Review Sheet for Chemistry

Chemical vs. Physical Changes

Physical

Matter is altered in its physical form only

Composition remains constant and properties remain the same

MAY include energy change

Examples:

Tearing

Cutting

Crumbling

Phase Changes are physical changes

Solid -> Liquid = Melting (ENDO)

Liquid -> Solid = Freezing (EXO)

Gas -> Liquid = Condensation (EXO)

Liquid -> Gas = Evaporation (ENDO)

Solid -> Gas = Sublimation (ENDO)

Gas -> Solid = Disposition (EXO)

Chemical

In a chemical change, a new substance is produced.

Energy changes ALWAYS accompany chemical changes

These changes are either endo or exothermic, depending on whether they release or
take in energy

When the matter changes a new set of properties is formed as well

Examples:

Burning (oxygen reacts with substance)

Rusting (Oxygen reacting with Iron and water)

Tarnishing (Oxygen reacting with silver and oxygen)

Chemical Digestion with enzymes (catalysts)

Electrolysis (breaking down of H20 by means of electricity)

Nuclear Change

When matter is changed to a new substance due to changes in atomic structure

Always involves tremendous amounts of energy

Examples:

Artificial Radioactivity

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Natural Radioactivity

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Three Laws that Govern Matter Changes

ONE: Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot either be created nor destroyed
TWO: Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be either created or destroyed

THREE: Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy: Matter and energy ONE: Law of
Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot either be created nor destroyed but can be
changed from one form to another

E=MC^2

Means: small amount of matter produces a large amount of energy

Properties of Matter
Physical Properties

Can be determined without changing the substances identity

Observed using the senses

Two types

Intensive vs. Extensive

Extensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance you have

Example: oxidation, combustibility

Intensive properties do rely on the amount of the substance you have

Example: mass, weight

Density
Intensive physical property

Density = Mass/Volume

Solids is measured in g/cm^3 while liquids are measured in g/mL and gasses g/L (most
affected by pressure)

STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure

Specific Gravity

Ratio of density compared to the density of water

<1 = sink, >1 = float

No units for specific gravity

Phases of Matter
First way to classify matter is by the phases

There are three

Solid

Has a definite shape and volume

Liquid

Has an indefinite shape but a definite volume

Gas

Has both an indefinite shape and volume

Particle Drawings

Elements
Pure Substance that cannot be decomposed by a chemical reaction

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Iron

Elements are composed of atoms which are the smallest part of an element that are
able to undergo chemical reactions

Properties

Cannot be decomposed by chemical means

Seven elements are diatomic including

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Hydrogen

Allotrope: Different form of the same element thereby having different structures
Graphite and diamond are both composed of carbon but have different hardness’s

They are represented by symbols

Iron = Fe

Compounds
Two or more elements chemically combined

NaCl (salt)

NH3 (Ammonia)

H20 (water)

Composed of two or more elements forming a molecule that retains the physical
properties of the physical substances

Properties

Two or more elements combined in definite proportions

Decomposed by chemical means

Represented by formulas

H20 (water)

Mixtures
Two types of mixtures:

Homogeneous Mixtures

Two or more substances uniformly mixed together, each retaining their own physical
properties

Ocean water, tea, lemonade mix

Composed of elements and compounds

Properties
Physically combined and separated

Distillation of different levels due to different boiling temperatures of different

substances

Chromatography the amounts may vary

Solutions:

Best mixed

Hardest to separate

Doesn’t settle upon being shook

Represented by a combination of words, formulas and symbols

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Two or more substances not uniformly mixed together each retaining its original
properties. Can be physically separated.

Collaid: Milk, shampoo

Suspension: salt and pepper, oil and water

Composed of Compounds and Elements

Properties

Suspensions

Least mixed

Largest particles

Easiest to separate

Settles upon shaking

Scatters Light

Represented by a combination of words, formulas and symbols

Metric System and Measurement
The metric system is used in chemistry as a decimal system which has specific
numerical relationship between units

Si units = Metric Units

Length = meter (m)

Volume = liter (L)

Mass = gram (g)

Time = second (sec)

Temperature = Kelvin

Scientific Notation
The numbers obtained in some measurements or calculations maybe extremely large
or small. In order to facilitate the writing of these numbers they are expressed as
powers of ten.

1 000 000 = 1.0 X 10^6

0.000 056 = 5.6 X 10^-5

Significant Figures
The numbers that determine the accuracy of a measurement

Nonzero integers are always significant

Zeroes between figures are considered significant

705 = three significant figures

Zeros that appear in front of a number are not significant

0.00876 = three significant figures

Zeros that appear after a number are significant if followed by a decimal point or if
the zeros are to the right of a decimal point

1600 = 2
1600. = 4

1600.000 = 7

Rules

When the number dropped is 5 or greater the last figure is increased by 1

When the number dropped is less than 5 the last significant figure remains unchanged

When adding and subtracting the answer should be rounded off so as to contain the
least accurately known figure as the last one

When multiplying the answer should be rounded so to contain only as many figures as
are contained in the least accurate number