EC 321 RF & MICRO WAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT – I
MICROWAVE TUBES:
Limitations of Conventional tubes at Microwave frequencies, Klystron: Velocity –
modulation process. Bunching process, output power and beam loading, Multicavity
Klystron amplifiers: beam current density, output current and output power of two
cavity Klystron, reflex Klystron, Velocity modulation, Power output and efficiency.

Traveling Wave tubes, Microwave crossed field tubes: Cylindrical Magnetron,

CFA and BWO (Qualitative analysis only).

UNIT – II
MICROWAVE PASSIVE COMPONENTS:
Wave guide bends and twists, wave guide Tees, Tee junction parameters,
fields and currents in tee junctions, theorems on Tee junctions, shunt or H-
plane tee, series of E-plane Tee, Equivalent circuit of magic tee, applications
of magic tee. Directional couplers, coupler parameters, directional couplers in
use, applications of directional couplers, Ferrite Devices, Faraday Rotation
Isolator, Circulator, Gyrator (elementary principles only), Attenuators,
microwave resonators, rectangular and cylindrical cavity resonators.

UNIT – III
MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE DEVICES
Microwave tunnel diode, Avalanche transit time diodes: Read diode, IMPATT
diode, TRAPATT diode, GUNN effect diodes and modes of operation, Pin
diodes, Varactor diodes, Crystal detectors.

UNIT-1V
RF/MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS:SMALL -SIGNAL DESIGN

Introduction,Types of Amplifiers: Classes of Amplifiers based on Operating

Point,Classes of Amplifiers based on signal level.

Small-Signal Amplifiers: Amplifier’s DC-Bias circuit design,Amplifier’s RF/MW

circuit design.Design of different types of Amplifiers:Narrowband
Amplifier(NBA) design, Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) design.

UNIT-V

INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBRE

Historical development, Elements of an Optical Fiber transmission link.
Advantages of Optical Fibers, Applications of Optical Fiber, Ray Theory
Transmission, Total internal reflection, Acceptance angle, Critical Angle,
Numerical Aperture, Fiber types : Step Index, Graded Index : Modes of
Propagation : single mode and multimode fibers, fiber materials, Fiber
Fabrication
TEXT BOOKS

1. ML Sisodia and GS Raghuvamshi, Microwave Circuits and Passive

Devices.
2. John M Senior – Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and
Practice, 2nd Edition, PHI.
3. Mathew. R. Radmanesh, RF & Microwave Engineering,PHI-2001

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. RE Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, IEEE Press

Series, 2003
2. RF/Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Applications By Ulrich
L.Rohde,David P.Newkirk
EC 322 LINEAR ICs & APPLICATIONS

UNIT – I
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS:
Differential amplifier: Introduction, cascade Differential amplifier stages,
level translators. Block diagram of Operational Amplifier, Ideal and practical Op-amp
specifications, DC & AC characteristics, 741 Op-amp and its features, FET input.
Op-Amp parameters, Input offset voltage and current, Input bias current,
CMRR Frequency compensation, Slew rate and methods of improving slew rate.
Negative feedback concept in Op Amps- Voltage series and shunt feedback amplifiers
and their analysis, Cascaded M Op-Amps.

UNIT – II
OP-AMP APPLICATIONS:
Linear Applications: The summing amplifier, Difference and instrumentation
amplifiers, Voltage to current and current to voltage conversion, Differentiators and
integrators.
Non Linear Applications: Comparators: Introduction, Zero-crossing detector,
Schmitt Trigger, Comparator characteristics, Limitations of Op-Amps as comparators,
voltage limiters, Window detector, Log and Antilog amplifiers, Precision rectifiers.

UNIT – III
DC Amplifiers: Drift in amplifiers, Difference amplifier, Chopper stabilization, FET
as a chopper
UNIT – IV
CLIPPERS, CLAMPERS & CONVERTERS
Clippers and Clampers, Peak detector, Sample and hold circuit. D/A
conversion fundamentals, Weighted resistor summing D/A Converter, R-2R Ladder
D/A converter and IC 1408 DAC. A/D conversion:, Parallel A/D converters, Ramp
converters, Successive Approximation A/D converters, Dual slope converters,
Tracking A/D converters, DAC & ADC Specifications.

UNIT – V
APPLICATIONS OF SPECIAL ICS
The 555 timer, 555 as Monostable and Astable Multivibrator and applications. Phase
Locked Loops, Operating principles, Monolithic PLLs, 565 PLL applications-
frequency multiplication, frequency translation, AM, PM and FSK demodulators,
Balance modulator, A 723 Voltage Regulator and its design.

