Wave power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Wave_power

Wave power
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Renewable energy
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work — for example for electricity
generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs).

Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal power and the steady gyre of ocean currents. Wave power generation is not currently a
widely employed commercial technology although there have been attempts at using it since at least 1890.[1] In 2008, the first experimental Biofuel
wave farm was opened in Portugal, at the Aguçadoura Wave Park.[2] Biomass
Hydroelectricity
Solar energy
Tidal power
Contents Wave power
Wind power

1 Physical concepts
1.1 Wave power formula
1.2 Wave energy and wave energy flux
1.3 Deep water characteristics and opportunities
2 History
3 Modern technology
4 Potential
5 Challenges
6 Wave farms
7 Patents
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links

Physical concepts
See Energy, Power and Work for more information on these important physical concepts. See Wind wave
for more information on ocean waves.

Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As long as the waves propagate slower than the
wind speed just above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the waves. Both air pressure
differences between the upwind and the lee side of a wave crest, as well as friction on the water surface by the
wind, making the water to go into the shear stress causes the growth of the waves.[3]

Wave height is determined by wind speed, the duration of time the wind has been blowing, fetch (the distance over When an object bobs up and down on a ripple in a
which the wind excites the waves) and by the depth and topography of the seafloor (which can focus or disperse
pond, it experiences an elliptical trajectory.
the energy of the waves). A given wind speed has a matching practical limit over which time or distance will not
produce larger waves. When this limit has been reached the sea is said to be "fully developed".

In general, larger waves are more powerful but wave power is also determined by wave speed, wavelength, and
water density.

Oscillatory motion is highest at the surface and diminishes exponentially with depth. However, for standing waves
(clapotis) near a reflecting coast, wave energy is also present as pressure oscillations at great depth, producing
microseisms.[3] These pressure fluctuations at greater depth are too small to be interesting from the point of view
of wave power.

The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wave energy is also transported horizontally with the group
velocity. The mean transport rate of the wave energy through a vertical plane of unit width, parallel to a wave
crest, is called the wave energy flux (or wave power, which must not be confused with the actual power generated
by a wave power device).

Wave power formula

Motion of a particle in an ocean wave.
A = At deep water. The orbital motion of fluid
In deep water where the water depth is larger than half the wavelength, the wave energy flux is[A 1]
particles decreases rapidly with increasing depth
below the surface.
B = At shallow water (ocean floor is now at B). The
elliptical movement of a fluid particle flattens with
decreasing depth.
with P the wave energy flux per unit of wave-crest length, Hm0 the significant wave height, T the wave period, ρ
the water density and g the acceleration by gravity. The above formula states that wave power is proportional to 1 = Propagation direction.
the wave period and to the square of the wave height. When the significant wave height is given in meters, and the 2 = Wave crest.
3 = Wave trough.
wave period in seconds, the result is the wave power in kilowatts (kW) per meter of wavefront length.[4][5][6]

Example: Consider moderate ocean swells, in deep water, a few kilometers off a coastline, with a wave height of 3 meters and a wave period of 8 seconds. Using the
formula to solve for power, we get

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meaning there are 36 kilowatts of power potential per meter of coastline.

In major storms, the largest waves offshore are about 15 meters high and have a period of about 15 seconds. According to the above formula, such waves carry about
1.7 MW of power across each meter of wavefront.

An effective wave power device captures as much as possible of the wave energy flux. As a result the waves will be of lower height in the region behind the wave
power device.

Wave energy and wave energy flux

In a sea state, the average energy density per unit area of gravity waves on the water surface is proportional to the wave height squared, according to linear wave
theory:[3][7]

[A 2][8]

where E is the mean wave energy density per unit horizontal area (J/m2), the sum of kinetic and potential energy density per unit horizontal area. The potential energy
density is equal to the kinetic energy,[3] both contributing half to the wave energy density E, as can be expected from the equipartition theorem. In ocean waves,
surface tension effects are negligible for wavelengths above a few decimetres.

