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T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
STAND-BY LINE UPS
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
LINE-INTERACTIVE UPS
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
On-Line UPS
MAINTENANCE BYPASS
Static Bypass
Static Switch
Fuse Fuse
INPUT C.B.
Battery Breaker
◗ Double Conversion
(AC to DC, DC to AC)
◗ IGBT PWM Inverters
◗ 6 or 12 Pulse SCR Rectifier
◗ Continuous Rated Static Bypass
◗ Maintenance Bypass
◗ Input Harmonic Filter
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Mitigating UPS Induced Harmonics
6 Pulse Rectifier
6 Pulse Rectifier
w/ filter
IGBT Rectifier
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
On-Line Static UPS
◗ Double Conversion
(AC to DC, DC to AC) ◗ Continuous Rated Static Bypass
◗ IGBT PWM Inverters ◗ Maintenance Bypass
◗ 6 or 12 Pulse SCR Rectifier ◗ Input Harmonic Filter
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Rectifier
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Rectifier
◗ Operation
> Converts AC/DC
> Charges Battery
◗ Types
> SCR
• 6 pulse
• 12 pulse
> IGBT
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Rectifier/Charger Design
(6 Pulse Rectifier )
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Rectifier/Charger Design
(12 Pulse Rectifier)
◗ 2 x 6 SCR’s, Fully Controlled Rectification
◗ THDI is 16%, with no Filter
◗ Input Filter Reduces THDI to 5%
> Filter Requirement (Capacitors) Substantially
Smaller Due to Reduced Initial THDI
◗ Isolation Transformer Standard
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Rectifier/Charger Design
• IGBT Front End
– Power Factor Corrected Input
– Sensitive Transistors Susceptible to Utility Surges
(SCR’s Tolerate to High Surges without Failure)
– Ideal at 208 V With Input Transformer, Questionable at
480 VAC
– Efficiency is also a Major Penalty – Operating Cost
Typically Double
– Suitable for Small, not Very Large UPS
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Input Components
◗ Transformer
> Provides voltage steps
> Provides galvanic isolation
> Required for 12-pulse rectifier
◗ Input Circuit Breaker
> Disconnects UPS input
> Provides Short Circuit Rating
> Installed with Shunt Trip
◗ Input Fuses
> Protects Rectifier
◗ Input Filter
> Reduces Reflected Harmonics
> Improves Power Factor
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Induced Harmonics
6 Pulse Rectifier
6 Pulse Rectifier
w/ filter
IGBT Rectifier
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Input Filter Technology
(Trap Filter)
◗ Tuned to 5th or 7th Harmonics on 6 Pulse
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Input Filter Technology
(Shunt Inductor Filter)
◗ No Mechanical Component
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Input Filter Technology
(Load Variable Filter)
Filter On
Filter Off
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Input Filter Technology
(Low kVAR Filter)
◗ Uses Inductors and Reduced Capacitance to Filter THDI
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Limiting UPS Induced Distortion (THDI)
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Alternator Reactive Capability
POWER FACTOR
0.7 0.7
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6
POLE SLIP SAFE OPERATING ROTOR
INSTABILITY AREA DAMAGE
0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4
0.4 0.4
0.3 SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE 0.3
0.3 Xd = 3.0, (300%) 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0 0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
IMPORT(LEAD) PER UNIT kVAR EXPORT (LAG)
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS DC System
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
DC System Components
◗ DC Bus
> Product dependent voltage
◗ DC Capacitors
> Mitigates AC ripple on the DC
Bus
◗ Battery
> Wet cell
> Sealed
◗ Battery Disconnect
> Provides Isolation of battery from
DC bus
> Provides Automatic trip function
via UVR or shunt trip
> Wiring Configurations
• end string
• mid string
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
End String Disconnect
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Mid String Disconnect
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Inverter
◗ Operation
> Converts DC/AC
◗ Types
> IGBT
> SCR
◗ Topologies
> Varies depending on
manufacturer
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Evolution & Paradigm Shift
to IGBT and HF PWM
Se miconductor types
SC R Bipolar IGBT
Inverter Topologies
Inverter
Output
Adjusts waveform to
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R generate distortion free
“perfect” output
Digital Power Quality Envelope
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
High Efficiency even at lower loads means huge cost savings
Certified by an
independent agency
Most manufacturers do not publish efficiencies under 50% where most UPSs
operate
MGE maintains high efficiency at lower loads resulting in substantial cost
savings
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Output Performance
A
B
C
◗ Dead short across the output bus will not damage the UPS
◗ Wiring changes on the critical bus are common today
◗ Other UPS will suffer fatally from output shorts
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Output
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS Output Components
◗ Output Capacitors
> Smooths output voltage
waveform
◗ Output Fuses
> Fault protection
◗ Output Disconnect
> Isolates inverter from
load
> Types
• Contactor
• Circuit Breaker
• Static Switch
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Static Bypass
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Static Bypass Components
◗ Static Switch
> provides “uninterrupted transfer” to utility from inverter in less
then 1/4 cycle
> provides voltage reference for inverter
> Types
• momentary
• continuous
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Static Switch
Momentary Continuous
Advantages: Advantages:
•Less expensive •Higher Reliability
•Smaller footprint •MGE Standard
Disadvantages Disadvantages
•Less Reliability •More expensive
•Larger footprint
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
System Availability
“Zero Down Time” solutions
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Power Systems Design
Factors
◗ Reliability
• how solid is the guarantee of 99.9999% uptime;
reliability is a function of the quality of equipment
and the configuration of the power system
◗ Availability
• will the system operate as required when needed
(MTBF – MTTR)
◗ Maintainability
• can you service the system without interrupting /
compromising power quality
◗ Expandability
• how easy will it be to add to the system
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Designing for Reliability
Reliability Factors
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
UPS System Configurations
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
MGE Shared Parallel Technology
Limiting single points of failure to maximize reliability
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Parallel for Capacity
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Parallel for Redundancy
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Integrated Parallel
9Parallel for redundancy with no system static
switch cabinet
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Parallel for Capacity or Redundancy
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Isolated Redundant
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Benefits of Isolated Redundant
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Distributed Redundant
PMM/STS
CBS
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
Distributed Redundant Advantages
E X P A N D A BILIT
Y!
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R
T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R