Q1).

I have send a binary signal over 12-Khz channel whose signal to

noise ratio is 10 dB, what should my maximum achievable rate?

Ans: - The maximum data rate of a noisy channel having bandwidth H Hz

and signal to noise ratio is S/N Then

Maximum number of bits/sec= H log2(1+S/N)

Here, we have

H= 12Khz= 12 * 1000 Hz

S/N= 10

Then Maximum Number of bits/sec= (12 * 1000) * log2(1+10)

= 12000 * log2 11

= 12000 * 3.459

= 41508 bits/sec (something near).

Q2). Demodulator part of the modem and modulator part of the codec,
both convert an analog signal to the digital ones, if there is any
difference? Justify your answer.

Ans: - Yes, There is a small difference between demodulator part of the

modem and modulator part of the codec. Demodulator performs the
operation of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a
modulated carrier wave and it only accepts the modulated sine wave only
and creates or gives the digital signal.

On the other hand,

modulator part of the codec also convert an analog signal to digital signal
but it takes the input as an arbitrary analog signal or it only accepts the
arbitrary analog signal and generates the digital signal. So we can say that
the objective of both are the same but the functionality is just little different.
Q3). In the constellation diagram, all the points lie on a circle centered
on the origin. What kind of modulation is used and why?

Ans: -

We can use or apply the phase modulation to a constellation diagram

because of the following : -

If a constellation diagram has all points on a circle which is centered on the

origin, then there will be happened a thing that they have same or equal
amplitude because they have also equal distance from the center on the
origin, so we can never be used the amplitude modulation (AM).

On the other hand,

We know that constellation diagram never used frequency modulation(FM)
or we can not apply this method to constellation diagram, so we have only
one choice i.e. phase shift keying or phase modulation(PM). We can apply
this method to constellation diagram to get better effect of output.
Q4). How receiver detect that which is information signal and which is
carrier signal and how it seprate both at destination?

Ans: -

Whenever a signal is to be send to the destination we also use the

modulator that modulates the signal to get the better performance. But
that’s not the end. When one signal is modulated, it should be demodulated
on the destination to get original information and carrier signal.

Then we use the demodulator that

works opposite to the modulator. Demodulator is also a part of modem.
Using this approach the receiver can detect that which is information signal
and which is carrier signal. Now how the demodulator works. Which signal
has the constant frequency it will be carrier signal and which signal is a
change from that constant it will be an information signal.

So demodulator uses this

information or has the knowledge of these types of signal through which a
receiver can separate the both at the destination.
Q5). If you are given with IP address, how would you calculate the
number of computer attached? Illustrate by giving example.

Ans: -

When any of the computer is attached to the network it has a IP address to

access the internet. This IP address is given by the administration or by
other process.

If we have a IP address and we want to

calculate the number of computer attached then we will first check , that IP
address falls in which category i.e. It is a class A, B, C or D.
Q6). How long a station 's' have to wait in the worst case before it can
start transmitting its frame over Lan that uses the basic bit map
protocol.

Ans: -

In basic bit-map protocol, if station ‘s’ has a frame to send, it transmits a 1

bit during the zeroth slot . No other station is allowed to transmit during this
slot. station ‘s’ is in worst case after passing its bit slot, if and only if all
other stations are transmitting but not ‘s’. Then, whenever a pass will be
happened all stations are begin to transmitting again and in this situation
the station ‘s’ will be the last station on the map.

Then the first thing will be

happened in there that (N-1) frame slot will be waited by station ‘s’ and
whole N-bit slot and (N-1) frame slot also waited by station ‘s’. So now we
can say that the station ‘s’ has to wait the total waiting time is N+2(N-1)d bit
slots.
Q7). A cable tv system has 100 commercial channels all of them alternating
programes with advertizing, is this more like TDM or FDM ? Justify your
answer.

Ans: -

If a cable tv system has 100 commercial channels all of them alternating

programs with advertizing then this is more like with FDM(Frequency
Division Multiplexing). We can justify this because of the following :-

In FDM when many channels are

multiplexed together, 4000 Hz is allocated to each channel to keep them
well separated. They can be combined because no two channels now
occupy the same portion of the spectrum.

The FDM schemes used around the

world are to some degree standardized. A widespread standard is twelve
4000 Hz voice channels multiplexed into the 60 to 108 Khz band. The 12
Khz to 60 Khz band is sometimes used for another group. Many carriers
offer a 48 to 56 kbps leased line service to customers.