ANALOG MULTIPLIERS
Analysis of four quadrant multiplier (Gilbert cell) and variable transconductance
multipliers, Applications of analog switches & multiplexers.
TEXT BOOKS:

1. Rama Kant A. Gayakwad – Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, ,PHI, 1987
2.D.Roy and Chowdhury, shail B.Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, 2nd edition,new
Age international,2003.

REFERENCES:

1. Operational amplifiers and Integrated Circuits – RF Coughlin and Fredrick

Driscoll, Pearson education, 6th edition.
2. Integrated Circuits - K. R. Botkar – Khanna Publishers- 1996.
3. Operational amplifiers and Integrated Circuits – William D Stanely, Pearson
Education, 2004.
EC323 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT-I
DFT AND FFT
Introduction to DFT – Efficient computation of DFT properties of DFT- FFT
algorithms – Radix-2 FFT algorithms – Recimation in Time – Decimation
infrequency algorithms – Use of FFT algorithms in Linear Filters and
correlation.

UNIT-II
FIR FILTER DESIGN
Amplitude and phase responses of FIR filters – Linear phase filters –
Windowing techniques for design of Linear phase FIR filters – Rectangular,
Hamming, Hanning, Blackman, Kaiser windows – Frequency sampling
techniques – Design of FIR differentiator – Design of Hilbert Transformer.

UNIT-III
IIR FILTER DESIGN
IIR Filters – Magnitude response – IIR filter design by Bilinear transformation
– IIR filter design by impulse invariant transformation – Design of Low Pass
Butterworth filters – Design of Low pass Chebyshev filters – Frequency
Transformation in the Digital Domain.

UNIT – IV
POWER SPECTRUM ESTIMATION
Computation of Energy density spectrum – auto correlation and power
spectrum of random signals periodogram – use of DFT in power spectrum
estimation – Non parametric methods for power spectral estimation: Bartlett
and Weloh methods – Blackman and Tukey method.

UNIT V
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
Introduction to DSP architecture – Harvard architecture – Dedicated MAC unit
– Multiple ALIs, Advanced addressing modes, Pipelining, Overview of
instruction set of TMS320C5X and C54X.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. John G. Proakis, Dimtris G Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing: Principles,
Algorithms and    Applications, Pearson Education, 2000.
2. B. Venkarataramani & M Bhaskar Digital Signal Processor Architecture,
Programming and Application, TMH 2002, (UNIT – V)
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Alan V Oppenherim, Ronald W Schafer, John R Back, Discrete Time
Signal Processing, Pearson Education, 2nd Edition 2000.
2. Emmanuel C Ifeachor, Digital Signal Processing, Pearson Education,
2nd Edition.
3. Avtar Singh, S Srinivasan DSP Implementation using DSP
microprocessor with examples from TMS32C54XX - Thamson / Brooks
cole Publishers, 2003.
EC324 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT-1

PULSE MODULATION: Quantization Process, Quantization Noise, Pulse

Code Modulation: Encoding, Regeneration, Decoding,
DELTA MODULATION: Its draw backs, Adaptive delta modulation,
comparison of PCM and DM systems, noise in PCM and DM system,
Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM).

BASE BAND PULSE TRANSMISSION: Matched filter, Properties,

Intersymbol interference, Correlative level coding, Nyquist’s criterion for
distortion less base band binary transmission, Ideal Nyquist channel, Raised
cosine spectrum, Duo binary signaling, Modified Duo binary signaling.

UNIT-II

DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES: Introduction, ASK, FSK, PSK,

DPSK, QPSK, M-ary PSK, ASK, FSK,

DIGITAL PASSBAND TRANSMISSION: Introduction, Pass band

transmission model, Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure, Geometric
interpretation of signals, Coherent detection of signals in noise, Probability of
error, Correlation receiver, detection of signals with unknown phase: Coherent
BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, Non Coherent BFSK, DPSK.

UNIT-III

INFORMATION THEORY:
Uncertainty, Information, Entropy, Properties of Entropy, Source Coding
Theorem, Shannon-Fano Coding, Huffman Coding, Discrete Memory less
channels, Mutual information, Properties, Channel capacity, Channel coding
theorem, Differential entropy and mutual information for continuous
ensembles, Information capacity theorem.

UNIT IV

LINEAR BLOCK CODES: Introduction, Matrix description of linear block

codes, Error detection and error correction capabilities of linear block codes,
Hamming Codes, Binary Cyclic Codes, Algebraic structure, encoding,
syndrome calculation, BCH Codes.

