Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
4
Single-phase AC circuits
Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
16
Solution of Current in
AC Parallel and Series-
parallel Circuits
Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
In the last lesson, the following points were described:
This lesson starts with two examples of parallel circuits fed from single phase ac
supply. The first example is presented in detail. The students are advised to study the two
cases of parallel circuits given in the previous lesson.
Example 16.1
The circuit, having two impedances of Z1 = (8 + j 15) Ω and Z 2 = (6 − j 8) Ω in
parallel, is connected to a single phase ac supply (Fig. 16.1a), and the current drawn is 10
A. Find each branch current, both in magnitude and phase, and also the supply voltage.
A B
I = 10A
I2
Z2 = (6 – j8) Ω
Fig. 16.1 (a) Circuit diagram
Solution
Z1 ∠φ1 = (8 + j 15) = 17 ∠61.93° Ω Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 = (6 − j 8) = 10 ∠ − 53.13° Ω
I ∠0° (OC ) = 10 ∠0° = (10 + j 0) A
The admittances, using impedances in rectangular form, are,
1 1 8 − j 15 8 − j 15
Y1 ∠ − φ1 = = = 2 = = ( 27.68 − j 51.9) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
Z 1 ∠φ1 8 + j 15 8 + 15 2 289
1 1 6 + j8 6 + j8
Y2 ∠φ 2 = = = 2 = = (60.0 + j 80.0) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
Z 2 ∠ − φ2 6 − j 8 6 + 8 2
100
Alternatively, using impedances in polar form, the admittances are,
1 1
Y1 ∠ − φ1 = = = 0.05882 ∠ − 61.93°
Z 1 ∠φ1 17.0 ∠61.93°
= (27.68 − j 51.9) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
1 1
Y2 ∠φ 2 = = = 0.1 ∠53.13° = (60.0 + j 80.0) ⋅ 10 −3 Ω −1
Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 10.0 ∠ − 53.13°
The total admittance is,
Y ∠φ = Y1 + Y2 = [(27.68 − j 51.9) + (60.0 + j 80.0)] ⋅ 10 −3 = (87.68 + j 28.1) ⋅ 10 −3
= 92.07 ⋅ 10 −3 ∠17.77° Ω −1
The total impedance is,
1 1
Z ∠ −φ = = = 10.86 ∠ − 17.77° = (10.343 − j 3.315) Ω
Y ∠φ 92.07 ⋅ 10 −3 ∠17.77°
The supply voltage is
V ∠ − φ (V AB ) = I ∠0° ⋅ Z ∠ − φ = (10 × 10.86) ∠ − 17.77° = 108.6 ∠ − 17.77° V
= (103.43 − j 33.15) V
E
I2= 10.86
53.13°
θ1 = 35.35
O C
Ф = 17.8°
θ1 = 79.7° I = 10A
61.90
VAB 108.63 V
I1 = 6.4 A
D
Fig. 16.1 (b) Phasor diagram
Alternative Method
Z ′ ∠φ ′ = Z1 ∠φ1 + Z 2 ∠ − φ 2 = (8 + j 15) + (6 − j 8) = (14 + j 7) = 15.65 ∠26.565° Ω
Z ⋅Z Z ∠φ ⋅ Z ∠ − φ 2 ⎛ 17.0 × 10.0 ⎞
Z ∠ −φ = 1 2 = 1 1 2 =⎜ ⎟ ∠(61.93° − 53.13° − 26.565°)
Z1 + Z 2 Z ′ ∠φ ′ ⎝ 15.65 ⎠
= 10.86 ∠ − 17.77° = (10.343 − j 3.315) Ω
The supply voltage is
V ∠ − φ (VAB ) = I ⋅ Z = (10 ×10.86) ∠ − 17.77° = 108.6 ∠ − 17.77° V
= (103.43 − j 33.15) V
I IL
+ IC
L
O
C
A
- D
230 V
Fig. 16.2 (a) Circuit diagram
Solution
P = 2.5 KW = 2.5 ⋅ 10 3 = 2500 W V = 230 V f = 50 Hz
The power factor in the inductive branch is cos φ L = 0.71 (lag )
The phase angle is φ L = cos −1 (0.71) = 44.77° ≈ 45°
P = V ⋅ I L cos φ L = 230 ⋅ (I L cos φ L ) = 2500
P 2500
IL = = = 15.31 A
V cos φ L 230 × 0.71
I L cosφ L = 15.31× 0.71 = 10.87 A ; I L sin φ L = 15.32 × sin 45° = 10.87 A
The current I L is, I L ∠ − φ L = 15.31∠ − 45° = (10.87 − j 10.87) A
The power consumed in the circuit remains same, as the capacitor does not consume
any power, but the reactive power in the circuit changes. The active component of the
total current remains same as computed earlier.