As the waves propagate, their energy is transported. The energy transport velocity is the group velocity. As a result, the wave energy flux, through a vertical plane of
unit width perpendicular to the wave propagation direction, is equal to:[9][3]

with cg the group velocity (m/s). Due to the dispersion relation for water waves under the action of gravity, the group velocity depends on the wavelength λ, or
equivalently, on the wave period T. Further, the dispersion relation is a function of the water depth h. As a result, the group velocity behaves differently in the limits of
deep and shallow water, and at intermediate depths:[3][7]

Properties of gravity waves on the surface of deep water, shallow water and at intermediate depth, according to linear wave
theory
deep water shallow water intermediate depth
quantity symbol units
(h>½λ) ( h < 0.05 λ ) ( all λ and h )

phase velocity m/ s

group
m/ s
velocity[A 3]

ratio -

for given period T, the solution of:

wavelength m

general

wave energy
density J / m2

wave energy
W/m
flux

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angular
rad / s
frequency

wavenumber rad / m

Deep water characteristics and opportunities

Deep water corresponds with a water depth larger than half the wavelength, which is the common situation in the sea and ocean. In deep water, longer period waves
propagate faster and transport their energy faster. The deep-water group velocity is half the phase velocity. In shallow water, for wavelengths larger than twenty times
the water depth, as found quite often near the coast, the group velocity is equal to the phase velocity.[10]

The regularity of deep-water ocean swells, where "easy-to-predict long-wavelength oscillations" are typically seen, offers the opportunity for the development of
energy harvesting technologies that are potentially less subject to physical damage by near-shore cresting waves.[11]

History
The first known patent to utilize energy from ocean waves dates back to 1799 and was filed in Paris by Girard and his son.[12] An early application of wave power was
a device constructed around 1910 by Bochaux-Praceique to light and power his house at Royan, near Bordeaux in France.[13] It appears that this was the first
Oscillating Water Column type of wave energy device.[14] From 1855 to 1973 there were already 340 patents filed in the UK alone.[12]

Modern scientific pursuit of wave energy was however pioneered by Yoshio Masuda's experiments in the 1940s.[15] He has tested various concepts of wave energy
devices at sea, with several hundred units used to power navigation lights. Among these was the concept of extracting power from the angular motion at the joints of
an articulated raft, which was proposed in the 1950s by Masuda.[16]

A renewed interest in wave energy was motivated by the oil crisis in 1973. A number of university researchers reexamined the potential of generating energy from
ocean waves, among whom notably were Stephen Salter from the University of Edinburgh, Kjell Budal and Johannes Falnes from Norwegian Institute of Technology
(now merged into Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Michael E. McCormick from U. S. Naval Academy, David Evans from Bristol University,
Michael French from University of Lancaster, John Newman and Chiang C. Mei from MIT.

In response to the Oil Crisis, a number of researchers reexamined the potential of generating energy from ocean waves, among whom is Professor Stephen Salter of the
University of Edinburgh, Scotland. His 1974 invention became known as Salter's Duck or Nodding Duck, although it was officially referred to as the Edinburgh Duck.
In small scale controlled tests, the Duck's curved cam-like body can stop 90% of wave motion and can convert 90% of that to electricity giving 81% efficiency.[17]

In the 1980s, as the oil price went down, wave-energy funding was drastically reduced. Nevertheless, a few first-generation prototypes were tested at sea. More
recently, following the issue of climate change, there is again a growing interest worldwide for renewable energy, including wave energy.[18]

Modern technology
Wave power devices are generally categorized by the method used to capture the energy of the waves. They can also be categorized by location and power take-off
system. Method types are point absorber or buoy; surfacing following or attenuator oriented parallel to the direction of wave propagation; terminator, oriented
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation; oscillating water column; and overtopping. Locations are shoreline, nearshore and offshore. Types of power
take-off include: hydraulic ram, elastomeric hose pump, pump-to-shore, hydroelectric turbine, air turbine,[19] and linear electrical generator. Some of these designs
incorporate parabolic reflectors as a means of increasing the wave energy at the point of capture. These capture systems use the rise and fall motion of waves to
capture energy.[20] Once the wave energy is captured at a wave source, power must be carried to the point of use or to a connection to the electrical grid by
transmission power cables.[21]

These are descriptions of some wave power systems:

In the United States, the Pacific Northwest Generating Cooperative is funding the building of a commercial wave-power
park at Reedsport, Oregon.[22] The project will utilize the PowerBuoy technology Ocean Power Technologies which
consists of modular, ocean-going buoys. The rising and falling of the waves moves hydraulic fluid with the buoy; this
motion is used to spin a generator, and the electricity is transmitted to shore over a submerged transmission line. A
150 kW buoy has a diameter of 36 feet (11 m) and is 145 feet (44 m) tall, with approximately 30 feet of the unit rising
above the ocean surface. Using a three-point mooring system, they are designed to be installed one to five miles (8 km)
offshore in water 100 to 200 feet (60 m) deep.[23]
An example of a surface following device is the Pelamis Wave Energy Converter. The sections of the device articulate
with the movement of the waves, each resisting motion between it and the next section, creating pressurized oil to drive a The front of the Pelamis machine
hydraulic ram which drives a hydraulic motor.[24] The machine is long and narrow (snake-like) and points into the waves; bursting through a wave at the
it attenuates the waves, gathering more energy than its narrow profile suggests. Its articulating sections drive internal Agucadoura Wave Park
hydraulic generators (through the use of pumps and accumulators).
With the Wave Dragon wave energy converter large wing reflectors focus waves up a ramp into an offshore reservoir.
The water returns to the ocean by the force of gravity via hydroelectric generators.
The Anaconda Wave Energy Converter is in the early stages of development by UK company Checkmate SeaEnergy.[25] The concept is a 200 metre long rubber
tube which is tethered underwater. Passing waves will instigate a wave inside the tube, which will then propagates down its walls, driving a turbine at the far
end.[26]

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The AquaBuOY is a technology developed by Finavera Renewables Inc. In 2009 Finavera Renewables surrendered its
wave energy permits from FERC.[27] In July 2010 Finavera announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to
sell all assets and intellectual property related to the AquaBuOY wave energy technology to an undisclosed buyer.
[28][29][30]

The FlanSea is a so-called "point absorber" buoy, developed for use in the southern North Sea conditions.[31][32][33] It
works by means of a cable that due to the bobbing effect of the buoy, generates electricity.
The SeaRaser, built by Alvin Smith, uses an entirely new technique (pumping) for gathering the wave energy.[34]
A device called CETO, currently being tested off Fremantle, Western Australia,[35] consists of a single piston pump
attached to the sea floor, with a float tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized
Wave Dragon seen from reflector,
water, which is piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination.[36]
[37][38] prototype 1:4½
Another type of wave buoys, using special polymeres, is being developed by SRI
Wavebob is an Irish Company who have conducted some ocean trials.
The Oyster wave energy converter is a hydro-electric wave energy device currently being developed by Aquamarine Power. The wave energy device captures
the energy found in nearshore waves and converts it into electricity. The systems consists of a hinged mechanical flap connected to the seabed at around 10m
depth. Each passing wave moves the flap which drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water via a pipeline to an onshore turbine which generates
electricity. In November 2009, the first full-scale demonstrator Oyster began producing power when it was launched at the European Marine Energy Centre
(EMEC) on Orkney.[39]
Ocean Energy have developed the OE buoy which has completed (September 2009) a 2-year sea trial in one quarter scale form. The OE buoy has only one
moving part.[40]
The Lysekil Project is based on a concept with a direct driven linear generator placed on the seabed. The generator is connected to a buoy at the surface via a
line. The movements of the buoy will drive the translator in the generator. The advantage of this setup is a less complex mechanical system with potentially a
smaller need for maintenance. One drawback is a more complicated electrical system.[41][42]
An Australian firm, Oceanlinx, is developing a deep-water technology to generate electricity from, ostensibly, easy-to-predict long-wavelength ocean swell
oscillations. Oceanlinx recently began installation of a third and final demonstration-scale, grid-connected unit near Port Kembla, near Sydney, Australia, a 2.5
MWe system that is expected to go online in early 2010, when its power will be connected to the Australian grid. The companies much smaller first-generation
prototype unit, in operation since 2006, is now being disassembled.[11]
An Israeli firm, SDE ENERGY LTD., has developed a breakwater-based wave energy converter. This device is close to the shore and utilizes the vertical motion
of buoys for creating an hydraulic pressure, which in turn operates the system's generators. S.D.E. is currently building a new 250 kWh model in the port of
Jaffa, Tel Aviv and preparing to construct it's standing orders for a 100mWh power plants in the islands of Zanzibar and Kosrae, Micronesia.
A Finnish firm, AW-Energy Oy, is developing the WaveRoller device: that is a plate anchored on the sea bottom by its lower part. The back and forth movement
of surge moves the plate. The kinetic energy transferred to this plate is collected by a piston pump.[43][44]
The United States Air Force Academy is developing a long ocean wave-cancelling electric generator that simulations and small-scale tests show can capture
more than 95% of the energy of long ocean waves. Using a cycloidal turbine to convert wave power into lift, the turbine takes the energy of flowing water and
converts it through lift to rotational energy. A rotating shaft can generates electricity. The initial concept came from the so-called Voith Schneider propeller,
which is used to power tugboats.