UNIT V

CONVOLUTION CODES: Introduction, encoding of convolution codes, time

domain approach, transform domain approach, Graphical approach, tree and
trellis diagram decoding using Viterbi algorithm
TEXT BOOKS:

1. Taub and Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems, 2 nd Edition,

TMH, 1986
2. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 4 th Edition,
2001

REFERENCES

1. Leon W Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Pearson,

2004
2. B.P Lathi, Modern Analog and Digital Communication, 3 rd edition, Oxford
Press.
3. John G. Proakis& Masoud Salehi, Communications System Engineering,
2nd edition, Pearson education
4. Robert H Morelos-zaragoza, “The Art of Error connecting coding, John
Wiley & Sons.
EC325 TV & SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Unit-I
MONOCHROME TELEVISION: Basic Television system, Vision
characteristics and scanning systems, composite video signal and Television
standards.
Television Cameras: Image Orthicon, Vidicon, Plumbicon, Silicon diode array
Vidicon, Comparison of TV Camera tubes.
Block diagram of Broad Cost T V Transmitter, T V Receiver.

Unit-II
COLOR TELEVISION: Color fundamentals, Compatibility, Color TV Cameras,
Color TV Receiver Picture tubes, Trigun, PIL and Trinitron, Color TV transmission
and Reception, NTSC and PAL systems, Cable television. Digital TV, DTH.

UNIT - III
INTRODUCTION AND ORBITAL ASPECTS OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS:
A brief history of Satellite Communications, Types of Orbits, Keplers laws of
planetary motion, Locating the satellite in the orbit, Locating the Satellite with respect
to the Earth, Orbital elements, Look angle determination, Orbital perturbations,
launch and launch vehicles, Orbital effects in Communication System performance.
SPACE CRAFT:
Introduction, Space craft Sub systems, attitude and Orbit Control system,
Telemetry, tracking and command, Power Systems, Communication
Subsystems, Spacecraft antennas.

UNIT - IV
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES:
FDM / FM Satellite Systems, FDMA: SPADE DAMA Satellite System, TDMA
CEPT primary Multiplex frame, CDMA: Encoder, decoder, Comparison between
CDMA, FDMA & TDMA.
SATELLITE LINK DESIGN:
Basic transmission theory, System noise temperature and G / T ratio. Design
of uplink and down link models, Design of Satellite links for specified C / N
ratio.

UNIT - V
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES:
PN Sequences, Notion of Spread Spectrum, DSSS: DSSS with CBPSK,
Processing gain, Probability of error, Acquisition and tracking, FHSS: Slow
frequency hopping, Fast frequency hopping. Acquisition and tracking,
Practical Jammer types, THSS
TEXT BOOKS:

1. R R Gulati., Monochrome and Color Television , 2 nd edition, New Age

International
2. T Pratt and W Bostain, Satellite Communications, 2 nd Edition, John
Wiley, 2003
3. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition, John Wiley &
Sons, 2004

REFERENCE:

1. AM Dhake, Television and Video Engineering, 2nd Edition, TMH.

2. D C Agarwal, Satellite Communications, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
3. Robert M Gagliardi, Satellite Communications, DTS Publishers Ltd.
EC326 SOFT WARE ENGINEERING

UNIT – I

INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING:

The Evolving role of Software, Software, The changing Nature of software,
Legacy software, software myths.
A GENERIC VIEW OF PROCESS:
Software Engineering – A Layered Technology, A Process framework, The
CMMI, Process patterns, Process Assessment, Personal and Team
Process Models, Process Technology, Product and Process.
PROCESS MODELS:
Prescriptive models, The waterfall model, Incremental process models,
Evolutionary models, Specialized process models, The unified process.
AN AGILE VIEW OF PROCESS:
What is Agility? What is an agile process?, Agile process models.

UNIT – II

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PRACTIVE:

Software Engineering Practice, Communication Practices, Planning
practices, Modeling practices, Construction practice, Deployment.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING:
Computer-based systems, the system engineering hierarchy, Business
process engineering: An overview, product engineering: An overview,
System modeling.
REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING:
A Bridge to Design and construction, Requirements Engineering Tasks,
Initiating the Requirements Engineering Process, Eliciting Requirements,
Developing Use-cases, Building the Analysis model, Negotiating
Requirements, Validating Requirements.
BUILDING THE ANALYSIS MODEL:
Requirements analysis, Analysis modeling approaches, Data modeling
concepts, Flow –oriented modeling, Creating a behavioral model.