I cos φ = I L cos φ L = 10.87 A
The power factor of the current is cos φ = 0.866 (lag )
The phase angle is φ = cos −1 (0.866) = 30°
The magnitude of the current is I = 10.87 / 0.866 = 12.55 A
The current is I ∠ − φ = 12.55 ∠ − 30° = (10.87 − j 6.276) A
4.5 A
IC
230 V
A
φ
45°
C
IC
15.3 B
Fig. 16.2 (b) Phasor diagram
Example 16.3
An inductive load (R in series with L) is connected in parallel with a capacitance C of
12.5 μF (Fig. 16.3a). The input voltage to the circuit is 100 V at 31.8 Hz. The phase
angle between the two branch currents, ( I 1 = I L ) and ( I 2 = I C ) is 120° , and the current
in the first branch is I 1 = I L = 0.5 A . Find the total current, and also the values of R & L.
I A
I2
+ R
100 V
D
I 1 = 0.5A L C = 12.5 μF
-
Series-parallel circuit
The circuit, with a branch having impedance Z 1 , in series with two parallel branches
having impedances, Z 2 and Z 3 , shown in Fig. , , is connected to a single phase ac
supply.
The impedance of the branch, AB is Z AB ∠φ AB = Z1 ∠φ1
1 1
Y2 ∠ − φ 2 = ; Y3 ∠ − φ 3 =
Z 2 ∠φ 2 Z 3 ∠φ 3
I2 = 0.25
I = 0.433
A 100 V B
30°
86.6 V 50 V 0.25 I2
D
Z1
0.5 I1
Fig. 16.3 (b) Phasor diagram
Example 16.4
Find the input voltage at 50 Hz to be applied to the circuit shown in Fig. 16.4a, such
that the current in the capacitor is 8 A?
I1
R1 = 5 Ω L1 = 25.5 mH
I R3 = 7 Ω L3 = 38.2 mH
I1
A • • I 2 = 8A
•D •B
R2 = 8 Ω 318 μF
I2 = 8A
7.03°
51.34°
VDB = 154.9V
66.77°
58°
I VAD = 102.45 V
VAB = 239.2
I1 = 10.86A 11.15A
R = 50 Ω
D
A • • B
C
L = 30 mH
230 V
50 Hz
Fig. 16.5 (a) Circuit diagram
Solution
f = 50 Hz ω = 2 π f = 2 π × 50 = 314.16 rad / s
R = 50 Ω V = 220 V L = 30 mH = 30 ⋅ 10 −3 = 0.03 H
X L = ω L = 314.16 × 0.03 = 94.24 Ω
IR = 4.98 249.0
D
28° 116.7 V
28°
A
62° 5.64 B
(i) (ii)
Fig. 16.5 (b) Phasor diagram
Example 16.6
In the circuit (Fig. 16.6a) the wattmeter reads 960 W and the ammeter reads 6 A.
Calculate the values of VS , VC , I C , I , I L and X C .
I W R1 = 10 Ω
R2 = 6 Ω
D
A • A • • E
IL
+ VC
IC C
IC
jxL = j 8 Ω
-
•B
Fig. 16.6 (a) Circuit diagram
8A
60 V
A B AB = 160 V (VO)
6A
I = 6A D
8A
53.13° A
a • • a • •
l l
l
-j2
jl - j1 j1
b • • b• •
(a) (b)
Fig. 16.7
16.3 In a series-parallel circuit (Fig.16.8), the two parallel branches A and B, are in
series with the branch C. The impedances in Ω are, ZA = 5+j, ZB = 6-j8, and ZC
= 10+j8. The voltage across the branch, C is (150+j0) V. Find the branch
currents, IA and IB, and the phase angle between them. Find also the input
voltage. Draw the phasor diagram.
16.4 A total current of 1A is drawn by the circuit (Fig.16.9) fed from an ac voltage, V
of 50 Hz. Find the input voltage. Draw the phasor diagram.
ZA = (5 + j6) Ω
ZC = (10 + j8) Ω
P • • •R
Q
ZB = (6 – j8) Ω 150 V
Fig. 16.8
A B
I=1A
+
60 μF R2 = 30 Ω
V
- L = 50 mH
Fig. 16.9