Potential
Deep water wave power resources are significant, between 1 TW and 10 TW, but it is not practical to capture all of this.[45] The useful worldwide resource has been
estimated to be greater than 2 TW.[46][47] Locations with the most potential for wave power include the western seaboard of Europe, the northern coast of Scotland,
and the Pacific coastlines of North and South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The north and south temperate zones have the best sites for
capturing wave power. The prevailing westerlies in these zones blow strongest in winter. Waves are very predictable; waves that are caused by winds can be predicted
five days in advance.[citation needed]

Challenges
There is a potential impact on the marine environment. Noise pollution, for example, could have negative impact if not monitored, although the noise and visible
impact of each design varies greatly.[5]
In terms of socio-economic challenges, wave farms can result in the displacement of commercial and recreational fishermen from productive fishing grounds,
can change the pattern of beach sand nourishment, and may represent hazards to safe navigation.[48]
Waves generate about 2,700 gigawatts of power. Of those 2,700 gigawatts, only about 500 gigawatts can be captured with the current technology.[20]

Wave farms
Main article: Wave farm

The Aguçadoura Wave Farm was the world's first wave farm. It was located 5 km (3 mi) offshore near Póvoa de Varzim north of Oporto in Portugal. The farm was
designed to use three Pelamis wave energy converters to convert the motion of the ocean surface waves into electricity, totalling to 2.25MW in total installed capacity.
The farm first generated electricity in July 2008[49] and was officially opened on the 23rd of September 2008, by the Portuguese Minister of Economy.[50][51] The
wave farm was shut down two months after the official opening in November 2008 as a result of the financial collapse of Babcock & Brown due to the global
economic crisis. The machines were off-site at this time due to technical problems, and although resolved have not returned to site without financial backing.[52] A
second phase of the project planned to increase the installed capacity to 21MW using a further 25 Pelamis machines[53] is in doubt following Babcock's financial
collapse.

Funding for a 3MW wave farm in Scotland was announced on 20 February 2007 by the Scottish Executive, at a cost of over 4 million pounds, as part of a £13 million
funding package for marine power in Scotland. The first of 66 machines was launched in May 2010.[54]

Funding has also been announced for the development of a Wave hub off the north coast of Cornwall, England. The Wave hub will act as giant extension cable,
allowing arrays of wave energy generating devices to be connected to the electricity grid. The Wave hub will initially allow 20MW of capacity to be connected, with
potential expansion to 40MW. Four device manufacturers have so far expressed interest in connecting to the Wave hub.[55][56]

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The scientists have calculated that wave energy gathered at Wave Hub will be enough to power up to 7,500 households. Savings that the Cornwall wave power
generator will bring are significant: about 300,000 tons of carbon dioxide in the next 25 years.[57]

A CETO wave farm off the coast of Western Australia has been operating to prove commercial viability and, after preliminary environmental approval, is poised for
further development.[citation needed] [58][59]

Patents
U.S. Patent 3,928,967 (http://www.google.com/patents?vid=3928967) — Apparatus and method of extracting wave energy - The original "Salter's Duck" patent
U.S. Patent 4,134,023 (http://www.google.com/patents?vid=4134023) — Apparatus for use in the extraction of energy from waves on water - Salter's method
for improving "duck" efficiency
U.S. Patent 6,194,815 (http://www.google.com/patents?vid=6194815) — Piezoelectric rotary electrical energy generator
US application 20,040,217,597 (http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US20,040,217,597) — Wave energy converters utilizing pressure
differences

See also
CETO Wave Power
Ocean thermal energy conversion
O. H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory
World energy resources and consumption

Notes
1. ^ The energy flux is with cg the group velocity, see Herbich, John B. (2000). Handbook of coastal engineering. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. A.117,
Eq. (12). ISBN 9780071344029. The group velocity is , see the collapsed table "Properties of gravity waves on the surface of deep water, shallow water and at
intermediate depth, according to linear wave theory" in the section "Wave energy and wave energy flux" below.
2. ^ For a small-amplitude sinusoidal wave with wave amplitude the wave energy density per unit horizontal area is or using the
wave height for sinusoidal waves. In terms of the variance of the surface elevation the energy density is . Turning to random waves,
the last formulation of the wave energy equation in terms of is also valid (Holthuijsen, 2007, p. 40), due to Parseval's theorem. Further, the significant wave height is
defined as , leading to the factor 1⁄ 16 in the wave energy density per unit horizontal area.
3. ^ For determining the group velocity the angular frequency ω is considered as a function of the wavenumber k, or equivalently, the period T as a function of the wavelength λ.