UNIT – III

DESIGN ENGINEERING:
Design within the context of software engineering, Design process and
Design quality, Design concepts, the design model, pattern-based
software design.
CREATING AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN:
Software architecture, Data Design, Architectural Styles and patterns,
Architectural Design, Assessing Alternative architectural designs, Mapping
Data Flow into software architecture.
MODELING COMPONENT – LEVEL DESIGN:
What is a component? Designing class – based components, conducting
components-level design, Designing conventional components.
PERFORMING USER INTERFACE DESIGN:
 The golden rules, user interface analysis and design, Interface analysis,
Interface design steps, Design evaluation.

UNIT – IV

TESTING STRATEGIES:
A strategic approach to software testing, strategic issues, test strategies
for conventional software, test strategies for object-oriented software.
TESTING TACTICS:
Software testing fundamentals, Black-box and white-box testing, white-box
testing, Basis path Testing, Control structure testing, Black-box testing,
Object-Oriented testing methods, Testing methods applicable at the class
level, interclass test case design, Testing for specialized environments,
Architectures and applications, Testing patterns

UNIT-V

PRODUCT METRICS:
Software quality, A framework for product metrics, Metrics for the analysis
model, Metrics for the Design model, Metrics for source code, Metrics for
testing, Metrics for maintenance.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Roger S Pressmen, ‘Software Engineering – A Practitioner’s

Approach’, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill International.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering’, Sixth Edition, Pearson

Education.
2. Carlo Ghezi, Mehdi Jazayeri, Dino Mandrioli, ‘Fundamentals of
Software Engineering’, Second Edition, PHI.
3. Rajib Mall, ‘Fundamentals of Software Engineering’, Second Edition,
Pearson Education. .
EC 341 IC APPLICATIONS LAB

1. Measurement of Op-amp Parameters

1. Applications of Op-amp (Adder, Subtractor, Integrator, Differentiator)
2. Instrumentation amplifier using Op-Amp
3. Waveform Generation using Op-amp(Square, Triangular)
4. Design of Active Filters (LPF&HPF-First Order)
5. Application of 555 timer (Astable, Monostable, Schmitt Trigger)
6. PLL using 556
7. Design of IC regulator using 723
8. Design of VCO using 566
9. D-A converter (R-2R Ladder)
10. Applications of Op-amp (Adder, Subtractor, Integrator, Differentiator)
11. Waveform Generation using Op-amp (Square, Triangular)
12. Design and verification of Schmitt trigger (using IC741)
13. Design of Active Filters (LPF&HPF-First Order)
14. Design and verification of 555 timer (Astable, Monostable)
15. PLL using 556
16. Design of IC regulator using 723
17. Design of VCO using 566
18. D-Aconverter(R-2RLadder)
EC342 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB

PART A:

DSP Experiments using MATLAB / DSP Processors / Labview:

1. Solution of difference equation

2. Evaluation of DFT of 8 samples sequence using DIT algorithm
3. Evaluation of DFT of 16 samples sequence using DIT algorithm
4. Evaluation of DFT and IDFT of 8 samples sequence using DIF
algorithm
5. Design of IIR Butterworth filter using impulse invariant method
6. Design of IIR Butterworth filter using Bilinear transformation
7. Design of IIR Chebysheb-1 filter using Bilinear transformation
8. Design of IIR Elliptic filter using Bilinear transformation
9. Design of FIR filter using different windowing techniques
10. DFT analysis of noise corrupted signal.
11. Circular convolution
12. Implementation of multirate signal processing techniques
13. Implementation of Spectral analysis of periodogram Method
EC 343 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB

HARDWARE
1. Carrier modulation techniques. (ASK, PSK, FSK)
2. Analog sampling and reconstruction techniques.
3. Generation and detection of TDM.
4. Generation and Detection of PCM
5. Pulse modulation and demodulation techniques
6. Delta Modulation and Demodulation.

SOFTWARE

1. PCM with sampling, Uniform quantization & Unipolas Rz encoding.

2. PCM with sampling, A - law encoding.
3. PCM with sampling, Microprocessor -law encoding.
4. S/N for PCM Microprocessor -law encoding.
5. Simulation of delta modulation.
6. Linear delta modulation for sinewave.
7. Simulation of adaptive delta modulation.
8. Simulation of sigma delta modulation.
9. Simulation of PSK
10. Simulation of FSK
11. Simulation of DPCM.
EC 344 MINI PROJECT

EC 345 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING