriage of goods by multi-modal transport.

Joint ventures, subsidiaries, associates


• International Shipping and Logistics, Jebel Ali FZE, UAE: Looks after charters of
vessels on 'voyage' or 'time charter'.
• TKM Overseas Transport (Europe) GmbH, Hamburg, Germany: Organises carriage
of cargo moving out of Europe, the UK, the US and other overseas sources of origin into
India or other nations.
• TKM Transport Management Services: Undertakes operational activities of the freight
forwarding business unit of TMILL’s community initiatives.

Location
The company's principal centres of operations are at Kolkata, Haldia and Paradip in India.
TMILL has sales offices in the main cities of India and regional offices in North and South
America, Europe, Australia, Africa and Asia.

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