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35. ^ Stephen Cauchi (October 5, 2008). "New wave of power in renewable energy
market" (http://www.theage.com.au/national/new-wave-of-power-in-renewable-
energy-market-20081004-4tyd.html) . The Age (Melbourne).
http://www.theage.com.au/national/new-wave-of-power-in-renewable-energy-
market-20081004-4tyd.html. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
36. ^ "CETO Overview" (http://www.carnegiecorp.com.au/index.php?url=/ceto/ceto-
overview) . carnegiecorp.com.au. http://www.carnegiecorp.com.au/index.php?url=
/ceto/ceto-overview. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
37. ^ SRI Demonstrates Ocean Wave-Powered Generator off California Coast, SRI
International, 08.12.2008 (http://www.sri.com/news/releases/120808.html)
38. ^ Carolyn Said (14 December 2008). "Researchers wring energy out of ocean
waves" (http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-12-14/business/17131881_1_ocean-
energy-roger-bedard-sri-technology) . San Francisco Chronicle.
http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-12-14/business/17131881_1_ocean-energy-roger-
bedard-sri-technology. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
39. ^ Heather Clancy (December 30, 2009). "Wave energy's new pearl: University
begins testing Oyster tech off Scottish coast" (http://www.zdnet.com/blog/green
/wave-energys-new-pearl-university-begins-testing-oyster-tech-off-scottish-
coast/9576) . ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/green/wave-energys-new-pearl-
university-begins-testing-oyster-tech-off-scottish-coast/9576. Retrieved
2010-11-13.
40. ^ http://www.oceanenergy.ie/oe-technology/platform.html
41. ^ Leijon, Mats et. al (9 April 2008). "Wave Energy from the North Sea:
Experiences from the lysekil Research site" (http://www.springerlink.com/content 55. ^ James Sturcke (26 April 2007). "Wave farm wins £21.5m grant"
/8634116882r00t13/fulltext.pdf) . http://www.springerlink.com/content
/8634116882r00t13/fulltext.pdf. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
42. ^ Leijon, Mats et. al (January/February 2009). "Catch the Wave to Electricity"
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?SortField=Score&
SortOrder=desc&ResultCount=25&maxdoc=100&coll1=ieeejrns&coll2=ieejrns&
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((the+conversion+of+wave+motions+to+electricity)%3Cin%3Emetadata)&
radiobutton=cit) . IEEE power energy magazine 7 (1): 50–54.
doi:10.1109/MPE.2008.930658 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMPE.2008.930658)
. 10.1109/MPE.2008.930658. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search
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Further reading
Cruz, Joao (2008). Ocean Wave Energy - Current Status and Future Prospects. Springer. ISBN 3540748946., 431 pp.
Falnes, Johannes (2002). Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521017491., 288 pp.
McCormick, Michael (2007). Ocean Wave Energy Conversion. Dover. ISBN 0486462455., 256 pp.
Twidell, John; Weir, Anthony D.; Weir, Tony (2006). Renewable Energy Resources. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0419253300., 601 pp.
6 of 7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power
((the+conversion+of+wave+motions+to+electricity)%3Cin%3Emetadata)&
imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0&imageField=
((the+conversion+of+wave+motions+to+electricity)%3Cin%3Emetadata)&
radiobutton=cit. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
underwater wave energy" (http://www.scientificamerican.com
/article.cfm?id=waveroller-uses-swinging-door-for-u-2009-11) . Scientific
American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=waveroller-
uses-swinging-door-for-u-2009-11. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
44. ^ AW-Energy Oy (http://www.aw-energy.com/index.html)
45. ^ Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources — Working Group on Wave
Energy Conversion (2003). John Brooke. ed. Wave Energy Conversion
(http://books.google.com/?id=UGAXRwoLZY4C&
dq=John+Brooke,+ed.,+Wave+Energy+Conversion) . Elsevier. p. 7.
ISBN 0080442129. http://books.google.com/?id=UGAXRwoLZY4C&
dq=John+Brooke,+ed.,+Wave+Energy+Conversion.
46. ^ Tom Thorpe. "An Overview of Wave Energy Technologies: Status, Performance
and Costs" (http://www.wave-energy.net/Library
/An%20Overview%20of%20Wave%20Energy.pdf) (PDF). wave-energy.net.
http://www.wave-energy.net/Library
/An%20Overview%20of%20Wave%20Energy.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
47. ^ Cruz J.; Gunnar M., Barstow S., Mollison D. (2008). Joao Cruz. ed. Green
Energy and Technology, Ocean Wave Energy. Springer Science+Business Media.
p. 93. ISBN 978-3-540-74894-6.
48. ^ Steven Hackett. "Economic and Social Considerations for Wave Energy
Development in California. In P. Nelson and L. Engeman (eds.), Developing Wave
Energy in Coastal California: Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects. Report
CEC-500-2008-083" (http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications
/CEC-500-2008-083/CEC-500-2008-083.PDF) . California Energy Commission.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-500-2008-083
/CEC-500-2008-083.PDF. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
49. ^ "First Electricity Generation in Portugal" (http://www.pelamiswave.com
/news?archive=1&mm=7&yy=2008) . http://www.pelamiswave.com
/news?archive=1&mm=7&yy=2008.
50. ^ "23 de Setembro de 2008" (http://www.portugal.gov.pt/portal/pt/comunicacao
/agenda/20080923.htm) . Government of Portugal. http://www.portugal.gov.pt
/portal/pt/comunicacao/agenda/20080923.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
51. ^ Jha, Alok (2008-09-25). "Making waves: UK firm harnesses power of the sea ...
in Portugal" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/sep
/25/greentech.alternativeenergy) . London: The Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/sep/25/greentech.alternativeenergy.
Retrieved 2008-10-09.
52. ^ "Pelamis Sinks Portugal Wave Power" (http://cleantech.com/news/4276/pelamis-
sinks-portugal-wave-power-p) . cleantech.com. http://cleantech.com/news/4276
/pelamis-sinks-portugal-wave-power-p. Retrieved 2009.
53. ^ Joao Lima. "Babcock, EDP and Efacec to Collaborate on Wave Energy Projects"
(http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=aSsaOB9qbiKE&
refer=australia) . Bloomberg Television. http://www.bloomberg.com
/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=aSsaOB9qbiKE&refer=australia. Retrieved
2008-09-24.
54. ^ Fyall, Jenny (2010-05-19). "600ft 'sea snake' to harness power of Scotland"
(http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/600ft-39sea-snake39-to-harness.6303096.jp) .
The Scotsman: pp. 10–11. http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/600ft-39sea-
snake39-to-harness.6303096.jp. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/apr/26/energy.uknews) . London:
The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/apr/26/energy.uknews.
Retrieved 2009-04-08.
56. ^ "Tender problems delaying Wave Hub" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news
/england/cornwall/7326971.stm) . BBC News. 2 April 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk
/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/7326971.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
57. ^ "Go-ahead for £28m Cornish wave farm" (http://www.guardian.co.uk
/environment/2007/sep/17/renewableenergy.uknews) . The Guardian (London).
2007-09-17. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/sep
/17/renewableenergy.uknews. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
58. ^ "Renewable Power from the Ocean's Waves" (http://www.ceto.com.au/home.php)
. CETO Wave Power. http://www.ceto.com.au/home.php. Retrieved 9 November
2010.
59. ^ Keith Orchison (7 October 2010). "Wave of the future needs investment"
(http://www.theaustralian.com.au/special-reports/climate-change/climate-change
/story-fn5oikwf-1225935586957) . The Australian.
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/special-reports/climate-change/climate-change
/story-fn5oikwf-1225935586957. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
4/14/2011 2:25 AM
Wave power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power

External links
Nordic Energy Solutions (http://www.nordicenergysolutions.org/solutions/hydro-power/maximum-energy-from-moderate-waves) Maximum energy from
moderate waves
"Ocean waves - our new electricity supplier" (http://www.uu.se/en/node1019) (Uppsala university 2010)
Kate Galbraith (September 22, 2008). "Power From the Restless Sea Stirs the Imagination" (http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/23tidal.html?em) .
New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/23tidal.html?em. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
"Wave Power: The Coming Wave" (http://www.economist.com/search/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11482565) from the Economist, June 5, 2008
"The untimely death of Salter's Duck" (http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/1992/64/64cenb.htm)
"Ocean Power Fights Current Thinking" (http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/14268/)
"Wave energy in New Zealand" (http://www.publicaddress.net/default,4132.sm)
"How it works: Wave power station" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1032148.stm)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power"
Categories: Energy conversion | Wave power | Power station technology | Sustainable technologies

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